Absolute rights, 233
Abstract constitutional identity, 171
Adjudication method, 193–5, 226
Administrative courts, 92, 93
Admissibility of applications to European Court of Human Rights, 14, 42, 142–55, 168
Advisory jurisdiction, 175–6
African human rights treaty, 1
Albania, 108, 110
Alternative Dispute Resolution, 47
America, 1, 3. See also United States of America (USA)
American Declaration of Independence, 4
Amnesty International, 136
Andorra, 78–81
Anti-Slavery Act, 7
Arab human rights treaty, 1
Arbitrary arrest, 276
Armenia, 110
Article 2, 241–4, 255–8, 276, 324
Article 3, 232–7, 240
Article 4, 232–3, 237–9, 248, 276
Article 5, 240, 248–51, 256, 276
Article 6, 248, 251–4, 256, 276, 286, 325
Article 7, 232–3, 239–40
Article 8, 230, 240, 257–61, 263
Article 9, 257–9
Article 10, 230, 257–9, 266, 271, 272
Article 11, 230, 257–9, 268
Article 12, 21
Article 13, 87, 261, 263, 281
Article 14, 220–222
Article 15, 241, 244–8, 276
Asian Legal Resources Centre, 297
Australia, 51
Austria, 27, 94
Authoritarian democracy, 320
Authoritarianism, 3, 20, 57, 130, 170, 200, 301, 317
Autonomous/dynamic evolutive interpretation, 213–228
Azerbaijan, 110
BA. See British Airways (BA)
Balancing, 203–13, 227, 236
Basic Law (Germany), 188
BATA. See British Air Transport Association (BATA)
Belarus, 107, 110
Belgian Linguistics case, 221
Belgium, 15, 86
Bentham, Jeremy, 5
Bevin, Ernest, 13
Blasphemy, 271, 272
Brannigan and McBride v. United Kingdom, 246
British Air Transport Association (BATA), 260
British Airways (BA), 260
British Labour government, 13
Brogan v. United Kingdom, 251
Broniowski v. Poland, 160
Brussels Treaty for Economic Social and Cultural Collaboration and Collective Defense, 14, 16
Bulgaria, 116, 120
Bulletin of Constitutional Case-Law, 288
Bundesverfassungsgericht, 181
Burden of proof, 211, 220
Burke, Edmond, 5
Canadian Human Rights Commission, 300, 308
Capital punishment, 130
Case load management, 186
CDDH. See Comité Directeur pour les Droits de L’Homme/Steering Committee for Human Rights
Chambers of the European Court of Human Rights, 153, 154
Charter of Fundamental Rights (EU), 51, 52
Chechen wars, 130
Churchill Winston, 13, 14
CIS. See Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS),
Citizenship, 113
Civil law, 19
Civil rights, 50
Civil society, 37
Closer unity principle, 16
Cold War, 1, 20, 28, 30, 46, 57, 170, 292
Comité Directeur por les Droits de L’Homme/Steering Committee for Human Rights (CDDH), 43, 51, 141, 158, 161, 162, 164–6
Commission for Equality and Human Rights (UK), 301
Committee for Legal Matters and Human Rights of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, 161
Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, 51, 152, 159, 162
Commonality principle, 213–14
Common heritage principle, 15
Common law, 19
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 110, 111
Communism, 13, 30, 117
Competing rights, 266–74
Compliance, 158, 278–315
Compulsory labour, 238–9
Constitutional Court for Europe, 46, 190
Constitutional courts, 26, 45, 48, 88, 90, 98, 104, 105, 107, 112–16, 121, 125, 128, 129, 148, 167, 169, 173, 181–92, 203, 211, 212, 279, 281, 287, 312, 317, 323
Constitutional framework for Convention, 172
Constitutional interpretation, 194
Constitutionalization, 2
Constitutional judgments, 165
Constitutional justice, 165–7, 169–74
Consultative Commission on Human Rights, France,
Convention compliance, 60–131, 174, 321, 322
Convention litigation, 218
Convention rights, 215, 217, 218, 220, 225–7, 229, 241
Convention’s constitutional principles, 208, 210, 233, 243, 257
Convention’s democracy principle, 205, 246
