TechBooks 20070711

9780521878753 02 Cambridge University Press 03 9780521878753 BB Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation 1 A01 es Executive Director Melanesia Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Conservation International Chris Margules is Executive Director at the Melanesia Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Conservation International. 2 A01 es Professor Section of Integrative Biology at the University of Texas at Austin Sahotra Sarkar is a Professor in the Section of Integrative Biology at the University of Texas at Austin. 01 eng 294 viii 286 05 65 03 1 02 10 12 Systematic Conservation Planning provides a clear, comprehensive guide to the process of deriving conservation area networks that will represent biodiversity in cost-effective ways. The measurement of biodiversity, the design of field collections to sample biodiversity and data treatment methods together provide baseline information on the distribution patterns of biodiversity. The book then describes methods for identifying biodiversity priority areas underpinned by the concept of complementarity. It goes on to describe how biodiversity targets can be set and how multi-criteria analyses can incorporate costs and other constraints into the area selection process, enabling trade-offs between production and protection to be made. The book finishes with a series of case studies and a conclusion that emphasizes the socio-economic and cultural contexts in which conservation planning takes place.A clear procedure is provided for identifying biodiversity priority areas, underpinned by current best science practice and sound common sense, making this volume of interest not only to graduate students and academic conservation biologists, but also planners and decision-makers dealing with natural resource management together with conservation NGOs. 0.1 02 i i 1 Half Title 0.2 02 ii ii 1 Series Page Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation 0.3 02 iii iii 1 Title Page 0.4 02 iv iv 1 Imprints Page 1 02 v vii 3 Table Of Contents Contents 2 02 viii viii 1 Acknowledgements Acknowledgments 3 03 1 17 17 Chapter 1 Introduction 3.1 03 2 5 4 Section 1.1 Conservation area networks 3.2 03 5 8 4 Section 1.2 What do we mean by biodiversity? 3.3 03 8 16 9 Section 1.3 Systematic conservation planning 3.4 03 16 18 3 Section 1.4 Summary 4 03 19 46 28 Chapter 2 Biodiversity surrogates 4.1 03 20 22 3 Section 2.1 True and estimator surrogates 4.2 03 22 27 6 Section 2.2 Establishing the adequacy of an estimator-surrogate set 4.2.1 03 22 23 2 Subsection 2.2.1 Species accumulation curves and indices 4.2.2 03 23 25 3 Subsection 2.2.2 Surrogacy graphs 4.2.3 03 25 26 2 Subsection 2.2.3 Marginal representation contribution 4.2.4 03 26 27 2 Subsection 2.2.4 Spatial congruence analysis 4.3 03 27 30 4 Section 2.3 Traditional species-based surrogates 4.4 03 30 30 1 Section 2.4 Systematic surrogate sets 4.4.1 03 30 30 1 Subsection 2.4.1 Sets of species and higher taxa 4.4.2 03 32 32 1 Subsection 2.4.2 Species assemblages 4.4.3 03 32 39 8 Subsection 2.4.3 Environmental classes 4.4.4 03 39 42 4 Subsection 2.4.4 Combinations of surrogates 4.5 03 42 43 2 Section 2.5 Surrogacy and spatial scale 4.6 03 43 44 2 Section 2.6 A protocol for the identification of an adequate surrogate set 4.7 03 44 45 2 Section 2.7 Diversity of ecological processes 4.8 03 45 46 2 Section 2.8 Summary 5 03 47 77 31 Chapter 3 Data collection 5.1 03 47 51 5 Section 3.1 Areas and features 5.2 03 51 56 6 Section 3.2 Sources of data 5.3 03 56 62 7 Section 3.3 Collecting new data with field surveys 5.3.1 03 56 60 5 Subsection 3.3.1 Theoretical issues 5.3.2 03 60 61 2 Subsection 3.3.2 A comment on the community versus continuum concepts 5.3.3 03 61 62 2 Subsection 3.3.3 Statistical issues 5.3.4 03 62 71 10 Subsection 3.3.4 Practical issues 5.3.5 03 74 76 3 Subsection 3.3.5 Survey gap