Page numbers with images are underlined, those with explanations of concepts are printed in bold.
ABC transporters 280, 383, 439
Absidia 183
Absidia corymbifera 184
Absidia glauca 172, 176, 185
Absidia spinosa 173, 176, 184
Acaulospora 221
acervulus 231, 387
Achlya 86–91; aplanetic forms 93; asexual reproduction 87, 88; hyphae 80; relative sexuality 91; sex hormones 88–89, 90, 91; sexual reproduction 88–91
Achlya ambisexualis 88, 89, 91
Achlya bisexualis 88
Achlya colorata 69, 87–88
Achlya heterosexualis 88
Achlya klebsiana 87
Acrasiomycetes (acrasid cellular slime moulds) 40–41
Acrasis rosea 41
Acremonium 316, 339, 341
Acremonium chrysogenum 303, 349
Acremonium salmosynnematum 349
actin cap 9
actin filaments 9, 10, 51, 65–66, 158, 258, 271, 646; in ascospore formation 323; in graviperception 549; in penetration peg 381
actin-myosin 46, 51, 72; see also cytoskeleton
actin ring 259, 271, 301
adaxial blob (drop) 493–494, 496
adhesins 277
adhesion pad 615
adhesives 66, 205, 364, 378, 381, 395, 438; in nematophagous fungi 683
adhesorium 59
adnate gills 523
adnexed gills 523
adult plant resistance; see host resistance
aeciospore 613, Pl. 12
aecium 612, 613, 622, Pl. 12; caeoma 635; roestelioid aecium 632
Aegerita 701
Aegerita candida (teleom. Bulbillomyces farinosus) 506, 697, 699
Aegeritina 701
Aegeritina tortuosa (teleom. Subulicystidium longisporum) 697
aequi-hymenial gills 522
aero-aquatic fungi 506, 696–701; anamorph-teleomorph connections 697; ecophysiology 698–701
aethalium 50, Pl. 1
aflatoxins 304, 305, Pl. 4
Agaricus 532–536
Agaricus arvensis 532
Agaricus bisporus 15, 533; breeding 536; cultivation 525, 532–534; life cycle 535; mating system 506, 535; morphogenesis 534–535; var. burnettii 536; var. eurotetrasporus 536
Agaricus bitorquis 532
Agaricus brunnescens; see Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus campestris 496, 521, 532; mating system 506
Agaricus macrosporus 532
Agaricus silvaticus 515, 532
Agaricus tabularis 532
Agaricus xanthodermus 532
age of fungi; see evolution
ageing 271
agglutination 254, 265
aggregation; see Dictyostelium discoideum
Agrobacterium transformation 536
agroclavine 354
AIDS 279, 306–307, 661–662, 664
air pollution monitoring, lichens 454; Rhytisma 442; Sporobolomyces roseus 669
Ajellomyces 290
Ajellomyces capsulatus 289; see Histoplasma capsulatum
Ajellomyces dermatitidis; see Blastomyces dermatitidis
Alatospora acuminata 685, 687
Albugo 122–125
Albugo bliti 124
Albugo candida 122, 123, 124–125, Pl. 2; haustorium 122; oospore 124
Albugo tragopogonis 122, 125
alcohol and fungi; see coprine
alcoholic fermentation 254, 262
alder, leaf blister 251
Aleuria 417–419
Aleuria aurantia 243, 419, Pl. 6; mycorrhiza 419
aleuriaxanthin 419
algal parasites 127
alkaloids 354, 364, 539, 541; biosynthesis 354; commercial production 354; see Claviceps purpurea, Neotyphodium
allergens; see asthma
allyl amines 279, 280
Allomyces 155–160; Brachy-Allomyces 160; Cystogenes 159; Eu-Allomyces 156; life cycle 158; polyploidy 159; sex hormones (parisin and sirenin) 156
Allomyces anomalus 155, 160
Allomyces arbuscula 155, 157
Allomyces macrogynus 155, 158
Allomyces moniliformis 155, 159
Allomyces neo-moniliformis 159
Alternaria 469–471; plant diseases 472; sexual ancestors 469
Alternaria alternata 470
Alternaria brassicae 469, 471
Alternaria brassicicola 469
Alternaria solani 469
Alternaria tenuissima 469
alternate host 610
alternation of generations 155, 160, 229
alveoli 427
Amanita 540–541; poisoning 540
Amanita caesarea 540, Pl. 9
Amanita fulva 540
Amanita muscaria 526, 540–541, Pl. 9
Amanita pantherina 540
Amanita phalloides 540–541; poisoning 540
Amanita rubescens 521, 540; trama 524
Amanita vaginata 492, 540
Amanita verna 540
Amanita virosa 540
α-amanitin 539, 540
Amanitopsis 540
Amauroascus 290
Amauroderma rugosum 518
amerospore 23
2-aminopyrimidine-type fungicides 410
amixis 176
ammonia, as signal molecule 42
amoebae 40, 41, 42, 49, 55; ‘social amoebae’ 44, 46
amoeboid plasmodium 55, 60
Ampelomyces quisqualis 412
amphigynous fertilization 109
amphithallism 506, 535, 538
amphotericin B 260, 279, 291, 306–307, 663
amylase 282
amyloid staining 28, 241; of ascus tip 334; of ascus wall 414, 419; of basidiospore 566
Amylostereum 571
Anaeromyces 151
anamorph 32, 38
anamorph-teleomorph relationships 32, 38, 299; see aero-aquatic fungi, aquatic hyphomycetes, Cordyceps, Epichloe, nematophagous fungi
Anaptychia ciliaris 448
anastomosis 3, 227, 377, 625
anastomosis groups 594
andromorph 32
anaerobic fungi 79, 150
angiocarpic hymenophore 520, 521, 522–525
Anguillospora crassa (teleom. Mollisia uda) 685, 690
Anguillospora furtiva (teleom. Pezoloma) 690
Anguillospora longissima (teleom. Massarina) 689, 692
anisokont zoospore 24, 55, 64
annellide 233, 234, 368
annulus 520, 533
anther smut 652
antheridiol 88, 89, 90–91
antheridium in Oomycota 29, 77, 85, 89, 101; monoclinous and diclinous 85, 101; in Ascomycota 296, 307, 416
anthracnose 388, 389
antifreeze proteins 537
antioxidants 482, 670
Aphanomyces 94–95
Aphanomyces astaci 79, 94
Aphanomyces euteiches 79, 94
Aphanomyces patersonii 94
aphanoplasmodium 48
apical apparatus; see ascus
apical paraphysis; see paraphysis
Apiocrea chrysosperma; see Sepedonium chrysospermum
aplanetism 92
Aplanopsis 93
aplanospore 2, 15, 24, 64, 165–214, 216–223, 224, 225
apomixis 85, 160
apophysis 46; of basidiospore 490
apoptosis in fungi 534
apothecium 245, 246, Pl. 6, Pl. 7; cleistohymenial 422; gymnohymenial 422; hemiangiocarpic 439
apple, brown rot 306, 432, 433, 537; canker 343; cedar-apple rust 632; powdery mildew 390, 405; scab 478, 479; spur canker 432
appressorium, in Blumeria 396; in Botrytis 438; in Colletotrichum 388; in Magnaporthe 378–381; in Metarhizium 364; in Piptocephalis 202; in Pythium, Phytophthora 100; in Tapesia 440; in Uromyces 615, 616
Aqualinderella fermentans 79
aquatic fungi 577; see aero-aquatic fungi, aquatic hyphomycetes
aquatic hyphomycetes 685, 686–696; adaptations to aquatic habitat 694; anamorph-teleomorph connections 686; branched clamped conidia 688–689; ecophysiology 694–696; foam 685, 694; invertebrate feeding 695–696; sigmoid spores 686, 689–691, 694; spore concentrations 695; tetraradiate conidia 686, 687–688, 693
Arabidopsis thaliana 62, 118, 122
arboriform hypha 518
arbuscule (of VAM) 218, 220, 221
archaeology 479, 610
Archiascomycetes 250–260, Pl. 4
Arcyria denudata 51, Pl. 1
Armillaria 549–550; orchid mycorrhiza 598; rhizomorphs 16, 17, 550
Armillaria bulbosa 511, 550
Armillaria cepistipes 550
Armillaria lutea 550
Armillaria luteobubalina 550
Armillaria mellea 547, 549; dikaryotization (Buller phenomenon) 510; orchid mycorrhiza 550; unusual life cycle 507
Armillaria ostoyae 550
Armillaria tabescens 550
Arrhenosphaera 286
Arthrobotrys 676; induction of nematode traps 682
Arthrobotrys eudermata 677, 684; chlamydospores 684
Arthrobotrys oligospora 676, 678
Arthrobotrys robusta 678
arthroconidium 281, 421, 422, 502, 599, 600
Arthroderma 293
Articulospora tetracladia (teleom. Hymenoscyphus tetracladius) 685, 687, 688
Ascobolus 419–423; ascus development 238; mating behaviour 420–421
Ascobolus carbonarius 420
Ascobolus crenulatus 420; and hyphal interference 540
Ascobolus furfuraceus 420, 422, Pl. 6; apothecium development 422; hormonal control 421; mating 421
Ascobolus immersus 420, 421; ascospore wall 237; gene recombination 423; mating 421; turgor pressure in ascus 242
Ascobolus scatigenus, mating 420
Ascobolus stictoideus 422
ascocarps (ascomata) 21, 245, 246; see epigeous, hypogeous
Ascochyta (teleom. Didymella) 464
Ascochyta fabae 464
Ascochyta pisi 464, 465
Ascochyta rabiei 464
Ascocoryne 444
ascogenous hypha 236, 296, 307, 309, 318, 418
ascogonium 296, 307, 309, 318, 416
ascohymenial development 315, 459
ascolocular development 455, 459
ascomycetes, classification 247–249; phylogeny 248; significance 246–247
ascorbic acid; see vitamin C
Ascosphaera 286–287
Ascosphaera apis 288, 289
Ascosphaerales 286–289
ascospore 25–26; alignment in ascus 323–324; appendages 238, 322; cleavage 237, 267, 422; discharge 242–245, 318; eclosion 336, 338; multi-spored projectiles 318, 420; puffing 243, 415, 427, 442; tendrils 245; wall layers 321, 333
ascospore-delimiting membrane (ascus vesicle) 237, 238, 422
ascospore wall 237–239
ascosporogenous yeast 265
ascostroma 246, 459
ascus apical apparatus 241, 242, 335, 349, 358, 375; annulus 241; bilabiate 241; operculate versus inoperculate 241
ascus development 236, 237
ascus vesicle; see ascospore-delimiting membrane
ascus wall 239, 240, 241; bitunicate 239, 429, 459; ectotunica 240, 459, 460; endotunica 240, 459, 460; fissitunicate 239, 455, 459; prototunicate 241; rostrate 239, 455; unitunicate 239
Aseroe rubra 592, Pl. 11
Ashbya; see Eremothecium
aspergillomarasmine A 478
aspergillosis 306
Aspergillus 297–301; anamorph-teleomorph relationships 308; cell-cycle 301; conidiophores 298, 299; conidiogenesis 299–301; sclerotia 308; teleomorphs 299, 308–310; uniseriate versus biseriate 298
Aspergillus carbonarius 305
Aspergillus clavatus 306
Aspergillus flavus 302, 306, 308; aflatoxins 305
Aspergillus fumigatus 306, 308
Aspergillus nidulans (teleom. Emericella nidulans), conidiogenesis 299, 301; conidiophore 301, 302; parasexual cycle 230; penicillin production 303
Aspergillus niger 308; citric acid production 303; conidiogenesis 299
Aspergillus ochraceus 305
Aspergillus oryzae 276, 302, 305, 308
Aspergillus parasiticus 302, 308, Pl. 4
Aspergillus sojae 302
Aspergillus versicolor 304
astaxanthin 665, 671
Asterionella formosa, and Rhizophydium 141
Asteromella 481
asthma 306, 471, 483, 560, 647, 669; ‘mushroom worker’s lung’ 542
Astraeus 586; boletoid clade 579
Atricordyceps 349, 681
Aureobasidium pullulans 231, 261, 484–485, 486, 668
Auricularia auricula-judae 208, 493, 504, 601, 602, Pl. 11; basidiospore germination 601; basidium 489, 602; dolipore septum 499; life cycle 603
Auricularia mesenterica 602
Auricularia polytricha, cultivation 602
Auriculariales 601–604; basidial septation 601; lunate microconidia 601, 602
Auriscalpium 572
Auriscalpium vulgare 567, 572; dolipore septum 499
autodigestion 537
autoecious 613
autophagocytosis 11, 13, 381
autophagosome 273
Auxarthron 290
auxiliary zoospore 76, 83
auxins (of host plants) Albugo 122; Plasmodiophora 60; Taphrina 253; Ustilago maydis 644
avirulence gene products 484, 619
avoidance response (fugitropism) 168
axoneme 68
azoles 279, 291
azygospore 179, 181
bacterial endosymbionts of fungi: Geosiphon pyriforme 221; Laccaria 553; Morchella 428; Rhizopus microsporus 183
Baermann funnel 681
ballistospores 28; Ascomycota 242–245; Basidiobolus 205; Basidiomycota 493, 495–496, 660; Entomophthora 216; Epicoccum 467; Erynia 213; Furia 219; Peronosclerospora 125
banana, Panama wilt 347; post-harvest anthracnose 388
barberry and Puccinia graminis 620–622; barberry eradication 622
barley, covered smut 643; dwarf rust 628; leaf-blotch 462; leaf-spot 478; loose smut 643; net-blotch 478; powdery mildew 398; stripe rust 627; see mlo allele
barrage phenomenon 325, 365, 428
Basidiobolus microsporus 207
Basidiobolus ranarum 203–208; germination patterns 204, 205–206; life cycle 208; pathogenicity 207; phylogeny 37, 166, 203; sexual reproduction 207, 209
basidiocarps (basidiomata) 22, 517–523; development 519–522, 534–535, 545
basidiomycete yeasts 658, 659, 660–672; ecology 658–659; isolation 658; phylogeny 660, 661; versus ascomycete yeasts 659; see Heterobasidiomycetes, Urediniomycetes, Ustilaginomycetes
Basidiomycota 487–513; asexual reproduction 501–506; classification 512; dikaryotization 498; life cycle 492; mating systems 506–510; mycelial cords 500; phylogeny 512; plasmogamy 498; relationship with Ascomycota 511; rhizomorphs 500; sclerotia 501; see basidium, basidiospore
