Cambridge University Press
9780521876889 - Hellenism in Byzantium - The Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition - by Anthony Kaldellis
Index
Achaian League 52, 57
Achaians
Bronze Age ethnonym 13, 167
Byzantines as 336
Achilles 132, 150, 242, 243, 244, 248
Adeimantos (Plato’s Republic) 273
Aemilius Paulus 89
Aeneas, as national ancestor, 62, 89, 99, 299–300, 355, 389
Agamemnon 244, 304
Agathias of Myrina 177
Ailianos, sophist, 32
Aimilianos, patriarch of Antioch, and Psellos 207, 209, 211
Aineias of Gaza 175–176, 290
Aischines 35
Aischylos 20, 306
Akathistos hymn 178–179
Akropolis: see Parthenon
Akropolites, Georgios, 81, 87, 352, 357, 366, 369, 373, 377, 381–383
Against the Latins 381–383
and Blemmydes 381, 383
on creation of Roman nation 52, 382
History 381
and Theodoros II Laskaris 381–383
Akropolites, Konstantinos, on Timarion, 277, 281, 282
Albanians 94
Albucius, Titus, 31
Alexander the Great 89, 270, 373, 380
and brotherhood of man 48
compared to Manuel I Komnenos 285–286
compared to Theodoros I Laskaris 343
as end of classical period 36, 37
and Greeks and barbarians 24–25
as Hellenizer 26
as historical marker 13–14, 18, 21, 23, 25, 38
and Julian 153
as medieval folk hero 248–249, 284
Alexandria 65, 70, 194
Hellenistic 22
and Julian 59, 150
Alexandros I of Makedonia
at Olympic games 16
in Persian Wars 15
“Philhellene” 16
Alexios I Komnenos 89, 92, 233–234, 242, 293
and Anna’s education 232, 245
and Bohemond 289
cites Perikles 256–257
and Orphanotropheion 290–291
and trial of Ioannes Italos 228–230, 282
Alexios III Angelos 340
classicizing letter to Genoa 256
Alkaios 20
Alkibiades 38
Amazaspos, Hellenized Kolchian, 53
Ambrakiots 18
Ambrosius of Milan, admits praise of Julian, 145
Ammianus Marcellinus 70, 72
as Graecus 115
on Julian’s laws 149
Amphilochian Argives 18
Anastasios, emperor, 175
Anatolikon (theme) 96
Andronikos I Komnenos 247, 248, 318, 367
Andronikos II Palaiologos 350
his ancestry 385–386
Anselm of Havelberg 297
Antioch 70, 71, 98
Hellenistic 22
and Julian 59
Antiochos I 89
Antiochos IV and Maccabean revolt 28–29
Antiochos, Gregorios, 240
on Athens 324
as Constantinopolitan 88, 99
his genealogy 89
Antiphon, sophist, 20
Antonios IV 100
equates Romans and Christians 104–105, 107
Anysios, Synesios’ correspondent, 3
Aphrodite
in Byzantine texts 217
ethopoeia of her mourning for Adonis 175
Aphthonios, rhetor, 260
Apokaukos, Ioannes, 344–345, 346, 362, 363, 365, 368
classicising legal decision 256
hatred of Latins 345–345, 362
on Hellenes/Graikoi 344–345, 369
Apollinarioi, response to Julian, 157, 162, 163
Apollinarios, apologist, 127
Apollo, in Komnenian literature, 245–247
Apollonios of Tyana 65, 171
Apostolic Constitutions 141
Aquinas, Thomas, 198
Arabia 34
Arabs
on Byzantine “unity” 111
conquests 179
claim to Hellenism 118, 185, 220–221, 390
as Hellenes 122
Aramaic 21, 28, 31, 67
Archimedes
and Psellos 204
and St Loukia 305
Ares, in Komnenian literature, 245–247, 270, 292
Arethas
and Chronicle of Monembasia 117–118
against Julian 144
against Leon Choirosphaktes 144
Argos
and Alexandros I of Makedonia 16
and Xerxes 16, 38
Aristagoras of Miletos 15
Aristainetos, erotic letters, 177
Aristeides, Ailios, 36, 40, 227
classical dreams 37
Defense of Rhetoric 151
Panathenaic Oration 19, 38, 58
Roman Oration 56–58, 82, 86
and Themistios 72
and Timarion 283
Aristeides the Just 319–320, 326
Aristenos, Alexios
compared to ancients 286–287
genealogy 89
Aristoboulos the Philhellene 29
Aristophanes, in Byzantium, 196, 250, 252, 256
Aristotle
adviser of Alexander 24–25
in Byzantium 187, 188, 194, 204, 230–231, 244, 245, 249, 321
on foreigners 60
on Greek nation 20, 52
on pride 134, 137
Armenians 90, 91, 97, 98, 229, 339
Arrianos of Nikomedeia 37, 56, 227
Arsakes the Parthian 89
“artificiality” of Byzantine literature 239, 252
Asklepios, in Timarion, 279–280
“Assyrians”: see “Syrians”
Athanasios of Alexandria
anti-intellectualism in Life Antonios 155
on Greeks 130
Athena
displaced from Akropolis 298, 329
in Komnenian literature 245–247, 256, 270, 274
Athenaios, sophist, 37, 40
Athenians
autochthony 17, 19
praised by Blemmydes 380
purity of descent 284
receive Spartan envoys 15, 17, 166, 167, 184
Athens 31, 32
attacked by Christians 178–179, 181
in Byzantium 94, 176, 178, 194, 222–223, 295, 298, 323–334, 376–377
and Gregorios of Nazianzos 159
as ideal 2, 38, 57, 178
invents “the barbarian” 19
and Ioannes Chrysostomos 134
and Julian 59
as nation 77, 80
new home of Arrianos 56
Panathenaia 278
praised by Aristeides 58
and Roman law 48–49
and St Paul 129–130
as standard of paideia 31, 32–33, 36, 54–55, 58, 59
and Synesios 59–60
see also: Choniates, Michael; Parthenon
Attaleiates, Michael, 89, 242–243, 288
critic of monasticism 213, 254
interest in Republic 62
“new man” in Constantinople 88
Romanocentric History 295, 317–318, 321, 323, 331
on temple of Kyzikos 185
on translatio imperii 61
Augustus 143
as Hellenizer 26
as Romanizer 52, 79
Ausones
Byzantines as Romans 63, 221, 303, 355, 374
Italians 221, 339
Normans 299
Ausonius of Bordeaux 175
autopsies, in Byzantium, 249
Auxentios, St, and Psellos, 254
Avars, in Greece, 117
Axouch, Ioannes, Byzantine of “Persian” descent, 92
Baal, equated with Jewish God, 28
Balkan and Slavic nationalisms 82–83, 109–110, 123, 345
Balsamon, Theodoros, 100, 252, 254
on cunnilingus 248
equates Romans and Orthodox 104–105
on Komnenian erotomaniacs 247–248
as native Constantinopolitan 88
“barbarian wisdom” 122, 124–126, 133, 139–140, 152–153, 165, 168–171
barbarization, fear of,
in antiquity 25–26
in Byzantium 267–271, 293–295, 333, 340
Bardanes, Georgios, 345–346, 362, 365
and Apokaukos 345
Basilakes, Konstantinos, “both Greek and Roman,” 296
Basilakes, Nikephoros, 89, 240, 252–253, 258, 291, 296
basilakizein 238
between inner and outer wisdom 253
encomia 243, 286–287
