With over 550 entries ranging from ‘Abba’ to ‘Zwingli’ composed by leading contemporary theologians from around the world, The Cambridge Dictionary of Christian Theology represents a fresh, ecumenical approach to theological reference. Written with an emphasis on clarity and concision, all entries are designed to help the reader understand and assess the specifically theological significance of the most important concepts. Clearly structured, the volume is organized around a small number of ‘core entries’ which focus on key topics to provide a general overview of major subject areas, while making use of related shorter entries to impart a more detailed knowledge of technical terms. The work as a whole provides an introduction to the defining topics in Christian thought and is an essential reference point for students and scholars.
Ian A. McFarland is Associate Professor of Systematic Theology at Emory University. His publications include Difference and Identity: A Theological Anthropology (2001) and The Divine Image: Envisioning the Invisible God (2005).
David A. S. Fergusson is Professor of Divinity and Principal of New College at the University of Edinburgh. His recent publications include Church, State and Civil Society (Cambridge, 2004) and Faith and Its Critics (2009).
Karen Kilby is Head of the Department of Theology and Religious Studies at the University of Nottingham and President of the Catholic Theological Association of Great Britain. She is the author of A Brief Introduction to Karl Rahner (2007) and Karl Rahner: Theology and Philosophy (2004).
Iain R. Torrance is President and Professor of Patristics at Princeton Theological Seminary. He is the author of Christology after Chalcedon (1988) and co-editor of To Glorify God: Essays in Modern Reformed Liturgy (1999) and The Oxford Handbook of Systematic Theology (2007).
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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First published 2011
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Acknowledgements
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Preface
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References
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William J. Abraham is Albert Cook Outler Professor of Wesley Studies and Altshuler Distinguished Teaching Professor at the Perkins School of Theology, Southern Methodist University. Revelation
Nicholas Adams is Senior Lecturer in Systematic Theology and Theological Ethics at the University of Edinburgh. Frankfurt School, German Idealism
Allan Heaton Anderson is Professor of Global Pentecostal Studies and Director of the Graduate Institute for Theology & Religion at the University of Birmingham. Pentecostal Theology
Andreas Andreopoulos is Lecturer in Christian Theology and Director of the Centre for Orthodox Studies at the University of Wales, Lampeter. Transfiguration
Edward P. Antonio is Harvey H. Potthoff Associate Professor of Christian Theology and Social Theory at the Iliff School of Theology. Black Theology
Kenneth Appold is the James Hastings Nichols Associate Professor of Reformation History at Princeton Theological Seminary. Justification
Willem J. van Asselt is Senior Lecturer of Church History in the Department of Theology at Utrecht University and Professor of Historical Theology at the Evangelical Theological Faculty in Louvain. Synod of Dort
Paul Avis is the General Secretary of the Council for Christian Unity. Episcopacy
Christine Axt-Piscalar is Professor of Systematic Theology and Director of the Institutum Lutheranum in the Theological Faculty of the Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen. Liberal Theology
Lewis Ayres is Bede Professor of Catholic Theology at the University of Durham. Arian Controversy, Augustine of Hippo, Creeds, Council of Nicaea
Vincent Bacote is Associate Professor of Theology and Director of the Center for Applied Christian Ethics at Wheaton College. Abraham Kuyper
Gary D. Badcock is Associate Professor of Divinity at Huron University College. Vocation
John F. Baldovin
S. J. is Professor of Historical and Liturgical Theology in the School of Theology and Ministry at Boston College. Priesthood
Hans M. Barstad is Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Studies in the School of Divinity at the University of Edinburgh. Biblical Theology
The Revd Dr Michael Battle is Provost and Canon Theologian at the Cathedral Center of the Anglican Diocese of Los Angeles. Nonviolence
The Revd Mgr Dr F. J. Baur is Regent of the Priesterseminars St. Johannes der Täufer in Munich. Occasionalism
Tina Beattie is Professor of Catholic Studies at Roehampton University. Abortion, Assumption, Human Rights, Immaculate Conception, Mariology, Nuptial Theology
Dana Benesh is a PhD student in theology at Baylor University, with an interest in the history of exegesis. Excommunication, Secularization, Tolerance
Michael Bergmann is Professor of Philosophy at Purdue University. Reformed Epistemology
Nigel Biggar is Regius Professor of Moral and Pastoral Theology at the University of Oxford. Moral Theology
André Birmelé is Professor of Dogmatics at the Faculté de Théologie Protestante in Strasbourg. Ecumenism, World Council of Churches
C. Clifton Black is Otto A. Piper Professor of Biblical Theology at Princeton Theological Seminary. Kingdom of God
Paul M. Blowers is Dean E. Walker Professor of Church History at the Emmanuel School of Religion. Maximus the Confessor, Monothelitism
H. Russel Botman is Rector and Vice-Chancellor at Stellenbosch University. African Theology
