The Integrative Action of the Autonomic Nervous System

Cambridge University Press
0521845181 - The Integrative Action of the Autonomic Nervous System - Neurobiology of Homeostasis - by Wilfrid Jänig
Index

Index

Acetylcholine

autonomic ganglia 212

muscarinic transmission, in vivo 240–247

parasympathetic postganglionic neurons 15

transmitter postganglionic 252–254, 254 (Tab. 7.1)

vasodilator neurons 131, 133, 172 (Fig. 5.2), 173–174

Adenosine

synaptic transmission to sympathetic preganglionic neurons 334

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), transmitter

enteric nervous system 176 (Tab. 5.1), 177

peristalsis 186

effector cells, autonomic 254 (Tab. 7.1), 262–263, 268–269

Adrenaline, see adrenal medulla, see catecholamines, circulating

vasodilation in skeletal muscle 167

sympathetic premotor neurons (C1 neurons) 318, 321 (Fig. 8.16), 333–334, 388 (Fig. 10.3), 389–391, 453–454

Adrenal medulla 19, 143–148

Cannon’s view of functioning 464–465

inflammation and 146–147

memory consolidation and 147

nociceptor sensitization and 146–147

neural regulation of 143–144

Airways

parasympathetic innervation 159–161

sympathetic innervation 141–142

Allostasis 2, 472

allostatic load 6

concept, definition 469–470

Amygdala

autonomic responses during anger and fear, role of 495–498

lamina I (spinal) neurons, parabrachial nuclei and 72 (Fig. 2.12), 74

Analysis, experimental, of the autonomic nervous system

anesthesia, effects of 104

axon tracer methods 93, 294, 295 (Fig. 8.1)

closed-loop condition, studies in vivo 96, 105

identification of neurons, neurophysiology 99–101

immediate early gene c-fos (activity marker) 94, 188–190, 452

intracellular labeling 94, 452

microneurography, human 102–103, 103 (Fig. 3.6)

neurochemistry 30 (Tab. 1.3), 94, 176 (Tab. 5.1)

(see also neurochemical coding) 31 (Tab. 1.4)

neurophysiology, animals in vivo 96–101

reflexes, functional markers 95–96, 290

suicide killing of neurons, specific, by a toxin 296, 452

transneuronsal labeling, neurotropic virus 294–296

working-heart-brain-stem (WHBS) preparation 93–94

Area postrema (AP)

gastrointestinal tract and 440–441, 446–449

integration of endocrine signals by 446–449, 447 (Fig. 10.27)

neurohemal (circumventricular) organ 312

Arteries/arterioles, neural signal transmission to

adenosine triphosphate, transmitter 268–269

cotransmission 269

hormones, effect on 274

mesenteric artery 269

myogenic activity 275

neuroeffector transmission, mechanism 267–270

nitric oxide (NO) 275–276

peptidergic afferents, effect on (see axon reflex, neurogenic inflammation) 275

tail artery, rat 269–270

Autonomic ganglia

convergence, divergence in 214–216

definition 14, 15

parasympathetic 21–22 (Tab. 1.1), 23 (Fig. 1.4), 23–28, 238–240

sympathetic 16–18, 21–22 (Tab. 1.1), 230–238

Autonomic motor cortex (see cingulate cortex, anterior)

Autonomic neural unit 223–225

Autonomic regulation, integrative

behavior, brain and 2–5, 507–508

cortical control of 5, 508–510, 4 (Fig. 2)

endocrine regulation and 2

failure of 5–6

long-term 1

future research questions 510–514

range of 7

short-term 1

somatomotor system and 1

Autonomic and respiratory generator, integration 436–440

(see also cardiovascular and respiratory regulation, coupling)

Axon reflex 83, 275

B-afferent neurons (small dark neurons)

autonomic nervous system and 82–83

Bard, Philip (1898–1977)

diencephalic cats, sham-rage behavior 462, 517

mesencephalic, pontine cats 518

Baroreceptors, arterial

blood pressure control 399–400

functional types 399

nucleus tractus solitarii, projection to 312 (Fig. 8.11), 313, 400

Baroreceptor pathways to cardiovascular neurons 401 (Fig. 10.7), 403–407

caudal ventrolateral medulla, GABAergic interneurons 403–406, 408

inhibition in spinal cord (alternative pathways) 406–407

modulation of 407–408, 409 (Fig. 10.11)

rostral ventrolateral medulla, GABAergic inhibition 403–406

Baroreceptor reflexes 398–409

cutaneous vasoconstrictor neurons 120

cardiomotor neurons, parasympathetic 401 (Fig. 10.7), 402

detection of 398

functions of 399–400

muscle vasoconstrictor neurons 118

reflex pathways 400, 401 (Fig. 10.7)

resetting of and nucleus tractus solitarii 407–408

visceral vasoconstrictor neurons (see muscle vasoconstrictor neurons)

Bayliss, W. M. (1880–1924)

axon reflex 83

“The law of the intestine” (peristalsis) 183–184

Behavioral state and autonomic systems 4 (Fig. 2), 5

Behavioral patterns, autonomic responses in 473 (Tab. 11.1)

conditioned emotional responses (CER) 486–490

concept, general aspects, cortical command 470–472, 471 (Fig. 11.1)

defense reactions 480–486

diving response 475–476

freezing reaction 491

skeletal muscle effort 477–480

syncope, neurally mediated 490–491

tonic immobility 490

vigilance reaction 491

Bernard, Claude (1813–1878)

cardiovascular center, medulla oblongata 379

internal milieu 2, 460, 469

BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor)

sympathetic preganglionic neurons 216

Blood vessels, integration of signals 273–276, 274 (Fig. 7.9)

