This is the first full-scale, one-volume survey of the demographic history of the United States. From the arrival of humans in the Western Hemisphere to the current century, Herbert S. Klein analyzes the basic demographic trends in the growth of the preconquest, colonial, and national populations. He surveys the origin and distribution of the Native Americans, the postconquest free and servile European and African colonial populations, and the variation in regional patterns of fertility and mortality until 1800. He then explores trends in births, deaths, and international and internal migrations during the 19th century and compares them with contemporary European developments. The profound impact of historic declines in disease and mortality rates on the structure of the late-20th-century population is explained. The unusual patterns of recent urbanization and the rise of suburbia in the late 20th century are examined, along with the renewed impact of new massive international migrations on North American society. Finally, the late-20th-century changes in family structure, fertility, and mortality are evaluated for their influence on the evolution of the national population for the 21st century and compared with trends in other postdemographic-transition advanced industrial societies in Europe and Asia.
Herbert S. Klein is the Gouverneur Morris Emeritus Professor of History, Columbia University, and Research Fellow and Curator at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University. He is the author of numerous books, including The Atlantic Slave Trade (Cambridge University Press, 1999) and A Concise History of Bolivia, second edition (Cambridge University Press, 2011). He is also coauthor of Brazil since 1980 (Cambridge University Press, 2006); Mexico since 1980 (Cambridge University Press, 2008); Slavery in Brazil (Cambridge University Press, 2009); and Hispanics in the United States, 1980–2005 (Cambridge University Press, 2010).
Cambridge University Press
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Cambridge University Press
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www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107613621
© Herbert S. Klein 2004, 2012
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2004
Reprinted 2008
Second edition 2012
Printed in the United States of America
A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data
ISBN 978-1-107-01598-2 Hardback
ISBN 978-1-107-61362-1 Paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
To
Stanley M. Elkins,
who first taught me to think critically about the history of the United States
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Graphs, Maps, and Tables
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ix |
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Introduction to the Second Edition
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1 |
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Introduction to the First Edition
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3 |
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1 Paleo–Indians, Europeans, and the Settlement of America
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11 |
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2 Colonization and Settlement of North America
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34 |
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3 The Early Republic to 1860
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61 |
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4 The Creation of an Industrial and Urban Society, 1860–1914
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95 |
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5 The Evolution of a Modern Population, 1914–1945
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129 |
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6 The Baby Boom and Bust and the New New Immigrants, 1945–1970
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155 |
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7 An Advanced Industrial Society, 1970–2011
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185 |
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Appendix Tables, Graphs, and Maps
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231 |
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Bibliography
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253 |
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Index
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273 |
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2.1: Relative Share of Total American Population by British Colonies, 1620–1770.
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41 |
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2.2: Relative Share of Slaves, Convicts, Indentured Servants, and Free Persons among Immigrants Arriving to British North America,
1607–1819.
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44 |
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2.3: Estimated Net Migration to and from the Regions of North America by Decade, 1620–1780.
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53 |
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2.4: Relative Share of British North American Population by Region by Decade, 1610–1790.
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54 |
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2.5: Changing Share of New England Population by Colony, 1700–1790.
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54 |
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2.6: Changing Share of Middle Atlantic Population by Colony, 1700–1790.
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55 |
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2.7: Changing Share of Southern Population by Colony, 1700–1790.
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55 |
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2.8: Estimated Population of the British Colonies in America in 1775.
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59 |
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3.1: United States and European Country Populations in 1820.
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65 |
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3.2: Original Lands in 1790 and Later Conquests/Purchases to 1853.
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65 |
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3.3: Total Fertility Rate for France, England, and the United States, 1750–1860.
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68 |
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3.4: Stylized Model of the Demographic Transition.
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69 |
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3.5: Fertility Index of U.S. Regions, 1800–1860 (1820=100).
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72 |
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3.6: Percentage Distribution of the Slave and Free Colored Population by Region, 1790–1860.
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77 |
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3.7: Declining Importance of Population in the Original Thirteen Colonies, 1790–1860.
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78 |
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3.8: Annual Immigration to the United States, 1821–1900.
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85 |
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3.9: Trade Balance and Value of U.S. Exports and Imports, 1790–1860.