John Bowlin is the Rimmer and Ruth de Vries Associate Professor of Reformed Theology and Public Life at Princeton Theological Seminary. Aristotelianism
Ian Bradley is Reader in Practical Theology in the School of Divinity at the University of St Andrews. Pilgrimage
Lucy Bregman is Professor of Religion in the Religion Department of Temple University. Death and Dying
Luke Bretherton is Senior Lecturer in Theology and Politics and Convener of the Faith and Public Policy Forum at King's College London. Constantinianism, Divine Command Ethics
James T. Bretzke S. J., is Professor of Moral Theology in the Boston College School of Theology and Ministry. Casuistry
Lynn Bridgers is Director of Intercultural Religious Research at the College of Santa Fe. William James
John P. Burgess is the James Henry Snowden Professor of Systematic Theology at Pittsburgh Theological Seminary. Baptism
Stanley M. Burgess is Distinguished Professor of Christian History at the Regent University School of Divinity. Perfectionism
David B. Burrell, C. S. C. is Hesburgh Professor Emeritus in Philosophy and Theology at the University of Notre Dame and the Uganda Martyrs University. Islam and Christianity
Jason Byassee is the Director of the Center for Theology, Writing and Media at Duke Divinity School. Allegory, Typology
Euan Cameron is Henry Luce III Professor of Reformation Church History at Union Theological Seminary, New York. Reformation
Amy Carr is Associate Professor of Religious Studies at Western Illinois University. Temptation
Mark J. Cartledge is Senior Lecturer in Pentecostal and Charismatic Theology at the University of Birmingham. Glossolalia
Augustine Casiday is Lecturer in Historical Theology and Director of the MA in Monastic Studies at the University of Wales, Lampeter. Hesychasm, Gregory Palamas, Platonism
Christophe Chalamet is Assistant Professor in the Department of Theology at Fordham University. Dialectical Theology
The Revd Dr Mark D. Chapman is Vice-Principal of Ripon College Cuddesdon, Oxford, and member of the Faculty of Theology at the University of Oxford. Ernst Troeltsch
Sathianathan Clarke is Bishop Sundo Kim Professor of World Christianity at the Wesley Theological Seminary. Dalit Theology
Philip Clayton is Professor of Religion and Philosophy at Claremont Graduate University and Ingraham Professor at Claremont School of Theology. Panentheism
Francis X. Clooney S. J., is Parkman Professor of Divinity and Professor of Comparative Theology at Harvard Divinity School. Hinduism and Christianity
Basil Cole, O. P. teaches Moral, Spiritual, and Dogmatic Theology at the Dominican House of Studies, Washington, DC. Seven Deadly Sins
Tim Cooper is Lecturer in Church History in the Department of Theology and Religious Studies at the University of Otago. Antinomianism
Paul Copan is Pledger Family Chair of Philosophy and Ethics at Palm Beach Atlantic University. Moral Argument
M. Shawn Copeland is Associate Professor of Theology at Boston College. Womanist Theology
John Cottingham is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University of Reading and an Honorary Fellow of St John's College, Oxford. Cartesianism
S. Peter Cowe is the Narekatsi Professor of Armenian Studies in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures at the University of California, Los Angeles. Armenian Theology
James L. Cox is Professor of Religious Studies in the School of Divinity at the University of Edinburgh. Traditional Religions and Christianity
William Lane Craig is Research Professor of Philosophy at the Talbot School of Theology. Cosmological Argument, Middle Knowledge
Shannon Craigo-Snell is Associate Professor of Religious Studies at Yale University. Patriarchy, Supernatural existential
Andrew Crislip holds the Blake Chair in the History of Christianity at Virginia Commonwealth University. Asceticism
Garry J. Crites is Director of Evening and Weekend Courses at Duke University. Fasting
The Revd Dr Anthony R. Cross is Fellow of the Centre for Baptist History and Heritage at Regent's Park College, University of Oxford. Joachim of Fiore
Richard Crouter is John M. and Elizabeth W. Musser Professor of Religious Studies, Emeritus at Carleton College. Enlightenment
Lawrence Cunningham is the Revd John A. O'Brien Professor of Theology in the Department of Theology of the University of Notre Dame. Catholic Theology
Mary B. Cunningham is Lecturer in Theology at the University of Nottingham. Divine Energies, Iconoclasm
Ivor J. Davidson is Professor of Systematic Theology at the University of Otago. Catechesis, Catechumen, Council of Chalcedon, Jerome
Douglas J. Davies is Professor in the Study of Religion at Durham University. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
Andrew Dawson is Lecturer in Religious Studies at Lancaster University. Base Communities
Juliette Day is Senior Research Fellow in Christian Liturgy at Blackfriars Hall, Oxford. Canon of Mass
Gavin D'Costa is Professor of Catholic Theology in the Department of Theology and Religious Studies at the University of Bristol. Anonymous Christianity, Inculturation, Religious Pluralism, Karl Rahner
Celia Deane-Drummond is Professor of Theology and the Biological Sciences and Director of the Centre for Religion and the Biosciences at the University of Chester. Ecotheology
Paul J. DeHart is Associate Professor of Theology at Vanderbilt University Divinity School. Postliberal Theology
Ralph Del Colle is Associate Professor of Theology at Marquette University. Mortal Sin, Penance, Venial Sin
