philosophical 158–9, 163–6, 173

Anderson, Elizabeth 133

Aristotle 3–5, 18, 33, 51, 57–9, 76–7, 202

as critic of Plato 43

and Greek city-state 45–6

and ‘mixed constitution’ 221

Arrow, Kenneth 215–6

Atiyah, Patrick 156

Auden, Wystan Hugh 34–6, 39, 63

Augustine, St 259

Austin, John 47, 85

authority 5, 74–5, 80–1

contrasted with power 156–7, 169–70

and fairness 162–3

legitimacy of 164–6, 170–5

of modern states 154–7

and positive liberty 178

and practical reason 167–71

as preemptive 157, 159, 168–9

and social coordination 172–3

see also autonomy

autonomy

and authority 157, 171

and coercion 140–1, 148–51, 185, 195–7

individual vs. collective 214, 216–17

and paternalism 199

and perfectionism 185–6, 192

and self-government 207

basic goods 17–18, 59–61

Beitz, Charles 28, 145, 218, 248

Bentham, Jeremy 8, 47, 51, 83

Beran, Harry 158

Berlin, Isaiah 176–7, 179–80, 185, 255

Bird, Colin 197, 216, 269

Blake, Michael 140–1, 149

Bossuet, Jacques Benigne 251

Buddha, the 65

capabilities approach 96

Carter, Iain 181

Chan, Joseph 273

charity, duties of 110–11, 115

Chomsky, Noam 291–2

Christianity 65, 70, 252, 270

and natural law 81–2

and pacifism 226, 236

and toleration 254–5

Christiano, Thomas 220

Cicero 233

coercion

and authority 169–70

and autonomy 183–5, 195–7

and concepts of liberty 188–9

and contractualist legitimacy 141–2, 196

global vs. domestic 148–51

and socialization 279

and taxation 140–1

Cohen, Gerald 132

Cohen, Joshua 209

Cold War 2, 176–7, 246

common-good arguments 8–9, 43–5

aggregate welfare vs. mutual advantage versions of 48, 62–3, 65

basic idea of 30, 33, 64

contrasted with social-contract theories 76–7, 89–90

for democratic rule 206–7

and social coordination 40–2, 49

communitarianism 147–8, 160

Condorcet, Marquis de 214

consent 70, 159–60

contractualism

as ideology 280–1

and justice 89

and the justification of coercion 196

and legitimacy 86–7, 141–2, 176

and neutrality 266–7, 271

see also Rawls, John, social-contract theory

coordination problems 40–2

in allocating responsibilities 121–2

and authority 172–3

and price mechanism 104–5

and rules 49

cosmopolitanism, see global justice, war

critical legal studies 286

critical race theory 286–7, 292

Davidson, Arnold 286, 289, 291

Delgado, Richard 287

democracy 3, 28

arguments for 206–10

as conception of justice 36–8, 207–8

costs of 162–3

and equality 217–18

objections to 210–21

Plato’s critique of 36–8, 95, 210–14

problems of definition 201–6

and ‘rational ignorance’ 213–14

and self-government 179–80, 207, 216–17

and skepticism about a ‘popular will’ 214–16

and stability 208–9, 218–21

and toleration 265, 270

desert 101–2, 132–7

Dewey, John 243–5, 247

Difference Principle 130–3

global 145

objections to 134–44, 150–1

Downs, Anthony 213

Dworkin, Ronald 160, 266

Edgeworth, Francis 50

Elshtain, Jean Bethke 228, 232–3, 287

Engels, Frederick 116

equality 102, 127

and democracy 207–8

formal vs. substantive 217–18

and global justice 149, 152

and incentives 126

and libertarianism 108

and Rawls’s Difference Principle 131–2

and sufficiency 142–4

and utilitarianism 107

see also inequality

essentially contested concepts, see political concepts

exploitation 126–7, 138, 150

fact/value distinctionfact/value distinction 14, 16–17, 58–60, 76–7

fairness, see justice

feminism 287, 292

Finnis, John 61, 96

Flyvberg, Bent 286

Foucault, Michel 284, 286–8, 291–3

Frank, Robert 140

Frankfurt, Harry 142–3

Frankfurt School 284

freedom, see liberty

Freeman, Samuel 197

Gallie, W. B. 19

Galston, William 255

Gandhi, Mahatma 224, 235

Gans, Chaim 158

Gauthier, David 96

General Will, see Rousseau, Jean-Jacques

Geuss, Raymond 278, 284, 289

global justice 99–100, 112–14, 117, 120–2, 150–3, 296

