A/D converter, 177
AAVSO, 255,265
aberration of starlight, 79
absorption, 87,129
absorption cell, 232,241
abundance analysis, 245–2+46
ABv system, 94
achromatic doublets, 111
active optics, 143
adaptation, 146
adaptive optics, 143
air mass, 127
Airy disk, 107
Airy, George, 107
Aladin, 49–51
aliasing, 261
Almagest, 84
altitude, 6,62
An Atlas of Stellar Spectra and an Outline of Spectral Classification, 99
analog-to-digital (A/D) converter, 161
Analog-to-Digital Units (ADUs), 177
angular resolution, 107–1+08
annual precession, amount, 69
antiradiant, 73
apochromatic triplet, 111
apparent distance modulus, 87
apparent field of view, 123
Argelander, Friedrich, 37,251
aspherization constant, 110
Astrometrica, 212
atmospheric dispersion, 231
atomic clock, 23
azimuth, 6,63
Balmer series, 97
barlow lens, 121
Bayer, Johannes, 36
Bessell, M. S., 89
blackbody, 95
bolometric correction, 87
Bonner Durchmusterung, 37
Bouguer’s law, 128
Bradley, James, 79
Bright Star Catalogue, 37–39
Buys-Ballot, Christoph, 76
Cannon, Annie Jump, 39
Catalogue of Positions and Proper Motions (PPM), 43
CCD, see
CCD equation, 187
celestial equator, 7
celestial poles, 7
celestial sphere, 1
Centre de Données Astronomiques de Strasbourg (CDS), 39,49
charge-coupled device, see
charge-coupling mechanism, 160
chopping, 165
Christian, C., 92
circumpolar, 10,14
Clavius, Christopher S. J., 32
coelostat, 281
color index, 88–89
column density, 248
comparison spectrum, 231
Comstock’s formula, 134
continuum, 236
continuum normalization, 237
convolution, 243
Cordoba Durchmusterung (CD), 37
coronagraph, 285–2+87
correlation coefficient, 298
cosine formula, 59
cosmological redshift, 239
Cousins, Alan, 91
crosswires, 121
cycle of indiction, 30
daguerreotype process, 149
damping, 243
dark current, 156,160
Data Numbers (DNs), 177
Davis, Raymond, 291
Dawes limit, 108
Dawes, William, 108
dead-time, 166
declination, 8–9
detectors
bolometer, 165
CCD, 159–1+62,226
back-illuminated, 162,209
binning, 181
calibration
bias, 171–1+73
dark, 171,173
dome flat, 175
flat, 171,174–1+76,231
fringes, 173
master bias, 173
night sky flat, 176
twilight sky flat, 175
depletion region, 160
front-illuminated, 162
full well capacity, 160
gain, 177
overscan region, 172–1+73
pixels, 159
subframe, 181
image intensifier, 157–1+59
Generation (Gen) I–V, 157
intensified CCD (ICCD), 167
photoconductive cell, 152
photodiode, 152,156–1+57
photoemissive, 152
photoelectric, 152–1+54
pyrometer, 165
quantum, 164
radiometer, 165
thermal, 164–1+65
thermocouple, 165
thermopile, 165
deviation, 295
diaphragm, 154
differential refraction, 135
diffraction limited, 225
diffraction rings, 107
dispersion, 111,142
distance modulus, 87
dome seeing, 139
Doppler effect, 238
Doppler, Christian, 76,238
Dopplergram, 290
doublets, 108
Draper, Henry, 39
Draper, J. W., 149
dry emulsion, 150
dynamic range, 166–1+67
eclipse observations, 275–2+77
ecliptic, 10,63
ecliptic coordinates, 63–64
ecliptic latitude, 10,64
ecliptic longitude, 10,64
effective temperature, 97
electromagnetic spectrum, 82
energy flux, 93
epoch, 74
equator, 2
equatorial system, 7–10
equinox, 74
equivalent width, 246
erecting lens, 121
ESO/SERC Southern Sky Survey, 41
exit pupil, 118–1+19
extinction, 125–1+32
extinction coefficient, 128
eye, 145–1+49
cones, 147–1+48
cornea, 145
fovea centralis, 147
pupil, 146
retina, 146
rods, 147–1+48
eye relief, 119
eyepiece, 116–1+21,266
Fabry lens, 153
Fabry, Charles, 151,283
Fabry–Perot etalon, 283–2+84
Fairborn Observatory, 185
Fast Fourier Transform, 263
fiber optics, 228
Fick Observatory, 196
filter systems, 90–93