Gary Dorrien is the Reinhold Niebuhr Professor of Social Ethics at Union Theological Seminary and Professor of Religion at Columbia University. Social Gospel
Geoffrey D. Dunn is an Australian Research Fellow at the Centre for Early Christian Studies, Australian Catholic University. Tertullian
Mark W. Elliott is Lecturer in Church History in the School of Divinity at the University of St Andrews. Nominalism, Pelagianism
Noel Leo Erskine is Professor of Theology and Ethics at the Candler School of Theology, Emory University. Caribbean Theology, Martin Luther King
Wendy Farley is Professor in the Department of Religion at Emory University. Phenomenology
Douglas Farrow is Professor of Christian Thought in the Faculty of Religious Studies, McGill University. Ascension and Session
Richard Fenn is Maxwell M. Upson Professor of Christianity and Society at Princeton Theological Seminary. Purgatory
Paul S. Fiddes is Professor of Systematic Theology at the University of Oxford and Director of Research at Regent's Park College, Oxford. Baptist Theology
Stephen Fields, S. J. is Associate Professor of Theology at Georgetown University. Symbol
Duncan B. Forrester is Honorary Fellow and Professor Emeritus in the School of Divinity at the University of Edinburgh. Political Theology
Paul Foster is Senior Lecturer in New Testament in the School of Divinity at the University of Edinburgh. Logos
Nancy Frankenberry is the John Phillips Professor of Religion at Dartmouth College. Natural Theology
Mary McClintock Fulkerson is Professor of Theology at Duke Divinity School. Feminist Theology
Simon Gathercole is Lecturer in New Testament Studies in the Faculty of Divinity at the University of Cambridge. Paul, Quest of the Historical Jesus
Michelle A. Gonzalez is Assistant Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Miami. Latino/a Theology, Mujerista Theology
Todd Gooch is Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy and Religion at Eastern Kentucky University. Rudolf Otto
Bruce Gordon is Professor of Reformation History at Yale Divinity School. Heinrich Bullinger, Conciliarism
Elaine Graham is Grosvenor Research Professor in the Department of Theology and Religious Studies at the University of Chester. Practical Theology
Gordon Graham is Henry Luce III Professor of Philosophy and the Arts at Princeton Theological Seminary. Commonsense Philosophy
Janette Gray, R. S. M. is Lecturer in Theology at the Jesuit Theological College, the United Faculty of Theology, Melbourne. Celibacy
Joel B. Green is Professor of New Testament Interpretation and Associate Dean for the Center for Advanced Theological Studies at Fuller Theological Seminary. Soul
Niels Henrik Gregersen is Professor of Systematic Theology in the Faculty of Theology at the University of Copenhagen. Nordic Theology
Mike Grimshaw is Senior Lecturer in Religious Studies in the School of Philosophy and Religious Studies at the University of Canterbury. Post-Christian Theology
David Grumett is Research Fellow in Theology at the University of Exeter. Nouvelle théologie, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
Ruben L. F. Habito is Professor of World Religions and Spirituality at the Perkins School of Theology, Southern Methodist University. Buddhism and Christianity
Roger Haight, S. J. is Scholar in Residence at Union Theological Seminary in New York City. Juan Luis Segundo
Douglas John Hall is Emeritus Professor of Christian Theology at McGill University. Neo-Orthodoxy
The Revd Stuart George Hall is Professor Emeritus of Ecclesiastical History in the University of London at King's College. Historical Theology
The Revd Dr Harriet A. Harris is Chaplain of Wadham College at the University of Oxford. Orders
John F. Haught is Senior Fellow in Science and Religion at the Woodstock Theological Center, Georgetown University. Natural Science
Nicholas M. Healy is Professor of Theology and Religious Studies and Associate Dean of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at St John's University. Apostolic Succession, Thomas Aquinas, Ecclesiology, Infallibility, Marks of the Church, Vatican Council I
The Revd Dr Brian L. Hebblethwaite is Life Fellow of Queens’ College, and formerly Lecturer in the Philosophy of Religion in the Faculty of Divinity, University of Cambridge. The Transcendentals
Charles Hefling is Associate Professor of Theology at Boston College. Liturgical Movement
György Heidl is Associate Professor at the Center for Patristic Studies at the University of Pécs. Origenism
S. Mark Heim is the Samuel Abbot Professor of Christian Theology at Andover Newton Theological School. Religion
Scott H. Hendrix is Professor Emeritus of Reformation History and Doctrine at Princeton Theological Seminary. Lutheran Theology, Sola Scriptura, Two Kingdoms
Alasdair Heron is Professor of Reformed Theology at the University of Erlangen. Reformed Theology
Michael Higgins is President and Vice-Chancellor of St Thomas University, New Brunswick. Canonization
Mike Higton is Senior Lecturer in Theology in the Department of Theology at the University of Exeter. Adoptionism, Anhypostasis, Christology, Communicatio Idiomatum, Hans Frei, Homoousios, Hypostasis, Hypostatic Union, Incarnation, Neo-Chalcedonianism
Mary Catherine Hilkert is Professor in the Department of Theology at the University of Notre Dame. Edward Schillebeeckx
Harvey Hill is Associate Professor of Religion at Berry College. Modernism
Kenneth Einar Himma is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Seattle Pacific University. Ontological Argument
Bradford Hinze is Professor of Theology at Fordham University. Tübingen School (Catholic)
