Cambridge University Press
9780521880930 - RFID Technology and Applications - Edited by Stephen B. Miles, Sanjay E.Sarma and John R.Williams
Frontmatter/Prelims

Are you an engineer or manager working on the development and implementation of RFID technology? If so, this book is for you.

Covering both passive and active RFID, the challenges to RFID implementation are addressed using specific industry research examples as well as common integration issues. Key topics such as performance optimization and evaluation, sensors, network simulation, RFID in the retail supply chain, and testing are covered, as are applications in product lifecycle management in the automotive and aerospace sectors, in anti-counterfeiting, and in health care.

This book brings together insights from the world’s leading research laboratories in the field, including MIT, which developed the Electronic Product Code (EPC) scheme that is set to become the global standard for object-identification.

MIT’s suite of open source code and tools for RFID implementation is currently being developed and will be made available with the book (via www.cambridge.org/9780521880930).

This authoritative survey of core engineering issues, including trends and key business questions in RFID research and practical implementations, is ideal for researchers and practitioners in electrical engineering, especially those working on the theory and practice of applying RFID technology in manufacturing and supply chains, as well as engineers and managers working on the implementation of RFID.

Stephen B. Miles is an RFID evangelist and research engineer for the Auto-ID Lab at MIT. He has over 15 years of experience in computer network integration and services.

Sanjay E. Sarma is currently an associate professor at MIT, and is also a co-founder of the Auto-ID Center there. He serves on the board of EPCglobal, the wordwide standards body he helped to start up.

John R. Williams is Director of the Auto-ID Lab at MIT, and is also a professor of Information Engineering in Civil and Environmental Engineering. He has done many years of lecturing, has also worked in industry, and was the Vice President of Engineering at two software start-up companies.

The Auto-ID Lab at MIT has developed a suite of standards (EPC) that are being used by over 1000 companies across the globe.

RFID Technology and Applications

Edited by

Stephen B. Miles, Sanjay E.Sarma and John R.Williams

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Cambridge University Press
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Cambridge University Press
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Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

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Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521880930

© Cambridge University Press 2008

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2008

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data

ISBN 978-0-521-88093-0 hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Contents