Convention system, 59, 145, 166, 173, 192, 320, 321
Convention violations, 78–105, 132, 134, 190
Council of Europe, 15, 46, 47, 54, 91, 108, 110, 116, 128, 131, 137, 140, 238–9, 278, 286, 303, 322
Criminal cases, 219
Criminal trials, 253
Croatia, 70, 105–31
Cyprus, 27, 45
Czech Republic, 110, 119
Darwinism, 6
Death penalty, 107
De Becker v. Belgium, 36
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (France), 4, 5, 56
Defective democracies, 110
Defense from unlawful violence, 241
Democracy principle, 15, 199–200, 229
Democracy privileging model, 205
Democratic society, 199, 269
Democratization, 109, 110
Denmark, 15, 84, 86, 88
Denmark, Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands v. Greece, 26
Denmark v. Turkey, 26
Domestic legal systems, 279–82
Domestic violations legal and political costs, 313
Doorson v. Netherlands, 254
Draft legislation, 83, 85
Dudgeon v. United Kingdom, 214, 264
Due process, 201
East Central Europe (ECE), 110
EC. See European Community (EC)
ECE. See East Central Europe (ECE)
ECHR. See European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
ECJ. See European Court of Justice (ECJ)
Economic and social progress principle, 15
ECPT. See European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (ECPT)
EEC. See European Economic Community (EEC)
Enforcement of judgments, process, 136–92
Enhorn v. Sweden, 201, 249
Estonia, 110, 119
EU. See European Union (EU)
Europe, 1, 3, 23, 24, 30, 31, 46, 51, 55, 74, 79, 81, 105–32, 200
European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages, 47
European Coal and Steel Community, 47
European Commission of Human Rights, 21, 25, 37, 47, 50, 92, 270, 309, 310, 315
European Community (EC), 48, 54, 177
European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (ECPT), 283–6
European Convention on Human Rights, 1, 2, 4, 15–17, 21, 32, 33, 47, 48, 50, 55, 57, 65, 69, 82, 83, 103, 105–31, 170, 179, 197, 202, 211, 223, 231, 281, 305, 306, 316
European Court of Human Rights, 21, 25, 34, 35, 37, 39, 42, 43, 46, 47, 54, 73–5, 77, 84, 101, 105, 116, 118, 122, 148, 168, 174–6, 179, 180, 182, 216, 226, 253, 258, 269, 278–315, 317, 318, 321–4
European Court of Justice (ECJ), 48, 50, 149, 176–80
European Economic Community/ European Communities (EEC/EC), 47, 48
European Fair Trials Commission, 282–9, 313, 325
European Ministerial Conference on Human Rights, 48
European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia, 52
European Parliament, 53
European Social Charter 1961, 17
European Union (EU), 1, 32, 43, 48, 50, 52, 53, 68, 95, 180, 312, 326
Evidential burden, 219
Explanatory Report to Protocol 14 (ECHR), 49, 144, 147, 150, 163
Fair trial, 4, 21, 27, 40, 54, 65, 66, 72, 74, 80, 93, 103, 105, 116, 161, 197, 199, 200, 210, 248, 251–4, 278, 282–9, 313, 325
Fascism, 30
Federalism, 173
Feudalism, 15
Finland, 86
First World War, 53
Forced labour, 238–9
Four Freedoms, 9
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities 1995, 17, 31
France, 15, 52, 80, 87, 91–3, 103, 238
France, Norway, Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands v. Turkey, 26
Freedom House Democracy Index, 61
Freedom league, 111
Freedom of expression, 272, 266–274
Freedom of thought, conscience and religion, 233, 266–274
French Consultative Commission on Human Rights, 304
French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen 19, 56
French law, 319
French Revolution, 15
Fundamental Rights Agency (EU), 289
Georgia, 110, 117, 134
German Federal Constitutional Court, 183, 184, 186–8, 191, 323
Germany, 13, 14, 21, 68, 69, 77, 79–81, 84–6, 88, 89, 94, 103, 202, 249, 321