first-order extinction, 192
Fizeau, Armand, 76,238
Flamsteed, John, 36
flash spectrum, 277
Fleming, Williamina, 39
flux standard, 248
Formula C, 59
Fourier analysis, 263–2+65
Four-parts formula, 59
Frank, Louis, 167
Fraunhofer, 215
fundamental circle, 3
fundamental plane, 2
fundamental positions, 13
galactic coordinates, 64–65
galactic latitude, 64
galactic longitude, 64
Galilei, Galileo, 101
GALLEX, 291
General Catalog of Variable StarsGCVS),
General Catalogue, 209
general least squares, 298
giant planets, 241
Gleissberg cycle, 273
Global Positioning System (GPS), 25,255,n:302
GONG, 290
great circle, 3–5
Great Paschal period, 30
green flash, 142
Gregorian calendar, 28,32–33
grism, 234
group sequence, 184
Group Sunspot Numbers, 273
growth curve, 189
Guide, 52
guider cameras, 230
Hale cycle, 273
Hale, George Ellery, 277,282
Harris, D. L., 90
Harvard Revised Photometry, 39
Heliocentric Julian Date (HJD), 31
helioseismology, 289–2+90
heliostat, 279
Henry Draper Catalog, 98
Herschel, William, 90,165
Hertz, 152
high-dispersion spectra, 223,236
Hipparchus, 84
Hipparcos, 209,255
Hipparcos catalogue, 44
horizon system, 6–7
hour angle, 10,59–60
hour circle, 55
Hubble Guide Star Catalog, 42–43
Hubble, Edwin, 252
Huggins, William, 76,165,215
hyperfine splitting, 243
image brightness, 106
image differencing, 191
image scale, 104
Index Catalogue, 47
index of refraction, 103
Information Bulletin of Variable Stars, n:254
infrared JHKLM system, 125
instrumental profile, 243
instrumental system, 192
intergalactic absorption, 248
International System, 89
interstellar lines, 247
iris diaphragm, 146
isotopic splitting, 243
Janssen, Jules, 282
jiggle camera, 151
Johnson, H. L., 90
Johnson–Cousins UBVRI, 91
Julian calendar, 32
Julian Day numbers, 28–30
K-coronameter, 287
Keeler, James E., 77,238
Keenan, P. C., 99
Kellman, E., 99
Kitt Peak National Observatory, 279
Kron, G., 91
Landé g factor, 244,284
Landolt, Arno, 91
latitude, 3
law of cosines, 58
Law of Reflection, 103
leap day, 32
leap seconds, 23
leap year, 32
least squares, 296–2+98
Leavitt, Henrietta Swan, 39
limb, 270
limb darkening, 270
line blending, 240
line of nodes, 71
linearity, 166
Lippershey, Hans, 101
Lomb–Scargle Periodogram, 263
Lowell, Percival, 164
lower culmination, 15
luminosity, 97
luminosity–period relation, 252
lunar cycle, 30
lunisolar precession, 70
Lyα forest, 248
Lyot, Bernard, 285
macroturbulence, 244
magnetogram, 285
magnification, 116–1+18
magnitudes, 84–88
absolute, 87
absolute bolometric, 88
bolometric, 87
determining, 187–1+91
instrumental, 187
integrated, 88
limiting, 106
standard, 187
visual, 87
zero points, 89–90
Manastash Ridge Observatory, 193
Mauna Loa Solar Observatory, 287
Maunder Minimum, 273
Mauri, Antonia, 39
maximum altitude, 60
Mayall, Margaret Walton, 39
McMath, Robert R., 279
McMath–Pierce telescope, 279
mean, 293
mean deviation, 295
measuring star positions, 210–2+11
median, 294
meridian, 9
meridian of Greenwich, England, 22
mesopic vision, 147
Messier catalogue, 46–47
Messier, Charles, 46
Metonic cycle, 30
microchannel plates, 157
microturbulence, 244
Millennium Star Atlas, 45
mode, 294
Modified Julian Date (MJD), 30
monochromatic flux, 94
Moon’s orbit, 71
Morgan, W. W., 90,99
Mt. Wilson Observatory, 278
multiple linear regression, 207
multiple regression, 298
narrow-band interference filters, 92
natural broadening, 243
natural system, 192
navigators, 22
New Catalogue of Suspected Variable Stars (NSV), 39
Newton, Isaac, 102
NGC catalogue, 47
noise, 167
digitization, 177–1+78
Poisson, 177,178
random, 170
read noise , 177