“Brain of the gut”,see enteric nervous system 179

Brown adipose tissue

lipomotor neurons (sympathetic) 142, 417

Bursting activity in sympathetic neurons 396–398

network oscillator hypothesis 396, 397

respiratory rhythmicity 396–397

Cajal, Ramón y (1852–1934)

interstitial cells of Cajal 188–190

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)

blood vessels, axon reflex 83, 253

enteric nervous system 176 (Tab. 5.1)

sympathetic neurons 29–31, 30 (Tab. 1.3), 31 (Tab. 1.4)

Cannon, Walter Bradford (1871–1945) 460–465

generalizing concept of the autonomic nervous system, consequences of 467–469

homeostasis 2

sympathico-adrenal system, concept of 145, 460–465

The Wisdom of the Body 8, 463–465

Cardiac-somatic hypothesis 474

Cardiovascular center, medulla oblongata

discovery of 379–381

Cardiovascular and respiratory regulation, coupling 426–428

common cardiorespiratory network, concept 437–439, 438 (Fig. 10.23)

common central oscillator model 436–437

irradiation model 436

respiratory sinus arrhythmia 428

Traube–Hering waves 426–428

Catecholamines, circulating (adrenaline, noradrenaline)

concentration 144

functions 144–145, 148 (Fig. 4.18)

Caudal pressure area (CPA)

location 385 (Fig. 10.2), 383–386

Caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM)

baroreceptor pathways 403–406

location 385 (Fig. 10.2), 383

Chemoreceptors, arterial

nucleus tractus solitarii, projection to 312 (Fig. 8.11), 410

Chemoreceptor reflexes, arterial

cutaneous vasoconstrictor neurons, in 456–457

reflex pathways 412 (Fig. 10.13)

sympathetic vasoconstrictor neurons, in 410–414

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

enteric hormone cells 172

enteric nervous system and defense 198 (Fig. 5.13), 200

Choline acetyltranferase (ChAT) 15

Cingulate cortex 74, 78

anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) 75, 76 (Fig. 2.13), 78

midcingulate cortex (MCC) 75, 76 (Fig. 2.13), 78

Common cardiorespiratory network, concept 437–439, 438 (Fig. 10.23)

Conditioned emotional responses (CER) 486–490

cardiovascular responses during 473 (Tab. 11.1), 487 (Fig. 11.8), 487–488

exercise, cardiovascular responses during, comparison with CER 489–490

generation of, technique 517–518

hypothalamus, integration of cardiovascular responses in CER 488–489

Conditioned fear response, rat

amygdala, role in 495–498, 497 (Fig. 11.12)

Confrontational defense, see defense reactions

Convergence in autonomic ganglia 214–216

segmental origin of sympathetic preganglionic neurons 216–217

Cortical control of autonomic nervous system

conditioned emotional response 486–490

concept 4, 5, 471 (Fig. 11.1), 508–510 (Fig. 2)

defense reaction 484–486

diving response/reflex 475–476

muscle exercise 477–480

sensations and 471 (Fig. 11.1), 471–472

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

area postrema and gastrointestinal functions 448

sympathetic premotor neurons, in 321 (Fig. 8.16)

Craniosacral system 14, 15

see parasympathetic system

Cutaneous vasoconstrictor (CVC) neurons

chemoreceptor reflexes in 413–414

emotional stimuli, reaction to 122, 165

functional characteristics, animal 108 (Tab. 4.1), 113–117

functional characteristics, human 119–123, 120 (Tab. 4.2)

Lovén reflex 165

non-nicotinic transmission (ganglia) 243–244, 246 (Fig. 6.15)

nociceptive reflex, animal 115

nociceptive reflex, human 121

proportion of preganglionic neurons 116, 152 (Tab. 4.5)

reflex pattern 114 (Fig. 4.4), 115–116

respiratory rhythmicity in activity 116, 429–431, 432 (Fig. 10.21), 435–436

spontaneous activity, animal 115, 231 (Tab. 6.2)

spontaneous activity, human 117

functional types of 116

Cutaneous vasoconstrictor pathway, central

caudal raphe nuclei 415–417, 419 (Fig. 10.16)

rostral ventrolateral medulla 416–417, 419 (Fig. 10.16)

Cytokines

area postrema, tumor necrosis factor α & gastrointestinal functions 448–449

defense of the gastrointestinal tract 197, 198 (Fig. 5.13)

vagal afferents and 50

Deep dorsal horn projection neurons, spinal cord 70–71

ascending pathways 70 (Fig. 2.11)

functional classification 68 (Fig. 2.10), 70–71

supraspinal projection sites 71, 74

Defense, of the gastrointestinal tract 198 (Fig. 5.13)

cytokines, role of 197

enteric nervous system and 196–200

gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) 196–197

mast cells and 198 (Fig. 5.13), 199

visceral afferents (spinal, vagal) 197, 199

Defense reactions, organized in the periaqueductal grey (PAG) 480–486

afferent inputs from body tissues and 483–484

autonomic responses in 473 (Tab. 11.1), 481

cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata and 482–483, 484 (Fig. 11.6)

hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex and 483–484

muscle vasodilation and 132–135

sensory adjustments in 481

types of 480–481, 482 (Fig. 11.5)

Defensive (agonistic) behavior

hypothalamus and 500, 506 (Tab. 11.2)

Divergence in autonomic ganglia 214–216

Diving response, cortically induced cardiovascular responses 473 (Tab. 11.1), 475–476

Domain theory (sympathetic ganglia) 215, 218

Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNX)

enteric nervous system 180, 200–201, 201 (Fig. 5.14)

gastrointestinal tract, representation of 308–310, 311 (Fig. 8.10)

heart 308, 311 (Fig. 8.10)

intestino-intestinal reflex circuits 441–442

numbers of neurons, rat 329

preganglionic neurons to the gastrointestinal tract, functions 201, 201 (Fig. 5.14), 441

viscerotopic organization 308–310, 311 (Fig. 8.10)