progymnasmata 258–260
satires 253
and Sophokles 244, 259
Basileios I 90, 337
genealogy 89
and Slavs in Greece 116
Basileios II 90, 189, 214
at Athens 325
Basileios of Kaisareia 144, 207, 231
Address to Young Men 133–134, 164–165
on Athens 165
and Eustathios 314
and Gregorios of Nazianzos 159, 164
and Julian 164–165
on prose of Scripture 139–140
Basileios of Patra, genealogy, 60
Basileios of Thessalonike, debate with Anselm of Havelburg, 297
basileus 65–66;
see also: emperor
Batatzes, Ioannes, 218
Batnai, and Julian, 152
Belisarios 339
Bemarchios, sophist, 156
Benedictus, cardinal, 357
Beowulf 264–265
Berossos, and Christian apologists, 126
Bertha-Eudokia 90, 92
Berthold of Hohenburg 374
Berytos 70
Blemmydes, Nikephoros, 368, 373, 375, 377, 379–381, 384, 387
Basilikos Andrias 379–380
on genos and patris 88
Partial Account 380–381
on Romans and Greeks 380–381, 383, 384, 385
Boethius 175
Bohemond
and Anna Komnene 249
and treaty of Diabolis 289
Boïlas, Eustathios, on Armenians, 98
Bonditza, city, 345
Bonifatius, marquis of Montferrat, 334
Borysthenes (Olbia) 25
Bostra 34
Boukellarioi theme, as ethnos, 88
Bourtzes, Georgios, letter from Tornikes, 297–298
Bronze Age, Greek, 13, 16, 112, 167
Brutus 220
Bryennios, Nikephoros, 89, 227, 235, 276, 300
Homeric values of History 242, 244
Bulgarians 90, 94, 96, 98, 363, 365–366
“Byzantine Commonwealth” 109–110, 357–358, 362
“Byzantines” as Constantinopolitans 42, 96, 356–357
Byzantium
under Basileios II 189
and “Christendom” 106, 110–111
as city-state 80–82
its “Dark Age” 179
decline in late twelfth century 330–331
and Latin rule 334–379
as “multi-ethnic empire” 75, 78–79, 82–100, 109
not monolithically Christian 392–393
“official languages” 65–68
“originality” and literature 391–392
as Roman nation-state 5, ch. 2, 296, 335, 360–368
as “western” civilization 2–3, 120
see also: “ecumenical ideology”; Komnenian regime
Caesar, Julius, 65, 300
in Byzantine view of history 62
in Komnenian rhetoric 299, 339
Caliphate
outlived by Byzantium 111
recognized by Byzantium 102
Caracalla 47–48
Carthage, as base of Herakleios, 97
Cassiodorus, on Odysseus, 165
Cato
in Byzantium 220, 227, 270, 287–288
see also: Tzetzes
Cecilia, St, Roman saint, 355, 358
Chairemon 198
Chaironeia (Boiotia) 55, 71
Chaldaeans/Chaldaean Oracles 124, 169–170, 171
and Iamblichos 169–170
and Julian 152–153
and Proklos 171
and Psellos 196–198, 206
see also: Berossos
Chalkokondyles, Laonikos, 378
Charanis, Peter, 42–43, 111–112
Chinese as Hellenes 122
Choirosphaktes, Leon
and Arethas 144
and Julian 144
praised Leon the Philosopher 183
Chomatenos, Demetrios, 365–366
on Graikoi 353
on Psellos 227
on Roman union 362–363, 364, 366
Choniates, Michael, 35, 240, 298, 317–334, 346, 355, 361
Address to Demetrios Drimys 318–319
against the Latins 364
and Aristotle 321
as Athenian 322, 324
as bishop 322, 332
and Byzantine Athenians 328–329
and decline of Athens 318–319, 323, 331, 333–334, 377–378
disappointed in his flock 326–327, 332–333
and Eustathios 301, 309, 310, 313, 315, 318, 321, 326, 346
Greeks and Christians 310, 319–320, 326, 327, 331–332
Greeks and Latins 340
Inaugural Address 328–333
and Leon Sgouros 322, 364–365
letter to Demetrios Drimys 318, 319–320, 322, 328, 331, 332, 380
on Michael Psellos 227
as philologos 321, 322, 327, 328, 333
and Themistios 73
Choniates, Niketas, 240, 323, 341–344, 346, 361
on Anna Komnene 249
on Byzantines as Graikoi/Hellenes 341–344, 346, 369
on Byzantines vs. Latins 95, 336, 341
on Constantinopolitans 94
on custom vs. genos 76
History 341–344, 346, 365, 368
on Ioannes Axouch 92
on Komnenian empire 233–234, 248, 252, 341
on Leon Sgouros 365
on monks 254
on peasants and refugees 346, 348
Chorikios of Gaza 175
Christ: see Jesus
Christianity
aspects prefigured in Maccabean revolt 27–30, 127, 135
as barrier to Hellenic ethnonym 45, 54, 58, 61
and definitions of the “West” 1–2
effects on Roman world 135–136
and Hellenism ch. 3
“Hellenists” vs. “Hebrews” 129, 168
virtues in New Testament 132–133
see also: “barbarian wisdom”; Byzantium and “Christendom”; “ecumenical ideology”
Chronicle of Cyprus, on Greeks and Romans, 351–352
Chronicle of Monembasia, on Greeks and Avars, 117–118
Chronicle of the Morea, on Greeks and Romans, 351, 382–383
Chronicle of the Tocco, on Romans and others, 351
Chrysoberges, Nikephoros
against Julian 161
on Euphrosyne as Greek 340–341
progymnasmata 258–260
Cicero 31, 34, 46, 64
in Byzantium 227, 286, 300, 364
compared to Gregorios of Nazianzos 162
and Jerome 139, 181
on res publica 76
on two patriae 99
citizenship, Roman, 47–48, 57, 85
Classical Studies
in Byzantium 180–181, 189, 236–237, 243, 255, 301
from Byzantium to the West 4, 6–7, 41, 156, 190, 236, 387
and Christianity 155–156, 174–179
and Hellenism in Byzantium 5–6, 118–119, 174, 186–187, 226, 232, ch. 5
and Second Sophistic 40–41
Claudianus 70
Claudius I 65, 66
Clement of Alexandria 127–128, 131–132, 138
Constantine 70, 79, 81, 89, 143, 148
cited by Ioannes III Batatzes 370
legends in Byzantium 91
Stilbes on why Latins hate him 358–359
Constantinople
as Byzantion 42, 96, 221
Hagia Sophia 177, 178, 202, 356
Holy Apostles 145, 235–236, 237
as imperial capital 79–82
inhabitants 92–93, 94, 99
Latin in sixth century 70
lost in thirteenth century 361–362, 367–368
as New Rome 44, 52, 59, 61–62, 71–72, 81–82
pagan art 156, 241
resented in fourth century 71–72
resented in twelfth century 319–321, 322–323, 328
see also: theatra
Constantinus III, renames his sons Constans and Julian, 145
Constantius I 91
Constantius II 59, 72–73, 155
Consul of the Philosophers
Ioannes Italos 228, 277
Michael III ho tou Anchialou 230, 237, 285
Michael Psellos 193, 196, 277
Theodoros of Smyrne 277
Coptic 122
Corinth
destruction by Romans 46
and Favorinus 32–33, 184
Corippus 70
cosmopolitanism 20–21
Crete, revolts against Venice, 347, 349–351