basidiospore 26, 27, 28; development 490–492, 493; discharge 493–495; germination 496; numbers 495, 497; see adaxial blob, Buller’s drop, hilar appendix, hilar appendix body, surface tension catapult
basidium; development 488–490; morphology 487–488; nuclear events 490, 492; holobasidium versus phragmobasidium 488; probasidium versus metabasidium 490; chiastobasidium versus stichobasidium 490; see epibasidium, furcate basidium, heterobasidium, phragmo-basidium; tremelloid basidium
bassianolide 363
Batkoa 203
Beaumont period 114
Beauveria bassiana 361–362, 363; in biological control 363
beauvericin 363
bellows mechanism 580–581, 588, 639
benomyl 410; resistance 410
benzaldehyde 630
benzimidazole fungicides 410
benzothiadiazole 410, 412
Bettsia 286
Beverwijkella pulmonaria 697, 700, 701
bifactorial mating 507
binding hypha 518
biological clock 331
biological control 263; of fungi 340, 342, 347, 377, 412–413, 433–434, 485, 551, 569, 596, 668; of insects 211, 363–364; of nematodes 684; of weeds 631
bioremediation 531
biotechnology; see bread-making, brewing, biological control, biotransformation, citric acid fermentation, enzyme production, food production, griseofulvin, penicillin, riboflavin production, saké, wine production
biotransformation 167, 197
biotrophy in mycoparasites 191, 201; in plant pathogens; see Blumeria graminis, Cladosporium fulvum, Exobasidiales, Peronosporales, Uredinales, ustilaginomycetous smuts
bipolar; see heterothallism
Bipolaris 471–472
Bipolaris sorokiniana (teleom. Cochliobolus sativus) 472, 474
birch, rust 635; sap and Xanthophyllomyces 665; witches’ broom 251, Pl. 4
bird’s nest fungi; see Crucibulum cyathus
Biscogniauxia mediterranea 333
Biscogniauxia nummularia 333
biseriate; see Aspergillus
Bisporella citrina 444, Pl. 7
bitunicate; see ascus wall
biverticillate; see Penicillium conidiophores
Bjerkandera adusta 519, 562
black yeasts 486
Blakeslea trispora 174, 194, 195
Blakeslea unispora 195
blastic conidiogenesis 231; see holoblastic, enteroblastic
Blastocladiales 153–162; bipolar germination 155; life cycles 155–160; zoospore 153–155
Blastocladiella 160–162; Cystocladiella 160; Eucladiella 160
Blastocladiella emersonii 153, 154, 161, 162
Blastocladiella variabilis 160
blastoconidium 435, 484, 503, 504
Blastomyces dermatitidis289, 290–292
Blumeria graminis 390, 393, 394, 395–399, 400, 401; appressorium 396; attachment 395; chasmothecia 400, 401; conidia 395, 399; formae speciales 395; gene-for-gene interactions 398; haustorium 393, 394, 397–398, 399; infection process 395, 396, 397; life cycle 399–401; primary germ tube 396; races 395, 408; secondary germ tube 396; signalling 396
‘boat-hook’ spines 82, 84
boletoid clade 555–560, Pl. 9; gasteromycetes 579, 585–588; phylogeny 516–517, 555, 585
Boletus 557–558; related to gasteromycetes 578
Boletus appendiculatus 557
Boletus badius 515, 557, Pl. 9
Boletus chrysenteron 556, 557
Boletus edulis 556, 557; cultivation 526, 557; trama 524
Boletus erythropus 557, Pl. 9
Boletus luridus 557
Boletus parasiticus 557
Boletus rubinellus 489; basidiospore development 491–492, 493
Boletus satanas 557
boom-and-bust cycle 619
Bordeaux mixture 112, 119, 253, 410, 647
bothrosome; see sagenogen
Botryotinia fuckeliana 430, 434–435; see Botrytis cinerea
Botryotinia porri 436
Botryotrichum (teleom. Chaetomium) 332
Botrytis cinerea (teleom. Botryotinia fuckeliana) 4, 7, 32, 121, 403, 434–435; attachment 438; fungicide resistance 439; life cycle 437; macroconidia 434, 436; microconidia 435; pathogenicity mechanisms 436–439, 475; sclerotia 19; septum 228
Bovista 581
bow-tie reaction 570, 571
bramble rust 631
brassicas, Albugo white blisters 122, 125; blackleg 463; club-root 55–56, 57; powdery mildew 402; see also oilseed rape
bread-making 274
breeding for resistance (in plants) 63, 119, 138, 347, 368, 408–410, 440, 625–627, 633–634, 642
Bremia lactucae 120, 121, 122
Brettanomyces 275
brewing 274–275
broad bean, anthracnose 387, Pl. 5; leaf- and pod-spot 464; net-blotch 466; rust 631
brown-rot (of wood) 529, 529–530, 556, 559–560, 563–564
bubble-trap propagules 696, 698
bud scar 271, 283
bulbil 490, 505
Bulbillomyces farinosus (anam. Aegerita candida) 505, 506, 697
bulbous hyphae 378, 381; see infection hyphae
Bulgaria inquinans 445, Pl. 7
Buller phenomenon 510, 570
Buller’s drop 493–494, 495
Bullera 659
Bulleromyces (anam. Bullera) 659
bunt 637; common bunt 647; dwarf bunt 649; Karnal bunt 649
Byssochlamys 307–308
Byssochlamys nivea 306, 307
Ca2+Ca2+ channels, stretch-activated 9–10, 66, 615
Cadophora 439
Caecomyces 151
caeoma 635
Caespitotheca forestalis 393
calcineurin signalling 664
calciseptine 646
callose 397
calmodulin 384, 385
Calocera cornea 598, 601
Calocera viscosa 600, 601, Pl. 11; basidiospore germination 600, 601; basidium 489
Calostoma 585
Calvatia 581
Calvatia excipuliformis 582, Pl. 11
Calvatia gigantea 581, 582
cAMP (cyclic AMP) 41, 105, 384, 645; as hormone 42
Candelabrum desmidiaceum 701
Candida 276–280
Candida albicans 226, 276–280, 291, 654; candidiasis 278–280; cryptic sexual phase 277; dimorphism 277; drug resistance 279–280; mating 277–278; switching 278; treatment 279–280
Candida dubliniensis 276, 280
Candida glabrata 276, 278, 280
Candida inconspicua 276
Candida krusei 276, 280
Candida parapsilosis 227, 280
Candida tropicalis 280
Candida utilis; see Pichia jadinii
candidiasis 278–280; treatment 279–280
canker (of plants) 333, 342, 343, 376, 634; self-healing 376
cantharelloid clade 574–575; phylogeny 516–517
Cantharellus 574
Cantharellus cibarius 574, Pl. 10; cultivation 526; post-meiotic mitosis 490
Cantharellus cinnabarinus 574
Cantharellus tubaeformis 574
canthaxanthin 574
capilliconidia 205, 206
capillitium 51, 581
Capronia 486
captan 479, 651
carbendazim 410
carboxin 651
β-carotene 170, 175, 195, 434, 665, Pl. 12
carotenoids 143, 150, 156, 185, 253, 414, 456, 574, 598, 605, 613
caspofungin 279, 291
Catenaria allomycis 153
Catenaria anguillulae 153, 681
cattle; see grazing animals
Caulochytrium 127
caulocystidium 525
cdc2 51, 256
cell cycle 51, 256–257, 270–272
cellulase 339–340, 396, 530
cellulose 528; in fungal cell walls 6, 42, 67, 75, 127; as substrate 148, 150, 529–530
cell wall 5, 6; in Mucorales 167; in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 270
cell wall, biosynthesis 6–8
cell wall-degrading enzymes 375, 396, 438, 596
centrum 242, 318
cephalodium (in lichens) 451
cephalosporins 303–304, 350
Cephalotrichum stemonitis 230, 368, 370
Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa 46, 47, Pl. 1
Ceratobasidiales 594–598; basidiocarps 595; basidium 595; see Rhizoctonia
Ceratobasidium 594; see Rhizoctonia
Ceratocystis 369–373; versus Ophiostoma 364, 373
Ceratocystis coerulescens 373
Ceratocystis fagacearum 369, 373
Ceratocystis fimbriata 369
Ceratorhiza (teleom. Ceratobasidium) 594
cerato-ulmin 366, 368
Cercospora 481–482
Cercospora beticola 481, 484
Cercospora coffeicola 481
Cercospora zea-maydis 481
cercosporin 482, 485
cereal rusts 627–629; origin 628
cereals, downy mildews 126; ergot 352; eyespot 439, 441; leaf blotch 439; mosaic viruses 62; powdery mildew 393–399, 400, 401; sharp eyespot 596; take-all; 385–386; see also individual cereals
Chaenothecopsis 246
Chaetocladium brefeldii 191, 192
Chaetocladium jonesii 191
Chaetomium 331–332; perithecial development 332
Chaetomium brasiliense 332
Chaetomium cochliodes 331
Chaetomium elatum 331–332
Chaetomium globosum 332
Chaetomium piluliferum 332
Chaetomium thermophile 331
Chaetothyriales 486
chalk brood disease; see honey bees
chasmothecium 246, 392, 401, 409; in oversummering 401; viability 405
cheese production 303
cheilocystidium 525
chemotaxis 42, 100, 106
chemotaxonomy 454
chemotropism 201, 330, 586
Chernobyl accident 454
cherry, witches’ broom 251; silver-leaf 571
chestnut, blight 376
chiastobasidium 490
chickpea, blight 464
chitin (in cell walls) 5, 6, 55, 67, 127, 153, 165, 255, 538; bud scar 261; spiral growth 171
chitosan (in cell walls) 6, 165
chitosomes 6, 7, 168
chlamydospore 29, 30, 81, 105, 218, 345, 347, 484, 486, 504, 505, 545, 667; see teliospore
3-chloroanisylalcohol 530, 531, 532
Chlorociboria 444
Chlorociboria aeruginascens Pl. 7
chloromethane 532
chlorothalonil 631
Choanephora cucurbitarum 173, 179, 193, 194, 202
Chondrostereum purpureum 571, Pl. 10
Chromista 67; see Straminipila
Chrysonilia 327, 329
Chrysosporium 290, 293, 294
Chytridiales 134–145
Chytridiomycota 71, 127–164, Pl. 3; classification 134; flagellar apparatus 129, 130; germination (monopolar versus bipolar) 131; inoperculate and operculate species 129; life cycles 131; microbody-lipid complex 130, 131; sexual reproduction 132–133; thallus 128; zoospore 129–131
Chytriomyces hyalinus 132
cinerean 438
circadian rhythm 331, 590
cirrhus 315, 332, 465
citric acid fermentation 303
citrinin 305
citrus fruit rot Pl. 4; see Penicillium italicum, P. digitatum
Cladina 458
Cladina rangiferina 458, Pl. 8
Cladina stellaris 458
Cladochytrium 142–144
Cladochytrium replicatum 142, 143, 144
Cladonia 448, 457–458
Cladonia convoluta 452
Cladonia cristatella 450
Cladonia floerkiana 457, Pl. 8
Cladonia pyxidata 450, 457
Cladophialophora 486
Cladosporium 481–484; Mycosphaerella teleomorphs 482; spores 22–23
Cladosporium cladosporioides 483
Cladosporium echinulatum 482
Cladosporium fulvum 483–484, 619; biotrophy 483
Cladosporium herbarum 482–483, 485
Cladosporium humile 482
Cladosporium macrocarpum 485
clamp connection 499, 500–501, 569; versus crozier 512
Clastoderma 51
Clathrosphaerina zalewskii (teleom. Hyaloscypha) 697, 699–700
Clathrus archeri 591–592
Clathrus ruber 591–592, Pl. 11
Clavaria 575–576; ericoid mycorrhiza 576
Clavaria argillacea 576
Clavaria vermicularis 576
Clavariadelphus pistillaris 515, 576
Clavariopsis aquatica (teleom. Massarina) 688
Clavatospora longibrachiata 685
Clavatospora stellata 685
Claviceps 349
Claviceps africana 349, 355
Claviceps fusiformis 349, 355
Claviceps microcephala 350
Claviceps paspali 349, 355
Claviceps phalaridis 355
Claviceps purpurea 349–351, 352, 353–355; alkaloids 353, 354, 355; ascospore discharge 241; control 355; ergotism 352–353; life cycle 349–350, 351, 352; sclerotia 19, 20, 350, 352
Claviceps purpurea var. spartinae 355, Pl. 5
Claviceps sorghi 349
Clavicipitales 316, 348–364; alkaloids 349
Clavicorona pyxidata 489
Clavulina 575–576
Clavulina cristata 574, 575
Clavulina rugosa 575
cleavage of cytoplasm 98, 106, 158, 172
cleistohymenial; see apothecium
cleistothecium 245, 246, 285, 309, 313, 314
cleptobiosis 451, 456
Clitocybe 552
Clitocybe clavipes 521
Clitocybe geotropa 552
Clitocybe nebularis 552, 553
Clitocybe odora 552
club root 55–56, 57; see Plasmodiophora brassicae
CO2 fixation 162
Coccidioides immitis 290–293
Coccidioides posadasii 293
Coccomyxa 452, 456
Cochliobolus 460, 471–477; Bipolaris anamorphs 475; mating type idiomorphs 477; pathology 475–477
Cochliobolus carbonum 477; HC-toxin 476
Cochliobolus cymbopogonis, ascus discharge 243, 244
Cochliobolus heterostrophus (anam. Bipolaris maydis) 477; T-toxin 476
Cochliobolus sativus (anam. Bipolaris sorokiniana) 475–476; prehelminthosporol 476
Cochliobolus victoriae 476–477, 619; origin 477; victorin C 476
cocoa, pod rot 103; frosty pod rot 551; witches’ broom 547, 550
Coelomomyces 127, 153
coelomycetes 231
coenocytic hypha 2, 75, 167
coffee, berry disease 388; eyespot 481; leaf rust 632–634
collagen 654
Colletotrichum 231, 387, 389; infection strategies 389
Colletotrichum capsici 388
Colletotrichum coccodes 388–389
Colletotrichum coffeanum 388
Colletotrichum destructivum 388
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 387, 389
Colletotrichum gossypii 388
Colletotrichum graminicola 387, 388
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum 388, Pl. 5