Dorsal vagal complex (DVC) 313

forebrain, control of DVC by, concept 444, 446 (Fig. 10.26)

integration of endocrine signals 446–449, 447 (Fig. 10.27)

integration in the DVC, concept 443–444, 445 (Fig. 10.25)

intestino-intestinal reflex circuits 441–442

Dynorphin (DYN)

sympathetic neurons 29–31, 30 (Tab. 1.3), 31 (Tab. 1.4)

Dysreflexia, autonomic, after spinal cord transection 340–342

mechanisms of, in spinal cord 340–341

mechanisms of, in periphery 342

Edinger–Westphal nucleus 162, 310

Effector cells of the autonomic nervous system (see also neuroeffector transmission)

cellular response to nerve stimulation 255–256

endocrine cells (enteric nervous system) 174

enteric nervous system 171

functional syncytium 256

intracellular pathways 255–256, 266–268, 272–273

junctional/extrajunctional receptors see neuroeffector transmission

neuroeffector junctions 257–259

parasympathetic system 24, 25–27 (Tab. 1.2)

sympathetic system 19, 25–27 (Tab. 1.1)

Emission, ejaculation 360–361

Emotions, basic

autonomic responses, patterns of 492–494

central representation of emotions and autonomic responses 494–498

cingulated cortex and 495

types of 492, 493 (Fig. 11.10)

Enkephalin (ENK)

sympathetic neurons, in 31 (Tab. 1.4)

sympathetic premotor neurons, in 321 (Fig. 8.16)

Enteric nervous system 169–205

anatomy 169–171, 170 (Fig. 5.1)

concept of functioning 178–181, 179 (Fig. 5.3)

defense, gastrointestinal tract 196–200, 198 (Fig. 5.13)

definition 15

effector cells 171

interneurons 174–177, 176 (Tab. 5.1)

intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs) 171–172, 176 (Tab. 5.1)

motility patterns, gastrointestinal tract 181–188

motor neurons 173–174, 176 (Tab. 5.1)

neurochemical coding 176 (Tab. 5.1), 177

parasympathetic control 200–203, 201 (Fig. 5.14)

secretion, transmural transport 194–196

sympathetic control 200–203, 203 (Fig. 5.15)

transmitters 176 (Tab. 5.1)

types of neurons 171–177, 172 (Fig. 5.2)

Erection

mechanisms 374

spinal reflex pathway 358–360

transmitters 374

Exteroception 36–37, 75, 76 (Fig. 2.13)

Extraspinal (peripheral) reflex pathways

gastrointestinal tract (prevertebral ganglia) 234–236

heart (parasympathetic ganglia) 231–234, 239 (Fig. 6.12)

heart (stellate ganglion) 235

visceral spinal afferents 237–238

Final autonomic (motor) pathway

concept 88–89

final common motor pathway and 89 (Fig. 3.1)

spinal autonomic circuits, and 163 (Fig. 4.23), 367–369

Final common motor pathway 88

Flight, see defense reactions

Freezing reaction

autonomic responses in 473 (Tab. 11.1), 491

Functions of the autonomic nervous system

hierarchical organization (levels of integration) 90–92, 91 (Tab. 3.1)

organization of central circuits, concept 92–93

GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid), inhibitory transmitter

sympathetic premotor neurons 333–334

interneurons, autonomic, in spinal cord 333–334, 391, 406–407

Rostral ventrolateral medulla baroreceptors reflexes 403–406

Galanin (GAL)

sympathetic neurons 29–31, 30 (Tab. 1.3)

Ganglia, autonomic

definition 213

postganglionic neurons, morphology 213–214

convergence, divergence of preganglionic 214–216

Ganglia, parasympathetic 17, 21–22 (Tab. 1.1), 238–240

cranial ganglia 24–28 (Tab. 1.4), 344 (Tab. 9.1)

heart 239

pelvic ganglia 239–240

Ganglia, paravertebral sympathetic 230–234

anatomy 16–18, 21–22 (Tab. 1.1)

non-nicotinic transmission 240–247

relay function 225, 232 (Fig. 6.10)

Ganglia, prevertebral sympathetic 234–238

anatomy 16, 18, 21–22 (Tab. 1.1)

integration, summation 232 (Fig. 6.10), 236–237

peripheral (extraspinal) reflexes 234–236

substance P in afferent collaterals to 43–44, 237–238

Gastrointestinal tract (see also enteric nervous system)

afferent feedback to the brain and 179–180

defense of 196–200, 198 (Fig. 5.13)

enteric nervous system and, concept 178–181, 179 (Fig. 5.3)

neurogenic inflammation, mucosa 55

parasympathetic neurons to, functional types 201, 201 (Fig. 5.14), 441

sympathetic neurons to, functional types 202–203, 203 (Fig. 5.15)

vagal afferents and 46

Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1)

area postrema and gastrointestinal functions 448

Glutamate, transmitter

baroreceptors reflex pathways 401 (Fig. 10.7)

chemoreceptor reflex pathways 412 (Fig. 10.13)

sympathetic premotor neurons 333–334, 389–391

vagal afferents, to nucleus tractus solitarii 442

Glycine, inhibitory transmitter

interneurons, autonomic, spinal cord 333–334

baroreceptors reflex pathway, spinal cord 381

Grey ramus 17–18

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

enteric nervous system 171, 196–197

vagal afferents and 49

Hagbarth, Karl-Erik (1926–2005)

microneurography 102, 426

Heart

extraspinal reflex pathway to 231–234, 235, 239, 239 (Fig. 6.12)

neuroeffector transmission, parasympathetic 264–267

neuroeffector transmission, sympathetic 267

parasympathetic cardiomotor neurons 158

sympathetic cardiomotor neurons 141

Hess, Walter Rudolf (1881–1973)