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87 |
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3.10: Annual Rate of Growth of Total Gross National Product and Gross National Product per Capita in 1860 Dollars.
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88 |
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3.11: Life Expectancy at Ages 20 and 30 Years of Age for Men and Women, 1750–1889.
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91 |
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3.12: Infant Mortality in Norway and the United States in the 19th Century.
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92 |
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3.13: Changing Heights of Americans, 1794–1931 (in Centimeters) by Birth Cohorts.
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94 |
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4.1: Crude Birth Rate for White Population, 1855–1914.
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97 |
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4.2: Life Expectancy of Whites and Blacks in Years, 1850–1910.
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102 |
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4.3: Infant Mortality of Whites and Blacks, 1850–1910.
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103 |
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4.4: Foreign- and Native-Born Total Fertility per Woman in Massachusetts for Cohorts Born 1830–1890.
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106 |
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4.5: Crude Birth Rates of Whites and Blacks, 1800–1910.
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107 |
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4.6: Total Fertility Rate of U.S. White Women Compared to Select European Countries, 1855–1910.
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108 |
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4.7: Age Pyramid of the U.S. Population in 1870.
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113 |
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4.8: Age Pyramid of the U.S. Population in 1900.
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113 |
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4.9: Age Pyramid of the U.S. Population in 1910.
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114 |
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4.10: Share of European Immigration by American Receiving Country by Quinquennium, 1821–1911.
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114 |
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4.11: Origins of Arriving Immigrants to the United States, 1821–1920.
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116 |
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4.12: Age Pyramid of the Foreign-Born Population in 1880.
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117 |
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4.13: Age Pyramid of the Foreign-Born Population in 1910.
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118 |
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4.14: Relative Share of Total Population by Division, 1850–1910.
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120 |
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4.15: Percentage of the Population That Was Urban by Region, 1850–1910.
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121 |
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4.16: Per Annum Growth of Regions, 1860–1910.
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125 |
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5.1: Death Rates of Infants under 1 Year of Age and Deaths of Children 1 to 4, 1900–1945 (Deaths per 1,000 in Age Group).
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130 |
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5.2: Mortality Rate for Diarrhea, Enteritis, and Ulceration of the Intestines, 1900–1931 (Deaths per 100,000 Resident Population).
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131 |
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5.3: Changing Mortality by Age, 1900, 1945, and 1970 (Deaths per 1,000 in Age Group).
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132 |
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5.4: The Ten Leading Causes of Death as a Percentage of All Deaths: United States, 1900.
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133 |
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5.5: The Ten Leading Causes of Death as a Percentage of All Deaths: United States, 1914.
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133 |
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5.6: The Ten Leading Causes of Death as a Percentage of All Deaths: United States, 1945.
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134 |
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5.7: Male and Female Life Expectancy, 1914–1945.
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135 |
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5.8: Male and Female Life Expectancy by Race, 1914–1945.
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137 |
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5.9: Index of Change in Mortality by Age Group, 1914–1945 (1900=100).
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138 |
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5.10: Total Fertility Rate for the U.S. White Population, 1914–1945.
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140 |
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5.11: Crude Birth Rate by Race, 1909–1945 (Rates per 1,000 Resident Population).
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142 |
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5.12: Fertility Ratio for White Population by Origin, 1875–1929 (Children under 5 per 1,000 Women, 20–44 Years).
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145 |
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5.13: Annual Arrival of Immigrants to the United States, 1900–1945.
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147 |
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5.14: Distribution of the Black Population by Region, 1900–1950.
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150 |
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5.15: Percentage Urban by Geographic Division, 1910–1940.
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152 |
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5.16: Changes in the Relative Share of the Regions in the Populations of the United States, 1910–1940.
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152 |
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5.17: Per Capita Gross National Product, 1914–1945 (in 1958 Dollars).
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153 |
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6.1: Total Fertility Rate for the U.S. White Population, 1935–1980.
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158 |
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6.2: Age Pyramid of the U.S. Population in 1940.
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160 |
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6.3: Age Pyramid of the U.S. Population in 1950.
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161 |
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6.4: Age Pyramid of the U.S. Population in 1960.
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161 |
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6.5: Marital Status of Persons 15 Years or Older, 1900–1990 Census.
