Cambridge University Press
9780521863414 - The Cambridge Introduction to Serialism - By Arnold Whittall
Frontmatter/Prelims

The Cambridge Introduction to Serialism

Serialism, one of the most prominent innovations in music since 1900, is a key topic in the study of music. From Schoenberg to Boulez and beyond, serial composition has been attacked as mathematical and anti-expressive, defended as vital and visionary. Both responses result from an understanding of the relationship between serialism as something new and the existing, established traditions it appeared to challenge so wholeheartedly. Coming nearly a century after the first stirrings of serial thinking in music appeared, this introduction provides a basic outline of the compositional techniques that embody serial principles, and of the historical evolution of those techniques as composers responded to the wealth of social and cultural imperatives that impinged on them in the years after 1920. Following a broadly chronological path, the book demonstrates the variety and adaptability of a wide range of serial compositions, and explains the compositional techniques clearly and concisely.

Arnold Whittall is Professor Emeritus of Music Theory and Analysis at King’s College London.


The Cambridge Introduction to Serialism

Arnold Whittall


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© Cambridge University Press 2008

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2008

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data

 Whittall, Arnold.
  The Cambridge introduction to serialism / Arnold Whittall.
 p.cm.
 Includes bibliographical references and index.
 ISBN 978-0-521-86341-4 (hardback) – ISBN 978-0-521-68200-8 (pbk.)1.Music – 20th century – History and criticism.2.Serialism (Music)I.Title.
 ML197.W536 2008
 781.3′3–dc222008020522

ISBN 978-0-521-86341-4 hardback
ISBN 978-0-521-68200-8 paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.


Contents

Preface
xi
Acknowledgements
xiii
Chapter 1     Introducing the Introduction
1
Some initial questions
1
History and hindsight: an overview
6
A Webern analysis
6
Collection, mode, series, set
8
Notes and numbers
9
Back to Webern
10
Forms of post-tonal composition
12
Terms, techniques
13
Serialism in critical perspective
14
A personal perspective
15
Chapter 2     Schoenberg’s path to the twelve-tone method
17
Interpreting transition
17
Tonal or post-tonal?
18
Twelve-tone technique in embryo
19
Ideals and practicalities
21
Post-war problems
22
Parallels and pitfalls: Hauer
24
Eye witness: Gerhard
27
Chapter 3     Serialism in close-up
31
From Bach to Schoenberg
31
Schoenberg as music
32
Serialism as music
35
Fixed and free
36
Op. 25: further details
37
A twelve-tone canon
40
Coda
43
Chapter 4     Schoenberg in the 1920s
45
1920–3
45
Making, meaning: Op. 23 No. 5
47
1923–4
50
Schoenberg on Schoenberg: the Wind Quintet
51
More on the Wind Quintet
53
The Wind Quintet’s finale
54
1925–9
56
Op. 29 and after
58
Meaning, making
61
Chapter 5     Alban Berg: reverence and resistance
65
Wozzeck and transition
65
Personal space
66
Berg–Klein–Berg
68
Berg’s Chamber Concerto
70
A first step
71
Series, cycles
72
Lyric Suite
75
Lyric Suite: finale
76
The final dialogues
79
Serialism in Lulu and the Violin Concerto
80
Chapter 6     Anton Webern: discipline and licence
85
Purity, anxiety
85
Beginnings
86
The route to independence
90
String Trio, Op. 20
92
The method perfected
93
Form and feeling
94
Symmetry and balance
96
Twelve-tone canons
98
Chapter 7     The later Schoenberg
101
Laying down the law
101
Religion, politics and serialism
102
Exile and readjustment
104
‘Good old tradition!’? The Fourth String Quartet
107
Models for form and style
109
Suspended tonality?
110
Grammar or gibberish?
111
Matters of quality
112
Ambiguous endings
113
Chapter 8     American counterpoints: I
117
From method to system
117
Varèse
118
More pioneers
119
Krenek
119
Sessions, Copland, Perle
120
Babbitt: words
122
Babbitt: music
125
Babbitt: music, words and politics
131
Consequences and contingencies
133
Chapter 9     American counterpoints: II
135
Stravinsky: a balance of tensions
135
Stravinsky: series and centres
137
Cage and Nancarrow
141
The Minimalists
142
The serial inheritance
144
Carter
145
Carter’s practice
146
Gra: playing with sets
148
Chapter 10    European repercussions: I
151
Facing both ways
151
Britten and the British
152
Shostakovich and the Soviets
155
Lutos↶awski and the Poles
157
Cold War and style wars: Dallapiccola
160
Nono: commitment to progress
163
Nono: Il canto sospeso
166
Chapter 11    European repercussions: II
171
From Messiaen to Boulez
171
Testing extremes
174
Structures
175
Hearing techniques
176
Behind Le Marteau sans maître
177
Serialism in Le Marteau sans maître
178
Stockhausen: Cologne, Paris, Darmstadt
181
Stockhausen and the piano
182
Gruppen
184
Chapter 12    European repercussions: III
187
Xenakis
187
Ligeti
189
Ligeti’s techniques
191
Berio
193
Berio’s transformations
197
Kagel
198
Chapter 13    European repercussions: IV
203
The later Boulez
203
Boulez as lecturer
204
Style and idea in Incises
205
The later Stockhausen
209
Serialism in excelsis
213
Kurtág
216
Chapter 14    European repercussions: V
219
The contemporary scene
219
Scandinavia: Nørgård
220
British serialism after 1950
221
Maxwell Davies: before 1970
223
Magic squares and serial structures
225
Maxwell Davies since the 1970s
227
From Manchester to Cambridge
228
Birtwistle
231
Ferneyhough
232
Knussen
235
An ending
236
Notes
239
Bibliography
259
Glossary
271
Index
279




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