ergotropic, trophotropic functions 466–467

organization of the autonomic nervous system, dichotomous 465–467

generalizing concept of the autonomic nervous system, consequences 467–469

Heymans, Corneille (1892–1968)

baroreceptor reflexes 398

Hierarchical organization

afferent feedback and 35

autonomic motor system 4

autonomic functions 90–92, 91 (Tab. 3.1), 92–93, 291

Hindgut, parasympathetic (sacral) control 156–157

Homeostasis 2

Cannon’s concept 460–465

concept, definition 469–470

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), transmitter

enteric nervous system 176 (Tab. 5.1), 177

enterochromaffin cells 171, 195, 195 (Fig. 5.12)

sympathetic premotor neurons 321 (Fig. 8.16), 333–334

Hyperhydrosis, patients

and vibration sudomotor reflex 166

Hypothalamus, integrative functions 498–507, 506 (Tab. 11.2)

anatomy, functional of 499 (Fig. 11.13), 499–503

behavior control column in 500–501, 502 (Fig. 11.14)

circadian timing network in 502 (Fig. 11.14), 503

functional model of, concept 503–507, 504 (Fig. 11.15)

hypothalamic visceral pattern generator (HVPG) 501–503, 502 (Fig. 11.14)

neuroendocrine motor zone in 500, 502 (Fig. 11.14)

Hypothalamo-sympathetic system,

immune system and 150

Immune tissue

sympathetic control of 148–151

Ingestive behavior

hypothalamus and 501, 506 (Tab. 11.2)

Inspiratory neurons (sympathetic) 143, 152 (Tab. 4.5)

respiratory rhythmicity in activity of 431, 432 (Fig. 10.21)

Insular cortex

interoception 76 (Fig. 2.13)

thalamus, projection to 76 (Fig. 2.13), 77, 79 (Fig. 2.14)

Interneurons, enteric

peristalsis, role of 187 (Fig. 5.8)

transmitter of 176 (Tab. 5.1), 177

functional types of 176 (Tab. 5.1)

Interneurons, spinal autonomic 305–306

criteria for existence 334–336

micturition, continence 350–352, 354, 355

propriospinal, thoracolumbar 306, 322–323 (Tab. 8.2), 335

sacral spinal cord 308, 326 (Tab. 8.3), 335, 336

segmental, thoracolumbar 305–306, 322–323 (Tab. 8.2), 335–336

transmitters 333–334

Interneurons, spinal somatomotor

control of movement, role of 363–366

Interoception 75

cortical representation, insula 76 (Fig. 2.13)

exteroception and, concept 36–37

thalamic representation 76 (Fig. 2.13)

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) 171

criteria for ICC 205–206

generation of pacemaker potentials by, mechanisms 206–207

networks of ICC 189, 189 (Fig. 5.9)

neuroeffector transmission and 173, 191–192

pacemaker (gastrointestinal tract) and 190

presence in organs other than the gastrointestinal tract 205–206

slow waves of the gastrointestinal tract, role in 188–190

Intestinofugal neurons (enteric nervous system) 202–203, 203 (Fig. 5.15), 214, 235, 239

Intestino-intestinal reflexes (see also extraspinal [peripheral] reflex pathways)

spinal 234–236, 238

vagal (dorsal vagal complex, DVC) 441–442, 446 (Fig. 10.26)

Intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs), see enteric nervous system

James, William (1842–1910)

James–Lange theory of emotions 461–462, 491–492

Kidney

sympathetic innervation 142

Lamina I projection neurons, spinal cord 67–70

ascending pathways 70 (Fig. 2.11)

functional classification 67, 68 (Fig. 2.10)

supraspinal projection sites 69

thalamic nuclei and 75–77, 76 (Fig. 2.13)

Langley, John Newport (1852–1925)

enteric nervous system, definition 13, 168

sympathetic, parasympathetic, definition 13–14, 15

visceral afferent neurons, definition 40–41, 42–45

Limbic motor cortex, see anterior cingulate cortex

Limbic sensory cortex, see insula

Lovén, Otto Christian (1836–1904) 115

Lovén reflex 165

Lower brain stem

baroreceptor reflexes 398–409

cardiovascular–respiratory coupling 420–440

chemoreceptor reflexes 410–414

functional anatomy of 382–388, 385 (Fig. 10.2), 388 (Fig. 10.3)

gastrointestinal reflexes 441–444

general functions 377–378

Ludwig, Carl Friedrich (1916–1895) 115

baroreceptors and cardiovascular control 398

cardiovascular center 379–380

Lundberg, Anders (born 1923)

motor control, role of spinal circuits 363

Micturition center, pontine 353, 353 (Fig. 9.9)

Micturition, continence, reflexes 352–354

micturition reflex 352

sacral visceral C- and Aδ-afferents, role in 373–374

spinal reflexes 351 (Fig. 9.8), 354, 355–357

supraspinal control 353, 353 (Fig. 9.9), 355–357, 373

Migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) 181, 193–194

Motility-regulating (MR) neurons to pelvic organs

functional characteristics 137–138, 140, 152 (Tab. 4.5)

reflex pattern 138 (Fig. 4.14)

respiratory rhythmicity in activity 431, 432 (Fig. 10.21)

spontaneous activity 137, 231 (Tab. 6.2)

Motility patterns, gastrointestinal tract

fed pattern of motility (see peristalsis) 181

interdigestive motility pattern 181 (see migrating myoelectric complex [MMC])

interstitial cells of Cajal and 192

rhythmoneuromuscular apparatus 194

slow waves 181–183, 182 (Fig. 5.4), 183 (Fig. 5.5)

Muscle effort, cortically induced cardiovascular responses 473 (Tab. 11.1), 477–480

Muscarinic (cholinergic) transmission in autonomic ganglia, see non-nicotinic transmission

