Cambridge University Press
9780521880619 - Ghosts of War in Vietnam - by Heonik Kwon
Index
Addiss, Stephen 185
Adorno, Theodor W. 12, 35
Agamben, Giorgio 24, 148
Alphen, Ernst van 173
American Civil War, ghosts of 14
American diplomatic ties with Vietnam, and MIA discoveries 44–5, 57
use of Vietnamese medium 57
American War, Vietnamese interpretation of 13, 14–15
see also Vietnam War
ancestor worship
domestic rite 98
external rite 98–9
and ghosts of children 116
see also domestic ritual space; ghosts
Anderson, Benedict 45, 175
Antigone, see Butler; Hegel
Appadurai, Arjun 65
Appy, Christian 12, 169, 170, 182, 196
Arendt, Hannah 156, 159
Ariès, Philippe 36
Arquilla, John 67–8
art money, 146
August Revolution 11
Avineri, Shlomo 195, 196
Ba Chua Tien, mother goddess 120
“Ba Me Que” 91
origins of 91
Bailey, Susan 175
Bao Ninh 1, 27, 48, 169, 180
Bataille, George 147, 148
Bauman, Zygmunt 185, 188
Benjamin, Walter 2, 42, 167
Berlin Wall, fall of 65
Bernstein, Richard 172
Bertrand, Didier 172, 181, 186
Bettleheim, Bruno 187
Bibby, Michael 13, 170, 171
Bien, body-finder 109–11, 112–15
family tradition and Lotus Flower (Lien Hoa) 128
mobility of 115
prison message from Lotus Flower 126
soul-searching 117
biological classification of bones 49
problems of identification 50
bipolarity of left and right 156
Bloch, Ernest 16
Bloch, Maurice 22, 23, 147, 173, 174, 185, 189, 193, 194, 195
Bobbio, Norberto 160
bodies, amalgam of past and present 35–6
see also xac
body-finding, through spirits 53–4, 109–10, 111–15
Bohannan, Paul 146–7
bond of bereavement 101
Borneman, John 176
Bradley, Mark P. 31, 179
Brigham, Robert K. 94, 170
Brocheux, Pierre 194
Buchli, Victor 171
Butler, Judith 159, 162, 163, 165, 187, 195
Ca Ong, spirit of whale 117
Cadière, Léopold 87, 107, 148, 171, 188, 189
capitalism, domination of 29–30
Carsten, Janet 130–1, 168
Casey, Edward 24, 89, 186
Castells, Manuel 182
censorship, of literature about ghosts 11
Chien Xem Ma (medium) 53–4
involvement of family in searches 54–6
and party officials 57–8
and US MIA missions 57
children of people strategy 92–3
Chile, legacy of Pinochet 31
civil war, and war ghosts 13, 14
Clinton, President Bill, visit to Hanoi 44, 145
POW/MIA issues 47
clothing, as votive offering
changes in tradition 142
utility value for dead 143
Co Chin Trung Thien; see Impartial Heaven
co so activists 70–1, 73, 94, 95–6
Co Tien 109
Codere, Helen 190
coexistence of life and death 7, 36
coffin making, boom in 28
coffins, use as magical instrument 38–9
see also funerals
cold war
decomposition of 66–7
results of decomposition 62–3
definition of state 161
global experience of 31, 64
differences in 65
local forms of 66
new social order 159–60
ordering 30
political crisis in moral community of kinship 158–9
political use of MIA problem 46–7
position of left and right 160
reality of mass death 4–5, 160
rejection of terms 156
two-dimensional history of 66, 80–1
collaborators
classification of 74–5
civilian support networks 73–4
and neighbourhood surveillance 73
Comaroff, Jean 175, 178
Comaroff, John 175
commemorative practices in Vietnam 48, 164
changes in tradition 5, 35, 48–9, 59–61
desire to remember 105
domestic ritual 86, 140–1
and shifts in meaning 86
official state practices 24–5, 83, 140
communist authority in Vietnam, political use of POWs 47
Condominas, George 171, 183
Cooper, Nicola 169
Cumings, Bruce 4, 168, 169, 184
Dai Tien, chief of security in other world, 119
anger at question on former life 133
interrogation of Lotus Flower (Lien Hoa) 127
dead, the
communication with
Chien Xem Ma 53–6
Huynh Phung 51–3
official requests for 56
loosening of state control 61
culture of 35–6
obstacles to memory 58