Colletotrichum musae 388–389
Collybia 546, 552
Collybia butyracea post-meiotic mitosis 490
Collybia tuberosa 501
columella; in puffballs 584; in Zygomycota 166, 167, 182, 184–185, 192, 208
Comatricha 51
co-metabolism 531
compound appressorium 595
Conidiobolus 203, 208–211; eversion mechanism in conidium discharge 208
Conidiobolus coronatus 209, 210, 211; insecticidal toxin 211; loriconidia 211; villose conidia 210
conidiogenesis 31, 231–235, 299, 300, 301; blastic versus thallic 232; hormonal control 301; see holo-blastic, enteroblastic, thallic
conidiogenone 301
conidioma 230
conidiophore 230, 298, 310
conidium (conidiospore) 30–32; unitunicate versus bitunicate (Entomophthorales) 203, 215; see arthroconidium, blastoconidium, oidium, phialoconidium, spermatium
conifers, butt rot 567; root rot 573, Pl. 2
Coniophora 558
Coniophora puteana 570
Coniothyrium minitans 433
conjugate nuclear division 499
connective 300, 327
convergent evolution 673, 686, 693, 701
copper, as fungicide 479, 633, 647, 651; see Bordeaux mixture
coprine 538, 539
Coprinellus 537
Coprinopsis 537
Coprinus 536–540; life cycle 492; mating behaviour 538; sclerotium 537; stipe elongation 538
Coprinus atramentarius 522, 537–538; and alcohol 538
Coprinus cinereus 22, 489, 498, 501, 521, 533, 538; basidiospore development 491, 492, 493, 494; dikaryotization (Buller phenomenon) 510; gravitropism 549; mating type alleles 508, 509; oidia 502, 503
Coprinus comatus 533, 537; mating system 506; phylogeny 536; related to gasteromycetes 578
Coprinus congregatus 499
Coprinus curtus 537
Coprinus domesticus 537
Coprinus ephemerus f. bisporus, mating system 506
Coprinus heptemerus, hyphal interference 540
Coprinus micaceus 537
Coprinus plicatilis 537
Coprinus psychromorbidus 537
Coprinus sterquilinus, mating system 506; phylogeny 536; sclerotia 537–538
Coprobia granulata 229
coprophilous fungi 238; Ascobolus 419; Basidiobolus 203–208; Coprinus 537; Mucor 181; Pilaira 189–190; Pilobolus 185–189
Cordyceps 360–362; perithecial stroma 362; sclerotium 360
Cordyceps bassiana (anam. Beauveria bassiana) 362
Cordyceps brittlebankisoides (anam. Metarhizium anisopliae) 363
Cordyceps capitata 362
Cordyceps militaris 20, 361, Pl. 5
Cordyceps ophioglossoides 314, 362, Pl. 4; host-jumping 362
Cordyceps sinensis 361, 362
Cordyceps subsessilis (anam. Tolypocladium inflatum) 349, 364
coremium 230, 310, 311
Coriolus; see Trametes
corn; see maize
correlated rust species 614
cortina 520, 553, 555
Cortinarius 555; related to gasteromycetes 578
Cortinarius orellanus 555
Cortinarius purpureus 553
Costantinella cristata 428
cotton, anthracnose 388
Craterellus cornucopioides 574
crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci) 94
Cribraria 51
Crinipellis 546
Crinipellis perniciosa 547, 550
Crinipellis roreri 551
Cronartium 634–635; teliospore 634
Cronartium flaccidum 634
Cronartium quercuum 634
Cronartium ribicola 634; canker 634
crook root; see watercress
crozier 236, 418; versus clamp connection 512
Crucibulum 582, 585
Crucibulum vulgare, mating-type factors 509
cruciform mitosis; see Plasmodiophora brassicae
crustose lichens 447, Pl. 8
Cryphonectria parasitica 375–377; basidium 662; biological control 377; hypovirulence 376–377; Hypovirus 376–377; mating types 662; pheromones 377; vegetative incompatibility 377; virus transmission 377
Cryptococcus 661
Cryptococcus neoformans 608, 661–665; infection biology 663–664; life cycle 662, 663; mucilage capsule 661, 664; natural habitat 662; switching of phenotypes 664; var. gattii 661; var. grubii 661; var. neoformans 661; virulence factors 664–665
Ctenomyces serratus 293, 294
cucumber necrosis virus (CNV) 148
cultivation of mushrooms 525, 602, 607; mycorrhizal fungi 527, 558, 566; see Agaricus bisporus, Auricularia polytricha, Lentinula edodes, Tremella fuciformis
Cunninghamella 196
Cunninghamella bertholettiae 196
Cunninghamella echinulata 196
Cunninghamella elegans 196
Curvularia 471–472
Curvularia cymbopogonis 472, 475
Curvularia lunata (teleom. Cochliobolus lunatus) 475
cutinase 396, 438, 615
Cyathus 582–585; splash cup 582
Cyathus olla 582
Cyathus stercoreus 582, 584
Cyathus striatus 582; mating type factors 509
cyazofamid 113
cycloheximide 373, 634
cyclosporin A 350, 364, 664
Cylindrocarpon 342, 345, 348
Cylindrocarpon destructans (teleom. Nectria radicicola) 348
Cylindrocarpon heteronema (teleom. Nectria galligena) 348
Cylindrosporium concentricum (teleom. Pyrenopeziza brassicae) 439
cystesium 525
cystidiole 525
cystidium 522, 524, 525
cytochalasins 364
cytokinins (of host plants), in Plasmodiophora 60; in Taphrina 253
cytoskeleton 8, 9–10, 81, 258, 646; in spore cleavage 87, 158; see actin, microtubules
Cyttaria 445
Cyttaria darwinii Pl. 7
Dacrymycetales 598–601; epibasidia 599–600; life cycle 598
Dacrymyces stillatus 493, 598–599, 600; basidiospore germination 599, 600
Dacrymyces unisporus 598
Dactylelina 675–676; induction of nematode traps 683
Dactylelina haptotyla 679
Daldinia 334
Daldinia concentrica 236, 333–335, Pl. 5
Daldinia fissa 334
Daldinia loculata 334
damping-off 96, 97, 102, 595, Pl. 2
dandruff and Malassezia 672
Dasyscyphus 25
Dasyscyphus virgineus Pl. 7
trans-2-decenoic acid, nematicidal properties 683
decurrent gills 523
de-dikaryotization 502, 630, 653
de-diversification 661
defence mechanisms; see host defence
demethylation inhibitors (DMI) 651; see imidazoles, triazole
demicyclic 613
Dendrospora erecta 688, 690
Dendrosporomyces prolifer 689
Dendrosporomyces splendens 689
dense-body vesicles 87, 107; see fingerprint vacuoles
depletion zone 222
Dermateaceae 439–440
dermatitis and Malassezia 672
dermatophytes 293
desert truffle 427
destruxins 364
dextrinoid staining (with iodine) 241
2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol 386
diacylglycerol (DAG) 384
diallyl disulphide 434, 435
Diaporthales 316, 373–377
Diaporthe (anam. Phomopsis) 373–375, 605; ecology 375
Diaporthe ambigua 375
Diaporthe helianthi 375
Diaporthe phaseolorum 373–375; pycnidium 374; sexual reproduction 374
Diaporthe toxica 375
diazonium blue B stain 659
Dichotomocladium 191
diclinous antheridium 85
Dictydium 51
Dictyophora; see Phallus
dictyospore 23, 469, 470
Dictyosteliomycetes (dicytostelid cellular slime moulds) 41–45
Dictyostelium discoideum 42–45; aggregation 42, 44–45; cheater strains 44; life cycle 43
Dictyuchus sterile 91, 93–94
Didymella (anam. Ascochyta) 464
didymospore 23
diffluent sporangium 173
diffuse extension growth 538
Digitatospora marina 693
dikaryotization 498, 613; legitimate and illegitimate 510; see Buller phenomenon
dimethyl disulphide 436, 591
dimethyl sulphide 424
dimitic basidiocarp construction 519
dimorphism, sexual 436; yeast-hypha 3, 181, 226; in Candida albicans 227, 277; in Onygenaceae 291; in phialidic conidiogenesis 301, 302; in smut fungi 638
Dioszegia 659
diplanetism 81, 85
diploid Eumycota 277, 666–667
Dipodascus 282
Dirina massiliensis f. sorediata 447, 454
Discosphaerina fulvida (anam. Aureobasidium pullulans) 484
Discula destructiva 373
disease forecasting, Hemileia vastatrix 633; Phytophthora infestans 113; Uncinula necator 403; Venturia inaequalis 479
dispersal; see insects; mites
dissepiments 519
distoseptate 472, 473–474, 476, 478
dithiocarbamates 112, 119, 253, 410
dogwood, anthracnose 373
dolipore septum 497, 498, 499, 594, 597, 606; breakdown for nuclear passage 497, 600
Doratomyces; see Cephalotrichum
dormant kinetosome; see kinetosome
Dothideales 480–486; lichens 455
double discharge of asci 405
downy mildews Pl. 2; see Peronosporales
Drechmeria coniospora 349, 681, 682; adhesion to nematodes 683; infection process 684
Drechslera (teleom. Pyrenophora) 471, 477–478
Drechslera tritici-repentis 476
Drechslerella 677, 680; induction of nematode traps 683; ring constriction 678
Drechslerella brochopaga 679
Drechslerella dactyloides 679
drugs (against human pathogens) 279, 280; see allyl amines, amphotericin B, azoles, caspofunginterbinafine, 5′-fluorocytosinegriseofulvin, terbinafine, triazole
dry rot 558–560; control 560
Duddingtonia flagrans; see Arthrobotrys eudermata
Dumontinia; see Sclerotinia tuberosa
Dutch elm disease 366–368, Pl. 5; control 368
earth stars 588
Echinobotryum 368, 370
echinocandins 260, 280
Echinosteliales (Myxomycota) 51
Echinostelium 51
eclosion; see ascospore
ectomycorrhiza (sheathing mycorrhiza) 21, 314, 424, 526, 527, 552, 573, 585–586
ectotunica; see ascus wall
efrapeptins 364
eelgrass (Zostera) wasting 72
Elaphomyces 313–314, Pl. 4
Elaphomyces granulatus 313
Elaphomyces muricatus 313
elater 51, 52
electric field (around hypha) 13, 14
elm, Dutch elm disease 366–368
Emericella (anam. Aspergillus) nidulans 229, 310; Woronin bodies 228; see Aspergillus nidulans
encystment (of zoospores) 68, 76–77, 83, 84, 87, 100, 106, 131
endocytosis 11, 13, 272
Endogone 221
Endogone flammicorona 221
Endogone lactiflua Pl. 3
endophytic fungi 333–334, 429, 484; of grasses see Neotyphodium; related to pathogens 347, 359, 375, 389, 441, 462; xylotropic endophyte 336
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 11
endospore, endosporium (of spore walls) 26, 417
endospores 205, 206
endotunica; see ascus wall
enteroblastic conidiogenesis 31, 232, 299, 300, 659
entomopathogenic fungi; see insect pathogens
Entomophaga 203
Entomophthora 203
Entomophthora muscae 215–217, Pl. 3; infection 216, 218; penetration 216
Entomophthora sepulchralis 217, 218
Entomophthorales 202–217
enzyme production 303, 339–340, 562
epibasidium 593, 595
Epichloe 355–357; ascospore germination 356, 358; infection of grasses 356; spermatization by insects 356
Epichloe baconii 355, 357
Epichloe clarkii 356
Epichloe festucae 356, 359
Epichloe typhina 355, 358, Pl. 5
Epicoccum 30
Epicoccum nigrum 466; active conidial discharge 466
Epidermophyton 293
epigeous fruit-bodies 414
epiphragm 583, 584
epispore, episporium (of spore walls) 26, 417
Eremascus 286–287
Eremascus albus 287
Eremascus fertilis 287
Eremothecium 262, 284
Eremothecium ashbyi 284
Eremothecium coryli 284, 304
Eremothecium gossypii 284
ergometrine 353, 354
ergosterol 279; biosynthesis 279, 412
ergot 350, 352
ergotamine 353, 354
ergotism 352–353
ergovaline 360
ericoid mycorrhiza 444, 576
Erynia 203, 211–215; resting bodies 211
Erynia conica 213–215; conidial types 213, 214
Erynia neoaphidis 211, 212, 213; asexual reproduction 213; infection of aphids 212–213; penetration 212; protoplasts 212
Erysiphales 390–413; appendages 391, 392–393; chasmothecium 392; conidia 390; conidial surface and taxonomy 394, 395; control 408–413; phylogeny and evolution 392–393
Erysiphe 401, 402, 403–404
Erysiphe betae 402
Erysiphe cruciferarum 401
Erysiphe heraclei 402
Erysiphe pisi 398, 402
Erysiphe polygoni 402
Erysiphe trifolii 402; resistance breeding 408
ethanol; see alcoholic fermentation
ethirimol 410
ethnomycology 541
ethylene 389
euagarics clade 516–517, 532–555, Pl. 9; gasteromycetes 579, 581–585
Eumycota 38
Eupenicillium 311–313
Eupenicillium crustosum 313
Eurotiales 297–314; anamorph-teleomorph connections 299
Eurotium repens 230, 308, 309
euseptate 473
evolution of fungi 35, 133, 165, 221, 246, 511; co-evolution with host plants 116, 393
exhabitant (of lichens) 446
Exidia glandulosa 603–604; basidium 489, 604
Exobasidium 655–657, Pl. 12; basidium 656, 657; haustorium 656, 657
Exobasidium japonicum 656
Exobasidium vaccinii 656, Pl. 12
Exobasidium vexans 656
Exobasidiales 655–657; biotrophy 655, 656; exocytosis; see secretion
Exophiala 486
extrahaustorial matrix 103, 398, 617
extrahaustorial membrane 617
eyespot (of zoospore) 72
fairy rings 13, 532, 546, 547, 552
famoxadone 113
fatty acids, in biological control 412
fenpropimorph 411
Fenton reaction 530
fibrosin bodies 404, 405
Fibulomyces 689, 690