Muscle vasoconstrictor (MVC) neurons

functional characteristics, animal 107–112, 108 (Tab. 4.1)

functional characteristics, human 117–119, 120 (Tab. 4.2)

non-nicotinic transmission (ganglia) 243–244, 246 (Fig. 6.15)

proportion of preganglionic neurons 112, 152 (Tab. 4.5)

reflex pattern 109 (Fig. 4.1), 110–111

respiratory rhythmicity 429, 432 (Fig. 10.21), 433–435

spontaneous activity, animal 109, 231 (Tab. 6.2)

spontaneous activity, human 117

Myenteric plexus (Auerbach’s plexus) (enteric nervous system) 170 (Fig. 5.1)

NANC, non-adrenergic non-cholinergic transmission 252–253

Nerve growth factor (NGF)

sympathetic postganglionic neurons 216

sympathetic postganglionic fibers, hyperalgesia and 274 (Fig. 7.9), 282–283

Neurochemical coding

concept of 32–33

enteric nervous system 176 (Tab. 5.1), 177

parasympathetic neurons 31–32

sympathetic neurons 29–31, 30 (Tab. 1.3), 31 (Tab. 1.4)

Neuroeffector junctions

functional characteristics 258–259

morphology 257–259, 258 (Tab. 7.2)

Neuroeffector transmission to autonomic target cells

arteries, arterioles 267–270

cellular events 255–256

concept, principles 255–263

effector cells (see specific effector cells)

electrophysiology 260–263

excitatory junction potential 261–262

heart 264–267

ileum 271–273

interstitial cells of Cajal and 273

intracellular pathways 255–256, 266–268, 272–273

morphology 257–259, 258 (Tab. 7.2)

quantal release of transmitter 260–262

receptors, postjunctional, extrajunctional 255, 266, 267

ileum, smooth muscle 271–273

veins 270–271

Neurogenic inflammation (see axon reflex) 83

sympathetic postganglionic fibers, role of 277–281

Neurokinins

axon reflex, role of 83

Neuropeptides in autonomic neurons see neurochemical coding

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

arteries, modulation by 270

sympathetic neurons 29–31, 30 (Tab. 1.3), 31 (Tab. 1.4), 253

parasympathetic neurons 31–32

Neurturin

parasympathetic postganglionic neurons 216

Nitric oxide (NO)

blood vessels 275–276

enteric motor neurons 173, 176 (Tab. 5.1), 177

erection 374

peristalsis 186

parasympathetic neurons 31–32

urinary tract 352, 374

Nociceptor sensitization

nerve growth factor 282–283

prostaglandin 281–282

sympathetic postganglionic fibers 281–283

Non-nicotinic (muscarinic, non-cholinergic) transmission in autonomic ganglia 240–247

LHRH-like peptide (bullfrog) 240

pelvic ganglia (to vasodilator neurons), response to preganglionic electrical stimulation 247–248

reflexes in vasoconstrictor neurons 244–246

unmyelinated preganglionic axons 241

Noradrenaline

adrenal medulla and 144, 158

adrenoceptors 25–27 (Tab. 1.2)

sympathetic premotor neurons 321 (Fig. 8.16), 333–334

transmitter, sympathetic 252–254

Nucleus ambiguus 308, 309 (Tab. 8.1)

Nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) 311–317

baroreceptors, projection to 312 (Fig. 8.11), 400

chemoreceptors, projection to 312 (Fig. 8.11), 410

connections with brain centers 315, 316 (Fig. 8.13)

division of NTS nuclei 312 (Fig. 8.11)

functions of, concept 315–316, 317 (Fig. 8.14)

gastrointestinal tract afferents, projections to 313, 314 (Fig. 8.12)

parabrachial nuclei and 72 (Fig. 2.12), 79 (Fig. 2.14)

pulse rhythmicity of activity of NTS neurons 455

synaptic transmission to the DMNX 442

thalamus, somatosensory and 78, 79 (Fig. 2.14)

viscerotopic organization of 312 (Fig. 8.11), 312–314

PACAP

enteric motor neurons 173, 176 (Tab. 5.1)

Parabrachial nuclei

hypothalamus and 72 (Fig. 2.12)

lamina I neurons, projection to 72 (Fig. 2.12), 73

nucleus tractus solitarii neurons, projection to 72 (Fig. 2.12), 73

Parasympathetic ganglia (see ganglia, parasympathetic)

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons, cranial

airways 308

blood vessels (cranial) 310

eye 310

gastrointestinal tract 310

glands (head) 310

heart 308

location 24–28, 308–310 (Fig. 1.4), 309 (Tab. 8.1), 326 (Tab. 8.3)

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons, sacral morphology 306–307

Parasympathetic premotor neurons

abdominal organs and 324 (Fig. 8.17), 326 (Tab. 8.3)

location 319, 320–325, 324 (Fig. 8.17), 326 (Tab. 8.3)

pelvic organs and 324 (Fig. 8.17), 326 (Tab. 8.3)

Parasympathetic systems innervating

airways 159–161

eye 161–162

functional types 153–162, 155 (Tab. 4.6)

gastrointestinal tract 161

heart 158

pelvic organs 154–158

salivary glands 161

Parasympathetic system, peripheral

anatomy, macroscopical 20–24

definition 14, 15

target organs, reactions to stimulation of 24–28, 25–27 (Tab. 1.2)

Paravertebral ganglia (sympathetic) 230–234 see ganglia, paravertebral

Pavlov, Ivan (1849–1936)

conditioned autonomic reflex 472–474

Pelvic ganglia 19, 239–240, 250

Pelvic organs

parasympathetic functional pathways 154–158

sympathetic functional pathways 136–141

Peptide YY

area postrema and gastrointestinal functions 448

Peptidergic transmission in autonomic ganglia, see non-nicotinic transmission

Periaqueductal grey (PAG)

afferent input from body to 483–484

defense reactions, organized in 480–481, 482 (Fig. 11.5), 517

hypothalamic and cortical control of 484–486

lamina I neurons (spinal), projection to 72 (Fig. 2.12)

nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), projection to 72 (Fig. 2.12)

projection to cardiovascular centers in medulla oblongata 482–483, 484 (Fig. 11.6)