Andrew Hoffecker is Professor of Church History at Reformed Theological Seminary. Charles Hodge, Princeton Theology
Christopher R. J. Holmes is Associate Professor of Theology and Ethics at Providence Theological Seminary. Ludwig Feuerbach
Edward Howells is Lecturer in Christian Spirituality at Heythrop College, University of London. Teresa of Avila
Richard T. Hughes is Senior Fellow of the Ernest L. Boyer Center and Distinguished Professor of Religion at Messiah College. Restorationism
The Revd Mgr Kevin W. Irwin is Dean of the School of Theology and Religious Studies at the Catholic University of America. Eucharist
Lisa Isherwood is Professor of Feminist Liberation Theologies and Director of the Centre for Theological Partnerships at the University of Winchester. Queer Theology
Timothy P. Jackson is Professor of Christian Ethics at the Candler School of Theology, Emory University. Adoption
Paul D. Janz is Senior Lecturer in Systematic Theology at King's College London. Metaphysics
Werner G. Jeanrond is Professor of Divinity at the University of Glasgow. Hermeneutics
Willis Jenkins is Margaret A. Farley Assistant Professor of Social Ethics at Yale Divinity School. Dietrich Bonhoeffer
Robin M. Jensen is the Luce Chancellor's Professor of the History of Christian Art and Worship at Vanderbilt University Divinity School. Icons and Iconography
Darrell Jodock is the Drell and Adeline Bernhardson Distinguished Professor of Religion at Gustavus Adolphus College. Adolf von Harnack, Alfred Loisy
Mark D. Jordan is Richard Reinhold Niebuhr Professor of Divinity at Harvard Divinity School. Body, Sexuality
David G. Kamitsuka is Associate Professor of Religion at Oberlin College. G. W. F. Hegel
James F. Kay is Joe R. Engle Professor of Homiletics and Liturgics and Director of the Joe R. Engle Institute of Preaching at Princeton Theological Seminary. Rudolf Bultmann, Demythologization
Henry Ansgar Kelly is Professor Emeritus in the Department of English at the University of California, Los Angeles. Devil
Daren Kemp is a Director of Kempress Ltd and Co-Editor of the Journal of Alternative Spiritualities and New Age Studies. Christian Science
Fergus Kerr, O. P., FRSE is Honorary Fellow in the School of Divinity at the University of Edinburgh and Editor of New Blackfriars. Thomism
Thomas S. Kidd is Associate Professor of History at Baylor University. Revivalism
Fr George Kilcourse is Professor of Theology at Bellarmine University. Thomas Merton
Sebastian C. H. Kim is Professor of Theology and Public Life in the Faculty of Education and Theology at York St John University. Korean Theology
Masami Kojiro is Professor of Systematic Theology at the Tokyo Union Theological Seminary. Japanese Theology
Steven Kraftchick is Director of General and Advanced Studies and Associate Professor in the Practice of New Testament Interpretation at the Candler School of Theology, Emory University. Myth
Alan Kreider is Professor of Church History and Mission at the Associated Mennonite Biblical Seminary. Conversion
Peter A. Kwasniewski is Professor of Theology and Philosophy and Instructor in Music at Wyoming Catholic College. Teresa of Lisieux
Lai Pan-chiu is Professor and Associate Dean of the Faculty of Arts at the Divinity School of Chung Chi College, Chinese University of Hong Kong. Chinese Theology
Dirk G. Lange is Associate Professor of Worship at Luther Seminary. Divine Office, Inclusive Language, Lex orandi lex credendi, Community of Taizé
Jacqueline Lapsley is Associate Professor of Old Testament at Princeton Theological Seminary. Ten Commandments
Emmanuel Y. Lartey is Professor of Pastoral Theology, Care and Counseling at the Candler School of Theology, Emory University. Pastoral Theology
Gordon W. Lathrop is Charles A. Schieren Professor of Liturgy Emeritus at the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia. Liturgy, Prayer
David R. Law is Reader in Christian Thought at the School of Arts, Histories and Cultures, University of Manchester. Kenotic Theology
Frederick Lawrence is Professor of Theology at Boston College. Bernard Lonergan
Bo Karen Lee is Assistant Professor of Spirituality and Historical Theology at Princeton Theological Seminary. Hildegard of Bingen
Sang Hyun Lee is the Kyung-Chik Han Professor of Systematic Theology at Princeton Theological Seminary. Asian-American Theology, Jonathan Edwards
Mark R. Lindsay is Director of Research at the Melbourne College of Divinity. Israel
Thomas G. Long is the Bandy Professor of Preaching at the Candler School of Theology, Emory University. Homiletics
Janice Love is Dean and Professor of Christianity and World Politics at the Candler School of Theology, Emory University. Kairos Document
Robin W. Lovin is Cary Maguire University Professor of Ethics at Southern Methodist University. Reinhold Niebuhr
Walter Lowe is Professor of Systematic Theology Emeritus at the Candler School of Theology, Emory University. Immanuel Kant
Morwenna Ludlow is Lecturer in the Department of Theology of the University of Exeter. Apostolic Fathers, Patristics
F. Thomas Luongo is the Eva-Lou Joffrion Edwards Newcomb Professor at Tulane University. Catherine of Siena
Randy L. Maddox is Professor of Theology and Wesley Studies at Duke Divinity School. Methodist Theology
Lois Malcolm is Associate Professor of Systematic Theology at Luther Seminary. Theodicy
Mark H. Mann is Associate Professor of Theology and Director for the Wesleyan Center for 21st Century Studies at Point Loma Nazarene University. Rationalism
William E. Mann is Professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Vermont. Anselm of Canterbury