relations with living 41, 42–3
rights to burial 163
death
ambidextrous human body 157, 162
dual religious symbolism 156–7
and wealth, see money; prosperity; votive offerings; wealth
death at home (chet nha), coexistence with death in the street 86
death in the street (chet duong) 7, 20, 163–4
commemorative practices 86
and displaced spirits 89, 99, 103
imprisonment of souls 129
Degung Santikarma 176
Denish, Bette 177
desertion, and co so mothers 94, 95–6
Dickens, Charles 3, 192
Do La money 141–2
designs of 144
disruption of hierarchy of other worlds 153
duality of meanings 144–5, 147, 150–1
effect on classification of spirits 151–2
opposition from deities 145–6, 153
see also Sharpshooter; votive offerings
domestic ritual space
change in 58
heroic death certificates 59
increasing privacy and coexistence of old and new era 59–60
moral and political practice 159
Don Lam 26, 97, 101
Dong Vinh 96
Dror, Olga 186
Duiker, William J. 168, 169, 185, 186, 191, 196
Duong Thu Huong 1, 169
Durand, Maurice 181, 184, 187, 188
Durkheim, Emile 7, 87, 99, 100, 152
Dwyer, Leslie 176
Eades, Jeremy S. 172
economic renovation in Vietnam (doi moi ) 29
effect on reburials 33
Eliade, Mircea 188
encounters with ghosts 36–40
Endres, Kirsten W. 191
Esbenshade, Richard S. 167
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 157, 173
exhumation of missing soldiers 44
official American delegations 44
Fall, B. B. 180
families, basic to civil society 160, 161
family record system (ho so) 74–5
result of use 75
Farell, Kirby 179
Faris, Wendy B. 168
festivals, held by emigrant communities 91
Feuchtwang, Stephan 147, 176, 192
Fforde, Adam 175
Field, Douglas 182
financial globalization 30
Finucane, Ronald C. 167
Fischer, Michael M. J. 172
France, and ghosts of First World War 14
French war ghosts, in Vietnam 14
funerals, orientation of coffin 136
see also money; votive offerings
Gaddis, John Lewis 168
Gates, Hill 147
Geertz, Clifford 178, 190, 194
Gennep, Arnold van 24, 152, 173, 189
Geschiere, Peter 175
ghost of Vietnam, and American society 12, 165
ghosts
absence in social theory 23–4
and ancestors 20, 21–2, 24–5, 87, 88–9, 100, 157
background circumstances of death 3, 5, 42
ceremonial time for 133
concept of the stranger 20–1, 100, 102
domestic ritual space 58
history of mass displacement 89, 104
importance of money for 152
interest in humans 19, 88, 165
lack of discrimination against former enemy 26–7, 37–8
meanings of apparitions 10, 18–19
notion of place and home 101, 131
oblivious to modern ideologies 135–6
of prisoners 72
places for worship of (khom) 34
political 21, 62–3, 158
public knowledge of 17
relational reference to 109
and religious revival 85
and revolutionary cultural policies 11
sensitivity to 105
social/political obstacles to memory 58
state’s attitude to 10–11, 24–5
transformation to mobile deity 117
stages of 118
transitional status of 131
use in narrative 2
in classical literature 87–8
in European literature 2–3
in Vietnam 2, 3
Vietnamese conception of 7
wandering souls (co bac) 16, 100, 131, 152(see also Nguyen Du)
encounters with 16, 36–40
and troublesome ghosts 17–18, 37, 39–40, 113–15
see also Chien Xem Ma; kinship practice; Lotus Flower; ritual revival; the stranger; transformative spirits; votive offerings
Gibson, J. J. 154
Gibson, James W. 179
Giddens, Anthony 29–30, 159–60, 161, 182
Giebel, Christopher 190, 191
Gillis, John R. 46, 175
Giran, Paul 185
global order
change in 64–5
and experiences of cold war 65, 66
and network warfare 67–8
globalization, meeting between Clinton and Le Kha Phien 145
Gluckman, Max 182
Gombrich E. H. 192, 194
gods and goddesses
historical backgrounds 119, 134
spiritual remains of violent death 130