and equality 149

Rawls vs. communitarians on 144–7, 268–9

skepticism about 147–8

and statism 231–3

see also justice

good, see compared with common good arguments

goods, see basic goods, primary goods

Green, Leslie 158

Green, Thomas Huxley 185

Grotius, Hugo 233

Gutmann, Amy 209

Haksar, Vinit 96

happiness, see common-good arguments, utilitarianism, well-being

Hardin, Russell 214

Hare, R. M. 47

Harrington, James 190

Hart, H. L. A. 85, 162, 198

Hayek, Friedrich 103–6, 108, 118–19, 123

hedonism, see well-being

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 295

Held, David 284

Helvetius 47

Hobbes, Thomas 8, 18, 82, 84–5, 173, 220

criticized by Rousseau 243–4, 280–1

on law of nature 152–3

on liberty 184–5, 190

on moral disagreement 252–3

as optimist 248

on the social contract 68–79

on unlimited authority 155–6

on war 225, 233, 237, 245–6

Holmes, Robert 242, 247

Holmes, Stephen 127

Honig, Bonnie 287–8

honor 280

Horkheimer, Max 279

Horton, John 158

humanitarian intervention, see global justice, war

Hume, David 47, 58, 83–5, 160

Hurka, Thomas 44

hypocrisy 290–1

ideals 4–5

as ideology 281–2

and nonideal theories 29, 125–6

theoretical utility of 293

inequality 99–100, 112–13

injustice

as interference 35, 41

and misfortune 110–11, 133

Jevons, William S. 52

Joad, C. E. M. 238–9, 246–7

Johnston, David 189, 197

just war 21, 224

and aggression as just cause 230–4

criteria for 226–7, 229–30

and intention 239

objections to 228–9

and pacifismand pacifism 234–5, 241

and ‘total war’ 249

justifications 8, 14, 24

central to political philosophy 3–4

and contractualism 86

contrasted with effective persuasion 13

and excuses 240–1, 245–6

and ‘might makes right’ 85

and perfectionist ideals 44

and reasons 13

and reflective equilibrium 92–6

for restricting liberty 193–4

skepticism about 64

and social criticism 277, 289, 291–2

see also practical reason, skepticism

justice

and allocation of responsibilities 126, 225–6

concept vs. conceptions of 21, 24

and contractualism 89, 93–4

as culturally and historically relative 24

and democracy 207–8

and desert 132–3

and distribution of wealth 99–100, 102–3, 105, 122–4, 142–3, 150–1

egalitarian conceptions of 19–20

as essentially contestable 18–21

ideal vs. nonideal 29, 125–6, 135

liberal democratic 34–8, 146

libertarian theory of 106–9

and luck 133

Plato on 25–7, 29, 35–6

and power 286

and self-interest 27

and social coordination 40–2

as value-conferring 23

see also global justice, injustice, just war

Kairys, David 286

Kant, Immanuel 8, 28, 87, 183–5

on perpetual peace 248–9

Kantian ethics 29, 183–5, 195–7

Kekes, John 134–5

King, Martin Luther 224, 235–6

Klosko, George 163–4

Kymlicka, Will 147, 197, 276

Lane, Robert 199

Larmore, Charles 266, 269

legitimacy

of authority 164–6

of coercion 141–2

and contractualism 86–7

and democratic compromise 209, 219–20

as virtue rather than ideal 174

liberal democracy, see liberalism

liberalism 31, 146, 200

as capitalist ideology 282

in contemporary political philosophy 31–2, 294–6

and individualism 63

limitations of 294–6

as ‘overlapping consensus’ 268

and totalitarianism 179–80

libertarianism

critical of distributive justice 102, 105–6, 136, 140–1

and economic liberties 130–1

and equality 108

and natural rights 118

objections to 113–19, 182–3, 194–7

and social responsibility 119

strengths and weaknesses 122–4

see also self-ownership

liberty

and authority 157, 178

and coercion 188–9

and democracy 216–17

distinction between negative and positive 176–8

individual vs. collective 180

and interference 35, 57

negative 180–3

and paternalism 185, 198–200

and pluralism 255–6

positive 183–6

priority of 130, 139, 150, 193–6, 198

and property 105–6, 108, 126–7, 130–1, 194–5