Glendon, Mary Ann, 10
Glimmerveen and HagenBeek v. Netherlands, 198
Global labour mobility, 7
Golder v. United Kingdom, 196
Goodwin v. United Kingdom, 202
Grand Chamber, 154, 163, 263
Greece, 26, 27, 77, 79, 81, 84, 88, 90, 202, 222, 244, 245, 249
Greece v. United Kingdom, 222
Hatton v. United Kingdom, 258, 260, 277
Helsinki Final Act of 1975, 106
Hirst v. United Kingdom, 217
Hoare, Samuel, 19
Human rights, 1–17, 19, 23–5, 28–30, 33–4, 36–41, 47, 52, 53, 55, 57, 61–8, 70, 71, 73, 101, 113, 114, 117, 120, 121, 123, 126, 171, 173, 196, 223, 225, 283, 284, 289–95, 298, 301–15
Human Rights Act Research Project, 89
Human Rights Commission, UK (Commission for Equality and Human Rights), 301
Human Rights Watch, 300
Hungary, 29, 113, 116, 119–21
Iceland, 1
Ideational models of international relations, 23
Illiberal or defective democracies, 110
Implied limitations to rights, 197
Implied rights, 197
Individual applications process, 28, 48, 137–8, 142
Individual justice, 165–9, 188, 316, 318, 319
Institutionalist theories of international relations, 64
Interethnic violence, 31
International Bill of Rights, 89
International Council on Human Rights Policy, 294, 297
International human rights, 1, 22, 220, 292
International Labour Organization, 239
Interpretation
evolutive dynamic, 213–14
Interpretive principles, 193–230
Interstate applications process, 28, 317
Iraq, 20
Ireland, 84, 86, 88, 245
Islamism, 200
Italy, 27, 80, 103, 104
Jebb Gladwyn, 15
Judges, 139–40
Judicial discretion, 274
Judicial restraint, 214
Juncker Jean-Claude, 53
Kalashnikov v. Russia, 235
Kelly v. United Kingdom, 243
Kerr Brian, 262
Kokkinakis v. Greece, 202
Kostovski v. Netherlands, 252
Krocher and Moller v. Switzerland, 235
Kudla v. Poland, 250
Latvia, 70, 110, 119
Lawless v. Ireland, 145, 244
League of Nations, 8
Liberal democracies, 110
Liberalism, 2–17
Liberalist theories of international relations, 64
Lithuania, 110, 119, 121
Luxembourg, 15
Mahoney, Paul, 39, 74, 185
Malone v. United Kingdom, 203
Marcks v. Belgium, 159
Margin of appreciation, 73, 98, 194, 198, 213, 216–20, 222–30, 243, 245, 247, 252, 257, 260, 262–4, 266, 268, 269, 271, 273, 275, 323–5
Marxist view of human rights, 11
M-AV v. France, 235
McCann v. United Kingdom, 242, 243
Media independence, 108
Mill John Stewart, 5
Minority protection, 105–31
Minority rights, 30–3, 58
Moldova, 107, 110
Monnet Jean, 47
National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs), 146, 191, 289, 291–303, 306, 308, 310
National security, 31, 54, 90, 96, 99, 197, 234, 253, 258
National Security Council (Turkey), 99
National violation rates, 76
Natural rights, 2, 3, 5, 6
Netherlands, 52, 88
New Zealand, 51, 293, 308
NGO. See Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
NHRI. See National Human Rights Institutions
Non-abuse of limitations, 197, 198
Non-abuse of rights, 197, 198
Non-discrimination, 220–2
Nongovernment organizations (NGOs), 43, 74, 168
Normative models of international relations, 36
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 14, 16
Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission, 304
Norway, 15, 84
Ombudsmen, 32, 123, 293, 296, 298, 301–15
Organization for European Economic Cooperation, 16
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, 273
Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria, 266, 273
Paine Tom, 4
Paris Principles for NHRIs, 293, 305, 314
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, 43, 157, 161, 167
Peninsular War (1812), 14
Perez v. France, 252
Permanent Court of International Justice, 8
Phocas v. France, 275
Poland, 29, 110, 112, 116, 119, 120, 122, 123
