Cambridge University Press
9780521837194 - The Cambridge History of the COLD WAR - Origins - Edited by Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad
Frontmatter/Prelims

The Cambridge History of the COLD WAR

Volume I of The Cambridge History of the Cold War examines the origins and early years of the conflict. In the first comprehensive historical reexamination of the period, a team of leading scholars shows how the Cold War evolved from the geopolitical, ideological, economic, and sociopolitical environment of the two world wars and the interwar period, and discusses how markets, ideas, and cultural interactions affected political discourse, diplomacy, and strategy after World War II. The chapters focus not only on the United States and the Soviet Union, but also on critical regions such as Europe, the Balkans, and East Asia. The authors deal with the most influential statesmen of the era and address issues that mattered most to people around the globe: food, nutrition, and resource allocation; ethnicity, race, and religion; science and technology; national autonomy, self-determination, and sovereignty. In so doing, they illuminate how people worldwide shaped the evolution of the increasingly bipolar conflict and, in turn, were ensnared by it.

Melvyn P. Leffler is Edward Stettinius Professor of American History at the Department of History, University of Virginia. His previous publications include To Lead the World: American Strategy After the Bush Doctrine (2008, as co-editor), For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War (2007, winner of the AHA George Louis Beer Prize), and A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration and the Cold War (1992, winner of the Bancroft Prize, the Robert Ferrell Prize, and the Herbert Hoover Book Award).

Odd Arne Westad is Professor of International History at the London School of Economics and Political Science. His previous publications include The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times (2005, winner of the Bancroft Prize, the APSA New Political Science Prize, and the Akira Iriye Award), Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950 (2003), and Brothers in Arms: The Rise and Fall of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1945–1963 (1999, as editor).


The Cambridge History of The Cold War

General Editors

Melvyn P. Leffler,
University of Virginia
Odd Arne Westad,
London School of Economics and Political Science

The Cambridge History of the Cold War is a comprehensive, international history of the conflict that dominated world politics in the twentieth century. The three-volume series, written by leading international experts in the field, elucidates how the Cold War evolved from the geopolitical, ideological, economic, and explains the global dynamics of the Cold War international system. It emphasizes how the Cold War bequeathed conditions, challenges, and conflicts that shape international affairs today. With discussions of demography and consumption, women and youth, science and technology, ethnicity and race, the volumes encompass the social, intellectual, and economic history of the twentieth century, shedding new light on the evolution of the Cold War. Through its various geographical and national angles, the series signifies a transformation of the field from a national – primarily American – to a broader international approach.

Volume in The Series

Volume I Origins

Volume II Crises and Détente

Volume II Endings


The Cambridge History of the COLD WAR

Origins

Edited by

Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad


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© Cambridge University Press 2010

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First published 2010

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data

The Cambridge history of the Cold War / edited by Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-521-83719-4
1. Cold War. 2. World politics – 1945–1989. 3. International relations – History –
20th century. I. Leffler, Melvyn P., 1945– II. Westad, Odd Arne. III. Title.
D842.C295 2009
909.82′5–dc22
2009005508

ISBN 978-0-521-83719-4 Hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.


Contents

List of illustrations
viii
List of maps
x
List of graphs
xi
List of contributors to volume I
xii
Preface to volumes I, II, and III
xv
Note on the text
xviii
1     The Cold War and the international history of the twentieth century
Odd Arne Westad
1
2     Ideology and the origins of the Cold War, 1917–1962
David C. Engerman
20
3     The world economy and the Cold War in the middle of the twentieth century
Charles S. Maier
44
4     The emergence of an American grand strategy, 1945–1952
Melvyn P. Leffler
67
5     The Soviet Union and the world, 1944–1953
Vladimir O. Pechatnov
90
6     Britain and the Cold War, 1945–1955
Anne Deighton
112
7     The division of Germany, 1945–1949
Hans-Peter Schwarz
133
8     The Marshall Plan and the creation of the West
William I. Hitchcock
154
9     The Sovietization of Eastern Europe, 1944–1953
Norman Naimark
175
10    The Cold War in the Balkans, 1945–1956
Svetozar Rajak
198
11    The birth of the People’s Republic of China and the road to the Korean War
Niu Jun
221
12    Japan, the United States, and the Cold War, 1945–1960
Sayuri Guthrie-Shimizu
244
13    The Korean War
William Stueck
266
14    US national security policy from Eisenhower to Kennedy
Robert J. McMahon
288
15    Soviet foreign policy, 1953–1962
Vojtech Mastny
312
16    East Central Europe, 1953–1956
Csaba Békés
334
17    The Sino-Soviet alliance and the Cold War in Asia, 1954–1962
Shu Guang Zhang
353
18    Nuclear weapons and the escalation of the Cold War, 1945–1962
David Holloway
376
19    Culture and the Cold War in Europe
Jessica C. E. Gienow-Hecht
398
20    Cold War mobilization and domestic politics: the United States
Laura McEnaney
420
21    Cold War mobilisation and domestic politics: the Soviet Union
David Priestland
442
22    Decolonization, the global South, and the Cold War, 1919–1962
Mark Philip Bradley
464
23    Oil, resources, and the Cold War, 1945–1962
David S. Painter
486
Bibliographical essay
508
Index
552