Crusaders 87, 92, 97, 107, 295, 317, 321–323, 334–336, 339, 342, 348
Byzantine views of 87–88, 335–336, 369–371
Cyclops, in Komnenian literature, 245, 254
Cyprus, Greeks and Romans in, 352, 353–354, 384–385
Danube frontier 97–98
Daphnomeles, Eustathios, 96
Delphi 15, 37, 173
last oracle 161
Demetrios, king, 279
Demetrios, St, in Timarion, 277, 278–279, 302
Demetrios, theologian from Lampe, 96
Demokritos 253
Demonax 56
Demosthenes
and Julian 147
standard of Atticism 36, 227, 258, 286–288
demotic Greek literature 238–239
Diabolis, treaty of, 289
Digenes Akrites 238
attitude to Homer 248
on becoming Roman 107
and Komnenian society 248–249, 269
Diocletian 70, 79, 305, 385
Diodoros of Sicily, on indigenous Sicilians, 22
Diogenes the Cynic, in Timarion, 282
Diogenes Laertios 37
champion of Hellenism 170–171
Diogenes of Oinoanda 20–21
Diomedes 244
Dion Chrysostomos 35, 36, 40, 54
on Borysthenes (Olbia) 25
Dion by Synesios 60
Dionysios of Alexandria, on author of Revelation, 140
Dionysios of Halikarnassos
and Atticism 36, 39
commentary by Ioannes Kanaboutzes 339–340
on Greek origin of Rome 25, 57, 59, 65
on moral qualities of Rome 50
on Thucydides 151
Dionysos
Euhemerized as Noah 307
in Nonnos’ Dionysiaka 176
in romance novels 265–266, 270, 274
Dioskoros of Aphrodito 176
Dominicans in Constantinople, on Greeks, 359–360
Dorians 17
and Synesios 60, 86, 172
Doukas family
genealogy 89, 299, 371–372
and Ioannes Italos 228
and Psellos 193
Doukas, Ioannes, 215
Dracontius 175
Drimys, Demetrios, and Michael Choniates, 318–320
Dyrrachion 297
“ecumenical ideology” 75, 77, 79, 100–111, 381–383
Egilbald-Georgios 90
Egypt 22, 33–34, 53, 185
not fully Romanized 52
Orthodox Church in 104
Thrakians in 23–24
Egyptians
Arab Egyptians 220
in Christian polemics 124, 127, 129, 130
and Diogenes Laertios 171
Hermetic literature 169–170
in Herodotos 17
and Iamblichos 170
and Julian 152
as pagan Hellenes 122
and Psellos 197–198
“spoiling the Egyptians” 138
see also: Manethon
emperor, Roman-Byzantine conception, 49–51, 52–53, 75, 103, 105–106, 363–364
Ennius 32
Epeiros, Byzantine state, 338, 341, 344, 347, 361–363, 366
Ephoros 137
Ephraim the Syrian 127
Epikouros/Epicureans 20, 31, 37, 197
and Leon the Philosopher 182
viewed by Christians 134, 138
Epiphanios of Salamis
on Hellenism 130
against Origenes 141
Erasmus 118–119
Eratosthenes of Kyrene, debate with Strabon, 24–25
Eros, in Komnenian literature, 247–249, 259–270
ethnicity 70, 115
in Byzantium 43–44, 54, 75, 78–79, 82–100, 345, 365
in classical Greece 15
Julian’s views on 58–59
modern Greek views of 112–114, 118, 338, 360
in Roman empire 48, 54
ethnikoi 87, 90, 124
ethnos 15–16, 19, 62, 80, 81, 87–88, 95, 98, 106, 112, 116, 117, 312, 356, 357, 358, 360, 364, 370, 382
Etruscans 87
Euagrios Pontikos, on monasticism, 137
Euagrios Scholastikos
models and methods 137
mythological images 176
Eudokia, Homeric centones, 157
Eugenianos, Niketas, Drosilla and Charikles, 260–270
Eunapios of Sardeis, student of Prohairesios, 149
Euphrosyne, empress, her Greek blood, 340–341
Euripides 17, 175, 242, 277, 333
Eusebia, empress, her Greek descent, 152
Eusebios of Kaisareia 30
on authors of Scripture 140
on Christians 131
on Greeks 130
historiographical ideals 137, 176, 244
on Origenes 141
and Plato 126
Eustathios of Thessalonike 35, 87, 236, 240, 252, 284, 286, 307–316, 332
on Athens 324, 326–327
and Basileios of Kaisareia 314
Capture of Thessalonike 246–247, 307, 342
on debate with Anselm of Havelberg 297
on friendship 244
on Greeks, pagans, and barbarians 288, 297, 301, 309–313
Homeric allegories 246, 315
Homeric commentaries 313–315
on laughing and crying 253
Life of Philotheos 254
and Manuel I Komnenos 91, 243–244, 294, 307–308
Pindaric commentaries 310
and Psellos 227, 297, 308
reform of monasticism 137, 253–255, 307, 315
scholarship 301–302
on slavery, Venice, and drama 307–308
see also: Choniates, Michael
Eustratios of Nikaia 229, 231, 240
Euthydemos, Karian notable, 23
Fabii family 89
Favorinus of Arelate 32–33, 34, 35, 59, 184
Flamininus 35
Franks: see Latins
Fravitta, Gothic Hellen, 151–152
Frederick II Hohenstaufen
on Byzantine Church–state relations 107
letters to Byzantines 372
French vernacular romances 261
Gadara, and Meleagros, 21
Galenos
and Byzantine doctors 286
and small town life 55
in Timarion 280
Galenos, Ioannes, commentaries, 246
“Galilaians”: see Julian
Gallogreci 84
Gaul/Gauls/Gallic/Celts 31, 32, 35, 58, 59, 67, 84, 152, 184, 340
Romanized 46
Gaza orators 40, 175–176
genealogies, in Byzantium, 89, 290
Gennadios Scholarios 96
Genoa/Genoese 256, 337
genos 15, 18, 26, 31, 37–38, 57–59, 76, 87–93, 95–96, 99, 115, 124, 151, 197, 223, 289, 290, 355–360, 364–366, 370, 374–375, 384, 385
Georgians 98, 302–303
Georgios of Alexandria, Life of Ioannes Chrysostomos, 134
Georgios of Pisidia 177, 236
Germanos II 362, 363
on Constantinopolitans 94
on Greeks and Romans 353–354, 355
Gilakios, Ioannes, Armenian in Italy, 98
Glaukon (Plato’s Republic) 20, 273
Glykas, Michael, 238
Gnostics, attacked by Plotinos, 169
Gothic Bible 133
Goths 58–59, 60, 98, 133, 151
Gotthograikoi 85
Graces, in Komnenian literature, 245–247, 270
Graeculus 32, 58
Graikoi 52, 68, 115–116, 129, 186, 296, 312, 336–338, 341–345, 349–360, 369, 372, 382–383, 386
Greece, Byzantine, 115, 184–185, 311, 318, 342, 389
Greece, modern, 9, 13–14, 74, 78, 79, 105, 110–111, 311, 334, 376–377, 386–387
Greek language 13, 73, 92, 98, 112–113, 116, 118–119, 167, 174
and Invectives of Gregorios of Nazianzos 160–161, 167
Latin views of 297
made one a “Greek” 185–186, 290–291, 296–297, 312, 342, 355–356, 368, 387
as “Roman” language 113–114, 167, 174, 186, 291, 351, 365–366
separates Byzantines from Latins 296, 389
shaped by Latin 61, 69–70, 73
in twelfth-century paideia 236–240, 258, 269, 290–291
see also: demotic Greek literature
“Greeklings” 43, 64, 312
Greeks, modern
