Serialism, one of the most prominent innovations in music since 1900, is a key topic in the study of music. From Schoenberg to Boulez and beyond, serial composition has been attacked as mathematical and anti-expressive, defended as vital and visionary. Both responses result from an understanding of the relationship between serialism as something new and the existing, established traditions it appeared to challenge so wholeheartedly. Coming nearly a century after the first stirrings of serial thinking in music appeared, this introduction provides a basic outline of the compositional techniques that embody serial principles, and of the historical evolution of those techniques as composers responded to the wealth of social and cultural imperatives that impinged on them in the years after 1920. Following a broadly chronological path, the book demonstrates the variety and adaptability of a wide range of serial compositions, and explains the compositional techniques clearly and concisely.
Arnold Whittall is Professor Emeritus of Music Theory and Analysis at King’s College London.
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521682008
© Cambridge University Press 2008
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2008
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
Whittall, Arnold. The Cambridge introduction to serialism / Arnold Whittall. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-521-86341-4 (hardback) – ISBN 978-0-521-68200-8 (pbk.)1.Music – 20th century – History and criticism.2.Serialism (Music)I.Title. ML197.W536 2008 781.3′3–dc222008020522
ISBN 978-0-521-86341-4 hardback
ISBN 978-0-521-68200-8 paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
|
Preface
|
xi |
|
Acknowledgements
|
xiii |
|
Chapter 1 Introducing the Introduction
|
1 |
|
Some initial questions
|
1 |
|
History and hindsight: an overview
|
6 |
|
A Webern analysis
|
6 |
|
Collection, mode, series, set
|
8 |
|
Notes and numbers
|
9 |
|
Back to Webern
|
10 |
|
Forms of post-tonal composition
|
12 |
|
Terms, techniques
|
13 |
|
Serialism in critical perspective
|
14 |
|
A personal perspective
|
15 |
|
Chapter 2 Schoenberg’s path to the twelve-tone method
|
17 |
|
Interpreting transition
|
17 |
|
Tonal or post-tonal?
|
18 |
|
Twelve-tone technique in embryo
|
19 |
|
Ideals and practicalities
|
21 |
|
Post-war problems
|
22 |
|
Parallels and pitfalls: Hauer
|
24 |
|
Eye witness: Gerhard
|
27 |
|
Chapter 3 Serialism in close-up
|
31 |
|
From Bach to Schoenberg
|
31 |
|
Schoenberg as music
|
32 |
|
Serialism as music
|
35 |
|
Fixed and free
|
36 |
|
Op. 25: further details
|
37 |
|
A twelve-tone canon
|
40 |
|
Coda
|
43 |
|
Chapter 4 Schoenberg in the 1920s
|
45 |
|
1920–3
|
45 |
|
Making, meaning: Op. 23 No. 5
|
47 |
|
1923–4
|
50 |
|
Schoenberg on Schoenberg: the Wind Quintet
|
51 |
|
More on the Wind Quintet
|
53 |
|
The Wind Quintet’s finale
|
54 |
|
1925–9
|
56 |
|
Op. 29 and after
|
58 |
|
Meaning, making
|
61 |
|
Chapter 5 Alban Berg: reverence and resistance
|
65 |
|
Wozzeck and transition
|
65 |
|
Personal space
|
66 |
|
Berg–Klein–Berg
|
68 |
|
Berg’s Chamber Concerto
|
70 |
|
A first step
|
71 |
|
Series, cycles
|
72 |
|
Lyric Suite
|
75 |
|
Lyric Suite: finale
|
76 |
|
The final dialogues
|
79 |
|
Serialism in Lulu and the Violin Concerto
|
80 |
|
Chapter 6 Anton Webern: discipline and licence
|
85 |
|
Purity, anxiety
|
85 |
|
Beginnings
|
86 |
|
The route to independence
|
90 |
|
String Trio, Op. 20
|
92 |
|
The method perfected
|
93 |
|
Form and feeling
|
94 |
|
Symmetry and balance
|
96 |
|
Twelve-tone canons
|
98 |
|
Chapter 7 The later Schoenberg
|
101 |
|
Laying down the law
|
101 |
|
Religion, politics and serialism
|
102 |
|
Exile and readjustment
|
104 |
|
‘Good old tradition!’? The Fourth String Quartet
|
107 |
|
Models for form and style
|
109 |
|
Suspended tonality?
|
110 |
|
Grammar or gibberish?
|
111 |
|
Matters of quality
|
112 |
|
Ambiguous endings
|
113 |
|
Chapter 8 American counterpoints: I
|
117 |
|
From method to system
|
117 |
|
Varèse
|
118 |
|
More pioneers
|
119 |
|
Krenek
|
119 |
|
Sessions, Copland, Perle
|
120 |
|
Babbitt: words
|
122 |
|
Babbitt: music
|
125 |
|
Babbitt: music, words and politics
|
131 |
|
Consequences and contingencies
|
133 |
|
Chapter 9 American counterpoints: II
|
135 |
|
Stravinsky: a balance of tensions
|
135 |
|
Stravinsky: series and centres
|
137 |
|
Cage and Nancarrow
|
141 |
|
The Minimalists
|
142 |
|
The serial inheritance
|
144 |
|
Carter
|
145 |
|
Carter’s practice
|
146 |
|
Gra: playing with sets
|
148 |
|
Chapter 10 European repercussions: I
|
151 |
|
Facing both ways
|
151 |
|
Britten and the British
|
152 |
|
Shostakovich and the Soviets
|
155 |
|
Lutos↶awski and the Poles
|
157 |
|
Cold War and style wars: Dallapiccola
|
160 |
|
Nono: commitment to progress
|
163 |
|
Nono: Il canto sospeso
|
166 |
|
Chapter 11 European repercussions: II
|
171 |
|
From Messiaen to Boulez
|
171 |
|
Testing extremes
|
174 |
|
Structures
|
175 |
|
Hearing techniques
|
176 |
|
Behind Le Marteau sans maître
|
177 |
|
Serialism in Le Marteau sans maître
|
178 |
|
Stockhausen: Cologne, Paris, Darmstadt
|
181 |
|
Stockhausen and the piano
|
182 |
|
Gruppen
|
184 |
|
Chapter 12 European repercussions: III
|
187 |
|
Xenakis
|
187 |
|
Ligeti
|
189 |
|
Ligeti’s techniques
|
191 |
|
Berio
|
193 |
|
Berio’s transformations
|
197 |
|
Kagel
|
198 |
|
Chapter 13 European repercussions: IV
|
203 |
|
The later Boulez
|
203 |
|
Boulez as lecturer
|
204 |
|
Style and idea in Incises
|
205 |
|
The later Stockhausen
|
209 |
|
Serialism in excelsis
|
213 |
|
Kurtág
|
216 |
|
Chapter 14 European repercussions: V
|
219 |
|
The contemporary scene
|
219 |
|
Scandinavia: Nørgård
|
220 |
|
British serialism after 1950
|
221 |
|
Maxwell Davies: before 1970
|
223 |
|
Magic squares and serial structures
|
225 |
|
Maxwell Davies since the 1970s
|
227 |
|
From Manchester to Cambridge
|
228 |
|
Birtwistle
|
231 |
|
Ferneyhough
|
232 |
|
Knussen
|
235 |
|
An ending
|
236 |
|
Notes
|
239 |
|
Bibliography
|
259 |
|
Glossary
|
271 |
|
Index
|
279 |