Illustrations

1.      ‘Liga Natsii: Kapitalisty vsekh stran, soediniaites’!’ by Viktor Nikolaevich Deni, 1919. A Soviet cartoon of French, American, and British capitalists treading on starving workers, under the banner “Capitalists of all countries, unite!” Poster Collection, RU/SU 1968, Hoover Institution Archives
24
2.      “Is This Tomorrow”: popular American cartoon showing an imagined future of the United States. Catechetical Guild Educational Society of St. Paul, Minnesota, 1947
37
3.      Winston Churchill, Harry S. Truman, and Iosif Stalin at Potsdam. © Corbis
71
4.      George Marshall and Dean Acheson. © Bettmann/Corbis
78
5.      Ruins of the northern Soviet city of Murmansk, June 1942. © Corbis
91
6.      Viacheslav Molotov and Iosif Stalin at the Yalta conference. © Bettmann/Corbis
99
7.      Ernest Bevin and Clement Attlee at the first meeting of the United Nations General Assembly in London, 1946. © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis
113
8.      Housewives queuing for potatoes in London, 1947. © Keystone/Getty Images
118
9.      British troops moving through Port Said, Egypt, during the 1956 Suez crisis. © Bettmann/Corbis
128
10.     Soviet soldier directing traffic in bombed-out Berlin, 1945. © Yevgeny Khaldei/Corbis
146
11.     Konrad Adenauer. © Roland Witschel/dpa/Corbis
152
12.     Walter Ulbricht. © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis
153
13.     Marshall Plan freight cars arrive at the German town of Furth im Wald. © Bettmann/Corbis
165
14.     Hungarian election posters, 1947. © Bettmann/Corbis
187
15.     Communists shot by the government during the Greek Civil War, 1949. © Bettmann/Corbis
206
16.     Josip Broz Tito, the leader of Yugoslavia, dancing with people in Dalmatia, 1950. © Bettmann/Corbis
210
17.     Shanghai, 1948: queuing to exchange depreciated paper money for gold at a local bank. © Henri Cartier-Bresson/Magnum Photos
232
18.     The chairman of the Chinese Communist Party, Mao Zedong. © Wu Yinxian/Magnum Photos
237
19.     General Douglas MacArthur of the United States and Emperor Hirohito of Japan meet in the US embassy in Tokyo, September 1945. © Bettmann/Corbis
246
20.     North Korean leader Kim Il Sung. © Bettmann/Corbis
270
21.     President Syngman Rhee of South Korea and US general Douglas MacArthur. © Corbis
275
22.     President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles meet to discuss foreign affairs. © Bettmann/Corbis
291
23.     Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, Secretary of State Dean Rusk, and President John F. Kennedy. © Bettmann/Corbis
305
24.     Soviet leaders at Stalin’s funeral. © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis
313
25.     Nikita Khrushchev showing the Supreme Soviet photos of Soviet military installations taken by the US U-2 spy plane before it was shot down in 1960. © Bettmann/Corbis
326
26.     Nikita Khrushchev angered at a press conference in Paris during the 1960 summit meeting with President Dwight D. Eisenhower. © Bettmann/Corbis
327
27.     Hungary 1956: a man burning a picture of a statue of Lenin. © Bettmann/Corbis
349
28.     A Soviet engineer conferring with Chinese colleagues, Wuhan, 1956. © Bettmann/Corbis
356
29.     Nikita Khrushchev and Mao Zedong: a difficult toast during the 1959 meeting in Beijing. © Dmitri Baltermants/The Dmitri Baltermants Collection/Corbis
369
30.     Mushroom cloud over Nagasaki, 1945. © Bettmann/Corbis
377
31.     Soviets watch ICBMs parade along Red Square on the anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution, 1969. © Jerry Cooke/Corbis
396
32.     Kirov Ballet School, Leningrad (St. Petersburg), 1958. © Jerry Cooke/Corbis
402
33.     American jazz musician Louis Armstrong at a bookstore on rue de l’Odeon in Paris’s Latin Quarter, 1948. © Interpress/Sygma/Corbis
414
34.     Senator Joseph R. McCarthy delivering a “report” on Democratic presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson, 1952. © Bettmann/Corbis
429
35.     Children test the escape hatch of their family’s bomb shelter in Bronxville, New York, 1952. © Bettmann/Corbis
439
36.     Women welders chatting, USSR, 1962. © Dmitri Baltermants/The Dmitri Baltermants Collection/Corbis
459
37.     New housing in Novosibirsk, 1958. © Erich Lessing/Magnum Photos
461
38.     Leaders of the Non-Aligned Movement. © Bettmann/Corbis
482
39.     Anglo-Iranian Oil Company refinery, Ababan, 1955. © Bettmann/Corbis
499
40.     Dwight D. Eisenhower and Richard M. Nixon at dinner with King Saud of Saudi Arabia, 1957. © Bettmann/Corbis
506

Maps

1.      Soviet territorial expansion at the end of World War II
89
2.      The division of Germany into occupation zones
138
3.      Europe divided, 1949
190
4.      The Balkan states after World War II
199
5.      Cold War East Asia and the Korean War (inset)–43
242
6.      Decolonization in Africa and Asia since 1945
478




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