and Europe 1, 105, 110
use of ethnikoi 87
views of Byzantium 8, 43–44, 63, 82–83, 112–114, 123
Gregoras, Nikephoros, 361
on indicia of Roman identity 107
Gregorios Dekapolites, identifies himself, 108
Gregorios of Cyprus 384–386, 387
on ancestry of Andronikos II Palaiologos 385–386
attacked as un-Roman 107, 385
on Greeks, Romans, and Latins 384–385
Gregorios of Nazianzos 144, 158–164, 175, 227, 231, 236
admits praise of Julian 145
and Athens 159, 325
and Basileios of Kaisareia 159, 164
between Hellenism and Christianity, rhetoric and philosophy 158–164
buried with Julian 145
compared to Cicero 162
and Gregorios of Nyssa 159
and Himerios 161
hysteria of Invectives 158
on Kappadokians 84
on Latin 69
and Libanios 163
and Maximos the Cynic 159
and Psellos 200, 207–209, 217–218
response to Julian 147, 149, 158–164, 167
Gregorios of Nyssa
and Gregorios of Nazianzos 159
stylistic ambitions 140
Gregorios Thaumatourgos 127
Gregorius I, pope, intercedes for Trajan, 380
Gregorius IX, pope, 81
letter from Germanos II 353–354
letter from Ioannes III Batatzes 369–372
Hadrian 52, 73, 79
Graeculus 32, 37, 58
and Panhellenion 38
Hagiotheodorites, Nikolaos, 324, 326
Hasmonean dynasty 29
Hebrew 26, 27
Hegias, philosopher, 60
Hekataios of Abdera, on Jews, 28
Hekatomnid dynasty (Karia) 23
Heliodoros, Aithiopika, 125–126
Helladikoi, Byzantine inhabitants of Greece, 173–174, 184
Hellanikos, historian, 20, 239
Hellen, son of Deukalion, 16, 18
Hellenion (Naukratis) 16
Hellenismos, technical rhetorical term, 187, 385
Henri, Latin emperor, 348, 353, 357
Herakleios 177
as Armenian or Libyan 97
and Byzantine “official language” 65–69, 116
Herakleitos 253
Herakles 320
ancestor of Synesios 60, 172
in Komnenian literature 245–247
Hermes
and Julian 147
in Komnenian literature 262, 270, 274, 292
Hermes Trismegistos 170
Hermetic texts 34
and Iamblichos 169–170
Hermogenes 260
Herod, king, 29
Herodes Attikos, sophist, 36, 38
and Timarion 283
Herodotos 9, 125, 239, 327
on Athens 17, 19
on Greek identities 15, 17, 20, 25
and Julian 147
and Miracles of St Thekla 176
on Pelasgians 17
on Persian Wars 15, 166–167, 184
heroic genealogies 15–17
Heron 204
Hesiod
and Julian 147, 151
in twelfth century 246, 256, 294
Hesychios of Miletos
a pagan 176–177
on translatio imperii 61
Himerios 40
and Gregorios of Nazianzos 161
hippiatrika 69
Hippokrates
and Byzantine doctors 290
in Timarion 279–280
Hittites 13
Homer 140, 239
in Borysthenes (Olbia) 25
Christian centones 157
as component of ancient paideia 22, 26
on Greek ethnonyms 13, 167
and Julian 58, 147, 151, 153, 161, 171
and Karians 24
and Panhellenism 15
and Psellos 201
in Thucydides 18
in twelfth century 232, 236, 237, 240, 242–243, 246–251, 257, 258, 277, 306–307, 340
see also: Eustathios; Tzetzes
Horapollon 34
hospitals, Byzantine, 3a
humanism, Byzantine, 215–216, 250, 266
Hybreas, Karian notable, 23
Hypatia 59, 172
taught pagans and Christians 148
Hypatios, abbot, 140
Iakobos of Ochrid 372
Iamblichos, The Babylonian Story, 125
Iamblichos of Chalkis 169–170
and barbarian wisdom 169–170
and Julian 151, 170
and Psellos 194, 198, 200
Iason of Kyrene (= 2 Maccabees) 29
iconoclasm 179, 229, 280
Ignatios the deacon 179–180
and Gregorios of Nazianzos 163
imitation of Platonic dialogues 180
Illyria/Illyrians 58
Ingerina, Eudokia, 90
Innocentius III, and Constantinopolitan clergy, 353
Innocentius IV, on Greeks, 349
Io, in progymnasma, 259
Ioannes II Komnenos 76, 92, 243, 249, 284, 285, 301
Ioannes III Doukas Batatzes 81, 95, 352, 364, 365, 369–372, 373
and Frederick II Hohenstaufen 372
letter to pope Gregorius IX 369–372, 384
Ioannes VII the Grammarian, condemned as Hellene, 182
Ioannes X Kamateros 356–357
Ioannes XI Bekkos 107, 385
Ioannes Chrysostomos 144
at Athens 134
between Hellenism and Christianity 136, 142–143, 155
on Roman laws 48–49
on title basileus 66
Ioannes Geometres, on Athens, 325
Ioannes Lydos 69
compared to Pausanias 73–74
on Latin 67–68
a pagan 176–177
on Roman history 62, 73–74
Ioannes of Antioch, praises Julian, 145
Ioannes of Chalkedon 104
Ioannes the Kappadokian 67, 74, 94
Ionian revolt 15
Ionians 17
Ioseph I, on Greeks and Romans, 384
Ioulianos the theurgist 198
Isaakios I Komnenos 214
Isaakios II Angelos, on Latin, 69
Isauria/Isaurians 96
not fully Romanized 52, 85
Ises, Ioannes, Byzantine of “Persian” descent, 91
Isidoros of Pelousion, on inner and outer wisdom, 165–166
Isokasios, pagan professor, 138
Isokrates
on assimilation 93
on dissimulation 237
on Greeks and barbarians 18–19
and Julian 147
Italians/Italoi 68, 69, 74, 107, 108
Italos, Ioannes, 90, 220–221, 277
in Timarion 282
trial of 228–230
Italy, in Byzantine ideology, 62–63, 87, 89, 103, 248, 297–298, 300, 303, 339, 384
al-Jāḥiẓ 118
Jean de Brienne, Latin emperor, 369
Jerome 129
between learning and faith 139, 181
Jerusalem 379
as ideal 2
and Maccabean revolt 28–29, 184
Jesus
appears to Jerome in dream 139
heals Syro-Phoenician Hellenis 124
Herakles as 246
and Komnenian emperors 243–244
miracles parodied by Prodromos 273–274
rejected by Julian 144–145
words on marriage in romance novels 265–266
Jews
in Byzantium 92, 99
their Greek names, 30
on Hellenism as derivative 126, 170
on Hellenism as enemy 127, 138
in Hellenistic age 26–30, 35, 38, 157
and Psellos 197
in Roman empire 85, 167
Jones, A. M. H., on effects of Christianity, 135
Josephos
and Christian apologists 126–127
on Hellenization of names 27
the survival of his writings 30
Judaea 28–29
Julian 143–167, 332
accepts Hellenic label 122, 167
against monks 137, 213
Against the Galilaians 144, 148, 149–150, 152, 160, 163, 178, 280, 282, 325
anti-Christian measures 149
and Athens 325
before Ktesiphon 153
buried in Holy Apostles 145
Christian responses to 147–148, 149, 157–165
on Christians as barbarians 140
“edicts” on education 146–149
on ethnicity, Greeks, and Romans 58–59, 152