Filobasidiella neoformans 661; see Cryptococcus neoformans
fimbriae 176, 202, 275, 277, 653, 654; fimbrial RNA 654
fingerprint vacuoles, see dense-body vesicles 76, 107
fish farming 665
fish pathogens, Saprolegnia 81
fission yeast 254
fissitunicate; see ascus wall
flagellar apparatus 129–130, 153
Flagellospora 342
Flagellospora curvula 689, 692
Flagellospora penicillioides (teleom. Nectria) 689, 692
flagellum 23, 69; retraction 155; straminipilous (tinsel) flagellum 24, 67–70; whiplash flagellum 68, 69, 153
Flammulina 546
Flammulina velutipes 169, 548–549, Pl. 9; cultivation 525, 548; gravitropism 548, 549; oidium 502, 503, 548; trama 524
flexuous hypha 622
flocculation 275
floral mimicry 614
fluconazole 279, 664
5′-fluorocytosine 279, 280, 663
fly agaric 541; see Amanita muscaria
foliose lichens 447, Pl. 8
Fomes fomentarius 560
Fomitopsis pinicola 529
food production 167, 181, 302–303; see cultivation of mushrooms
food spoilage 298; canned food 307
foot cell, in Aspergillus 308, 309; in Blumeria 394
form-genus 23
formae speciales 120, 345, 346, 395, 621
fosetyl-Al 113, 119
fossil fungi 35, 133, 203, 221, 246, 363, 512, 526, 579; lichens 454
free gills 523
French bean rust 631
fruity smells 371, 373
fruticose lichens 447, Pl. 8
fucosterol 90
Fuligo septica 51, Pl. 1
fumonisin 348
fungi, key features 1–2
fungicide resistance 279–280, 410, 439; see ABC transporters
fungicides, against Phytophthora 112, 113; against powdery mildews 410, 411–412; see also allyl amines; 2-aminopyrimidine, azoles, benzimidazole, Bordeaux mixture, captan, carboxin, copper, dithiocarbamates, imidazoles, maneb, myclobutanil, morpholine, phenylamide, phosphonate, quinoxyfen, strobilurin, sulphur dust and lime, triazole
fungistasis 534
funiculus 581, 584
furcate basidium 598, 599–600
Furia 203
Furia americana 217, 219, Pl. 3
Fusarium 30, 342–343, 344, 345–348; biological control 347; endophytes 347; macroconidium 343, 344, 347; microconidium 343, 344; mycotoxins 348; plant diseases 346; wilts 345, 346
Fusarium culmorum 347
Fusarium heterosporum Pl. 5
Fusarium moniliforme (teleom. Gibberella fujikuroi) 339
Fusarium oxysporum 345–347
Fusarium venenatum 339
fusion biotroph 191
fusion septum 176
Gabarnaudia (teleom. Sphaeronaemella) 372
Gaeumannomyces graminis 385, 386, 595
Galactomyces 281–282
Galactomyces candidus 4, 13, 30, 281
Galactomyces geotrichum; see G. candidus
gamma-particles 154
gametangio-gametangiogamy 132, 133, 229
gametangio-gametogamy 132, 229
gametangium 177; hypogynous versus epigynous 156, 157, 159, 163
gametogamy: isogamy, anisogamy, oogamy 132
Gamsylella 675, 676; induction of nematode traps 683
Ganoderma 564
Ganoderma adspersum 565
Ganoderma applanatum 560, 561, 564, 565
Ganoderma lucidum 561, 564
gasterocarp 577
gasteromycetation 578
gasteromycetes 575, 577–592, Pl. 11; boletoid clade 586–589; dispersal 580; euagarics clade 580, 581–585; evolution 578–579; gomphoid-phalloid clade 589–592; life cycle 577; phylogeny 579, 580; propagules 580
Gastroboletus 578
Gastrosuillus 578
Gastrosuillus laricinus 578
Geastrum, gomphoid-phalloid clade 579
Geastrum triplex 588, 589
gemma 30, 590
gene conversion 319, 423
gene-for-gene hypothesis 114, 118, 383, 398, 408, 477, 484, 619, 642, 649
generative hypha 518
genet 558, 586
Geniculosporium 333, 337, 424
Genistellospora homothallica 225
Geoglossum 443
Geolegnia 93
Geosiphon pyriforme 221
Geotrichum candidum (teleom. Galactomyces candidus) 235
germination, auto-inhibitors 378, 387, 614
germination patterns, variability 208, 210, 214, 496; in Heterobasidiomycetes 600, 602, 608
germ pore (of spores) 26, 27, 239, 614, 615
germ slit (of spores) 239, 332–333, 479
germ sporangium 178
Gibberella-Fusarium complex 345
Gibberella fujikuroi 339
Gibberella zeae, turgor pressure in ascus 242
gibberellins 339
Gigaspora decipiens 218
Gilbertella persicaria 172, 177, 179
gills; see lamellae
girdling 342, 376, 634
gleba 424, 425, 577, 581, 588, 591
Gliocladium 340, 341
gliotoxin 339
gloeocystidium 566, 572
gloeoplerous hypha 518, 568
Gloeotulasnella cystidiophora 595
Glomales 29, 37, 217–222
Glomerella 387–388
Glomerella cingulata (anam. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) 387
Glomerellaceae 316, 386, 389
Glomeromycota 221
Glomus mosseae 218, 220, 221
glucans, in cell walls 5, 6, 75
glucan matrix 15, 438
glycerol, in turgor generation 381
glycogen (storage reserve) 28, 76, 381, 392
Golgi apparatus 11, 66–67, 71, 75, 165, 272
Golovinomyces 403
Golovinomyces cichoracearum 403; resistance breeding 408
Golovinomyces cucurbitacearum 404
Golovinomyces orontii 403
Gomphidius 558
gomphoid-phalloid clade 575–576; phylogeny 516–517; gasteromycetes 579, 588–592
Gonapodya 127, 162
Gonapodya prolifera 162
gooseberry, powdery mildew 390, 404
grape-vine, bunch rot (grey mould) 436; dead-arm 375; downy mildew 119; powdery mildew 390
Graphium 366, 368, 372
Graphium penicillioides 372
Graphium ulmi 366, 367
grasses, choke disease 355; crown rust 628; endophytes 357–360; powdery mildew 393–401
gravitropism 169, 522, 548, 549
grazing animals, fescue toxicosis 358; lupinosis 375; mycoses 295; ryegrass staggers 359
‘green bridge’ 401, 408, 627
green fluorescent protein (GFP) 263
greenhouse gases 532
grevillins 557, 558
grey mould 434, 436
griseofulvin 293, 304
gut-stage cells of Basidiobolus 206
Gymnoascus reessii 295, 296
gymnocarpic hymenophore 520, 521
gymnohymenial; see apothecium
Gymnopus 546
Gymnosporangium 631–632
Gymnosporangium clavariiforme 632
Gymnosporangium cornutum 632
Gymnosporangium fuscum 613, 629, 631–632, Pl. 12
Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae 632
gymnothecium 245, 246, 285, 289, 293, 294, 297
Gyrodon 579
Gyromitra esculenta 415
gyromitrin 415
H+ ATPases 12, 14, 221, 398, 617, 618
hallucinogenic mushrooms 541, 546; see ergotism
halo; see host defence mechanisms
hamathecium 241
hapteron 584
Haptoglossa 54, 63, 64–66, 681; gun cell 64, 65, 66; taxonomy 54
haptor 205
Harpella melusinae 223, 224, 225; asexual reproduction 223–225; sexual reproduction 225
Harpellales 223; phylogeny 166, 225
Harpochytrium 162
Harposporium anguillulae 349, 681, 682
Hartig net 21, 526, 527, 586
hart’s truffle 314
haustorial branches 605, 606
haustorial mother cell 615
haustorium 103, 105, 118, 381, 399, 615–616, 617–618; intraparietal 452; see Albugo candida, Blumeria graminis, lichens, Peronospora, Phytophthora infestans, Piptocephalis, Uredinales
hazel, powdery mildew 406
HC-toxin 476, 477
heavy metal accumulation; mercury 536
Helicodendron 697; ecophysiology 699–701
Helicodendron conglomeratum 698, 701
Helicodendron fractum 701
Helicodendron fuscosporum 701
Helicodendron giganteum 699
Helicodendron hyalinum 701
Helicodendron praetermissum 701
Helicodendron triglitziense 698, 701
Helicodendron tubulosum 701
Helicoon 697
Helicoon richonis 697, 698
helicospore 23
Heliscus 342
Heliscus lugdunensis (teleom. Nectria lugdunensis) 685, 687
Helminthosporium 30–31, 471
Helminthosporium velutinum 472, 473
Helotiales (inoperculate discomycetes) 429–445, Pl. 7; classification 429, 430; lichens 455
Helvella 423; ectomycorrhiza 423
Helvella crispa 423, Pl. 6
Helvella lacunosa 423
hemiangiocarpic 545; see apothecium, basidiocarp development
Hemiascomycetes 261–284; versus Archiascomycetes 261–262; importance 262; isolation 262; occurrence 262
hemibiotrophy 388, 475, 550
hemicellulase 530
hemicellulose 528
Hemileia vastatrix 632–634; long-distance spread 633
Hemitrichia serpula 51
het genes 325–326, 330
Heterobasidiomycetes 593–608, Pl. 11; parenthesome 499, 593; taxonomy 593, 594
heterobasidiomycete yeasts 659, 660–666
Heterobasidion abietinum 568
Heterobasidion annosum 519, 567; blastoconidium (Spiniger) 504, 568; control 569
Heterobasidion parviporum 568
heterobasidium 593; see phragmobasidium
heteroecious 613
heterogenic incompatibility; see vegetative incompatibility
heterokaryosis 351, 359; restricted versus unrestricted 330
heterokont zoospore 24, 71
heterothallism 174, 330, 506–507; bipolar 506; modified tetrapolar 605; physiological 435; tetrapolar 507
1,16-hexadecanediol 384
hilar appendix (of basidiospore) 27, 490, 491, 492
hilar appendix body 491–492
hilum (of basidiospore) 27, 490
Hirsutella 360
Hirsutella rhossiliensis, as nematode endoparasite 685
Hirsutella sinensis (teleom. Cordyceps sinensis) 362
Histoplasma capsulatum 289, 290–292, 307
Hohenbuehelia 542; nematode-trapping 679, 681
holdfast 223, 224
Holliday model 319, 643
holobasidium 488
holoblastic conidiogenesis 31, 232
holocoenocytic 569
holomorph 32
holothallic conidiogenesis 235
homing reaction (in basidiomycete fertilization) 502, 503
homing sequence (in zoospores) 100
Homobasidiomycetes 514–564, 565–576, Pl. 9, Pl. 10, Pl. 11; eight-clade system 514, 517; hymenophore arrangement 514, 515; phylogeny 516
homogenic incompatibility 325
homothallism 319–320, 330, 506; primary 506; secondary homothallismsecondary (= pseudohomothallism) 179, 506–507, 535; unclassified 506
honey bees, chalk brood disease 288
honeydew 349
hook cell; see crozier
hops, powdery mildew 404
horizontal gene transfer 305
horizontal resistance; see host resistance
horizontal transmission of inoculum 357
Hormonema dematioides 227
hormones; see antheridiol, cAMP, conidiogenone, oogoniol, parisin, sirenin, trisporic acid; see also plant growth hormones, sex hormones
host defence mechanisms 397; halo 397; papilla 397, 408; see hypersensitive response, oxidative burst, PR proteins
host differentials 625, 628, 642
host-jumping 362
host-pathogen recognition; see gene-for-gene hypothesis
host resistance; adult plant resistance 410, 620; field (horizontal, partial, minor gene) resistance 115, 408, 619; major gene (vertical) resistance 114, 408, 619, 626
hot water treatment (of seeds) 651
Hülle cells 308, 310
human pathogens 196, 211, 471; see Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Candida albicans, Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Penicillium marneffei, Pneumocystis, Trichosporon
Humicola insolens; see Scytalidium thermophilum
hybrid ascus 319
hybrid vigour 477
Hydnangium 578
Hydnotrya 423
Hydnum repandum 515, 575
Hydnum rufescens 574, 575
hydrogenosome 151
hydrophobins 8, 327, 364, 366, 452, 519, 535, 545
Hygrocybe 546
Hygrocybe coccinea 546, Pl. 9
Hygrocybe conica 546
Hygrocybe psittacina 546
Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca 501
Hygrophorus 546
hymenium 525
Hymenoascomycetes 315
hymenochaetoid clade 573–574; phylogeny 516–517
Hymenomycetes 513
hymenophoral trama 523, 524
hymenophore 515
Hymenoscyphus ericae 444
Hymenoscyphus splendens 688
Hymenoscyphus tetracladius 688
Hymenostilbe 360
hyperplasia 56
hypersensitive response 62, 115, 400, 408, 618; in nectrotrophs 438–439, 476
hypertrophy 56, 58, 60–61, 136, 137, 547, 550, 644
hypha 2, 4; in Ascomycota 227; in Basidiomycota 501; in Oomycota 75–76; Spitzenkörper 3, 4–5, 7, 10; vessel hypha 17
hyphal analysis 517, 518, 519, 562; see momomitic, dimitic, sarcomitic, sarcotrimitic, trimitic
hyphal body 203, 216, 364
hyphal branching 13
hyphal coiling 340, 342
hyphal interference 540, 569
hyphal tip 3, 4–5, 8; and Ca2+ gradient 9–10
Hyphochytriomycota 24, 70, 71
Hyphochytrium catenoides 70
Hyphochytrium peniliae 71
Hypholoma fasciculare 554
Hypholoma sublateritium 553, 554
hyphomycetes 231
hyphopodium 386
hyphosphere 534
Hypocrea 339–341
Hypocrea gelatinosa 340, 341
Hypocrea jecorina (anam. Trichoderma reesei) 340
Hypocrea poronioidea 341
Hypocrea pulvinata 339, 340, Pl. 5
Hypocrea rufa (anam. Trichoderma viride) 340
Hypocrea virens (anam. Trichoderma virens) 340
Hypocreales 316, 337–348; anamorphs 316, 338, 339; lichens 455; taxonomy 339
hypogeous fruit bodies 313, 414, 423
hypothallus, of Myxomycetes 49, 52
hypovirulence 368, 376–377
Hypoxylon 335–336, 607