votive money 143
anti Do La sentiment 145–6
superior currency 148
see also Impartial Heaven; Sharpshooter
Grandin, Greg 4, 168, 176
Greece, civil war in 32
Green, Sarah F. 176
Gulf War, and memory of Vietnam War 12
Habermas, Jürgen 178
Hann, Chris M. 176, 182
Hardy, Andrew 175, 187
Harrell, Stevan 174, 188, 189
Harrison, Simon 182
Hart, Keith 147, 191
Hartingh, Bertrand de 174
Hassard, John 182
Hastrup, Kirsten 172
Hawley, Thomas M. 179–80
Hayden, Robert M. 167, 177
heavy soul, and phantom salt 104
Hefner, Robert W. 175
Hegel, G. W. F. 158–9, 161, 162–3
Hellman, John 179
heroic death certificates 59, 61–2, 75
Heroic Mothers of Vietnam 33, 52, 136, 138
Hertz, Robert 24, 89, 152, 156–7, 162, 165
Hickey, Gerald 87, 193
Hiebert, Murray 177, 180
history
relationship with memory 12–13
use of fiction in post socialist society 2
Ho Chi Minh 174
Ho Si Hiep 185
ho so reports, see family record system
Hobsbawm, Eric 175
Hochschild, Adam 167
homesickness 90–1
during French war 91
and songs 93–4
used by revolutionary networks 94
Honig, Bonnie 173
Hoopes, Townsend 183
Horkheimer, Max 12, 35
Hou Ching-lang 137
Hugh-Jones, Stephen 189
Humphrey, Caroline 168, 175
Hunter, Allen 176
Hutton, Will 176, 182
Huu Ngoc 171, 184, 185, 189
Huynh Lua 186
Huynh Phung, reburial of 51–3
transformation to thanh 108
Huynh Sanh Thong 184, 185
Impartial Heaven (Co Chin Trung Thien) 150
diplomacy of 125
established deity 119
and Ho Chi Minh 134
mobility of 120
network of followers 119, 122
questions to 133
on family life 134
on war 134
Independence War with France 11
Indonesia, end of cold war 31
Ingold, Tim 99
investment, importance for Adam Smith 138
Isaac, Jeffrey C. 156, 172
Isaacs, Arnold R. 170
Jackson, Michael 168
Jacobs, Seth 169
Jamieson, Neil L. 175, 179, 194
Jason, Philip K. 170
Jouin, Bernard Y. 190
Jun Jing 168, 176
Just, Ward 182
Kaldor, Mary 168, 176, 183, 195
Kellner, Douglas 169, 184
Kendall, Laurel 194
Kerkvliet, Benedict J. Tria 175
Kern, Stephen 173, 193
Keynes, J. M. 139
Kim, Dong-Chun 176
kinship relations 6, 8, 97–8, 103
association with the stranger 100–1
fictive kinship 83, 84–5, 96, 103, 117, 118, 130–1, 161
good and bad death 161, 162, 164
mass death and displacement 149–50, 165
through civil war 162, 163
new model after cold war 159–60, 161
political crisis in 158–9
transformation of spirit 130
see also Lotus Flower; Hegel; surrogate motherhood
Klein, Christina 182
Kolko, Gabriel 191
Kundera, Milan 2, 167
Kwon, Heonik 168, 171, 172, 174, 177, 181, 183, 191, 193
Ky
history of 123–4
spirit network 124
see also Impartial Heaven; Sharpshooter
La Fontaine, J. S. 187
LaFeber, Walter 4, 168, 182
Lambek, Michael 178
Lap, amputee of Tiger Temple community
biography of 77, 82
and prison survival 77
life after prison 77–8
strength of community 78–9
Temple worship 78–9
US and VC blame for amputation 75–7, 79
Laqueur, Thomas 61
Latour, Bruno 182
Law, John 11, 16, 108, 182
Le Duy Anh 186
Le Hong Ly 194
Le Huu Khoa 177, 187
Le Minh Khue 169
Leach, Edmund 173
Leffler, Melvyn P. 167
Lendon, J. E. 179
Lessnoff, Michael H. 191
Lévinas, Emmanuel 129
Lévi-Strauss, Claude 18
Lévy-Bruhl, Lucien 18
Lewis, Belinda 167
liberation from grievance, see transformative spirits
Lien Hoa, see Lotus Flower
light soul, and phantom salt 104
communication with other souls 104
“Long Me” 90, 91
banned by communist authority 93
and homesickness 93–4
Lotus Flower (Lien Hoa), spirit of 109–13, 115, 129, 132
and ghosts of children 116
introduction of other wandering spirits 116, 127
letter from prison 126
liberation and kinship 131
reintroduction to families 116
soul-searching 117
theft of talismans 126–7
transformation to goddess 120, 127, 150