and Gregorios of Nazianzos 145, 147, 149, 158–164
Hellenism and Christianity 121, 133–134, 143–166
and Homer 153, 171
Hymn to King Helios 152
and Iamblichos, Chaldaeans 151, 152, 170, 184
and last oracle of Delphi 161
Letter to Arsakios 152
on myth 246
notions of Hellenism 151–154, 167, 283
as potential Hellenizer of Persia 26
and Prohairesios 148–149
remembered in Byzantium 144, 161, 183, 202, 284
and Themistios 72
jurists, Severan, 48, 52, 79
Justin, apologist, 127
Justinian 65, 74, 230, 257, 339, 378
on Aeneas, Romulus, and Numa 62, 89
against the Platonists 325
burial with Julian 145
issues Greek edicts 67
radical imperial ideology 100, 102–103, 107, 110
Juvenal 239
Kabasilas, Konstantinos, 223–224
Kallerges, Alexios, Cretan rebel, 350
Kamateros, Ioannes, letter from Tornikes, 292–293
Kaminiates, Ioannes, against Greek learning, 181
Kanaboutzes, Ioannes, commentary on Dionysios of Halikarnassos, 339–340
Kappadokia/Kappadokians 22, 94, 117, 152, 277, 302, 385
regional stereotype 84
Karia/Karians 18, 23, 24, 84, 124
Karneades, philosopher, 26, 296
Kassia, and bridal show, 249
Kassios Dion 53–54, 63, 64, 115
Kataphloron, Nikolaos, on Athens, 324
Katrares, Ioannes, 94
Kekaumenos
on the ancients 286
genealogy 89–90
limited paideia 186
on Vlachs 92
Kekrops 184
Kelsos, against Christians, 128, 142–143
Kephalas, Konstantinos, 166, 182
Kerberos, in Timarion, 279
Keroularios, Michael
and Psellos 193, 196, 212, 220, 302
and Tzetzes 302
Kilikia/Kilikians 24, 84, 88
Kinnamos, Ioannes, 91
Klearchos, Hellenized Jew, 35, 168
Kleomenes of Sparta 15
Kommagene 23
Komnene, Anna, 87, 89, 90, 235, 256–257, 293
boasts of Hellenism 187, 232, 258, 291
on body and sexuality 249
and Bohemond 249
Byzantium as ecumenical vs. exclusive 106
on Greeks and barbarians 288–290
Homeric qualities of Alexiad 242–243, 288
language 238, 239, 288–289
mythology in Alexiad 245
parents and her education 232, 245
and Psellos 227, 232
on translatio imperii 61–62
Komnenian regime 189, 233–234, 241–242, 247–248, 293–294
Komnenos, David, 247
Komnenos, Isaakios, author, 231, 232, 270
Komnenos, Isaakios, and Tzetzes, 302–303, 305
Komnenos, Nikephoros, 284
Konstantinos VII Porphyrogennetos 90, 93, 97
on ceremonies 69
De administrando imperio 93
different levels of style 186
on Greek and Latin 68
on history of Asia Minor 96
on Roman archê 61
on Slavs, Hellenes, and Graikoi 116
Konstantinos IX Monomachos, and Psellos, 192–193, 195, 204, 204–205, 217
Konstantinos X Doukas 193
Kos 21
Ktesiphon 153
Kydones, Demetrios
and “Byzantine Commonwealth” 110
on Greeks and barbarians 289
Kyrillos of Alexandria, against Julian, 144
Kyros, king, 380
Kyros of Panopolis 67
Kyzikos, Greek temple, 185
Lampsakos, under Latin rule, 347
Latin empire of Constantinople 323, 335, 337–338, 347
Latin language
Byzantine views of 3, 68–69, 74, 186, 296, 298, 300, 335, 384
in Byzantium 55, 58, 62, 64–71, 91, 116, 296, 337
and demotic Greek 61, 69–70, 73
and modern Europe 1
and Romanization 45
“Latins”
as barbarians 268
conquer Byzantium 334–335, 338, 347–348
Demetrios Kydones on 289
Georgios Akropolites against 381–383
and Greeks after conquest 347–360
ideological challenge of 295, 335–336, 353
and Manuel I Komnenos 294
and pagan–Christian distinction 289
religious polemic against 240, 295, 335, 339, 348, 358–359, 374–376, 381–383
spur Hellenism in Byzantium 295–300, 312, 340–341, 343, 352, 387
study in Constantinople 290–291
Theodoros II Laskaris against 374–376
views of Byzantium 336–338, 343
see also: Crusaders
law, Roman, 48–49, 51, 52, 59, 64, 66, 69, 71, 78, 102, 104, 189
Lazaros, in progymnasma, 259
Leichoudes, Konstantinos, and Psellos, 213
Lemnos 42, 111
Leon VI, on Basileios I, 116
Leon of Chalkedon, on temple properties, 257
Leon of Synada 181
Leon the Philosopher 182–183
Lesbos, as alternative Hellenism, 19–20
Libanios 40, 71–73, 166, 184, 236, 260
on “cities of the Greeks” 114
and Gregorios of Nyssa 140, 163
on monks 137, 213, 255
on Seleukos 26
teaches Christians 148
and Themistios 72–73, 156
Libellios, Petros, 98
Liudprand of Cremona 337
Livius 64
Livius Andronicus 32
Louis II, and Basileios I, 337
Loukas of Steiris 185
Lucian of Samosata 36, 56
and Apokaukos 256
compared to Tatianos 124–125
multiple identities 31, 35
and Prodromos 251–252, 258
read by Leon the Philosopher 182
and Timarion 277
Lucullus 220
Lyons, Council, 384
Luke, St
improves St Mark’s style 140
and Julian 147
Lydia/Lydian, antiquarian revivals, 84
Lykaonians/Lykaonian 84–85, 96
Lykia/Lykians 20–21
banned from high office 94
Lysias, and Julian, 147
Maccabean revolt 27–29, 127, 135, 184
Machairas, Leontios, Chronicle of Cyprus, 351–352
Magistros, Niketas, 94
Makedonia/Makedonians 39, 96, 117, 152, 302, 311
Makrembolites, Eustathios, Hysmine and Hysminias, 231, 250, 260–270
Malakes, Euthymios
on Eustathios 315
on monks 254
Malalas, Ioannes, 116
Malchos: see Porphyrios
Manasses, Konstantinos, 258
Aristandros and Kallithea 260
on Hellenic descent 284
Manethon, and Christian apologists, 126
Manglabites, Nikolaos, 366
Mani (Peloponnese) 116–117
Manuel I Komnenos 231, 233–235, 237, 243–244, 300
compared to Alexander 285–286
hires Latins 294
and Justinian 103
pursuits 247–248
settles barbarians 91
Manzikert, battle, 193
Marathon, battle, 19
Marcus Aurelius 65, 270
Julian compared to 145, 153
Mardonios, Gothic pedagogue, 58–59
Maria of Alania, and Tzetzes, 302
Marius Victorinus of Rome, 175
and Julian 148
Mark, St, style improved by St Luke, 140
Markos of Alexandria 104
Massilia 32
Matthew, St, and Julian, 147
Maurikios 177
military manual 69, 76
Mauropous, Ioannes
against Julian 144
pleads for Plato and Plutarch 216
and Psellos 202, 216
Maussollos 23
Maximos the Cynic 159
Meleagros of Gadara 21
Melenikon (city) 366
Menandros Rhetor, on Roman law, 48
Mesarites, Ioannes, in debates of 1204, 354, 356–357
Mesarites, Nikolaos, 365, 386