Peristalsis, gastrointestinal tract 183–188 (see also slow waves)

colon, mechanism 186–188, 187 (Fig. 5.8)

intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs) 184–186

motility patterns 181–183

small intestine, mechanism 186, 187 (Fig. 5.8)

Pilomotor neurons, cat 128–129

Pineal gland, sympathetic innervation 143

Playing-dead response, see tonic immobility

Ponto-medullary respiratory network 386, 387

Postganglionic neurons

morphology 213–214

recording in vivo intracellular 220–221, 221 (Fig. 6.5)

strong, weak synaptic input 217–223

sympathetic 16–19, 20, 21–22 (Tab. 1.1)

parasympathetic 21–22 (Tab. 1.1), 23–24

Postganglionic neurons, sympathetic 16–19

electrophysiological properties 225–230, 228 (Tab. 6.1)

LAH (long-afterhypolarizing) neurons 229, 230

phasic neurons 226–227, 229

neurogenic inflammation and 277–281

nociceptor sensitization and 281–283

tonic neurons 227–229

Preganglionic neurons (see also parasympathetic or sympathetic preganglionic neurons)

parasympathetic, anatomy 20–23

parasympathetic, location 21–22 (Tab. 1.1)

sympathetic, anatomy 19–20

sympathetic, location 20, 21–22 (Tab. 1.1)

Premotor neurons, autonomic

definition 317–318

parasympathetic 319, 320–325, 324 (Fig. 8.17), 326 (Tab. 8.3)

patterns of, labeled from distinct targets 322–323 (Tab. 8.2), 325–327, 326 (Tab. 8.3)

sympathetic 318–320, 320 (Fig. 8.15), 322–323 (Tab. 8.2)

Prevertebral ganglia (sympathetic) see ganglia prevertebral

Purinoreceptor 263, 270

Quiescence, see defense reactions

Raphe nuclei

cutaneous vasoconstrictor system and 415–417

lipomotor neurons (brown adipose tissue) and 417–420

Reproductive behavior

hypothalamus and 501, 506 (Tab. 11.2)

Reproductive organs, reflexes connected with

central mechanisms 358

emission, ejaculation 359–360

erection 358–360

female 357, 361

parasympathetic (sacral) control 157–158

sacral (parasympathetic) vs. thoracolumbar 357, 359–360

Research questions, future, integrative actions of the autonomic nervous system 510–514

Respiration

eupnea (normal respiration) 420

pacemaker in preBötzinger complex and 386, 396

respiratory phases 420, 425 (Fig. 10.18)

Respiratory network, ponto-medullary 386, 420–422

cardiovascular network, integration with 423–424, 424 (Fig. 10.17)

classification of respiratory neurons 422, 457

respiratory rhythm, theories of generation 421–422

Respiratory neurons, ventrolateral medulla

cardiovascular neurons and 387

types of 386–387, 422, 457

location 385 (Fig. 10.2), 386–387

Respiratory rhythmicity in activity of autonomic neurons

autonomic effector organs, respiratory oscillations 423

cutaneous vasoconstrictor (CVC) neurons 116

functionally identified autonomic neurons, animals 428–433, 432 (Fig. 10.21)

functionally identified autonomic neurons, humans 426, 433–436, 458

muscle vasoconstrictor (MVC) neurons 118

species differences 433

sudomotor (SM) neurons 127

sympathetic nerves 423–426

Respiratory system, airways

vagal afferents and 46

neurogenic inflammation, mucosa 55

Rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM)

baroreceptor pathways 403–406

cardiovascular premotor nucleus 389–393, 391 (Fig. 10.5)

criteria as vasomotor nucleus 389

location 385 (Fig. 10.2), 385

numbers of bulbospinal neurons 454

sympathetic premotor neurons 318

Rhythmoneuromuscular apparatus, enteric nervous system

gastrointestinal motility patterns 193 (Fig. 5.11), 194

Salivary glands

parasympathetic innervation 161

sympathetic innervation 142

Salivary nuclei, inferior, superior 309 (Tab. 8.1), 310

Secretion, transmural transport (gastrointestinal tract)

reflex pathways, enteric nervous system 194–196, 195 (Fig. 5.12)

Secretomotor neurons innervating

airways 159–161

enteric nervous system 172 (Fig. 5.2), 173–174

salivary glands 161

Sensorimotor programs

autonomic nervous system 3–5

behavior and 4

cortical control of 508–510

enteric nervous system 179–180

hierarchical organization of 4 (Fig. 2)

spinal autonomic motor programs 367

Sensory receptors, skin and sympathetic innervation 131–132

Sensory receptors, skeletal muscle and sympathetic innervation 135

Sham-rage behavior, see defense behavior

Sherrington, Sir Charles Scott (1857–1952)

common sensations, of the body 36

control of movement, role of spinal motor circuits 362–363

final common motor path 88

interoception, exteroception 36–37

Silent (mechanoinsensitive) visceral afferents 59–60

Skin potential

and sudomotor neurons 123–125

components of 165–166

Slow waves, gastrointestinal tract (see also peristalsis)

interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and 188–190

mechanisms 181–182, 182 (Fig. 5.4), 183 (Fig. 5.5)

Somatostatin, transmitter

enteric interneurons 177

sympathetic neurons 29–31, 30 (Tab. 1.3)

Sphincter-detrusor dyssynergia 354

Spinal autonomic reflex pathway

concept 332–333, 333 (Fig. 9.1)

coordination of spinal autonomic motor circuits 369–370

coordination of spinal autonomic and spinal somatomotor circuits 370–371

integration of spinal and supraspinal autonomic reflex circuits, concept 367–369 (Fig. 9.15)