Neil A. Manson is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Mississippi. Teleological Argument
George M. Marsden is Francis A. McAnaney Professor of History at the University of Notre Dame. Fundamentalism
Bruce D. Marshall is Professor of Historical Theology at the Perkins School of Theology, Southern Methodist University. Judaism and Christianity
Hjamil A. Martinez-Vazquez is Assistant Professor of Religion at Texas Christian University. Bartolomé de Las Casas
Rex D. Matthews is Assistant Professor in the Practice of Historical Theology at the Candler School of Theology, Emory University. John Wesley, Wesleyan Quadrilateral
William C. Mattison III is Assistant Professor of Systematic Theology at the Catholic University of America. Divorce, Marriage
Bruce Lindley McCormack is the Charles Hodge Professor of Systematic Theology at Princeton Theological Seminary. Atonement
Joy Ann McDougall is Associate Professor of Theology at the Candler School of Theology, Emory University. Androcentrism, Sin
Bernard McGinn is Naomi Shenstone Donnelley Professor Emeritus of Historical Theology and of the History of Christianity in the Divinity School and the Committees on Medieval Studies and on General Studies at the University of Chicago. Mystical Theology
Alister McGrath is Professor of Theology, Ministry, and Education at King's College London. Protestantism
John A. McGuckin is Ane Marie and Bent Emil Nielsen Professor in Late Antique and Byzantine Christian History at Union Theological Seminary (New York) and Professor of Byzantine Christian Studies at Columbia University. Ecumenical Councils, Origen of Alexandria
Esther McIntosh is Assistant Editor at the International Journal of Public Theology and Research Associate in the Faculty of Education and Theology at York St John University. Personalism
Mark A. McIntosh is Van Mildert Canon Professor of Divinity in the Department of Theology and Religion at the University of Durham. Hans Urs von Balthasar, Beatific Vision, Contemplation, Faith, John Henry Newman, Spirituality
Steven A. McKinion is Associate Professor of Theology and Patristics at Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary. Cyril of Alexandria, Council of Ephesus
The Revd Mgr. Paul McPartlan is Carl J. Peter Professor of Systematic Theology and Ecumenism in the School of Theology and Religious Studies at the Catholic University of America. Henri de Lubac, Vatican Council II
Néstor Medina teaches Theology at Queen's Theological College, Queen's University. Mestizaje
M. Douglas Meeks is the Cal Turner Chancellor's Chair in Wesleyan Studies and Theology at Vanderbilt University Divinity School. Hope
Linda Mercadante is Professor of Theology in the B. Robert Straker Chair of Historical Theology at the Methodist Theological School in Ohio. Theology of Trauma
Paul Middleton is Lecturer in New Testament Studies in the Department of Theology and Religious Studies at the University of Wales, Lampeter. Martyrdom
Daniel L. Migliore is Charles Hodge Professor of Systematic Theology Emeritus at Princeton Theological Seminary. Lord's Prayer
Bruce Milem is Associate Professor of Philosophy and Coordinator of the Religious Studies Program at the State University of New York, New Paltz. Meister Eckhart
R. W. L. Moberly is Professor of Theology and Biblical Interpretation at Durham University. Prophecy
Paul D. Molnar is Professor of Theology at St John's University. Karl Barth
The Revd Dr Andrew Moore is Fellow of the Centre for Christianity and Culture at Regent's Park College, University of Oxford. Realism and Anti-Realism
Susan Hardman Moore is Senior Lecturer in Divinity in the School of Divinity at the University of Edinburgh. Deism
Christopher Morse is the Dietrich Bonhoeffer Professor of Theology and Ethics at Union Theological Seminary, New York. Soteriology
Christian Moser is a staff member of the Institut für Schweizerische Reformationsgeschichte at the University of Zurich. Huldrych Zwingli
Rachel Muers is Lecturer in Christian Studies in the Department of Theology and Religious Studies at the University of Leeds. Quaker Theology
Francesca A. Murphy is Reader in Systematic Theology at King's College in the University of Aberdeen. Aesthetics, Étienne Gilson
David Nash is Reader in History at Oxford Brookes University. Blasphemy
Mark Thiessen Nation is Professor of Theology at Eastern Mennonite University. Mennonite Theology
Olga V. Nesmiyanova is Professor at the St Petersburg School of Religion and Philosophy. Russian Theology
Craig L. Nessan is Academic Dean and Professor of Contextual Theology at Wartburg Theological Seminary. Orthopraxis
Peter Neuner is Professor Emeritus at the Katholisch-Theologische Fakultät at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich. Joseph Maréchal
Damayanthi Niles is Associate Professor of Constructive Theology at Eden Theological Seminary. D. T. Niles
Paul T. Nimmo is the Meldrum Lecturer in Theology in the School of Divinity at the University of Edinburgh. Scottish Theology
The Hon. John T. Noonan, Jr is a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, with chambers in San Francisco, California. Usury
Simon Oliver is Associate Professor in the Department of Theology and Religious Studies at the University of Nottingham. Radical Orthodoxy
Thomas O'Loughlin is Professor of Historical Theology in the Department of Theology and Religious Studies at the University of Nottingham. Celtic Christianity
Roger E. Olson is Professor of Theology at the George W. Truett Theological Seminary, Baylor University. Arminianism
Kenan B.