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164 |
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6.6: Percentage of Adults in the Labor Force by Gender, 1948–2010.
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165 |
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6.7: Mortality from Nine Infectious Diseases by Selected Age Group, 1935–1970.
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168 |
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6.8: Changes in the Relative Share of the Population by Regions of the United States, 1940–1980.
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175 |
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6.9: Percentage of Urban Population by Region, 1960–1980.
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180 |
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7.1: Changing Composition of Households, 1950–2010.
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190 |
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7.2: Changing Composition of Families with Children, 1950–2010.
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191 |
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7.3: Total Fertility by Race and Ethnicity, 1989–2009.
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194 |
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7.4: Total Fertility Rates among Hispanics, 1989–2008.
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195 |
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7.5: Lifetime Childbearing: Selected Birth Cohorts of Women, 1931–35 to 1965–69.
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196 |
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7.6: Nonmarital Births as a Percentage of All Births by Race and Ethnicity, 1970–2008.
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197 |
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7.7: Percentage of Married Couples with Husband Only Working by Age of Children, 1986–2010.
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199 |
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7.8: Fertility Rate by Age of Mother, 1940, 1960, 2009.
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201 |
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7.9: Abortions by Race and Ethnicity, 1973–2007.
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202 |
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7.10: General Fertility Rate, 1909–2010.
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203 |
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7.11: Average Annual Immigration to the United States by Decade, 1820–2010.
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212 |
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7.12: Net Migration Change for Metropolitan Areas and Their Subdivisions between 1985 and 1986.
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219 |
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7.13: Net Migration Change for Metropolitan Areas and Their Subdivisions between 2008 and 2009.
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219 |
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7.14: Age Pyramid of the U.S Population in 1970.
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225 |
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7.15: Age Pyramid of the U.S. Population in 1990.
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226 |
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7.16: Age Pyramid of the U.S. Population in 2010.
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226 |
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A.1: Total Fertility Rate for the U.S. White Population, Selected Years, 1800–2009.
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247 |
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A.2: Crude Birth Rate by Race, 1909–2009.
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247 |
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A.3: Age-Adjusted Death Rate by Sex and Race, 1997– 2007.
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248 |
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A.4: Average Annual Immigration to the United States by Decade, 1821–2010.
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248 |
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A.5: Legal Immigration Arrivals to the United States, 1945–2010.
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249 |
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1.1: Distribution of Indian Nations in the 15th Century.
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21 |
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3.1: Admission Dates of States and Territorial Boundaries.
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66 |
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3.2: Mean Center of Population for the United States, 1790–2010.
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81 |
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4.1: Regions of the United States.
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121 |
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4.2: Net Migration by State, 1870–1880 (Census Survival Rate Estimate).
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123 |
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4.3: Net Migration by State, 1900–1910 (Census Survival Rate Estimate).
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124 |
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6.1: Percentage of Resident State Population Born in Another State, 1960.
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176 |
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6.2: Percentage of Resident State Population Born in Another State, 1970.
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177 |
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6.3: Percentage of Resident State Population Born in Another State, 1980.
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178 |
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6.4: Percentage of Foreign Born by State, 1980.
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179 |
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7.1: Percentage of Foreign Born by State, 2005–2009.
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216 |
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7.2: Percentage of Native-Born Resident State Population Born in Another State, 2005–2009.
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218 |
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A.1: Projected Annual Rate of Natural Increase per 1,000 Population, 1995–2025.
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250 |
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A.2: Percentage of Total State Population 65 Years and over, 2010.
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251 |
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A.3: Percentage of Total State Population 65 Years and over, 2030.
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252 |
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A.1: Population of the United States by Region, Division, and State, 1790–2010.
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232 |
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A.2: Race and Hispanic Origin in the United States, 1790 to 2010.
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237 |
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A.3: Population by Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin for the United States (Regions, Divisions, and States) and for Puerto Rico,
2010.
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239 |
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A.4: Interim Projections: Ranking of Census 2000 and Projected 2030 State Population and Change: 2000 to 2030.
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243 |
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A.5: Life Expectancy of the Total Population by Sex in Selected Years, 1850–2007.
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245 |
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A.6: Projections of Population: Total Population and Four Models of Hispanic Population Growth, 2010–2050.
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246 |