visit from comrade to Bien’s family 126
Löwith, Karl 196
Lucas, Gavin 171
Luong, Hy Van 97–8, 169, 175, 177, 178, 183
Macfarlane, Alan 172
Mackay, Charles 168, 188
magic, post socialist 41
of spiritual remains from violent death 97
Malarney, Shaun K. 48, 168, 169, 171, 173, 174, 175, 177, 180, 181, 190, 191
Malinowski, Bronislow 190
Manyin, Mark E. 180
Márquez, Gabriel García 4
Marr, David G. 169
Marx, Karl 16, 147, 194, 196
mass death
and cold war paradigm 4–5, 31–2, 158
development of voluntary informal networks 83, 84–5
and history of left and right 160
importance in history 5, 27
moral identity of ghosts 149
revival of religious practices 83, 85, 140
unresolved issues in central Europe 32
in Western Europe after First World War 149
mass displacement
development of histories 6, 27, 160
and displaced afterlife 85–6, 99, 165
see also death in the street
mass reburial movement 32–4
Maurer, Bill 193
Mauss, Marcel 190
Mazower, Mark 176, 182
McCreery, John 191
McMahon, Robert 170
mediums, use in MIA missions 52–4
pastoral role 54–6
Mendel, Ruth 175
Merleau-Ponty, M. 79
MIA missions 49
communication with the dead 50
Michnick, Adam 167
Middleton, John 184, 195
missing bodies
American preoccupation with 46
in armed forces 46
collaboration between ritualists and governing body 52–3
Chien Xem Ma 53–4
Vietnamese priority 48
see also death in the street; war veterans
modern memory 84
monetization, and growth of individiual freedom 146, 147
cultural context 154
Tiv exchange system 146–7
money, and ritual action 8, 136
burning of 139, 141
and liberation from grievance 152
memory-related 153
complexity of imaginary economy 146
different meanings of 148, 153
dollar ritual notes 141–2, 143
familiarity of currency 141
foreign currency 135
historically specific 142–3
replica money 138, 139
superiority of deities 148
transaction between human and ghost 153
see also Do La money; votive offerings
money, in real economy, separate functions of coins and metal 148
Mong Linh Cong Chua, and Bo Thien Nga 121
Moore, Henrietta L. 42
Mosse, George 175
Mueggler, Eric 168, 176
Mydans, Seth 180
Narayan, Kirin 172
Nashel, Jonathan 176
native place, love of 90–1
expressed in song 90, 91
personified by mother 92
Neale, Jonathan 170
networks
concept of 67
in Vietnam 68–9, 80
neighbourhood surveillance 73
and resolution of conflict 80, 81
social and civil 70–1, 81
of spirits 121
Vietcong revolutionary cells 69–70
Neu, Charles E. 170
Nghe Chien Xa, see Sharpshooter
Ngo Duc Thinh 97, 177
Nguyen Dang Thuc 187
Nguyen Du 87–8, 98, 165, 184
Nguyen Duy Hinh 178, 186
Nguyen Huy Thiep 169
Nguyen Khac Vien 88, 184, 185, 186
Nguyen Kien 188
Nguyen Minh San 186
Nguyen Tan Cu 190
Nguyen Thach Giang 184
Nguyen Thang 187
Nguyen Tran-Huan 184
Nguyen Van Hoan 184, 185
Nguyen Van Huyen 181, 186, 187, 190
Nguyen Van Ky 185
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm 105
Norton, Barley 178, 189
Ortner, Sherry 19
Parry, Jonathan 147, 174, 185, 188, 193, 194
patriots, ho so reports 74–5
Pelley, Patricia M. 48, 169, 196
Peters, Major Ralph, network war 67–8
Petersen, Douglas, MIA recovery 47
Pham Con Son 177
Pham Duy 26
Pham Ngo Minh 186
Pham Thi Hoai 169
Phan Cam Thuong 190
Phan Huy Dong 15
Phan Ke Binh 171, 184, 188
Phan Thanh Hao 177, 181
phantom salt 104, 105
Pike, Douglas E. 180, 181, 183
Pitt-Rivers, Julian 172
Poggi, Gianfranco 193
political history, use of ghosts in post-socialist tradition 3
political identity 79–80
see also collaborators
political use of POW/MIA issues 46–7, 49
Porter, Gareth 175
post-socialism, differences in definition 31–2
potlatch rites, of native Americans 190
Powell, Colin 12, 13, 170
Prickett, Stephen 167
prosperity
comparison with European philosophy 137–9