systematic, 170–1+71
nonlinear least squares, 298
nonlinear regime, 181
normal distribution, 295
normal equations, 297
North Polar Sequence (NPS), 89
north pole, 2
numerical aperture, 228
nutation, 71–72
Nyquist, 177,224
Nyquist criterion, 210
objective grating, 234
objective prism, 234
obliquity of the ecliptic, 19,67
observing procedures, 196–1+98
O–C diagram, 260–2+61
optical fibers, 232
Palomar Sky Survey, 40–41,152
parallactic angle, 136,231
parallel sphere, 9
Parks, George, 167
parsec, 80
PDS microdensitometer, 208
perchloroethylene, 291
phase dispersion minimization (PDM), 263
phase-shift diagrams, 258–2+61
photographic astrometry, 208
photography, 149–1+52
photometer, 153–1+54
photometry
all-sky, 183,184,197–1+98
aperture, 187–1+91
CCD, 185–1+86
differential, 183
examples, 198–201
extended objects, 195–1+96
photoelectric, 183–1+85
PSF fitting, 191
photomultiplier, 154–1+56
1P21, 90,154–1+55
anode, 152
cathode, 152
dynode, 155
GaAs, 91
S-20, 156
photon noise regime, 179
photopic vision, 147
Pickering, E. C., 39,89
Planck functions, 95
planetarium software, 51–52
planetary precession, 70
plate, 104
plate constants, 207–2+08
Pogson equation, 86
Pogson, N. R., 85
point spread function (PSF), 189
polar axis, 113
Pompilius, Numa, 32
position angle, 75
power spectrum, 264
precession of the ecliptic, 70
precession of the equator, 70
precession of the equinoxes, 67–70
precision measuring machine (PMM), 43
Preliminary General Catalog, 209
pressure broadening, 243
primary standard stars, 192
proper motion, 72–76
Ptolemy, 1
Pythagoras, 1
quantum efficiency (QE), 165–1+66
radial velocity, 73,76–78,238–2+43
radiant, 73
RAMS, 21
RAS, 21
Rayleigh criterion, 108,225
Rayleigh scattering, 130
Rayleigh–Jeans approximations, 96
read noise regime, 179
redshift, 239
refraction, 16,79,132–1+36
reticles, 122
right ascension, 8–9
right sphere, 9
Roman calendar, 32
rotational broadening, 244–2+45
RR Lyrae stars, 252
Saha, M. N., 98,287
Samuel Oschin telescope, 40
SAO catalog, 41
scalenoise, 181
Scaliger, Joseph Justus, 30
scattered light, 233
Schönfeld, Eduard, 37
Schwabe, Heinrich, 273
scintillation, 140–1+41
scotopic vision, 147
Secchi, Angelo, 215
secondary standard stars, 192
second-order extinction, 131,192
seeing, 136–1+40
seeing disc, 137
seeing limited, 224
Selected Areas, 91
sexagesimal system, 18
shadow bands, 137
sidereal year, 31,69
Sidereus Nuncius, 101
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 186–1+87,237
Simbad, 46,49–51
sine formula, 58
singlets, 108
six-color photometric system, 91
Sky Atlas 2000.0, 45
Sky Catalogue 2000., 45
Skylab, 289
Sloan Digital Sky Survey, 44–45
small circle, 3–5
Snell’s Law, 102,132,218
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), 289
solar antapex, 73
solar apex, 73
solar cycle, 30
solar day, 269
solar neutrino astronomy, 290–2+91
south pole, 2
space velocity, 78–79
spatial resolution, 168
specific intensity, 95
spectral energy distribution (SED), 94,248
spectral response, 166
spectrograph
anamorphic magnification, 224
angular dispersion, 218,222
arc lamp, 231
blaze, 219
camera, 216
collimator, 216,223–2+24
cross-disperser, 229
designing, 225–2+27
diffraction grating, 219–2+23
echelle, 228–2+29
free spectral range, 222
grating equation, 220,228
linear dispersion, 223
minimum deviation angle, 217
order separation filter, 222
prism, 216–2+19
R number, 229
reciprocal linear dispersion, 223
replicas, 219
resolving power, 224,237
specular reflection, 221
zero order, 219
spectrohelioscope, 282
spectrophotometry, 248–2+49
spherical triangle, 55–57
spurious periods, 261–2+62