Osborne, O. F. M. is Professor Emeritus of Systematic Theology at the Franciscan School of Theology, Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, California. Confirmation
Gene Outka is Dwight Professor of Philosophy and Christian Ethics at Yale Divinity School. Love
Aristotle Papanikolaou is Associate Professor of Systematic Theology and Co-Director of the Orthodox Christian Studies Program at Fordham University. Orthodox Theology
David Parker is Edward Cadbury Professor of Theology and Director of the Centre for the Editing of Texts in Religion at the University of Birmingham. Biblical Criticism
George L. Parsenios is Assistant Professor of New Testament at Princeton Theological Seminary. Mount Athos
Paul Parvis is an Honorary Fellow in the School of Divinity at the University of Edinburgh. Irenaeus of Lyons, Recapitulation
Bonnie Pattison is Adjunct Professor of Theology at Wheaton College. Poverty
George Pattison is Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity at the University of Oxford and a canon of Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford. Søren Kierkegaard
Amy Plantinga Pauw is Henry P. Mobley, Jr, Professor of Doctrinal Theology at the Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary. Election
Lori Pearson is Associate Professor of Religion at Carleton College. History of Religion School
Michael Davey Pearson has served as Assistant Professor of Theology at Solusi University in Zimbabwe and is currently writing two books on the Holy Spirit for Andrews University Press. Adventism
Clark Pinnock is Professor Emeritus of Systematic Theology at McMaster Divinity College. Open Theism
Sarah Pinnock is Associate Professor of Contemporary Religious Thought at Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas. Holocaust
Alyssa Lyra Pitstick is Assistant Professor of Religion at Hope College. Glory
Paul-Hubert Poirier is Professor in the Faculté de Théologie et de Sciences Religieuses at the Université Laval. Gnosticism
Jean Porter is the Revd John A. O'Brien Professor of Theology at the University of Notre Dame. Natural Law
Robert W. Prichard is Arthur Lee Kinsolving Professor of Christianity in America and Instructor in Liturgy at Virginia Theological Seminary. Book of Common Prayer
Inese Radzins is Assistant Professor of Theology and Dorothea Harvey Professor of Swedenborgian Studies at the Pacific School of Religion. Simone Weil
J. Paul Rajashekar is Luther D. Reed Professor of Systematic Theology and Dean of the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia. M. M. Thomas
Shelly Rambo is Assistant Professor of Theology at Boston University School of Theology. Anchoritism, Julian of Norwich
Arne Rasmusson is Associate Professor in Theology and Ethics at Umeå University. Christendom
Paul Rasor is Director of the Center for the Study of Religious Freedom at Virginia Wesleyan College. Unitarianism
Stephen G. Ray, Jr is Neal F. and Ila A. Fisher Professor of Systematic Theology at Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary. Race
Esther D. Reed is Associate Professor of Theological Ethics at the University of Exeter. Forgiveness
Fr Alexander Rentel is Assistant Professor of Canon Law and Byzantine Studies at St Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary. Ecumenical Patriarchate
Joerg Rieger is Wendland-Cook Endowed Professor of Constructive Theology at the Perkins School of Theology, Southern Methodist University. Materialism, Sanctification
Cynthia L. Rigby is the W. C. Brown Professor of Theology at Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary. Barmen Declaration, Barthianism
Michelle Voss Roberts is Assistant Professor in the Department of Religious Studies at Rhodes College. Mechthild of Magdeburg
Richard H. Roberts is Professor Emeritus of Religious Studies at Lancaster University and Emeritus Visiting Professor in the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Stirling. Tübingen School (Protestant)
Joan L. RoccasalvoC. S. J. is Scholar-in-Residence at Fordham University. Eastern Catholic Churches
Eugene F. Rogers, Jr is Professor of Religion at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Holy Spirit
Philip A. Rolnick is Professor of Theology at the University of St Thomas. Analogy
Paul Rorem is Benjamin B. Warfield Professor of Medieval Church History at Princeton Theological Seminary. Dionysius the Areopagite
Christopher Rowland is the Dean Ireland Professor of the Exegesis of Holy Scripture at the University of Oxford. Apocalyptic
Fr Neil J. Roy is a priest of the diocese of Peterborough, Canada, and teaches liturgy and sacramental theology at the University of Notre Dame. Saints
Tinu Ruparell is Assistant Professor and Graduate Coordinator in the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Calgary. Pantheism
Norman Russell is an independent scholar and translator. He is the author of several works on the Greek fathers and the translator of texts by several contemporary Greek theologians. Deification