Spinal cord

deep dorsal horn projection neurons 68 (Fig. 2.10)

dorsal horn neurons, classification 84

integrative autonomic organ, concept 366–370

integration of spinal and supraspinal circuits in autonomic control, concept 366–367, 369 (Fig. 9.15)

interneurons 66–67 (see interneurons, spinal autonomic)

lamina I projection neurons 67–70, 68 (Fig. 2.10), 69

postsynaptic dorsal column tract 71–73

regulation of somatomotor system, role of, concept 362–366

viscero-somatic convergent neurons 67, 69

Spinal shock of sympathetic systems, after spinal cord transection 339–340, 372

motility-regulating (MR) neurons 139–140

recovery of spontaneous activity in autonomic neurons 339–340

recovery of spinal autonomic reflexes 339–340, 343

vasoconstrictor systems 139–140

Spinal reflexes, parasympathetic (sacral) 349–361

colon 354

colon–bladder interaction 355–357

reproductive organs 357–361

urinary bladder 350–354

Spinal reflexes, sympathetic (thoracolumbar)

cardio-cardial reflexes 348

chronically after spinal cord transection 336–349

cutaneous vasoconstrictor neurons 343 (Fig. 9.4), 344 (Tab. 9.1), 345

intestino-intestinal reflexes 348–349

motility-regulating neurons 337–338, 345

recovery after spinal cord transection, cat 339–340

recovery after spinal cord transection, human 343

reno-renal reflexes 347

reflexes to physiological stimulation 342–349, 343 (Fig. 9.4), 344 (Tab. 9.1)

reflexes to visceral stimuli 339–340, 347 (Fig. 9.6), 348 (Fig. 9.7)

segmental, suprasegmental, to electrical stimulation of afferents 337–339

sympathetic pathways, in 139–140

visceral vasoconstrictor neurons 337

viscero-cutaneous reflexes 349

Spleen and immune system, sympathetic control 149–150

Spontaneous activity in autonomic neurons

caudal pressure area (CPA) and 394

postganglionic neurons, sympathetic 231 (Tab. 6.2)

postganglionic neurons, sympathetic after decentralization 250

mechanism and origin 396–398

preganglionic neurons, sympathetic 231 (Tab. 6.2)

rostral ventrolateral medulla, role in 393–394

rhythmic (bursting) changes of activity in “sympathetic nerves” 379, 396–398

sympathetic premotor (C1) neurons 381

sympathetic vasomotor “tone” 381, 396

Starling, Ernest Henry (1866–1927) see Bayliss, William M.

Stellate ganglion 17

Strong synapses in autonomic ganglia 217–223

calcium channels 218, 220

concept of functioning 222–223, 232 (Fig. 6.10)

relay function 225

Submucosal plexus (Meissner’s plexus) (enteric nervous system) 170 (Fig. 5.1)

Subretrofacial nucleus, cat, s. rostral ventrolateral medulla 391, 406–407

Substance P

axon reflex, role in 83, 253

sympathetic neurons 29–31, 30 (Tab. 1.3), 31 (Tab. 1.4)

sympathetic premotor neurons, in 321 (Fig. 8.16)

transmitter in prevertebral ganglia, see ganglia, prevertebral

Sudomotor (SM) neurons

cutaneous vasoconstrictor neurons and 127

electrodermal activity, human, role of 128

functional characteristics, animal 123–127

functional characteristics, human 127–128

reflex pattern in 126 (Fig. 4.11)

respiratory rhythmicity in activity of 127, 431, 432 (Fig. 10.21), 435–436

skin potential, cat, and 123–125

spontaneous activity in 231 (Tab. 6.2)

vibration reflex, cat, in 126, 127

Superior cervical ganglion 17

Supersensitivity, autonomic effector cells to denervation, decentralization 167

Sympathetic outflow to pelvic organs 136–141

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

intermediate zone, spinal cord, subnuclei 297

location of 297–305

lumbar system, functional, topography 305 (Fig. 8.8), 305–306

morphology of 297–305, 299 (Fig. 8.3)

proportions of functional types of 151–153

segmental organization of 299–300, 322–323 (Tab. 8.2)

silent preganglionic neurons 152 (Tab. 4.5), 153

spontaneous activity of 231 (Tab. 6.2)

synchronization of activity of 230–232

viscerotopic organization of 300–304, 303 (Fig. 8.6), 304 (Fig. 8.7)

Sympathetic premotor neurons

caudal raphe nuclei 414–420

cutaneous vasoconstrictor premotor neurons 415–417

GABAergic transmission to 417

lipomotor premotor neurons (brown adipose tissue) 417–420

location of 318–320, 320 (Fig. 8.15), 322–323 (Tab. 8.2)

rostral ventrolateral medulla, location in and functional topography 383, 391–393, 392 (Fig. 10.6)

spontaneous activity in, origin 393–394

synaptic input to 391, 391 (Fig. 10.5)

transmitter, putative 318, 321 (Fig. 8.16), 333–334, 389–391

Sympathetic system, peripheral

anatomy, macroscopical 16–20

definition 14, 15

target organs, reactions to stimulation of 24–28, 25–27 (Tab. 1.2)

Sympathetic trunk (chain) 16

Sympathico-adrenal system 463, 467

Cannon’s concept of 145, 460–465

emergency function of the 464

Syncope, neurally mediated (see also tonic immobility)

cardiovascular responses in 490–491

Syncytium of effector cells

passive electrical behavior 256, 286

Tachykinins, see also substance P

axon reflex 83

enteric nervous system 176 (Tab. 5.1)

Thalamocortical system

body sensations, representations in 74–78, 76 (Fig. 2.13)