standard astrograph, 208
standard coordinates, 204–2+06
standard deviation, 295
standard deviation of the mean, 295
standard stars, 191–1+92
star diagonal, 121
Stebbins, J., 91
stellar line profiles, 243–2+45
stellar spectral types, 97–99
steradian, 95
STMAG, 94
Stratoscope project, 288
Strehl ratio, 143
string methods, 263
Strömgren, Bengt, 93
Strömgren uvby
Sun
chromosphere, 277
corona, 276
faculae, 272
granulation, 8–9,23
imaging, 274–2+75
photosphere, 266
prominences, 285
sunspot cycle, 272–2+74
sunspots, 270
penumbra, 270
umbra, 270
tracking, 269
Super-Kamiokande, 291
surface brightness, 88,105
Swedish Telescope at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, 281
synthetic spectrum, 246
telescope
aberrations, 110–1+12
astigmatism, 111
chromatic, 110–1+11
coma, 111
distortion, 111
field curvature, 111
lateral chromatic, 121
off-axis, 49–51
spherical, 111
corrective optics, 112
declination axis, 113
effective focal length, 105
finder, 121
focal length, 104
focal point, 104
focal ratio, 105
foci, 115–1+16
Cassegrain, 116,228
Coudé, 116,227
Nasmyth, 116
Newtonian, 115
prime, 105,115
light bucket, 103
light gathering power (LGP), 104
mounts, 113–1+14
alt–az (altitude–azimuth), 113
cross-axis, 113
English, 113
equatorial, 113
fork, 113
German, 113
yoke, 113
optical tube assembly, 113
types
catadioptric, 108
catoptric, 108
Cerenkov, 156
Classical Cassegrain, 109
compound, 108
Dall–Kirkham, 110
dioptric, 108
Gregorian, 109
meridian, 12,203
Maksutov, 110
Newtonian, 109
reflecting, 102,108
refracting, 102,108
Ritchey–Chretien, 110
Schmidt camera, 110
Schmidt–Cassegrain, 110
transit, 12
telluric lines, 232
Textbook on Spherical Astronomy, 59,133
The Sky, 52
theodolite, 6
thermal broadening, 243
time
apparent solar time, 20
Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB), 23
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), 23
dynamical time, 22–23
ephemeris time, 22
equation of time, 19–21
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), 22
Greenwich Sidereal Time (GST), 25,302
heliocentric time, 31,255–2+56
International Atomic Time (TAI), 23
mean solar time, 20
second, 23
sidereal time, 13,24–28
solar time, 19–22
standard time, 22
Terrestrial Dynamical Time (TDT), 22
Terrestrial Time (TT), 23
time zones, 22
true solar time, 20
Universal Time (UT), 22
UT1, 23
time resolution, 167
total proper motion, 75–76
tracing spectra, 233
transformation equations, 192–1+95
trigonometric parallax, 78,80
triplets, 108
tropical year, 32,69
true field of view, 122
twilight, 6
Tycho catalogue, 44
UBV system, 90
UCAC-2, 43,209
upper culmination, 10,15
Uranometria, 36
Uranometria 2000.0, 45
USNO-A 2.0 catalog, 43
USNO-B 1.0, 43,212
variable stars
ephemerides, 256–2+58
epoch, 257
phase, 257
naming, 251–2+52
observing, 254–2+55
types, 252
Classical Cepheids, 252
dwarf nova, 253
eclipsing, 253
primary eclipse, 253
secondary eclipse, 253
extrinsic, 252
flare, 253
intrinsic, 252
irregular, 256
Mira, 252
nova, 253
R Cor Bor, 253
recurrent nova, 253
supernova, 253
W Virginis, 252
variance, 295
variance plot, 179–1+81
vernal equinox, 8,66–67
video astronomy, 162–1+64
video imaging, 275
vignetting, 112
visibility plot, 196
Voigt, 240
Voigt function, 243
Voyager, 52
VRI system, 91
Washington Double Star (WDS) catalog, 42
wavenumbers, 83
wedge photometer, 85
Whitford, A., 91
Whole Earth Telescope (WET), 262
Wien approximation, 96
Wien’s Displacement Law, 96
window function, 264
Wolf Numbers, 273
Wolf, Rudolf, 273
Young, Andrew, 141
Young, Charles A., 276
Zeeman effect, 244,284–2+85
zenith, 6
zenith distance, 62