description of Holy Apostles 236, 237
dossier on debates of 1204–1206 354–358
Methodios, patriarch, 180
Metochites, Theodoros, 8–9
on Philon and Josephos 30
Michael I Doukas of Epeiros 348
Michael II Doukas of Epeiros 92, 372
Michael III, on Latin, 68, 186, 296
Michael III ho tou Anchialou 230, 237, 240, 285–286
Michael IV 217
Michael IV Autoreianos 361
Roman nationalism of 366–367
Michael V 223
Michael VII Doukas
and Maria of Alania 302
and Psellos 145–146, 193, 204, 219
and Robert Guiscard 105
Michael VIII Palaiologos 381, 383, 384, 387
millet of Rum, Ottoman, 44
Miltiades, ancestor of Herodes Attikos, 38
Miltiades, apologist, 127
Miracles of Saint Demetrios 113–114, 115–116, 181
monasticism, questioned in twelfth century, 253–255
Morea, Latin principality, 348–349, 351
Morosini, Latin patriarch, 356
Moschos, Ioannes, use of ethnonyms, 115
Moses
Nikolaos Mouzalon compared to 287
and Psellos 199, 201
Mouzalon, Georgios, 373
Muses
and Ioannes Kaminiates 181
and Julian 147, 151
in Komnenian literature 245–247, 269, 292, 315
Mycenaean Greece: see Bronze Age, Greek
Mylasa (Karia) 23
Mysian 84–85
mythology, in twelfth century, 232–233, 245–247, 263–264, 270, 279–280, 285
Mytilene, and Pompeius, 53
Nabataeans 34
Naukratis (Egypt) 16
Nazianzos 158
Nearchos, Indika, 239
Neoplatonists: see Platonists
Nicolaus I, and Michael III, 68–69, 186, 296
Nietzsche
on burden of Greece 334
and Christianity 120, 140, 143, 165
on Roman empire 393–394
Nikaia
empire 108, 189
ch. 6 passim, esp. 360–384
as new Athens 375–376, 384
as new New Rome 81, 367–368
Nikephoros III Botaneiates 242, 302
genealogy 89
Niketas, friend of Psellos, 200, 213
Niketas of Herakleia 229
Nikolaos Mouzalon, praised by Basilakes, 286–287
Nikolaos of Methone 231, 240
Nikomedeia 194, 204
Nikostratos of Kilikia 24
Nonnos of Panopolis 157, 176
Noumenios 125
Numa 62
Obolensky, D., see: “Byzantine Commonwealth”
Odysseus
in Basileios’ Address to Young Men 164–165
and Julian 153
Oinoanda (Lykia) 20
Olympia 15, 173
as standard of Hellenism 16, 22
Olympieion (Athens) 37
Olympiodoros, philosopher, 177
Olympus, in Bithynia and Greece, 213
Oribasios 161
Origenes 127, 138
against Kelsos 142–143
legacy debated 140–141
and Porphyrios 128–129
Orphanotropheion 290–291
Orpheus, and Kaminiates, 181
Orthodoxy and Byzantine identity 75, 103–104, 107, 109, 357–358, 362–367
Ottoman period 42, 44, 83, 99, 123
Oumbertopoulos, Konstantinos, 90
Ouranos, Nikephoros, on Greeks, Christians, and barbarians, 289
Ouzas 90
Oxylos, ancestor of Basileios of Patras, 60
Pachymeres, Georgios
on becoming Greek 387–388
on Byzantines under Latin rule 107–108
Pakourianos, Gregorios, 98
Palestine, Hellenistic, 28
Palladas, and Themistios, 156
Pamphilians 96
Panhellenion, in Byzantion, 292–293, 375
Panhellenism 15, 17, 20, 184
Paphlagonians 96, 97, 184
Pardos, Gregorios, on Psellos, 226–227
Parthenon (Athenian), conversion of, 176, 256, 325, 327, 328, 333
Pasiphae, in progymnasma, 259
Patras, and Chronicle of Monembasia, 117
“Patriarchal Academy” 230, 235
Patrikios, Homeric centones, 157
Patroklos 244
Paul, St
1 Corinthians 132–133, 138
and Athens 129–130, 298, 329
on Chonai 327–328
Christ and Belial 139
and Clement of Alexandria 138
on Greeks and Jews 129, 382
and Jerome 139
as Roman and Jew 92
and Sokrates of Constantinople 163
Stilbes on why Latins distrust him 358–359
Paulos the Greek, monk, 115
Pausanias 24, 37, 166, 184
compared to Ioannes Lydos 73–74
Pediadites, Basileios, blasphemous verses, 252
Pelagius, cardinal, 355–356, 357
Pelasgians 17, 18
Byzantines as 336
Peloponnese 185
Pelops 284
Perboundos, Slav in Thessalonike, 113–114
Perikles 38, 222, 256–257, 291, 300, 329, 331, 387
Perseus, hero, 16, 38
Persia/Persians 26, 185
cultural influence in Hellenistic age, 23
Julian’s war against 143, 153, 158
recognized by Byzantium 102
wars with Byzantium 179
Persian Wars 9, 14–15, 166, 184
Petrarch 378
Philip of Makedonia 89
Philon of Alexandria 26–27, 28, 127
on Augustus 26
survival of writings 30
Philopoimen, and Plutarch, 37
philosophy, mistaken for the whole of Hellenism, 122–123, 132
Philostorgios 133
Philostratos 32, 65
champion of Hellenism 170–171
on Second Sophistic 35–36
Philotheos 69
Phoenicia/“Phoenicians”/Phoenician 21, 22, 28–29, 35, 67, 86, 124, 125, 194, 287
Phoinix, ethopoeia of mourning for Achilles, 175
Phokas family 89
Phokion 287
Photios 105, 358–359
Bibliotheke 180, 181
on erotic literature 123
and Latin language 68–69
reaction to pagan rituals 123–124
and St Paul’s ethnicity 92
Phrygia/Phygians/Phrygian 22, 83, 84–85, 96, 111
phylon 87–88, 93, 106, 357, 358, 360, 364–366, 373
Pindar 239
Eustathios’ commentary 310
Pisidians 96, 97
Plataians 19
Plato
and Anna Komnene 187
attacked as derivative 126, 170
in Byzantium 181, 216, 229–231, 281, 289, 290, 304–305, 310, 320
and Christians 150
on cultural diffusion under Persia 23
and Eusebios of Kaisareia 126
on Greeks and barbarians 20, 126
imitated by Ignatios the deacon 180
and Julian 150, 151
and Leon the Philosopher 182
and Origenes 128
and Plotinos 168–169
Republic and Synesios 60
Republic and Timarion 282
ridiculed by Gregorios of Nazianzos 160
as standard of Atticism 36, 37, 236
Timaios and Proklos 171
vs. rhetorical tradition 120
see also: Psellos; Prodromos
Platonists
and barbarian wisdom 125–126, 152–153, 165, 168–171
and Christians 123, 132, 134, 142
and Homer 153
Ioannes Lydos 67
Julian 60, 144, 150, 168
Kelsos 142
Olympiodoros 177
Origenes 127, 141
Philippos of Opous (?), Epinomis, 168
Plethon 121
Plotinos 168–169
Porphyrios 128, 169
Prodromos 230–231, 271
reactions to Julian 145
Simplikios 177
Stephanos of Alexandria 177
Synesios 3, 59–60, 172
Tribonianus 67
see also: Justinian; Psellos; Prodromos
Plethon, Georgios Gemistos, 8–9, 121, 173, 183, 185, 378
Plinius, on Athens, 327
Plotinos 194
philosophical Hellenism 168–169, 198