Political rights, 50
Politics of ideology, 24, 30
Portugal, 80, 88, 106
Positive obligations principle, 215–16
Post-war western Europe, 18
Preece, Jackson, 8
Pretty v. United Kingdom, 255
Primary constitutional principles, 195–213, 228
Principle of legality, 201–3
Principles of interpretation, 193–230
Priority principle, 203–13, 229, 231, 233, 252, 265, 268, 276, 324
Proportionality principle, 216–20
Protocol 1, 22, 199, 210, 224, 274–7, 325
Protocol 4, 22, 232, 258
Protocol 6, 22, 129
Protocol 7, 22, 248
Protocol 11, 21, 25, 44, 47, 48, 51, 154, 162
Protocol 12, 22, 221
Protocol 13, 22
Protocol 14, 46, 47, 54, 58, 71, 139, 140, 143, 144, 151, 164, 176
Public interests, 209, 258–65, 274
Rational instrumentalism, 72
Realist theories of international relations, 23, 64
Reconciling competing rights, 266–74
Red Cross, 7
Refah Partisi (The Welfare Party) Party v. Turkey, 98, 219
Reference process, 180
Reformation, 3
Regional human rights courts, 45
Registry, 35, 39
Religious criticism, 268
Republican liberalism, 24
Ress, Georg, 280
Restitutio in integrum principle, 155
Review principle, 216
Rights as trumps, 208
Rights principle, 197–8, 240, 324
Romania, 29, 110, 120, 125
Roosevelt Franklin D., 9
Rowe and Davis v. United Kingdom, 253
Russia 70, 106, 110, 128–30. See also Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
Ryssdal, Rolv, 40, 71, 203
Sabuktekin v. Turkey, 255
Šahin v. Turkey, 97
Scandinavian democracies, 94
Schumann Robert, 47
Secondary constitutional principles, 213–226, 228, 324
Second World War, 1, 8, 9, 12, 13, 30, 31, 183, 317
SEE. see South East Europe,
Selmouni v. France, 234
Serbia, 20
Slavery, 21
Slovakia, 110
Slovenia, 107, 110, 119–21
Social contract, 6
Socioeconomic rights, 115
Soering v. United Kingdom, 198, 234
South African Human Rights Commission, 309
South East Europe (SEE), 110
Soviet republics human rights treaty, 1
Soviet Union, 13, 28, 55. See also Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
Spain, 30, 106
Sporrong and Lonnroth v. Sweden, 275
Standard of proof, 211
Steering Committee for Human Rights/Comté Directeur pour les Droité de L’homme, 43, 51, 140, 141, 158, 161, 162, 164–6, 281, 302
Stewart v. United Kingdom, 243
Strasbourg, 40, 231, 237, 266, 280
Subsidiary principle, 216
Suitability principle, 205
Supervising execution of judgment, 155–9
SW and CR v. United Kingdom, 240
Sweden, 15, 84
Swedish Engine Drivers Union v. Sweden, 221
Switzerland, 86
Taft William, 186
Teleological principle, 196
The Greek Case, 245
Treaty compliance, 66
Treaty of European Union Article 7, 53
Treaty of Nice 2001, 49
Trumps model, 207
Turkey, 28, 40, 80, 87, 90, 94–6, 99, 100, 285
Turkish invasion of Cyprus, 45
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, 27
UK. See United Kingdom
Ukraine, 107, 110, 126, 134
UN. See United Nations
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 13, 28, 55, 70, 106, 110, 128, 129
Unitary theory, 206
United Kingdom (UK), 15, 27, 49, 222, 247, 265, 271
United Nations (UN), 9, 10, 18, 106, 283
United States of America (USA), 1, 3, 4, 13, 67, 181–92, 323
Unity principle, 213
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN), 10, 56
USA. See United States of America
USSR. See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Van der Mussele v. Belgium, 238
Van Droogenbroek v. Belgium, 237
Venice Commission, 107, 286, 287, 313
Vo v. France, 256
Welfare rights, 51
West Germany, 14
Whitfield v. United Kingdom, 252
Wildhaber Luzius xiii–xiv, 46, 48, 136, 169
Wingrove v. United Kingdom, 270
Yugoslavia, 29, 47, 110, 111, 138
Zdanoka v. Latvia, 199