Thalamus, somatosensory

nuclei 76 (Fig. 2.13)

lamina I neurons, projection to 74

somatosensory cortex (SI, SII) 74–75

ventral posterior nuclei (VPL, VPM) 74, 76 (Fig. 2.13)

ventromedial nucleus, basal part (VMb) 74–78, 76 (Fig. 2.13), 78, 79 (Fig. 2.14)

ventromedial nucleus posterior (VMpo) 74–78, 76 (Fig. 2.13), 78, 79 (Fig. 2.14)

Thermoregulatory behavior

hypothalamus and 501, 506 (Tab. 11.2)

Thoracolumbar system 14, 15 see sympathetic system

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

area postrema and gastrointestinal functions 447–448

sympathetic premotor neurons, in 321 (Fig. 8.16)

Tonic immobility

autonomic responses in 473 (Tab. 11.1), 490

Transmitters

interneurons, spinal 334–336

postganglionic neurons 252–254, 254 (Tab. 7.1)

sympathetic premotor neurons 318, 319, 321 (Fig. 8.16), 333–334

Traube–Hering waves, mechanism 426–428

Trigeminal afferent neurons 39

Urethro-genital reflex 357 (see also emission, ejaculation)

Urinary tract, lower

parasympathetic (sacral) control of 157

Vagal afferents, see visceral afferent neurons, vagal

Vagus nerve

abdominal, branches 330

abdominal, numbers of fibers, rat 329

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

enteric motor neurons 173, 176 (Tab. 5.1)

erection 374

peristalsis 186

parasympathetic neurons 31–32

secretomotor neurons 253, 254 (Tab. 7.1)

sympathetic neurons 29–31, 30 (Tab. 1.3), 31 (Tab. 1.4)

sympathetic premotor neurons 321 (Fig. 8.16)

Vasoconstrictor neurons (see under cutaneous, muscle, visceral vasoconstrictor neurons)

skeletal muscle 107–112, 117–119

skin 113–117, 119–123

viscera 112–113

Vasodilator neurons

blood vessels, cranial 309 (Tab. 8.1), 310

blood vessels, skeletal muscle, see Vasodilator neurons, skeletal muscle

blood vessels, skin, see Vasodilator neurons, skin

enteric nervous system 172 (Fig. 5.2), 173–174, 195 (Fig. 5.12)

eye 161–162

paracervical ganglia 247

reproductive organs, parasympathetic 157–158

reproductive organs, sympathetic 136

salivary glands 161

Vasodilator neurons, skeletal muscle

cholinergic 133

functional characteristics, cat 132–135

hypothalamic defense reaction and 132–135

in humans 135

Vasodilator neurons, skin

sympathetic, animals 129–130

sympathetic, humans 130–131

parasympathetic 131

Vasodilation, skin

sweating and 130–131

neural mechanisms of 130–131

peptidergic afferents and 130

role of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide 166

Vegetative nervous system 13

Veins, pulmonary artery

neuroeffector transmission 270–271

Ventrolateral medulla oblongata (VLM) 381–388

anatomy, functional 382–388, 385 (Fig. 10.2)

adrenergic (C1) neurons 387–388, 388 (Fig. 10.3)

cardiovascular and respiratory neurons 387

noradrenergic (A1) neurons 387–388

Vigilance reaction

autonomic responses in 473 (Tab. 11.1), 491

Visceral afferent neurons, general (see also visceral afferent neurons spinal, vagal)

definition 40–42

general functional characteristics 37–42, 38 (Fig. 2.1)

interface between viscera and brain 40–41, 42–45

receptive functions of 45–53

sensation, organ regulation, and model of encoding 63–65, 64 (Fig. 2.9)

specificity, function of visceral afferents, concept 62–63

Visceral afferent neurons, spinal 43 (Fig. 2.3)

afferent functions of 43

axon reflex and 83

efferent functions of 44

general characteristics 37–39, 40 (Fig. 2.2)

peripheral (extraspinal) reflexes 43–44, 237–238

projection to spinal cord 52–53

prevertebral (sympathetic) ganglia and 237–238

sacral visceral afferent neurons 53

sensations and 48 (Tab. 2.1)

silent (mechanoinsensitive) visceral afferents 59–60

substance P in 43–44, 83, 237–238

thoracolumbar visceral afferent neurons 53

trophic functions of 44

visceral pain and 56–60

Visceral afferent neurons, vagal

body protection and 49–52, 54–55

cardiovascular system 46

cortical representation 78, 79 (Fig. 2.14)

gastrointestinal tract 49–52, 440

general characteristics of 39, 40 (Fig. 2.2)

illness responses (sickness behavior) and 51 (Fig. 2.5)

nociception and pain 54–56

nucleus tractus solitarii, projection to 79 (Fig. 2.14)

receptive functions of 46–52

respiratory tract and 46

Visceral pain

cardiac pain and vagal afferents 55–56

spinal visceral afferents and 56–60

theory, specificity vs. intensity 62–63

vagal abdominal afferents and 54–55

vagal thoracic afferents and 55–56

visceral sensations, organ regulation and, concept 63–65, 64 (Fig. 2.9)

Visceral sensations

spinal visceral afferents and 48 (Tab. 2.1)

vagal visceral afferents and 48 (Tab. 2.1)

organ regulation and 60–61

specificity of visceral afferents and 62–63

Visceral sensory cortex, see insular cortex insular cortex

Visceral vasoconstrictor (VVC) neurons

functional characteristics, animal 112–113

proportion of preganglionic neurons 113, 152 (Tab. 4.5)

spontaneous activity, animal 231 (Tab. 6.2)

Volume conduction

prevertebral ganglia 237

Weak synapses in autonomic ganglia 217–223

calcium channels 218, 220

concept of functioning 222–223, 232 (Fig. 6.10)

White ramus 17