Plutarch 38, 216, 300, 305, 310
on Alexander 26
on Demetria festival 278–279
on Greeks and Romans 55–56
Libanios compared to 71, 166
Lives 37
Polemarchios, Demetrios, 90
Polemon, Antonios, sophist, 36
and Panhellenion 38
in Timarion 283
politeia/res publica: see Romania
Polybios 79, 137
on Achaian League 52, 57
as Byzantine source for Rome 64
Polybios, target of Lucianic anecdote, 56
Pompeius 53
Pomponius Atticus, Titus, 31–32
Porphyrios 169, 194
against Origenes 128–129, 141
as “Phoenician” etc. 35, 125, 169
on prose of Scripture 139–140
refutation of Zoroastrian texts 169
Priscianus 70
Priskos, at the court of Attila, 75–76, 115
Prodromos, Theodoros, 235, 236, 238, 240, 291
as author and satirist 250–252, 270–276
Katomyomachia 251
on the Komnenoi 233, 242–245, 251, 254, 270, 272–273, 285, 300–301
Life of Meletios 251, 254
and Lucian 251, 258, 271
and Plato 230–231, 271, 273, 275–276, 287
on poverty and wisdom 287
Rhodanthe and Dosikles 260–262, 264, 267, 269–276, 305
satire of Jesus’ miracles 273–274
Xenedemos, or Voices 251–252
see also: Ptochoprodromos
progymnasmata 258–260
Prohairesios of Athens 175
and Julian 148–149
Proklos 171, 175
and Psellos 194, 198–202
in twelfth century 231
Prokopios of Gaza 175
Prokopios of Kaisareia 75, 96
on Graikoi 115–116
on Greeks and Romans 68, 115
a pagan 177
Prosouch, Byzantine of “Persian” descent, 91
Psellos, Michael, ch. 4
accused of heterodoxy 183, 193, 195–196
addicted to autobiography 191
against asceticism 209–219, 254
and Athens 222–223, 324
authorial strategies 191–192, 205–209, 237, 251
biography 192–193
body-and-soul humanism 192, 209–219, 248, 253, 255, 287
Chronographia 193–194, 200, 204–208, 211, 217–220, 222–224, 227–228, 341
commentaries on Aristotle 198, 227, 264
as Consul of the Philosophers 193, 196, 277
debunks miracles etc. 204–205
on earthquakes 203, 205–206, 207
Encomium of his Mother 195–196, 211, 217, 226–227
eros for knowledge 146, 196, 281
on “ethnic” magicians 95, 114
Funeral Oration for Ioannes 217
and Greek science 199, 202–207, 221
on Greeks and Romans 219–224, 294
on Greeks, Romans, and Jews 3, 219
and Gregorios of Nazianzos 200, 207–209, 217–218
Hellenism as philosophy 169
Historia Syntomos 62, 143, 145–146, 219
Homeric allegories 201, 246
intellectual autobiography 193–194
and Ioannes Italos 220–221
and Ioannes Xiphilinos 192, 196, 201, 203, 207
and Julian 143, 145–146
and Michael Keroularios 193, 196, 212, 222
and monk Elias 218
on non-Greek philosophies 197–198
Platonism and Christianity 198–202
Platonist 194–195, 196, 198–202, 203, 207, 210, 214, 216
political philosophy 213–214, 218–219
range of interests 195–196
revives learning 180, 193–194
and Sokrates 196, 200, 202, 209
and St Auxentios 254
and Themistios 73, 215, 227
in Timarion 277, 281–283
in the twelfth century 225–228, 241, 243, 247, 284, 297, 299
as Typhon 192, 219, 231
pseudo-Methodios, Apocalypse, 63
Ptochoprodromos 238, 249–250, 251, 252, 254
Ptolemaios I, as founder of Alexandria, 150
Pythagoras
and eastern wisdom 170
in Timarion 282
Republic, Roman, Byzantine interest in, 62, 64, 74, 75, 306
Roman Church 67–68, 335, 339, 347, 353–357, 359, 370, 380–381, 383, 386, 388
Roman identity, post-Byzantine, 42–44
Roman legacy
denied to Byzantium by the medieval West 63–64, 312, 336–338
denied to Byzantium by modern scholarship 3, 43, 47, 83, 112–114, 338, 367
and “the West” 1–2, 43
romance novels 151
Christian views of 123–124, 134
Hellenism in 267–270
in twelfth century 261–276
Romania (Byzantium) ch. 2, 336–337, 349–351, 352, 357–368
Romanization, different views of, 45–46, 49, 54–55, 82, 85, 112
“Romanoi” vs. “Romaioi” 339–340
Romanos II
and Bertha-Eudokia 90, 92
and Konstantinos VII 93
Romanos IV Diogenes 193
Romanos Melodos
against Athens 178, 325
anti-intellectualism 155
Rome
ethnic conceit at 54, 87
and Greek paideia 31–32, 65
as ideal 2
occupied by Belisarios 339
as patria 46, 48, 49, 54–55, 59, 61, 72, 73, 75, 82, 99, 365–366
and the Second Sophistic 38–39
romiosyne 42, 73, 386
Romulus 62, 74, 219
Rus’ 104–105
as Hellenes 122
Russell, Bertrand, 154
Sabines 87
Salamis, battle, 19
Saloustios, Gallic Hellen, 59, 152, 153
Samaritans 85
Samians 19
Samosata (on Euphrates) 31, 56
Samuel of Bulgaria 90
Sanoudo Torsello, Marin, on Greeks, 348–349
Sappho 20
Sasima (city) 158
Sathas, K. N., 183
satire, in twelfth century, 251–253, 255, 271
see also: Timarion
Saturninus, Gaius Iulius, 53
Scipio Africanus 89
Scripture
alternative to Greek paideia 141, 165, 178
barbaric prose 139–140
Julian on 147, 150
and Psellos 199–201
put into Greek genres by Apollinarioi 157
Second Sophistic 30–41
and Church Fathers 40, 159
and classical tradition 40–41
its Hellenism misleading 168
legacy in Byzantium 72–73, 177, 186, ch. 5
Seleukos I, as Hellenizer, 26
Serblias, Nikephoros, and Tzetzes, 304
Sergios the deacon 361
Sgouros, Leon, 322
as Roman 364–365
Sicily, its Hellenization, 22
Sikeliotai 22
Simplikios 177
Sirach, on translating Hebrew, 34
Sirens, in Christian thought, 164–165, 181, 299, 314
Skepticism 134
Skoutariotes, Theodoros, 369
“Slavic face” 94
Slavs
in Greece 117
“Hellenized” 113, 116
potential allies of Byzantium, 110
Sokrates
on Greeks and barbarians 20, 126
on logos in Phaedo 321
and Prodromos 252
and Psellos 192, 196, 200, 202, 209, 221
and Themistios 156
Sokrates of Constantinople
historiographical methods 137, 176
response to Julian 163
Solon 319, 326, 344
ancestor of Hegias 60
ridiculed by Gregorios of Nazianzos 160
Song of Songs, in romance novels, 265–266
Sophists 20
sophists, Komnenian, 235–241
Sophokles 20, 244–245, 259
Sozomenos, between eloquence and monasticism, 141
Sparta/Spartans
ancestors of Synesios 60
barbarians compared to Athens 19
in Byzantium 94
envoys to Athens 15, 17
and Hellenistic Judaism 38
Spartakos 222
Stephanos of Alexandria/Athens 177
Stephanos (Skylitzes?)