Robert John Russell is Director of the Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences (CTNS) and the Ian G. Barbour Professor of Theology and Science in Residence at the Graduate Theological Union. Divine Action
Don E. Saliers is the William R. Cannon Distinguished Professor of Theology and Worship Emeritus at Emory University. Theology and Music
Marcel Sarot is UUF Chair for the History and Philosophy of Theology and Head of the Department of Theology at Utrecht University. Diaconate, Patripassianism, Philosophical Theology, Theopaschite Controversy
Hans Schwarz is Professor of Systematic Theology and Director of the Institute of Protestant Theology at the University of Regensburg. Descent into Hell, Eschatology, Heaven, Hell, Universalism
Fr Johannes M. Schwarz is Visiting Professor at the International Theological Institute, Gaming, Austria. Limbo
Fernando F. Segovia is Oberlin Graduate Professor of New Testament and Early Christianity at Vanderbilt University Divinity School. Latin American Theology
Frank C. Senn is Pastor of Immanuel Lutheran Church, Evanston, Illinois and has taught at Seabury-Western and Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminaries. Liturgical Calendar
James W. Skillen is President of the Center for Public Justice in Washington, DC. Covenant
Natalia Smelova is Researcher in Syriac Studies at the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg. Syriac Christian Theology
J. Warren Smith is Associate Professor of Historical Theology at Duke Divinity School. Cappadocian Fathers
James K. A. Smith is Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy at Calvin College. Deconstruction, Postmodernism
Luther E. Smith, Jr is Professor of Church and Community at the Candler School of Theology, Emory University. Howard Thurman
John Snarey is Professor of Human Development and Ethics at the Candler School of Theology, Emory University. William James
W. Becket Soule O. P., is the former Dean of the Pontifical Faculty and Associate Professor of Canon Law at the Dominican House of Studies in Washington, DC. Canon Law
R. Kendall Soulen is Professor of Systematic Theology at Wesley Theological Seminary. Scriptural Reasoning
Bryan D. Spinks is Professor of Liturgical Studies at Yale Divinity School. Sacramentology
Max L. Stackhouse is Professor of Reformed Theology and Public Life Emeritus at Princeton Theological Seminary. Civil Society
Brian Stanley is Professor of World Christianity and Director of the Centre for the Study of World Christianity in the Faculty of Divinity at the University of Edinburgh. Missiology
Stephen J. Stein is Chancellor's Professor, Emeritus, in the Department of Religious Studies at Indiana University. Jehovah's Witnesses
James Steven is Lecturer in Theology and Ministry at King's College London. Charismatic Movement
The Right Revd Dr Kenneth W. Stevenson is the former Bishop of Portsmouth, England. Blessing, Sacrifice
Dan R. Stiver is Professor of Theology at Logsdon Seminary, Hardin-Simmons University. Religious Language
Jonathan Strom is Associate Professor of Church History at the Candler School of Theology, Emory University. Pietism
George W. Stroup is J. B. Green Professor of Theology at Columbia Theological Seminary. Narrative Theology
Elizabeth Stuart is Professor of Christian Theology at the University of Winchester. Anointing of the Sick
Phillip H. Stump is Professor of History at Lynchburg College. Council of Constance
Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki is Professor Emerita at the Claremont School of Theology. Process Theology
R. S. Sugirtharajah is Professor of Biblical Hermeneutics at the University of Birmingham. Colonialism and Postcolonialism
Steven Sutcliffe is Lecturer in Religion and Society in the School of Divinity at the University of Edinburgh. New Age
John Swinton is Professor in Practical Theology and Pastoral Care at the University of Aberdeen. Disability Theology
Mark Lewis Taylor is the Maxwell M. Upson Professor of Theology and Culture at Princeton Theological Seminary. Paul Tillich
M. Thomas Thangaraj is the D. W. and Ruth Brooks Associate Professor of World Christianity, Emeritus, at the Candler School of Theology, Emory University. South Asian Theology
John E. Thiel is Professor of Religious Studies at Fairfield University. Tradition
Deanna Thompson is Associate Professor of Religion and Chair of the Department of Religion at Hamline University. Cross and Crucifixion
N. J. Thompson is Lecturer in Church History at the University of Aberdeen. Martin Bucer
Susannah Ticciati is Lecturer in Systematic Theology at King's College London. Job
Terrence N. Tice is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Michigan. Friedrich Schleiermacher
David Tombs is Lecturer and Programme Co-ordinator in Reconciliation Studies at the Irish School of Ecumenics. Liberation Theology
Joseph Torchia, O. P. is Professor of Philosophy at Providence College. Manichaeism
Jonathan Tran is Assistant Professor of Christian Ethics at Baylor University. Excommunication, Secularization, Tolerance, Virtue Ethics
Daniel J. Treier is Associate Professor of Theology at Wheaton College. Doctrine, Evangelical Theology, Wisdom