Hypoxylon fragiforme 333, 335–336, 337; eclosion of ascospores 338
Hypoxylon mammatum 333
Hypoxylon multiforme 337
Hypoxylon rubiginosum 335
Hypovirus 376–377; CHV-1 genome 376; transmission 377
hysterothecium 459
ibotenic acid 539, 541
idiomorphs 267; see mating-type
imidazole-type fungicides 479
imperfect state; see anamorph
inaequi-hymenial gills 522
incertae sedis 289
incompatibility, homogenic versus heterogenic 325
indole 630
infection bulb 684
infection hypha; bulbous or primary 378, 381, 388; secondary 388
infection mechanisms; see Blumeria graminis, Haptoglossa, Magnaporthe grisea, nematophagous fungi, Plasmodiophora brassicae, Uredinales
infection plaque 440, 441
Ingoldiella hamata (teleom. Sistotrema hamatum) 243, 689, 691
inhabitant (of lichens) 446
ink-caps 537; see Coprinus
Inonotus 573
inoperculate discomycetes 429; see Helotiales, Lecanorales
insect associations; see Amylostereum, Epichloe, Ganoderma, Laboulbeniales, Trichomycetes
insect dispersal and fertilization 290, 293, 538, 571, 580, 654; in Claviceps 349; in Epichloe 356; in Ophiostoma 365; Phallus 590–591; in Uredinales 621, 630
insect diseases; muscardine disease 362–363
insect pathogens; see Ascosphaera apis, Beauveria bassiana, Conidiobolus coronatus, Cordyceps, Entomophthora muscae, Erynia neoaphidis, Harpella melusinae, Metarhizium anisopliae; of mosquito and black fly larva see Coelomomyces, Erynia conica, Lagenidium giganteum
integrin 9, 615
inter-costal veins 27, 327
interference competition; see hyphal interference
internal proliferation 83, 99, 144
invasive growth 8
investing hyphae 416
involutin 555, 557
γ-irradiation resistance 417
isidium 448
isozyme analysis 34
isthmus 300
Itersonilia perplexans 493; ballistospore discharge 494–495
ITS (internal transcribed spacer) 35
itraconazole 306–307
jelly fungi 593, Pl. 11
keratinolytic fungi 102, 293
Kickxellales 166, 225
killer toxins 273–274, 646–647
killer yeasts 273
kinetosome 68, 130, 162; dormant kinetosome 71, 129, 162
kresoxim methyl 410, 412
Kretzschmaria deusta 333
Laboulbeniales 226
Labyrinthula 72, 73
Labyrinthulomycota 71–72, 73, 74
Laccaria 552; ectomycorrhiza 552; related to gasteromycetes 578
Laccaria amethystina 552
Laccaria bicolor 552
Laccaria laccata 552
laccase 439, 530
Lactarius 566
Lactarius deliciosus 566, Pl. 10
Lactarius deterrimus 566
Lactarius lignyotellus 491
Lactarius pyrogalus 566
Lactarius quietus 566
Lactarius rufus 519, 566
Lactarius torminosus 566
Lactarius turpis 566
lactifer (lacticiferous hypha) 519, 566, 568, 569
Laetiporus 564
Laetiporus sulphureus 504, 505, 519, 562, 564, Pl. 10
Lagenidium giganteum 79
Lalaria 252, 658
lamellae 522–523; attachment to stipe 523; see aequi-hymenial, inaequi-hymenial
Langermannia; see Calvatia
latent infections 375, 388, 628
latex 551
Lecanora 455
Lecanora conizaeoides 450, 454–455
Lecanora (Sphaerothallia) esculenta 455
Lecanora muralis 455, Pl. 8
Lecanorales 446–458; rostrate ascus dehiscence 455; see lichens
lecanoric acid 453
Leccinum 558
Leccinum scabrum 558
Leccinum versipelle 558
lectins 175, 683
legislation (in plant diseases) 138, 649
legumes, Ascochyta diseases 464; leaf-spot; see also individual legumes 466
Lemonniera aquatica 685, 687
Lemonniera terrestris 685
Lentinula 546
Lentinula edodes; cultivation 525
Lentinus tigrinus 521; secotioid form 578
Leotia lubrica 444, Pl. 7
Leotiales; see Helotiales
Lepista 552
Lepista nuda 552
Lepista saeva 552
leprose lichens 447
Leptographium 366
Leptosphaeria 460–464, 472; anamorphs 461; versusPhaeosphaeria 462–464
Leptosphaeria acuta (anam. Phoma acuta) 231, 461, 462, 463; endophytic stage 462
Leptosphaeria biglobosa 463
Leptosphaeria coniothyrium 461
Leptosphaeria maculans (anam. Phoma lingam) 461, 463–464
lethal reactions, in Physarum polycephalum 48, 52
Letharia vulpina 452
lettuce, big-vein virus (LBVV) 148; downy mildew 120
Leveillula 407
Leveillula taurica 407
Lewia (anam. Alternaria) 460, 469
Lewia infectoria 469, 470
Liceales (Myxomycota) 51
lichen acids 453
lichen desert 454
lichenicolous fungi 451
lichenicolous lichens 451
lichenometry 447
lichens 446–458, Pl. 8; air pollution 454; chimaera 457; haustorium 450, 452; nutrition 451–452; phylogeny 226, 454; pigments 452, 453, 454; pure-culture studies 446; reproduction 448; secondary metabolism 453; stratification 447, 448; taxonomy 448, 449, 454–455; thallus establishment 448–449, 450, 451; thallus morphology (crustose, foliose, fruticose) 447–448
lignin 528; degradation 530–532
lignin peroxidase 530, 531
Limnoperdon 577
linoleic acid, nematicidal properties 683
lipid (storage reserves) 28–29, 71, 78, 86, 350, 381, Pl. 12; in oospore arrangement (Oomycota) 86
lipid sac 154
locule 315, 459
Loculoascomycetes 315, 459–486
loline 359, 360
lolitrem 359, 360
long-distance dispersal 400, 586, 610, 624, 633, 639
Lophodermiella 441
Lophodermium 441
LSD 554
Lunulospora curvula 691, 692
lupinosis 375
Lycogala epidendron 51, Pl. 1
Lycoperdon 581
Lycoperdon perlatum 582
Lycoperdon pyriforme 581, 583
Lyophyllum 552
lysergic acid 354
lysigenous perithecial development 315, 459
lysine biosynthesis, DAP and AAA pathways 67, 71, 75, 165
macroconidia; see Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium, Neurospora, Sclerotinia
macrocyclic (rusts) 613
macrocysts 42
Macrolepiota 536; related to gasteromycetes 579, 581
Macrolepiota procera 533, 536; and mercury accumulation 536
Macrolepiota rhacodes 536
macronematous 230
macrophages 291
macrophore (in Phycomyces) 168
Magnaporthaceae 316, 377–386
Magnaporthe grisea 378, 379–382, 383, 384–385, 388, 396; appressorium formation 378–381; appressorium maturation 381; conidium germination 378; gene-for-gene relationship 383; penetration 381; signalling 384, 385
Magnusiomyces 282
maize, anthracnose 388; cms-T mutation 477; grey leaf spot 481; Northern leaf spot 477; root and stalk rot 95; rust 630; smut 643; Southern leaf blight 477
major gene resistance; see host resistance
Malassezia 671–672; dandruff 672; ultrastructure 671, 672
Malassezia furfur 671
Malassezia globosa 672
Malassezia pachydermatis 671, 672
Malasseziales 671–672
Malbranchea 289, 290, 292, 295
maneb 113, 631, 651
manganese peroxidase 530
manna lichen 455
mantle (of ectomycorrhiza) 21, 526, 527
MAP kinase 384, 385, 645
Marasmius 18, 546–548
Marasmius androsaceus 548
Marasmius oreades 511, 546, 547
Marasmius ramealis 548
Marasmius rotula 548
Margaritispora aquatica 685, 691, 693
Massarina 688, 690
Massarina aquatica 693
Massospora 203
mastigoneme; see tripartite tubular hair
mating behaviour, Ascomycota 229, 266–270, 278, 322–324, 330–331; Basidiomycota 506–510; Chytridiomycota 131–133; Oomycota 101–102; Zygomycota 173–181
mating-type, Ascomycota: idiomorphs 277, 320, 330, 436, 464, 469, 477; loci 268; multiple alleles 387; switch 268, 269, 270, 277
mating-type, Basidiomycota: A and B loci 508, 509–510, 662; heterodimer formation 509, 645; multiple alleles 507; structure 508–510
medicinal fungi 361, 562, 565, 608
Megacollybia platyphylla 500, 502, 511
meiosporangium, meiospore 156, 176
Melampsora 635, Pl. 12
Melampsora epitea 635
Melampsora euphorbiae, telium 635
Melampsora lini var. lini 635; gene-for-gene concept 619
Melampsoridium betulinum 635
melanin 16, 177, 298, 381, 664, Pl. 4; DHN melanin biosynthesis 381; DOPA melanin 664
Melzer’s iodine 28, 241–242, 566
membrane channels (stretch-activated); see Ca2+Ca2+ channels, stretch-activated
membrane cycling 12, 272
memnospore 22, 29
meningoencephalitis 663
Meripilus giganteus 501
meristem arthroconidium 390, 391
meristospore 205, 206
merosporangium 166, 195, 201
mesospore 629
metabasidium 490, 611, 637
metalaxyl 113, 119, 126
Metarhizium anisopliae 361, 363, 364; penetration 364
methylhydrazine 415
metula 298, 310, 311
Microascales 316, 368–373
Microascus 368–369; perithecium formation 369
microbodies 71, 684
microbody-lipid complex (MLC) 130, 131
Microbotryales 609, 636, 652–655; intercellular growth 652; life cycle 652; phylogeny 652
Microbotryum 639; dicot Ustilago 652
Microbotryum violaceum 652–655; conjugation 653; ecology 655; fimbriae 653, 654; host-pathogen interactions 654–655; life cycle 652; sex chromosomes 638, 653; somatic diploids; systemic infection 655; teliospore germination 653
microconidium 291, 329, 343, 346, 435
microcyclic (rusts) 614
microcyst 41–42
microfilaments; see actin
Micromucor 197
micronematous 230
microphore (in Phycomyces) 168
Microsphaera 401–403
Microsphaera (Erysiphe) alphitoides 390, 402, 403
Microsporum 235, 293, 294
microtubules 9–10, 79, 106, 158, 258, 270, 615, 646; arrangement in flagella 68; ascospore formation 323; nuclear migration 499
millet, ergot 349
Minimedusa polyspora 505
mint rust 613
mirror yeast 666
mites, dispersal of fungi 448
mitochondria 4, 155, 264; cristae of inner membrane 67, 68, 71, 165
mitogen 385
mitosporangium, mitospore 159
mitosporic fungi 32
mlo allele (barley) 397, 408, 475
Moesziomyces penicillariae 652
molecular clock 35
Mollisia 439
Mollisia cinerea 439, Pl. 7
Mollisia uda 691
Monilia 432
Monilinia fructicola 432
Monilinia fructigena 31, 430, 432, 433; sclerotium 432
Monilinia laxa 432
Monilinia polystroma 432
Moniliopsis (teleom. Thanatephorus) 594
Monoblepharidales 162–164; zoospore 162, 163
Monoblepharella 162
Monoblepharis 162–164; sexual reproduction 163
Monoblepharis macrandra 163, 164
Monoblepharis polymorpha 163
Monoblepharis sphaerica 164
monoclinous antheridium 85
monomitic basidiocarp construction 519
Monosporascus cannonballus 237
monoverticillate; see Penicillium conidiophores
Montagnea 578
Morchella 427–428; cultivation 428; ectomycorrhiza 427–428; endobacteria 428; saprotrophic populations 427; sclerotia 428
Morchella angusticeps 427
Morchella conica 427
Morchella crassipes 427
Morchella deliciosa 427
Morchella elata 427
Morchella esculenta 427, Pl. 6
Morchella semilibera 427
morpholine-type fungicides 410
morphological heterothallism 200
Mortierella 197–200; zygospores 198, 200
Mortierella alpina 197
Mortierella capitata 200
Mortierella chlamydospora 197
Mortierella ericetorum 200
Mortierella humilis 197
Mortierella hyalina 198
Mortierella indohi 199
Mortierella isabellina 197
Mortierella polycephala 197
Mortierella ramanniana 197
Mortierella rostafinskii 199
Mortierella stylospora 197
Mortierella umbellata 198, 200
Mortierella (Umbelopsis) vinacea 25, 197
Mortierella wolfii 197
Mortierella zonata 197, 199
mucilage, in yeasts 659, 661; (in attachment) see adhesives
Mucor 180–181
Mucor azygospora 179, 181
Mucor bainieri 179
Mucor circinelloides 181
Mucor fragilis 181
Mucor genevensis 175, 179
Mucor hiemalis 172–173, 176, 179, 181; azygospore 179
Mucor indicus 181
Mucor lusitanicus 181
Mucor miehei 181
Mucor mucedo 167, 172, 179
Mucor piriformis 173, 179
Mucor plasmaticus 173
Mucor plumbeus 30, 173, 182, 189
Mucor pusillus 178, 181
Mucor racemosus 181, 182
Mucor rouxii, yeast stage 167, 168, 181
Mucor spinosus 181
Mucorales 165–200; homothallism 173; mating behaviour 178–179; sex hormones 174; sexual reproduction 173–178; sporangium development 171–173
mucormycosis 181, 183
muscimol 539, 541
mushroom poisoning 415, 540, 555–556; Emperor Claudius 540
Mutinus caninus 589, 591–592
mycelial cords 15, 500, 502, 559; in mycorrhiza 526, 585
Myceliophthora roreri; see Crinipellis roreri
mycelium 2; dikaryotic 3, 492, 497, 501; heterokaryotic 3, 227, 497; homokaryotic 2, 227, 496; monokaryotic 3, 492, 496; mycelial strands 15; rhizomorphs 16, 17–18
Mycena 166, 551–552; latex 551; orchid mycorrhiza 598
Mycena galericulata 551
Mycena galopus 551, 570
Mycena pura Pl. 3
Mycena sanguinolenta 551
Mycena stylobates 551
myclobutanil 479
mycobiont (of lichens) 446
Mycocentrospora filiformis 694
mycoheterotrophy 526
mycolaminarin 76, 83, 87, 107
mycoparasitism 97, 127, 191, 546, 556, 605