on Constantinopolitans 92–93
teacher in Orphanotropheion 291
Sthenelos 244
Stilbes, Konstantinos, on Greeks and Latins, 358–359
Strabon of Amaseia
on Athens 324
debate with Eratosthenes 24–25
on Karia 23, 24, 84
Straboromanos, Manuel, 291
Strategopoulos, Alexios, 352
Straton of Sardeis 166
Symeon Metaphrastes 73
Symeon of Bulgaria, Greek paideia, 186
Symeon the New Theologian
decides not to Hellenize 186
on indicia of Roman identity 107
Synesios of Kyrene 3, 59–61, 86, 178, 183, 208, 213, 283
Dion 60
on Greeks and Romans 59–61
last Hellene 171–172
and Libanios 71
On Kingship 60
and Plato’s Republic 60
Synodikon of Orthodoxy 229–230, 258, 393
Syria/Syriac 34, 63, 84, 85, 125
terms for pagans and Greeks 127
“Syrians” 21, 31, 35, 85, 86, 95, 98, 124, 125, 170, 220, 353
Tarasios, patriarch, 179–180
Tarsos 145
Tatianos, Address to the Greeks, 124–128
Temple (Jerusalem) 28–29, 361
Tertullianus
on Athens and Jerusalem 139
on idolatry 128, 151
theatra of Constantinople 235–236, 239, 292, 295, 323, 352, 368
Thekla, St
Miracles modeled on Herodotos 176
pleased by eloquence 140
Themistios
between pagans and Christians 156
controversy of career 72–73
and Latin 69, 72
Themistokles 222
Theodora, empress (daughter of Konstantinos VIII), 223
Theodora of Arta 92
Theodoretos of Kyrrhos, between Hellenism and Christianity, 138
Theodoros I Laskaris 354–355, 357, 361, 366–367
compared to Alexander 343
Theodoros II Laskaris 108, 366, 369, 372–379, 387
as Athenian 376
and Blemmydes 379–381
on Constantinople 81–82
on Hellenic nation 373–379, 383, 384
on Ioannes III Batatzes 373, 377
and Michael Choniates 377–378
on Roman unity 95
on ruins of Pergamos 376–378
Theodoros Doukas Komnenos of Epeiros 344–345, 363, 364, 366
Theodoros Eirenikos, Nikaian patriarch, 356
Theodoros of Smyrne, in Timarion, 277–283
Theodosius I, and pagan temples, 156
Theophanes of Mytilene 53
Theophilos, emperor
and bridal show 249
in Timarion 280–281
Theophylaktos Hephaistos 292
on Bulgarians 98, 294
on Psellos 226
on Zeus and God 257
Theophylaktos Simokattes 177
Theopompos 137
Theseus 318
Thessalonike
in Timarion 277–279, 302
Thessaly/Thessalians 15, 96
Thoth 170
Thrake/Thrakians 22, 58, 96, 111, 117, 152, 184
in Hellenistic Egypt 23–24
Thucydides 20, 239, 258, 301
account of plague 324
on Greek ethnonyms 13
on Greek identity 18
and Julian 147, 150, 151, 161
Timarion 258, 276–283, 302
and Ioannes Italos 282
and Plato 282
and Psellos 282–283
Tiridates the Armenian 89
Titans, allegorized, 246
Torah 27, 28
Tornikes, Georgios
on Anna Komnene 232, 249, 290
letter to Georgios Bourtzes 297–298
letter to Ioannes Kamateros 292–293
turns down see of Corinth 345
Trajan, Blemmydes’ ideal of kingship, 380
Trebizond, empire, 361, 367
Tribonianus
invents nations 67, 86, 95
a pagan 176–177
Troy/Trojans/Trojan War 18, 62, 87, 337
Turkey and Europe 2
Turks
in Asia Minor and Balkans 76, 110, 233, 285, 295, 296, 312, 317, 342–343
as barbarians 268
Typhon, Sokrates and Psellos as, 192
Tyre 21, 22, 99
Tzetzes, Ioannes, 64, 184, 235, 240, 301–307
advises revenge 244
against monks 254, 306
as author 251, 252, 301
and Cato 300, 303, 305–306
as classicist 301–307
and foreign languages 21, 294
Greek and Georgian ancestry 301–307
Histories and Letters 302, 304, 305
Homeric allegories 246, 306–307, 315
Life of Loukia 305, 306, 309
and Plato 304–305
and Plutarch 305
and Psellos 227, 307
scholia on Lykophron 304
as versifier 239, 301, 304
Ulfila 133
Ulpianus 67
as “Phoenician” 125
and Tyre 99
Valens, and Themistios, 156
Varangians 98
Venetians/Venice 97, 337, 347, 354–356 see: Crete
virginity 135
Vlachs 92, 94
Wales, not fully Romanized, 52
“western civilization,” defined, 1–2, 120
Xenophon 327
Education of Kyros 272, 275
as model of Arrianos 37
in progymnasmata 259
Xerxes 15
and Argos 16, 38
in Byzantium 285
Xiphilinos, Ioannes, epitomator, 63
Xiphilinos, Ioannes, patriarch, and Psellos, 192–193, 196, 201, 203, 207
Zacharias of Mytilene, Ammonios constrasted to Theophrastos, 175–176
Zeus
equated with Christian God 246, 257, 265
equated with Jewish God 28
equated with Psellos 213
Euhemerized 306–307
Eustathios on 310
in progymnasma 259
in romance novels 265, 274
Zoe, empress, 205, 217, 223
Zonaras, Ioannes, 115, 227, 240
interest in the Republic 62–63, 300
on Komnenian empire 233–234
Zoroastrians
dismissed by Diogenes Laertios 171
as Hellenes 122
texts debunked by Porphyrios 169
Zosimos
and foreign mercenaries 60
on Fravitta 151–152
and Julian 151
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