analysis 5.4 03 76 78 3 Section 3.4 Summary 6 03 79 104 26 Chapter 4 Data treatments 6.1 03 79 83 5 Section 4.1 Conceptual framework 6.2 03 83 83 1 Section 4.2 Multi-variate pattern analysis 6.3 03 90 91 2 Section 4.3 Heuristic models 6.4 03 99 99 1 Section 4.4 Regression models 6.5 03 100 100 1 Section 4.5 Machine-learning methods 6.6 03 103 104 2 Section 4.6 Summary 7 03 105 130 26 Chapter 5 Conservation area networks 7.1 03 105 106 2 Section 5.1 The role of conservation area networks 7.2 03 108 112 5 Section 5.2 The goals of networks: representativeness, persistence and economy 7.3 03 112 114 3 Section 5.3 Selecting networks: complementarity 7.4 03 120 121 2 Section 5.4 Selecting networks: rarity and adjacency 7.5 03 121 124 4 Section 5.5 Subsidiary goals: flexibility, transparency, modularity, genericity and irreplaceability 7.6 03 124 127 4 Section 5.6 Algorithms for the selection of networks 7.7 03 127 129 3 Section 5.7 The trouble with scoring and ranking procedures 7.8 03 129 130 2 Section 5.8 Summary 8 03 131 167 37 Chapter 6 Persistence and vulnerability 8.1 03 132 135 4 Section 6.1 Incorporating biological processes 8.2 03 135 141 7 Section 6.2 Viability analysis 8.2.1 03 135 141 7 Subsection 6.2.1 Population viability analysis 8.2.2 03 141 142 2 Subsection 6.2.2 Habitat-based viability analysis 8.2.3 03 150 151 2 Subsection 6.2.3 Decision analysis 8.3 03 151 152 2 Section 6.3 Targets for representation 8.4 03 162 164 3 Section 6.4 Formal decision analysis 8.5 03 166 168 3 Section 6.5 Summary 9 03 169 195 27 Chapter 7 Satisfying multiple criteria 9.1 03 171 171 1 Section 7.1 Iterative- and terminal-stage procedures 9.2 03 172 176 5 Section 7.2 The valuation framework 9.3 03 176 176 1 Section 7.3 Non-dominated alternatives 9.4 03 180 180 1 Section 7.4 Refining non-dominated sets 9.4.1 03 180 180 1 Subsection 7.4.1 Trade-off analysis 9.4.2 03 180 184 5 Subsection 7.4.2 The modified analytic hierarchy process (mAHP) 9.5 03 188 188 1 Section 7.5 Sensitivity analysis 9.6 03 194 196 3 Section 7.6 Summary 10 03 197 225 29 Chapter 8 Systematic conservation plans 10.1 03 197 205 9 Section 8.1 Complementarity by inspection in the Nullarbor region, Australia (Plates 15 and 16) 10.2 03 205 208 4 Section 8.2 Complementarity using species records in Québec 10.3 03 209 214 6 Section 8.3 A marine conservation plan for the California Channel Islands, United States (Plates 13 and 14) 10.4 03 214 219 6 Section 8.4 A conservation plan for the Cape Floristic region of South Africa (Plates 17 and 18) 10.4.1 03 215 216 2 Subsection 8.4.1 Biodiversity surrogates 10.4.2 03 216 216 1 Subsection 8.4.2 Planning units and targets 10.4.3 03 216 219 4 Subsection 8.4.3 Building the conservation plan 10.5 03 219 225 7 Section 8.5 A conservation plan for Papua New Guinea (Plates 3 and 4) 10.5.1 03 220 220 1 Subsection 8.5.1 Opportunity costs 10.5.1.1 03 220 220 1 Subsubsection Index of timber volume 10.5.1.2 03 220 220 1 Subsubsection Agricultural potential 10.5.2 03 221 221 1 Subsection 8.5.2 Commitments 10.5.3 03 221 223 3 Subsection 8.5.3 Masks 10.5.3.1 03 222 222 1 Subsubsection Land use intensity 10.5.3.2 03 223 223 1 Subsubsection Small RMUs and small coverage by attributes 10.5.4 03 223 223 1 Subsection 8.5.4 Preferences 10.5.5 03 223 225 3 Subsection 8.5.5 Priority conservation areas 10.6 03 225 211 -13 Section 8.6 Summary 11 03 227 238 12 Chapter 9 Conclusions 11.1 03 228 231 4 Section 9.1 Coping with uncertainty 11.2 03 231 233 3 Section 9.2 Practicing conservation science in a complex world 11.3 03 233 238 6 Section 9.3 Future directions 11.3.1 03 235 236 2 Subsection 9.3.1 Agricultural landscapes 11.3.2 03 236 238 3 Subsection 9.3.2 Urbanizing landscapes 11.4 03 238 238 1 Section 9.4 Summary 12 04 239 263 25 RefAuthorDate References 13 04 265 270 6 Index Index 14 04 271 285 15 PlateSection Cambridge University Press 2007 C. Margules and S. Sarkar 2007