republican conceptions of 189–92, 210

as scalar vs. categorical quality 186–8

and self-respect 131

and the subversion of ideology 287

see also autonomy, liberalism

Locke, John 8, 18, 68–72, 79–83, 280–1

on property 111–12

on toleration 257, 259, 261–3

Manin, Bernard 203

Mannheim, Karl 283

Marx, Karl

on ‘historical materialism’ 284–5

on ideology 282–3

on ‘ruthless criticism’ 277–9, 295–6

Marxism 116

McBride, William 278

MacIntyre, Alasdair 96

McMahan, Jeff 230

MacNamara, Robert 246

Mill, James 47

Mill, John Stuart 8, 43, 47, 63–5, 204

on autonomy 186

on democracy 202, 213, 218

on ‘Harm Principle’ 197–200

on the modern state 56–8

and Plato 54–5

on proving utilitarianism 59

on toleration 263–4

Miller, David 147

Miller, Richard 149

Mises, Ludwig von 103

modern state 7, 46

claims of 154–7, 190

contrasted with government 204–5

and global justice 231–3, 248

legitimacy of 163–6

as representative vs. perfectionist institution 274–5

see also neutrality, state

Moellendorf, Darrell 232–4, 242

on pacifism 238–41

Moore, G. E. 55

Nagel, Thomas 149

nationalism 179–80

natural law 79–82

natural rights 72–3, 78–82

not necessary to contractualism 86

Rousseau on 88

skepticism about 83–5, 118, 280

neutrality, state

basis for 266

impossibility of 253–4

not complete neutrality 267

perfectionist objections to 272–5

and ‘public reason’ 269–72

Rawls on 267–9

Nietzsche, Friedrich 285, 288

Nozick, Robert 162, 266

as critic of Rawls 136

on ‘entitlement’ theory 105–8

on ‘experience machine’ 52–3

on Lockean proviso 111–13

nuclear weapons 230, 246, 249

Nussbaum, Martha 96

objective/subjective distinction 14–17; see also fact/value distinction

Okin, Susan 287

pacifism 224, 226, 234–41

and Quakers 236

and realism 248

Paley, William 99–101, 106, 124

particularism, see communitarianism

Pateman, Carol 204, 287

Penn, William 236

perfectionism 8, 44, 104

and autonomy 185–6, 192

and conceptions of well-being 49–51

and contractualism 96

often controversial 65

and paternalism 57

and state neutrality 270, 272–5

and utilitarianism 54–5

Pettit, Phillip 191

philosophical anarchism, see anarchism

Plato 76–7, 273

on democracy 36–8, 95, 210–14

and Greek city-state 45–6

as individualist 63–4

on justice 25–7, 29, 33, 35–6, 123

and Mill 54–5, 57–8, 64–5, 198–9

objections to 28–9, 43

as perfectionist 44, 51, 64, 104

on philosopher rulers 42

Republic 25, 30

as totalitarian 61

on ‘tripartite’ selves 35–6, 39–41, 54

pluralism 255

Pogge, Thomas 112–13, 145

political concepts

as essentially contestable 19, 21

types of 4–5

see also ideals

political obligation, theories of 158

four types 159–63

limitations of 168

as problematically conservative 163–5

see also authority, Raz, Joseph

Popper, Karl 61

practical reason 59–61, 167; see also authority

primary goods 91, 129, 136, 139, 151

priority of liberty, see liberty, Rawls, John

property, private

advantages and disadvantages 100–2

appropriation of 111–12

and liberty 105–6, 108, 126–7, 182–3, 194–5

public/private distinction 33–5, 39

Rawls on 130–1

Przworski, Adam 208

Rashdall, Hastings 55

Rawls, John 9, 68, 162, 186, 266, 295–6

on basic liberties and their priority 130, 139, 150, 181–2, 193–4, 196

on basic structure 128

on constitutional essentials 273–4

as critic of utilitarianism 61–2, 129, 132, 136

on desert 132–3, 135–7

on global justice 144–7, 249

on ideal and nonideal theory 135, 152

not a ‘luck-egalitarian’ 133

objections to 94–6, 134–44, 287–8

on original position 90–4, 128–9

on primary goods 91, 129, 136, 139, 151

on property 130–1

on public reason 270–2

recommended principles of justice 130

on reflective equilibrium 92–6

revisions to theory in later writings 94, 145–6, 267–9, 292

and social divisions of responsibility 123, 141–2