mycophagous insects 565, 591
mycorrhiza 218; see ectomycorrhiza, orchid mycorrhiza, VAM
mycoses, Basidiobolus 207; Fusarium 343; Mucorales 181, 183; Pythium insidiosum 102; Scopulariopsis 369; see human pathogens
Mycosphaerella 464, 480–481, 484; anamorphs 481; diseases 480, 481; pseudothecium 481, 482
Mycosphaerella dianthicola (anam. Cladosporium echinulatum) 482
Mycosphaerella graminicola (anam. Septoria tritici) 481, 483; genetic diversity 481
Mycosphaerella macrospora (anam. Cladosporium humile) 482
Mycosphaerella tassiana (anam. Cladosporium herbarum) 482
mycosporine-alanine 387
mycotoxins 302, 304, 305–306, 347, 348, 470
Mycotypha microspora 202
Mycovellosiella 483
Mycovellosiella fulva; see Cladosporium fulvum
mycoviruses 329, 375–376; transmission 377; see Hypovirus
Myriosclerotinia curreyana 430; see Myrioconium, Sclerotinia curreyana
myxamoeba 49
Myxomycetes 47–53, Pl. 1
Myxotrichum chartarum 296, 297; taxonomic position 297, 444
Myzocytium 681
nasse apicale 241
necrotrophy 388, 432, 434, 438
Nectria 341–343, 689
Nectria cinnabarina 341–342, 344, 600, Pl. 5
Nectria coccinea 341
Nectria galligena (anam. Cylindrocarpon heteronema) 341, 343, 344, 348
Nectria haematococca 344
Nectria (anam. Heliscus) lugdunensis 687
Nectria mammoidea 345
Nectria radicicola (anam. Cylindrocarpon destructans) 348
Nematoctonus (teleom. Hohenbuehelia) 679, 681
nematodes 673
nematophagous fungi 63, 64, 349, 542, 673–685; adhesion 683; adhesive knobs 675, 676, 679; adhesive nets 675, 676; biological control 684; constricting rings 676–679; egg and cyst parasites 674, 684; endoparasitic fungi 674, 680–682; infection process 683; non-constricting rings 676; predatory fungi 673, 675–680; taxonomy 674; toxins 683; trap induction 682–683; trophic hyphae 673, 684
Neobulgaria 444
Neocallimastigales 150–153
Neocallimastix 151
Neocallimastix frontalis 151
Neocallimastix hurleyensis 151, 152
Neocallimastix patriciarum 151
Neoerysiphe galeopsidis 404
Neonectria 348
Neotyphodium (teleom. Epichloe) 355, 358; alkaloids 358–359, 360; mutualistic symbiosis 359; origin 359
Neotyphodium coenophialum 342
Neotyphodium lolii 358, 359
Neotyphodium typhinum 358
Neozygites 203
Neurospora 326–331; as a genetic tool 327; life cycle 327–330
Neurospora africana 327
Neurospora crassa 11, 229, 237, 320, 327, 329; biological clock 331; life cycle 327, 328, 329–330; mating behaviour 330–331
Neurospora dodgei 327
Neurospora intermedia 326
Neurospora sitophila 327
Neurospora terricola 327
Neurospora tetrasperma, ascospore 26, 228, 237; pseudohomothallism 323–324, 506
neurosporoxanthin 329
Nia vibrissa 577, 579, 693
Nigrospora 30
Nodulisporium 333, 334, 335
Nodulisporium tulasnei 335
Nostoc 221, 446, 456
Nowakowskiella 144–145
Nowakowskiella elegans 144, 145
Nowakowskiella profusa 129, 144
nuclei 4, 5, 79, 228, 497, 501, Pl. 12; conjugate division 499; nuclear migration 498
numbers of species of fungi 1, 226
numbers of spores 497
nutrient uptake 12–13, 14
nystatin 279
oak, powdery mildew 402, 403; wilt 369
oats, covered smut 643; crown rust 628; leaf necrosis 476; loose smut 642, 643; Victoria cultivar 476, 619
ocellus 186
ochratoxin A 304, 305
odours 371, 373, 424, 591, 630
Oedocephalum 419, 420, 504
Oedogoniomyces 162
Oidiodendron 295, 444
Oidiopsis 408
oidium 421, 502, 503, 538
Oidium 390
Oidium tuckeri 403
oilseed rape, leaf spot 439; blackleg 461, 463
oleaginous fungi 167
Olpidium 145–148; fossil 133; transmission of viruses 147–148; zoospores 146
Olpidium bornovanus 146–148
Olpidium brassicae 127, 146–147, 148
Omphalotus 546
Omphalotus olearius 501
one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis 327
onions, leaf blight 468; white rot 434
Onygena 290, 293
Onygena corvina 290, 293
Onygena equina 290, 293
Onygenales 289–297
oogamous fertilization 28, 77, 162
oogoniol 90
oogonium 29, 77, 86, 89, 101
Oomycota 24, 38, 64, 75–126, P. 2; hypha 75–76; sexual reproduction 77, 78; taxonomy 80; zoospore 76, 77
ooplast 78, 86, 102, 110
oosphere 29, 102, 109
oospore 28, 29, 77, 102, 109–110, 164; centric, subcentric, subeccentric, eccentric types 86
oosporein 363
operculate discomycetes 414; see Pezizales
operculum 241, 414, 417, 418; see ascus apical apparatus
Ophiostoma 364–366; perithecium 364, 365, 366; versus Ceratocystis 364, 373
Ophiostoma himal-ulmi 366–367
Ophiostoma novo-ulmi 366; control of Dutch elm disease 368
Ophiostoma piceae 365
Ophiostoma ulmi 366, 367
Ophiostomatales 316, 364
opisthokont zoospore 24
-opsis form (of Uredinales) 613
Orbilia 675
Orbiliaceae 675
orchid mycorrhiza 550, 596, 597, 598
orellanine 539, 555
organohalogens, fungal origin 530
Orpinomyces 151
Oudemansiella canarii 489
Oudemansiella mucida 548
Oudemansiella radicata 547, 548; basidium 488
Ovulariopsis 406
oxalate crystals 173, 529
oxalic acid 433, 438, 447, 529
oxidative burst 291, 397, 438, 475, 540
oxidative stress 434, 664; and carotenoid production 434, 665, 670, 671
oyster mushroom; see Pleurotus
Ozonium 537
Pachysolen tamophilus 262
Paecilomyces 299, 360
Paecilomyces lilacinus, as nematode egg parasite 684; biological control 685
Paecilomyces militaris (teleom. Cordyceps militaris) 361
Palmella stage of Basidiobolus ranarum 206
Panaeolus 546
Panaeolus semi-ovatus 546
Panaeolus sphinctrinus 543, 546
Pandora 203
Panellus stypticus 489, 491
papilla; see host defence mechanisms
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 289, 290–292
paracrystalline bodies 141
paragynous fertilization 109
paraphysis 241, 315, 414, 461; apical paraphysis 337, 343, 461; in Basidiomycota 522, 525
parasexual cycle 115, 230, 345
parasitic fungi; see individual host plants; algae, insects, mycoparasitism, mycoses, nematodes, rotifers
Parasola 537
Parauncinula septata 393
parenthesome 497, 498–499, 573, 593, 606
parietin 453, 456
parisin 156
parthenogenesis 85, 179
partial veil 520
pathogenesis-related proteins; see PR proteins
patulin 304, 306–307
pavement cracking 538
Paxillus 555
Paxillus atrotomentosus 555
Paxillus involutus 501, 555, 556; post-meiotic mitosis 490
pea, blight 464; leaf and pod spot 464; powdery mildew 402
peach, leaf curl 251; brown-rot 432
pea truffle; see Endogone
pear trellis rust 631, Pl. 12
pectin 528
pectinolytic enzymes 433–434, 438, 529
peloton 597
Peltigera 456
Peltigera canina 456, Pl. 8
Peltigera polydactyla 456, 457
penetration peg 381, 396
penicillin 303, 304
Penicillium 297–299, 310–313; conidiophore 298, 299; mono-, bi-, ter-, quaterverticillate 298, 310, 311; sclerotium 313
Penicillium aurantiogriseum 312
Penicillium camemberti 303, 311
Penicillium chrysogenum 303
Penicillium citrinum 311
Penicillium claviforme 230
Penicillium cyclopium 301
Penicillium digitatum 311–312, Pl. 4
Penicillium expansum 306, 311, 312
Penicillium griseofulvum 293, 304, 311
Penicillium italicum 311–312
Penicillium janczewskii 304
Penicillium marneffei 307; dimorphism 301
Penicillium notatum 303
Penicillium roqueforti 303, 311
Penicillium spinulosum 311
Penicillium verrucosum 305
Penicillium verruculosum 311
Peniophora 605
Peniophora gigantea; see Phlebiopsis gigantea
Peniophora quercina 515
pentachloronitrobenzene 651
peramine 359, 360
percurrent conidiogenesis 469
perfect state; see teleomorph
periclinal thickening 232
Peridermium 634; see Cronartium
Peridermium pini 635
peridiole 577, 583, 584, 586, 589, 590
peridium 314, 424, 577, 587, 622
perifungal membrane 597
Périgord truffle 426
periphysis 243, 315, 621
periplasm (in oosphere formation) 86, 109
periplasmic space 270
perispore, perisporium (of spore walls) 26, 237, 417, 420
perithecial hairs 331, 332
perithecial stroma 246, 335, 336–337, 348, 352–353, 360, 362, 373, Pl. 5
perithecium 245, 246, 317; development 315; in Microascus 369; in Nectria 337; in Ophiostoma 364–366; in Sordaria 318–319; in Xylaria 333
Peronosclerospora 125
Peronosclerospora sorghi 125–126
Peronospora 116–119; control 119; haustorium 117–118; oospores 118; sporangiophore 117
Peronospora destructor 116, 119
Peronospora farinosa 116
Peronospora manshurica 118
Peronospora parasitica 116, 117, 118–119, 122, Pl. 2
Peronospora tabacina 116, 119
Peronospora trifoliorum 119
Peronospora viciae 119
Peronosporales (downy mildews) 115–125; biotrophy 116; life cycle 116; origin 116; relationships with Pythiales 115
peroxisome 684
Pertusaria pertusa 25
Pesotum 366
Petriella 368
Peziza 419
Peziza succosa 419
Peziza vesiculosa Pl. 6
Pezizales (operculate discomycetes) 414–428, Pl. 6; classification 415; phylogeny 415
Pezoloma 690
pH sensing 433
Phaeolus 576
Phaeosphaeria 460, 462–464; anamorphs 461
Phaeosphaeria avenaria (anam. Stagonospora avenae) 462
Phaeosphaeria (anam. Stagonospora) nodorum 231, 462–463, 481
Phaffia rhodozyma 665–666; see Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous
phagocytosis 40, 45, 55
phalloidin 539, 540
Phallus duplicatus 591
Phallus impudicus 15, 500, 591, 592, Pl. 11; mycelial cord 15, 591; odours 591
Phallus indusiatus 589, 591–592
Phallus ravenelii 591
Phanerochaete chrysosporium 565; white-rot 530–532
Phanerochaete velutina 570
phaneroplasmodium 48, 51, Pl. 1
Phellinus 573
Phellinus igniarius 573, Pl. 10
Phellinus noxius 573
Phellinus pomaceus 573; chloromethane emission 532, 574
Phellinus robustus 574
Phellinus weirii 573
phenylacetaldehyde 591, 630
phenylamides 112
phenylethanol 591, 630
pheromones; see sex hormones
phialide 31, 232, 233–234, 300
phialoconidium 300, 465; dry and slimy 233
Phialophora 386, 439
Phlebiopsis gigantea 569
phoenicoid fungi 417
Pholiota 554
Pholiota nameko 555
Pholiota squarrosa 554, Pl. 9
Phoma 462, 464–465, 466; versus Phomopsis 465
Phoma acuta 462–463
Phoma betae 466
Phoma epicoccina 466; see Epicoccum nigrum
Phoma lingam 463; Plenodomus 464; see Leptosphaeria maculans
Phoma medicaginis 464, 465
phomopsins 375
Phomopsis 373–375; α-conidium 373, 374; β-conidium 373, 374, 464; ecology 375; versus Phoma 465; taxonomy 374
Phomopsis helianthi 375
Phomopsis phaseoli 373; see Diaporthe phaseolorum
Phomopsis viticola 375
phomozin 375
phosphonate fungicides 113
photobiont (of lichens) 446
photoreceptors 169
photosensitizers 482, 665
phototropism, ascus tip 420, 427; sporangiophore 168, 169, 170, 185, 188
Phragmidium 631
Phragmidium mucronatum 631; teliospore 629
Phragmidium violaceum 631, Pl. 12; biocontrol of bramble 631
phragmobasidium 488, 489, 593, 637
phragmospore 23
Phycomyces blakesleeanus 168, 169, 184; heterothallism 174; life cycle 180; phototropism 168, 169–170; sporangiophore development 168–170, 171; sporangium development 171–173; zygospore development 176, 186; zygospore germination 178
Phycomyces nitens 179, 184
Phycomycetes 33
Phyllactinia 405
Phyllactinia guttata 237, 390, 406, 407; chasmothecium 407, 409
phylloplane yeasts 668
phylogeny 33, 36–37, 69, 166, 248, 512, 516
Physarales (Myxomycota) 51
Physarum polycephalum 48, 50, 51–53, Pl. 1; life cycle 49; smart network 52
physiological heterothallism 435
physiological races; see races
Physoderma alfalfae 153
Physoderma maydis 153
phytoalexins 115, 383, 438, 464
Phytophthora 95, 102–115; asexual reproduction 103–106; chlamydospore 105, 106; oospore 109–110; sexual reproduction 109–111; sporangium germination 104; zoospore 106, 107–108; zoospore encystment 106; zoospore release 105
Phytophthora alni 103
Phytophthora cactorum 102, 106, 109–110
Phytophthora cinnamomi 102, 107, 108
Phytophthora drechsleri 103
Phytophthora erythroseptica 29, 68, 103, 109, 116, Pl. 2
Phytophthora fragariae 103
Phytophthora infestans 78, 95, 111–115; disease forecast 113; epidemiology 111–112; fungicides 112–113; haustorium 103, 105; life cycle 95–96, 101, 102; origin and spread 111; physiological races 114; potato late blight 111–115, Pl. 2; tomato late blight 115
Phytophthora nicotianae 103
Phytophthora palmivora 103
Phytophthora ramorum 103