and funeral rites 136
life as a bank loan 137
sharing with the dead 141
public commemoration of war heroes 24–5
Quang Nam Province Communist Party
collaboration with ritual specialists 52–3, 56
reaction to market economy reform 51–2
reburial of Huynh Phung 51
recovery of missing civilian bodies 56–7
Quy Ba Chan, see Red Monster
reburial, of Huynh Phung 52
effect of market reform 33–4
and postwar politics 49
of unearthed bones 32–3, 43
see also Lotus Flower; ritual revival
Red Monster (Quy Ba Chan or Than Do/Quy Do) 121, 122–4
battle with Sharpshooter 124–5
and Impartial Heaven 125
Red Seed 150
battle between Red Monster and Sharpshooter 124, 132
relationship with Sharpshooter 125–6
struggle for liberation 132
symbolic transformation 130
religious symbols 22
and ghosts 22–3
representation of right and left 156–7
religious tradition, and mother of the home-place 96–7
religious worship
collective and domestic rites 98, 101, 103
and political tolerance 29
society’s exposure to global market 29
remembrance, and liberation of spirits 129, 154, 164
renovation of ancestral home and tombs 34
reunification, of Vietnam 11
Rev, Istvan 2, 167
reversible dualism 157
revolutionary cultural campaigns 11–12
revolutionary songs, and motherhood 92
Rich, Frank 170
ritual actors 20, 21–2
in death commemoration 154
ritual currencies 139
competing currencies 153
increasing dollarization 143
ritual revival 34, 41
body-finding missions 50
collaboration with governing body 52–4, 56
breaking open the prison 128
display of wealth 140
family reburials 61–2
and human displacement 81
the missing and the unknown 99
see also mass death; Nguyen Du
road accidents, and transformative spirits 128
Roberts, Nancy 170
Robin, Ron 182
Robinson, Geoffrey 176
Ronfeldt, David 67–8
Roseberry, William 167
Rowlands, Michael 175, 179
Roxborough, Ian 170
Ruddick, Sara 185
Sahlins, Marshall 188, 191
sanctions, postwar use of 47
Sanders, Todd 42
Schell, Jonathan 171
Schlecker, Marcus 92, 169, 187, 191
Schmitt, Jean-Claude 12, 16, 167, 172, 173, 196
Schneider, Mark 16
Scott, James C. 25, 194
Scott, James M. 182
Seaman, Gary 192
security studies, importance of networks 67–8
Shannon, Christopher 182
Sharpshooter (Nghe Chien Xa) 120–1, 122, 150
battle with Red Monster 124–5
questions to 133
on ideology of war 135–6, 155
request for local money 135, 136, 145, 153, 154–5, 164
Sheehan, Neil 42
Shryock, Andrew 172
Sibley, Brian 192
Simmel, Georg 7, 8, 20, 23, 100, 102, 139, 143, 146, 147, 152, 153, 154, 173, 187, 194
Simon, Pierre J. 178
Simon-Barouh, Ida 178
Smith, Adam 137–8
social democracy, post-cold war 159–60
social transformation in Vietnam 28–9
effect of devastating war 31–2
effect of economic security 30
ritual revival 34
transition from cold war 30
see also religious worship
societal unity
kinship practice 100–1
and mobility and liberty 100
and religious ritual 100
see also Stranger, the
socio-cultural dimension of cold war 66, 85
and death in the street 163–4
Vietnamese revolution 80–1, 83see also kinship; networks
songs, as political and military instruments 93
Sophocles 158, 196
Soul Guide, funeral specialist 136
soul
duality in Vietnamese tradition 105–6
inversion of order after death 106–7
retention of vital life forces 107
see also xac
South Korea, mass death in 32
specters of history, in former eastern-bloc countries 2, 165
spirit networks 119, 121
features of 121–2
see also Ky
spirit water, and phantom salt 104
Stannard, David E. 191
state politics of commemoration 24–5, 83, 140
and countermovement 83, 84
stranger, the
concept of 19–20, 24
symbol of life 102
symbolic construction of social identity 23
and Vietnamese conception of ghosts 20–1