Carl R. Trueman is at Westminster Theological Seminary. Assurance, Federal Theology, Ordo salutis, Puritanism
Christopher Tuckett is Professor of New Testament at Pembroke College, University of Oxford. John the Evangelist
Lucian Turcescu is Associate Professor of Historical Theology at Concordia University, Montreal, Canada. Sobornicity, Dumitru Stăniloae
Max Turner is Professor of New Testament Studies at the London School of Theology. Pentecost
Cornelis P. Venema is President and Professor of Doctrinal Studies at Mid-American Reformed Seminary. Predestination
Medi Volpe is an Honorary Lecturer at Durham University. Dorothee Soelle
Andrew Walker is Professor of Theology, Culture, and Education at King's College, London. Charismatic Movement
Lee Palmer Wandel is Professor in the Department of History at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. Humanism
Bernd Wannenwetsch is University Lecturer in Ethics at the University of Oxford. Just War, Virtue
Kevin Ward is Senior Lecturer in African Religious Studies at the University of Leeds. Anglican Theology, Thomas Cranmer, Richard Hooker
Patricia A. Ward is Professor of French and Comparative Literature at Vanderbilt University. Quietism
Brent Waters is Stead Professor of Christian Social Ethics and the Director of the Stead Center for Ethics and Values at Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary. Bioethics, Procreation
Francis Watson is Chair of Biblical Interpretation at Durham University. Scripture
Darlene Fozard Weaver is Associate Professor of Theology and Religious Studies and Director of the Theology Institute at Villanova University. Conscience
Stephen H. Webb is Professor of Religion and Philosophy at Wabash College. Animals
Timothy P. Weber is Visiting Professor of Church History at Fuller Theological Seminary, Colorado Springs, Colorado. Premillennialism
John Webster is Professor and Chair of Systematic Theology at the University of Aberdeen. Divine Attributes
Timothy J. Wengert is Ministerium of Pennsylvania Professor of the History of Christianity at the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia. Martin Luther
Merold Westphal is Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at Fordham University. Atheism
David Wetsel is Professor in the School of International Letters and Cultures at Arizona State University. Blaise Pascal
The Very Revd Stephen R. White is the Dean of Killaloe in County Clare, Ireland. Agnosticism
Jane Williams is Tutor in Theology at St Mellitus College, London. Angels
Stephen N. Williams is Professor of Systematic Theology at Union Theological College, Belfast. Friedrich Nietzsche
Thomas Williams is Associate Professor in the Department of Religious Studies at the University of South Florida. John Duns Scotus, Voluntarism
Ben Witherington III is Professor of New Testament Interpretation at Asbury Theological Seminary. Dispensationalism
John Witte, Jr is Jonas Robitscher Professor of Law and Director of the Center for the Study of Law and Religion at Emory University. Law
Susan K. Wood is Professor of Theology at Marquette University. Laity
Thomas Worcester, S. J. is Associate Professor of History at the College of the Holy Cross. Papacy
A. D. Wright is Reader in Ecclesiastical History at the University of Leeds. Council of Trent
N. T. Wright is the Bishop of Durham. Resurrection
Randall C. Zachman is Professor of Reformation Studies in the Department of Theology of the University of Notre Dame. John Calvin
Ian A. McFarland is Associate Professor of Systematic Theology at Emory University?s Candler School of Theology and a Lutheran lay theologian. He is a member of the American Academy of Religion and of the Nashville-based Workgroup for Constructive Theology. His most recent book is The Divine Image: Envisioning the Invisible God (2005).
David A. S. Fergusson is Professor of Divinity and Principal of New College at the University of Edinburgh. He has served as President of the Society for the Study of Theology (2000–2) and President of the UK Association of University Departments of Theology and Religious Studies (2005?8). He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His most recent book is Faith and Its Critics: A Conversation (2009).
Karen Kilby is Associate Professor of Systematic Theology and Head of the Department of Theology and Religious Studies at the University of Nottingham. She is President of the Catholic Theological Association of Great Britain. Her most recent book is Karl Rahner: Theology and Philosophy (2004).
Iain R. Torrance is President of Princeton Theological Seminary and Professor of Patristics. Formerly he held a Personal Chair in Patristics and Christian Ethics at the University of Aberdeen and served a term as Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Divinity. He was Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland (2003–4). He has been co-editor of Scottish Journal of Theology since 1982 and edits the Cambridge monograph series on Contemporary Issues in Theology. His interests are in early Christianity, and he is the author of Christology after Chalcedon (1988).