phytotoxins 375, 388, 470, 476, 478, 482, 568; see cercosporin, HC-toxin, prehelminthosporol, T-toxin, victorin C
Pichia 281
Pichia guilliermondii 263
Pichia jadinii 281
Pichia pastoris 263, 281
Pichia stipitis 262
Piedmont truffle 426
pigments; see carotenoids, lichens, melanin, pulvinic acids
Pilaira 189–190
Pilaira anomala 190
pileocystidium 525
pileus 517
Pilobolus 185–189; sporangium discharge 189; vector for nematodes 188
Pilobolus crystallinus 185, Pl. 3
Pilobolus kleinii 185, 188
Pilobolus umbonatus 185
pine, needlecast 441; rusts 634
pionnote 345
Piptocephalis 201; appressorium 202; haustorium 202
Piptocephalis freseniana 201
Piptocephalis fimbriata 202
Piptocephalis unispora 201
Piptocephalis virginiana 201, 202
Piptocephalis xenophila 201
Piptoporus betulinus 339, 560, 561, 562–563; mating system 506
Piromyces 151
Pisolithus 12, 527, 586; boletoid clade 579; ectomycorrhiza 586
Pisolithus marmoratus 586
Pisolithus tinctorius (= P. arhizus) 586, Pl. 11
Placopsis gelida 451
plant growth hormones; see auxins,cytokinins, ethylene, gibberellins
plant resistance; see host resistance, breeding for resistance
plasmodiocarp (of Myxomycetes) 50
Plasmodiophora brassicae 54–57, 58, 59–61; club root symptoms 55–56, 57; club root control 62–63; cruciform mitosis 55, 59; life cycle 56; infection process 57, 58–59, 65; plant hormones 60–61, 253
Plasmodiophoromycota 24, 38, 54–66; amoebae 55; phagocytosis 55; taxonomy 54
plasmodium 3, 40, 47, 55; see amoeboid, aphano-, phanero-, proto-
Plasmopara nivea 119
Plasmopara pusilla 120
Plasmopara pygmaea 120
Plasmopara viticola 78, 116, 119, 410
plectenchyma 520
Plectomycetes 285–314, Pl. 4; lichenized ancestors? 454; taxonomy 286
Plenodomus 464
pleomorphism 32
Pleospora 460, 466–469, 472
Pleospora bjoerlingii (= P. betae) 466
Pleospora herbarum 31, 466, 468; ascospore perisporium 237, 468; pseudothecium development 461
Pleospora scirpicola 466; ascospore appendage 239, 460; bitunicate ascus 460
Pleosporales 460–480; pseudothecium development 460–461
pleurocystidium 525
Pleurotus 541–542; cultivation 525, 542; nematode-trapping 679, 681; nematotoxic substances 683
Pleurotus cystidiosus 542
Pleurotus ostreatus 533, 542
Pleurotus tuberregium 542
plum, pocket plum 251; silver leaf 571; witches’ broom 251
Pluteus 541
Pluteus cervinus 541; trama 524
Pneumocystis 250, 259–261
Pneumocystis carinii 259
Pneumocystis jirovecii 259
pneumonia 259
Pochonia chlamydosporia, as nematode egg parasite 684; biological control 685
Podaxis 578
Podaxis pistillaris 578
podetium 457
Podocrella (anam. Harposporium) 349, 681
Podosordaria tulasnei 15, 18
Podosphaera 404–405
Podosphaera clandestina 404, 405
Podosphaera leucotricha 390, 405
Podosphaera xanthii, resistance breeding 408
Podospora 320–326; versus Schizothecium 320; mating systems 322–324
Podospora anserina 320–326; ascospore development 321, 322; mating type idiomorphs 325; post-meiotic mitosis 323–324; senescence 326; vegetative incompatibility 325–326, 377
Podospora curvicolla 320
Podospora curvula 320
Podospora decipiens 320, 322
Podospora pleiospora 320, 322
pollen (as substrate) 73, 74, 140
polyketides 304
Polymyxa betae 54, 57, 59, 62
Polymyxa graminis 54, 62
polyplanetism 81, 85
polyploidy 159
polyporoid clade 560–566; phylogeny 516–517, 560
Polyporus brumalis 561
Polyporus mylittae 18, 20, 501, 502
Polyporus squamosus 561, 562, 564
Polyporus tuberaster 501
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) 74, 167, 197
poplar, leaf blister 251
poroconidium 232, 468, 469, 470, 472, 473
post-harvest diseases 388, 432
post-meiotic mitosis, in Ascomycota 323–324; in Basidiomycota 490
potato, black dot disease 388; black scurf 595; late blight 111, Pl. 2; mop-top virus 62–63; pink rot 103, Pl. 2; powdery scab 61, 63; wart disease 134, Pl. 3
powdery mildews 390; control by breeding, fungicides, biological control 408–413; see Erysiphales
PR proteins 119, 410
predacious yeasts 282, 283
prehelminthosporol 475, 476
pre-thallus (lichens) 450
primary mycelium 492, 496
principal host 610
principal zoospore 76
prion-like proteins 326
probasidium 490, 610, 637
proconidium 327
progametangium 174, 176
promycelium 488, 489, 611, 612, 637
prosorus 134
proteases 683
protein glycosylation 11, 654
protenchyma 519
proto-aecium 611, 622
protocorm 596
Protomyces 250–251, 261
proton pumps; see H+ ATPases
protoperithecium 318, 329
protoplasmodium 48
Protosteliomycetes (protostelid plasmodial slime moulds) 45–47
Protostelium 46, 47
prototunicate; see ascus wall
Protozoa 37, 40, 54, 67
Psathyrella 537
Pseudeurotium, sectoring 229
Pseudoaegerita 701
pseudoaethalium 50
Pseudoallescheria 368
Pseudocercospora 481
Pseudocercospora herpotrichoides 439
Pseudogymnoascus 444
pseudohomothallism 322, 323, 330, 506, 570; see secondary homothallism
Pseudohydnum gelatinosum 604
pseudohypha 2, 3, 227, 272
Pseudoidium 401, 402
Pseudomonas, in biological control 347, 386, 596; induction of fruiting in Agaricus 534
pseudoparaphysis 242, 460
pseudoparenchyma 285, 520
pseudoplasmodium 3, 42, 44
pseudorhiza 547, 548
pseudosclerotium 550
pseudothecium 245, 246; Pleospora type 460–461
Pseudotulostoma 314
Pseudozyma 412
psilocin 539, 554
Psilocybe 554
Psilocybe cubense 554
Psilocybe merdaria, secotioid form 578
Psilocybe mexicana 554
Psilocybe semilanceata 553, 554
psilocybin 539, 546, 554
psoromic acid 453
Puccinia, pathway 624; versus Uromyces 629
Puccinia caricina 630, Pl. 12
Puccinia coronata 476, 612, 619, 628; homothallism 628; host resistance genes 628; teliospore 629; Tranzschel’s Law 614
Puccinia distincta Pl. 12
Puccinia graminis 620, 621–627; on barberry 621–622; basidiospores 621; basidium 489; crop losses 620; cultivation on simple media 618; host Sr resistance genes 626; life cycle 610, 611, 612–613, 621–622; formae speciales 621; f. sp. secalis 622; f. sp. tritici 622, 624–627; physiological races 621, 625, 626, 627; somatic hybridization 625
Puccinia hordei 628
Puccinia lagenophorae 612, 613
Puccinia melanocephala 633
Puccinia menthae 613, 630
Puccinia mesnieriana 614
Puccinia monoica 630; floral mimicry 630
Puccinia obscura 612
Puccinia poarum 630
Puccinia punctiformis 630
Puccinia recondita 627
Puccinia sorghi 629
Puccinia striiformis 408, 627–628
Puccinia triticina 627; host Lr resistance genes 627
PUFA; see polyunsaturated fatty acids
puff balls 581, 582, Pl. 11
puffing; see ascospore puffing
pullulan 485
pulvinic acids 453, 455, 555, 557, 585
pycnidiospore 465
pycnidium 231, 374, 462, 464, 465–466
Pycnoporus cinnabarinus 531
pyramiding (of resistance alleles) 408, 619, 627
Pyrenomycetes 315, 316–366, 367–389, Pl. 5; taxonomy 316
Pyrenopeziza brassicae 436, 439, 440
Pyrenophora (anam. Drechslera) 460, 472, 477–478; phytotoxins 478
Pyrenophora teres 478
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis 476, 478
Pyricularia grisea 378
Pyricularia oryzae (teleom. Magnaporthe grisea) 378
Pyronema 415–417; antheridium 416; ascogenous hypha 416; ascogonium 416; crozier 416; ecology 417; investing hyphae 416; trichogyne 416
Pyronema domesticum 229, 415, 416, 417, 418, Pl. 6; sclerotium 415
Pyronema omphalodes 415, 417
Pythiales 95–115; asexual reproduction 95; hormones 96; sexual reproduction 95, 100
Pythiogeton zeae 95
Pythiopsis cymosa 92, 93
Pythium 95–96, 97, 98–102, Pl. 2; asexual reproduction 97–100; biological control 340; ecology 102; sexual reproduction 100–102
Pythium acanthicum 97
Pythium aphanidermatum 97–98
Pythium debaryanum 97, 98, 100, 101
Pythium gracile 97
Pythium heterothallicum 101
Pythium insidiosum 79, 102
Pythium mamillatum 100, 101
Pythium middletonii 99
Pythium monospermum 69
Pythium multisporum 95
Pythium nunn 97
Pythium oligandrum 97
Pythium splendens 101
Pythium sylvaticum 95, 101
Pythium ultimum 97, 100, 101
Pythium undulatum 30, 99, Pl. 2
quaterverticillate; see Penicillium conidiophores
quinoxyfen 410, 412
Quorn 339
races 114, 138, 395, 619, 621, 643
radioactive pollution 454
Ramaria 576
Ramaria botrytis 576, Pl. 10
Ramaria stricta 576
Ramichloridium 486
ramoconidium 483
ramus 310, 311
RAPD analysis 34
raspberry, cane blight 461
reactive oxygen species (ROS) 326, 482, 665
receptacle 591, 592
receptive hypha 612
recombinant proteins, production 263, 281
red yeasts; see basidiomycete yeasts
regulated secretion (in zoospore encystment) 77, 106
reindeer lichen 458
relative sexuality 77, 91, 95
replacement disease 350
resistance; see breeding, fungicide resistance, host resistance
respiratory allergens; see asthma
resting sporangium 56, 144, 147, 149, 157, 159, 161
Reticularia lycoperdon 50, 51, Pl. 1
reticuloperidium 285, 289, 296–297
retraction septum 203, 602
RFLP analysis 34
rhexolytic secession 235, 285, 289, 505
Rhizina undulata 414
rhizinae 447, 456, 457, Pl. 8
Rhizocarpon geographicum 447, 451, Pl. 8
Rhizoctonia 594–598; anastomosis groups 594; biological control 340, 596; hyphae 594, 597; sclerotia 18, 19, 501
Rhizoctonia cerealis (teleom. Ceratobasidium cornigerum) 596; orchid mycorrhiza 596, 597
Rhizoctonia goodyerae-repentis 596
Rhizoctonia repens 596
Rhizoctonia solani (teleom. Thanatephorus cucumeris) 594–595; anastomosis groups 594; orchid mycorrhiza 596; sclerotium 595
rhizoids 3, 128, 141, 149–150, 155
rhizomorph 16, 17–18, 500, 502, 550
rhizomycelium 128, 142, 143, 144, 145
Rhizophlyctis 148
Rhizophlyctis harderi 131
Rhizophlyctis oceanis 150
Rhizophlyctis rosea 129, 147–148, 149–150, 153; cellulose degradation 148
Rhizophydium 133, 139, 140, 141–142; fossil 133
Rhizophydium planktonicum 140–142; parasitizing Asterionella 141
Rhizophydium pollinis-pini 139
Rhizophydium sphaerocarpon 139
Rhizopogon 558, 587, Pl. 11; boletoid clade 579
Rhizopogon luteolus 588
Rhizopogon roseolus 588
Rhizopogon vinicolor 588
Rhizopus 182–183
Rhizopus arrhizus 182
Rhizopus azygosporus 179
Rhizopus microsporus 182
Rhizopus oryzae 182
Rhizopus rhizopodiformis 182
Rhizopus sexualis 29, 173, 177, 183; zygospore development 176, 178
Rhizopus stolonifer 166, 172–173, 176, 179, 182, 184, Pl. 3
rhizoxin 183
Rhodocollybia 546
Rhodosporidium toruloides 667
Rhodotorula 667; carotenoid production 671; ecology 668
Rhodotorula glutinis (teleom. Rhodosporidium) 659, 667
Rhynchosporium secalis 439
Rhynie chert 35, 133, 246, 454
Rhytisma acerinum 441, 442–443
Rhytismataceae 440
riboflavin production 284
rice, foolish seedling disease 339; rice blast 378
ring wall building 232
ringworm 293
Robigalia 610
roestelioid aecium 632, Pl. 12
Rogation Sunday 610
root exudates 434, 435
root rot, Phytophthora and Pythium 102, Pl. 2
rose, powdery mildew 404; rust 631
Rosellinia necatrix 333
rostrate; see ascus wall
rotifers 64
rRNA (ribosomal RNA) analysis 35, 36
rumen fungi; see Neocallimastigales
rumposome 130
Russula 566; ectomycorrhiza 566; orchid mycorrhiza 598
Russula atropurpurea 567
Russula cyanoxantha, trama 524
Russula emetica 566
Russula fellea 566
Russula ochroleuca 566
russuloid clade 566–572; phylogeny 516–517
rust fungi 610; cereal rusts 627–629; see Uredinales
Rutstroemia echinophila Pl. 7
rye, ergot 350; eyespot 439
Saccharomyces 263
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 10–11, 229, 232, 256; alcoholic fermentation 262, 274–275; ascospore cleavage 267; bread-making 274; cell cycle 270, 271, 272, 301; cell wall 270; cytology 264; killer toxins 273–274, 646; life cycle 265–266; mating 266–270; membrane cycling 272; morphogenesis 270–272; pheromones 267; pseudohyphae 272; vacuole 273
Saccharomyces pastorianus 263
Saccharomycopsis 282–284
Saccharomycopsis fibuligera 282, 283
Saccobolus 420
sagenogen 68, 73
Saitoella 250
Sakaguchia dacryoidea 659
saké 276
salicylic acid 412
sanguinolentous hypha; see lactifer
Saprochaete 282
Saprolegnia 9, 24, 30, 79, 81–86, Pl. 2; asexual reproduction 82, 83–85; cyst 84; hypha 80; life cycle 78; ooplast arrangement 86; sexual reproduction 85, 86; zoospore 76