List of contributors xi
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xxi
1 Introduction to RFID history and markets
Stephen Miles
 1
1.1 Market assessment 3
1.2 Historical background 4
1.3 Adoption of the Auto-ID system for the Electronic Product Code (EPC) 6
1.4 EPC information services 8
1.5 Methodology – closing the loop 9
1.6 RFID investing in a better future 10
1.7 New business processes 12
1.8 References 13
2 RFID technology and its applications
Sanjay Sarma
 16
2.1 The first wave: the state of EPC technology 16
2.2 On the future of RFID technology 21
2.3 Applications 25
2.4 Conclusions 30
2.5 References 30
3 RFID tag performance optimization: a chip perspective
Hao Min
 33
3.1 Metrics of tag performance 33
3.2 Performance enhancement of RFID tags 36
3.3 Sensors for RFID; integrating temperature sensors into RFID tags 44
3.4 References 46
4 Resolution and integration of HF and UHF
Marlin H. Mickle, Leonid Mats, and Peter J. Hawrylak
 47
4.1 Introduction 48
4.2 Basics of the technologies 48
4.3 Fundamentals of orientation 50
4.4 Antennas and materials 53
4.5 An analogy to network layering 55
4.6 Examples of converging technologies 57
4.7 Technical summary 57
4.8 Pharma – a surrogate for the future 59
4.9 References 60
5 Integrating sensors and actuators into RFID tags
J. T. Cain and Kang Lee
 61
5.1 Introduction 61
5.2 RFID systems 61
5.3 “Smart” transducers 63
5.4 RFID tags with sensors 68
5.5 Conclusion 72
5.6 Acknowledgment 72
5.7 References 72
6 Performance evaluation of WiFi RFID localization technologies
Mohammad Heidari and Kaveh Pahlavan
 74
6.1 Introduction 75
6.2 Fundamentals of RFID localization 76
6.3 Performance evaluation 80
6.4 Summary and conclusions 84
6.5 Acknowledgments 84
6.6 References 86
7 Modeling supply chain network traffic
John R. Williams, Abel Sanchez, Paul Hofmann, Tao Lin, Michael Lipton, and Krish Mantripragada
 87
7.1 Introduction and motivation 87
7.2 Requirements 88
7.3 Software architecture 91
7.4 Implementation 93
7.5 Simulator performance 96
7.6 References 97
7.7 Appendix 97
8 Deployment considerations for active RFID systems
Gisele Bennett and Ralph Herkert
 101
8.1 Introduction 101
8.2 Basics of the technologies 102
8.3 Technology and architectural considerations 103
8.5 Testing for RFID performance and interference 109
8.6 References 111
9 RFID in the retail supply chain: issues and opportunities
Bill C. Hardgrave and Robert Miller
 113
9.1 Introduction 113
9.2 From partial to full supply chain coverage 113
9.3 Store execution 115
9.4 Data analytics 118
9.5 Conclusion 119
9.6 References 119
10 Reducing barriers to ID system adoption in the aerospace industry: the aerospace ID technologies program
Duncan McFarlane, Alan Thorne, Mark Harrison, and Victor Prodonoff Jr.
 121
10.1 Introduction 121
10.2 Background 121
10.3 The Aero-ID consortium 123
10.4 Defining a research program 125
10.5 Research developments 127
10.6 Trials and industrial adoption 137
10.7 Summary 142
10.8 Bibliography 143
11 The cold chain
J. P. Emond
 144
11.1 The food industry 144
11.2 Pharmaceuticals 146
11.3 Types of temperature-tracking technologies 147
11.4 Challenges associated with RFID temperature-tracking technologies 149
11.5 Potential applications in “semi- and real-time” cold chain management 153
11.6 References 155
12 The application of RFID as anti-counterfeiting technique: issues and opportunities
Thorsten Staake, Florian Michahelles, and Elgar Fleisch
 157
12.1 Counterfeit trade and implications for affected enterprises 157
12.2 The use of RFID to avert counterfeit trade 159
12.3 Principal solution concepts based on RFID 162
12.4 Migration paths and application scenarios 166
12.5 Conclusion 167
12.6 References 167
13 Closing product information loops with product-embedded information devices: RFID technology and applications, models and metrics
Dimitris Kiritsis, Hong-Bae Jun, and Paul Xirouchakis
 169
13.1 Introduction; closing the product information loop 169
13.2 The concept of closed-loop PLM 171
13.3 The state of the art 173
13.4 System architecture 174
13.5 A business case of PROMISE on ELV recovery 176
13.6 Product usage data modeling with UML and RDF 177
13.7 Conclusion 181
13.8 Acknowledgments 181
13.9 References 181
14 Moving from RFID to autonomous cooperating logistic processes
Bernd Scholz-Reiter, Dieter Uckelmann, Christian Gorldt, Uwe Hinrichs, and Jan Topi Tervo
 183
14.1 Introduction to autonomous cooperating logistic processes and handling systems 183
14.2 Radio frequency – key technology for autonomous logistics 185
14.3 RFID-aware automated handling systems – the differentiator between intelligent objects and autonomous logistics 192
14.4 Conclusion 195
14.5 References 195
15 Conclusions
Stephen Miles, Sanjay Sarma, and John Williams
 198
15.1 Radio frequency gap analyses; Georgia Tech LANDmark Medical Device Test Center 199
15.2 The RFID Technology Selector Tool; Auto-ID Labs at Cambridge University 199
15.3 An EPC GenII-certified test laboratory; Research Center, University of Arkansas 200
15.4 ISO 18000–7 and 6c (HF and UHF) RFID and EPC network simulation 200
15.5 RFID anti-Counterfeiting attack models; Auto-ID Labs at St. Gallen and the ETH Zürich 203
15.6 Adding Sensors to RFID Systems – IEEE 1451/NIST interface specifications 204
15.7 Adding location interfaces 205
15.8 Convergence of RFID Infrastructure: multi-frequency and multi-protocol 207
15.9 New business processes: from e-Pedigree to VAT tax compliance 208
15.10 References 211
Appendix – Links to RFID technology and applications resources 213
Editor biographies 215
Index 217


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