Steiner, George 195
Stern, Lewis M. 177, 178
Stern, Robert 195
Stern, Steve 31
Stewart, Charles 174
Strathern, Marilyn 66, 154, 189
street children, and revolutionary networks 70
Summerfield, Derek 171
Sunday Times, The 192
surrogate motherhood 92–3
belief in distant reciprocal action 96
kinship with enemy soldiers 94, 95–6
support for both sides 95
Tai, Hue-Tam Ho 168, 176, 177, 180, 196
Tan Viet 177, 178
Taussig, Michael 21, 101, 173, 194
Taylor, Keith, W. 97
Taylor, Philip 29, 41, 97, 132, 150, 169, 172, 180, 181, 186, 189, 191, 194
Teiser, Stephen F. 131, 173, 184, 191, 196
terrorist attacks, and networks 67, 68
Tet Trung Nguyen, and wandering ghosts 133
Thai Thi Bich Lien 186
Thien Do 97, 130
Thompson, E. P. 80
Tiger Temple, community of 71–2
ceremonial calendar 78–9, 86
connections between 78
fear of prisoners’ ghosts 72
political identities 72, 75, 79–80, 95
problems with 73
support networks 73–4, 81
see also Lap
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
anonymity of 45–6
change in public approach to 46
tombs
removal for roadworks 38
renovation of 34
in “Cam Re” 36
trade agreement, between US and Vietnam 64
tradition
attitude of modern Vietnamese state 10–11
commemoration of war dead versus ancestor worship in North Vietnam 11–12, 24–5
wandering souls 16
Tran Bach Dang 177
Tran Huien An 185
Tran Ngoc Them 172
transformative spirits 119, 150, 164–5
historical circumstances of death 132
liability of the living 129
liberation from grievance 128–9, 132, 152–3, 164, 165
social ambiguity of 131
will for freedom 129
Trullinger, James W. 171, 183
Truong Chinh 171, 184
Turner, Karen 177, 181
Turner, Victor 183
Unger, Ann Helen 188
Unger, Walter 188
United States Senate 180
urban communities, invented by war 71–2
US Department of State 180
Van Cao 174
Van Le 1
Verdery, Katherine 4, 30, 32, 168
Vietcong revolutionary cells
case study in Danang Hospital 69–70
infrastructure of 69
and social networks 70–1
Vietcong support network, expansion of 73–4
Vietnam and World Bank 177
Vietnam War
American interpretation of 13, 84
network-type experience 68
new interpretation of 1
post-World War II origins 64
prolonged ending of 64
Vietnamese state, and money burning 139, 139–40
Villa, Dana R. 195
Voisé, Waldemar 189
Volcker, Paul A. 176
votive offerings 10, 11, 17, 34, 87–8, 100, 133, 136, 137, 141, 143–4
changes in meaning 142
Chinese spirit money 147
in classical lierature 87–8
classification of spirit 148
hierarchy of values between gods, ancestors and ghosts 148, 151
historical familiarity of objects 142–4
replicas of coins 139
see also Do La money
Vu Ngoc Khanh 180, 188
Vylder, Stafan de 175
Wagner, Roy 106–7, 183
war dead
differing perspectives of 14
refugees 15
war ghosts
destruction of war 15
memory of war 13
natural phenomenon 16
state rejection of 25–6
war refugees, encouragement to return to homeland 15
war veterans, welfare of, MIA issues 44–5
warfare, post-modern 67, 68, 81
in Vietnam 68–9
Watson, Rubie S. 168
wealth creation, and mass suffering 148
wealth display, and funerals 137, 138, 140
Weber, Max 16, 138
Werbner, Richard 181
Weschler, Lawrence 192
Westad, Odd Arne 168, 181, 182
Whitfield, Stephen J. 66, 180
Williams, Robert R. 195
Williams, Tony 179, 180
Winter, Jay 14, 45, 83–4, 85, 101, 150, 178, 181
Wolf, Arthur P. 87, 88–9, 101, 131, 172, 174
Woodside, Alexander B. 183
First World War and modern memory 84
xac, Vietnamese concept of 35–6, 107
body-lending 107–8
exit of spirit from body 108–9
see also Lien Hoa
Yang, Mayfair 147, 194
Young, John W. 176
Young, Marilyn 13, 64, 170, 179
Zamora, Lois P. 168
Zipes, Jack 172
Zizek, Slavoj 167
Zwerdling, Daniel 181
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