see also Difference Principle

Raz, Joseph 44, 96, 155, 273

on authority 166–75

realism (in international relations) 78–9, 224–5, 242–8

reasons, see justifications, practical reason

relativism 24, 255

religion 57–8

republicanism

and liberty 189–92

and ‘mixed constitution’ 221

responsibility

as collective culpability 115–17

difficulties allocating 120–2

divisions of 39, 42–3, 122–6, 141–2

forward-looking vs. backward-looking conceptions 114–15

and justice 144

social 119, 143

respect

and state neutrality 269

stronger than toleration 256

rights, see natural rights, self-defense, right of

Riker, William 216

Rosen, Michael 278

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 8, 214, 296

as agonist 284

on democracy 205

on international anarchy 243–4

on liberty 179, 196

as radical critic 278–82

on social contract 83–90

Sandel, Michael 147

Scanlon, Thomas 68, 96

Schumpeter, Joseph 216

Schwartz, Barry 199

self-defense, right of 73–5, 82–3, 146, 236–8

self-government, see democracy

self-ownership 111, 126–7, 137, 195–7

self-respect 126–7, 129, 131, 138–40

Sen, Amartya 96, 114–15

Sher, George 44, 96, 272

Sidgwick, Henry 47

Simmons, Alan John 158–9, 162, 165–6

Singer, Peter 47, 120–1, 144

skepticism 14, 18–19, 24–5, 44, 64

about global justice 147–8

about natural law and natural rights 82–5, 280

and realism in international relations 242

and toleration 258

Skinner, Quentin 189–91, 197

slavery 2, 13, 16, 18, 125–6, 139, 178, 188, 283

social-contract theory 8–9

as argument for the state 68–9

compared with common good arguments 76–7, 89–90

and consent 70–2

and dispute resolution 70

Hobbes’s version 68–80

and justice 89

Locke’s version 79–83

as mode of justification 86

and natural rights 72–3

objections to 83–5, 280–1

as thought experiment 75–6, 90–1, 141

see also contractualism

social criticism, see Foucault, Michel, hypocrisy, justifications, Marx, Karl, Rousseau, Jean-Jacques

socialism 103, 118

Socrates 25, 27

stability 208–9, 218–20, 256–8

state, see modern state

state of nature 68–70, 73, 78–82

subjectivity, see fact/value distinction, objective/subjective distinction, value judgments

sufficiency, principle of, see equality

Stefancic, Jean 287

Stone, Julius 246

Sunstein, Cass 127

Taurek, John 56

Tawney, Richard 293

Taylor, Charles 147, 276

theory and practice 5–7

Thomas Aquinas, St 259

Thomism 59

Thompson, Dennis 209

Tocqueville, Alexis de 202

toleration 254–5

arguments for 259–64

and moral skepticism 258

and multiculturalism 276

and stability 256–8

totalitarianism 61, 63, 179–80

Trotsky, Leon 7

Unger, Roberto 286

utilitarianism 8

as aggregative common-good theory 48, 62–3

basic principle of 47

and desire fulfillment 53–4

and the Difference Principle 132, 137–8

and distributive equality 107

and hedonism 50–3

indirect forms of 49

Mill’s ‘proof’ of 59

and modern state 46, 56–7

and perfectionism 54–5

and problem of commensurability 50–3, 55, 206

and separateness of persons 61–2, 129, 132, 136

and social justice 128

and war 229–30

value judgments

and facts 16–17

as ‘subjective’ 14–16, 37–8

Vattel, Emerich de 231, 234

Veyne, Paul 288–9

Waldron, Jeremy 260

Wall, Steven 96, 273

Walzer, Michael 147, 237, 241–2

on aggression 226, 230–2

on the sliding scale 229–30

on social criticism 290

war

as the cultivation of enmity 226, 233–4

as an institution 223

see also just war, and pacifismand pacifism, realism (in international relations)

Weldon, T. D. 164

well-being

and desire-fulfillment 53–4

hedonist conceptions of 50–3

individual vs. collective 61, 63

perfectionist conceptions of 49–51, 55

Wolff, Robert Paul 158

Wootton, David 261

World War I 224

World War II 2, 63, 145, 230, 246, 249

Young, Iris Marion 278, 287