Saprolegnia litoralis 85
Saprolegnia parasitica 81, 85
Saprolegnia polymorpha 81
Saprolegniales 79–95; hypha 79; nutrition 81
sap-stain (of wood) 364, 371, 373
sarco-hypha 518
sarcomitic basidiocarp construction 519
sarcotrimitic basidiocarp construction 519
Sarcoscypha 419
Sarcoscypha australis Pl. 6
Sauternes wine 438
Sawadaea 403
Sawadaea bicornis 404, 405
Schizochytrium 74
schizogenous perithecial development 315, 318, 338
schizolytic secession 235
Schizophyllum 542
Schizophyllum commune 7–8, 489, 499, 542, 543–544, 545; dikaryotization (Buller phenomenon) 510; fruiting in the laboratory 544; hydrophobins 545; mating type factors 508, 543
Schizosaccharomyces 250, 261
Schizosaccharomyces japonicus 253
Schizosaccharomyces octosporus 253, 254, 255
Schizosaccharomyces pombe 51, 253–259; cell cycle 256, 257, 301; cell walls 255; life cycle 255; morphogenesis 258, 259; pheromones 255
Schizosaccharomycetales 253–259
Schizothecium 320
Schizothecium tetrasporum 321, 322
Schizothecium vesticola 320
Scleroderma 557, 585–586; boletoid clade 579, 585
Scleroderma bovista 586
Scleroderma citrinum 515, 586, 587
Scleroderma verrucosum 586, 587
Sclerosporaceae 125–126
Sclerospora 125
Sclerospora graminicola 126
sclerotial stroma 430
Sclerotinia, macroconidium 430; microconidium 430, 432; sclerotium (sclerotial stroma) 20, 430
Sclerotinia (Myriosclerotinia) curreyana 430, 431, Pl. 7; Myrioconium-type microconidium 430, 431; sclerotium 431
Sclerotinia fructigena; see Monilinia fructigena
Sclerotinia fuckeliana; see Botryotinia fuckeliana
Sclerotinia laxa; see Monilinia laxa
Sclerotinia (Stromatinia) narcissi, mating behaviour 435
Sclerotinia porri; see Botryotinia porri
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 431–434; biological control 433; infection biology 432; mating behaviour 436; oxalic acid 433; pH sensing 433; sclerotium 432, 434
Sclerotinia trifoliorum, mating behaviour 436
Sclerotinia (Dumontinia) tuberosa 431, 432
sclerotium 18, 19, 20–21; in Myxomycetes 49; see Aspergillus, Botrytis, Claviceps, Cordyceps, Morchella, Penicillium, Polyporus mylittae, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Sclerotium
Sclerotium cepivorum 431, 434; sclerotia and root exudates 434, 435
Sclerotium rolfsii, sclerotium 20, 501
scolecospore 23
scolytid beetles 366
Scopulariopsis 368
Scopulariopsis brevicaulis 234, 369
Scytalidium thermophilum 534
secondary metabolism 453
secondary mycelium 492, 497
secondary resource capture 554
secondary sporidium 648, 649
secotioid fruit-bodies 578
secretion of proteins 10–11, 13
sectoring (of mycelium) 228, 229
seed-borne fungi 433, 463, 466, 470, 478, 643
seed certification 651
seed dressing 651
segregation, first-division versus second-division in meiosis 319
senescence 326
separating cell 235
Sepedonium chrysospermum (teleom. Apiocrea chrysosperma) 556, 585, Pl. 9
septins 271, 301
Septoria 462, 481
Septoria tritici 481, 483
septum, Ascomycota 227, 228; distoseptate versus euseptate 472; formation 258, 259; in hypha 2; pores 261; see distoseptate, dolipore, parenthesome
Serpula lacrymans 556, 558–560; control 560; mycelial cord 16, 559; reproduction 559; var. domesticus 559–560
sex chromosomes 638, 653, 663
sex hormones (pheromones); see Achlya, Allomyces, Ascobolus furfuraceus, Blakeslea trispora, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Tremella mesenterica, Ustilago maydis
sexual agglutination; see agglutination
sexual dimorphism 436
shiitake mushroom; see Lentinula edodes
shuttle-streaming 51
side body complex 155
signalling 10, 277, 384, 645; in appressorium formation 384–385, 396; calcineurin 664; cross-talk 385, 646; heterodimer formation 509, 645; hydrophobicity 384; mycoviruses 376; ring constriction in Drechslerella 678
Simulium, as hosts for Erynia conica 213; and trichomycetes 223–224
single-cell protein (SCP) 263
sinuate gills 523
sirenin 158
Sistotrema hamatum (anam. Ingoldiella hamata) 504, 689
skeletal hypha 518
skeleto-ligative hypha 518
slime moulds 38, 40, Pl. 1
slime moulds (cellular); see Acrasio-mycetes, Dictyosteliomycetes
slime moulds (plasmodial); see Protosteliomycetes, Myxomycetes
slime net 71, 72, 73, 74
Smittium culisetae 222, 224
smut fungi 636; covered smut 643; loose smut 642, 643; see Microbotryales, ustilagino-mycetous smuts
soft-rot (of wood) 331
somatic diploids
somatic hybridization 625
somatogamy 132, 229
soralium 448
Sordaria 317, 318–320; ascospore discharge 244; mating systems 318–319
Sordaria brevicollis 320
Sordaria fimicola 68, 229; ascospore perisporium 237; ascus apical apparatus 241
Sordaria heterothallis 320
Sordaria humana, ascospore wall 237, 239
Sordaria macrospora 320
Sordariales 315, 316, 317–332
soredium 448, 450
sorghum, ergot 349; anthracnose 388
sorocarps 41, 45
sorus 60, 636, 639
sour rot 282
soy sauce 302
Sparassis 564
Sparassis crispa 561
spectrin 9
spermatium 231, 329, 376, 431, 435, 442, 611, 622
spermatozoid 162, 164
spermodochidium 431
spermogonium 442, 611, 612, 622, Pl. 12
Sphacelia segetum (teleom. Claviceps purpurea) 349
Sphaerobolus 588; gomphoid-phalloid clade 579
Sphaerobolus stellatus 588, 589–590; peridiole 589–590; peridiole discharge 589
sphaerocyst 519
Sphaeronaemella fimicola 371, 372
Sphaeronaemella helvellae 371
Sphaerotheca 404–405; fibrosin bodies 404
Sphaerotheca (Podosphaera) fuliginea 404
Sphaerotheca (Podosphaera) macularis 404; resistance breeding 408
Sphaerotheca (Podosphaera) mors-uvae 390, 404; resistance breeding 408
Sphaerotheca (Podosphaera) pannosa 404, 405–406
spherule, of Myxomycetes 49; in Coccidioides 291–292
Spinellus fusiger 166, 551, Pl. 3
Spiniger 504, 568; see Heterobasidion annosum
spiral growth 171
Spirosphaera 697, 700
Spirosphaera carici-graminis 701
Spirosphaera floriformis 701
Spirosphaera minuta 701
Spitzenkörper; see hypha
Spizellomyces 145
Spizellomycetales 145–150
splash cup 580, 582, 584–585
Spongospora nasturtii 54, 59, 61
Spongospora subterranea 54–55, 59, 61–62; vector for plant viruses 62
sporabola 495
sporangiolum 166, 191, 193, 194, 196, 197
sporangiophore, development 168–170, 171; microphores and macrophores 168; in Mucorales 165
sporangiospore 24, 165, 168
sporangium 25; one-spored 32; see sporangiolum; of Mucorales 171–173; of Myxomycetes 50; of Phytophthora 104, 106; of Pythium 98–99; of Saprolegnia 82
spore print 532
spores, different kinds 22–23; see also conidium, numbers of amero-, aplano-, asco-, ballisto-, basidio-, chlamydo-, dictyo-, didymo-, helico-, memno-, oo-, phragmo-, scoleco-, sporangio-, statismo-, stauro-, xeno-, zoo-, zygo-
Sporidiales 609, 666–670; see urediniomycete yeasts
Sporidiobolus 659; see Sporobolomyces
Sporidiobolus ruineniae 659
Sporidiobolus salmonicolor 667, 669; life cycle 670
sporidium, in Haptoglossa 64, 65, 66; in smut fungi 637, 648
Sporisorium 640
Sporisorium scitamineum 639
Sporobolomyces 658–659; ecology 668
Sporobolomyces roseus (teleom. Sporidiobolus) 659, 666–667, 668; air pollution 669; carotenoid production 671; ecology 668
Sporobolomyces salmonicolor (teleom. Sporidiobolus) 667, 670
sporocarp 46, 47, Pl. 1
sporocyst 288
sporodochium 231, 342–343, 466, Pl. 5
sporophores, of Myxomycetes 50
sporopollenin 177
Sporormiella 460–461, 479
Sporormiella intermedia 479, 480
Sporoschisma 234
Sporothrix 366
Sporothrix schenckii 364
Sporotrichum 505, 564
Sporotrichum pulverulentum 566
sprinkle-plate technique 675
squamule 448
squamulose lichens 447
Stagonospora 462, 464
Stagonospora avenae; see Phaeosphaeria avenaria
Stagonospora nodorum; see Phaeosphaeria nodorum
St. Anthony’s fire; see ergotism
statismospore 28, 577
statolith 548
staurospore 23
steliogen 46
Stemonitis axifera 51, Pl. 1
Stemphylium (teleom. Pleospora) 467, 468, 472
Stemphylium vesicarium 468
stereothecium 423
Stereum 569–572, 605; mating 569
Stereum gausapatum 569
Stereum hirsutum 567, 569–570; bow-tie reaction 571; mating 569
Stereum rugosum 568, 569
Stereum sanguinolentum 569; mating 570
sterigma 489, 494
sterigmatocystin 305
sterols 89, 96, 424; biosynthesis 411
stichobasidium 490
stinkhorns 589, 590
stipe 517
storage rots; see post-harvest diseases
Straminipila 37, 67, 75; phylogeny 69
straminipilous flagellum; see flagellar
strobilurins 410, 546, 551
strobilurin-type fungicides 113, 410, 412, 479, 481, 627, 631; resistance 412
Strobilurus 546
Strobilurus tenacellus 412
stroma 231, 430; see sclerotial stroma, substratal stroma
Stropharia 554
Stropharia aeruginosa 554
Stropharia aurantiaca 554
Stropharia semiglobata 521, 553, 554
Stüben bodies 155
stylospore 197
sub-gleba 581, 583
substomatal vesicle 615, 616
substratal stroma 430
Subulicystidium longisporum 697
sudden infant death syndrome 259
sugar beet, blackleg 466; leaf spot 481; powdery mildew 402; yellow-vein virus 62
sugarcane, rust 633; smut 639
Suillus 558; related to gasteromycetes 578–579
Suillus bovinus 558
Suillus granulatus 558, Pl. 9
Suillus grevillei 526, 556, 558; related to gasteromycetes 578
Suillus luteus 558
sulphur dioxide 454
sulphur dust and lime 403, 410
suprahilar plage 493
surface tension catapult 493, 494, 496, 611, 648, 655, 660
survival of propagules 23, 51, 73, 111, 155, 613, 643, 648
suspensor 176, 177; appendages 177
swarmer 46, 49, 137, 156, 160
sympodula 332, 337, 472, 475
synanamorph 32, 341–342, 366, 466
Syncephalastrum racemosum 195
Syncephalis 201
Synchytrium 134–139
Synchytrium aecidioides 139
Synchytrium lagenariae 138
Synchytrium endobioticum 127, 134–138, Pl. 3; control 138; hypertrophy 136; life-cycle 135
Synchytrium fulgens 138
Synchytrium macrosporum 134
Synchytrium mercurialis 139, 140
Synchytrium taraxaci 139, Pl. 3
Synchytrium trichosanthidis 138
synnema 230
systemic acquired resistance (SAR) 119, 412
Syzygites megalocarpus 172–173, 175–176, 179, 184, 187
T-2 toxin 348
Taeniomyces gracilis (teleom. Fibulomyces) 689, 690
take-all 385–386; take-all decline 386, 596
Talaromyces 312, 313
Tapesia acuformis 439–440, 441
Tapesia yallundae (anam. Pseudocercospora herpotrichoides) 439–440, 441, 596
Taphrina 250–253, 261
Taphrina amentorum 251, Pl. 4
Taphrina betulina 251, Pl. 4
Taphrina epiphylla 253
Taphrina deformans 251–252, 253, Pl. 4; plant hormones 253; control 253
Taphrina insititiae 251
Taphrina populina 251
Taphrina pruni 251
Taphrina tosquinetii 251
Taphrina wiesneri 251
Taphrinales 251–253
taxonomy 32–35, 38
teleomorph 32
teliospore 488, 489; pedicel 629, 631; in rust fungi 610, 612, 623; in smut fungi 637, 639, 660; in yeasts 667, 670
telium 610, 612, 623, Pl. 12
terbinafine 279, 293
Terfezia (desert truffle) 427
Termitomyces 552
terverticillate; see Penicillium conidiophores
Tetrachaetum elegans 688, 689
tetrapolar; see heterothallism
tetraradiate propagules 214, 687–688, 693
textura angularis 464
thallic conidiogenesis 30, 235; see holothallic, thallic-arthric
thallic-arthric conidiogenesis 235
thallus 3, 64, 73; epibiotic and endobiotic 128; holocarpic and eucarpic 71, 128; lichens 447–448, Pl. 8; monocentric and polycentric 71, 128; variability 134; trichomycetes 223
Thamnidium elegans 191, 192
Thanatephorus 594, 595; see Rhizoctonia
Thaxterogaster 578
Thelephora terrestris 572, Pl. 10; orchid mycorrhiza 598
thelephoroid clade 572; phylogeny 516–517
thermotolerance 306–307, 331
Thielaviopsis 371
Thielaviopsis basicola 232, 234, 372
Thielaviopsis thielavioides 371
thigmotropism 174–175, 615
Thraustochytriales 73–74
Thraustochytrium 73–74
Thraustotheca clavata 91, 92
thrush 279
Tilletia 647; secondary sporidium 648, 649; systemic infection 648
Tilletia caries 647–648; teliospores 647; teliospore germination 648; trimethylamine 647
Tilletia controversa 648
Tilletia indica 649
Tilletiopsis 412
tobacco, blue mould 116, 119; necrosis virus (TNV) 148
Tolypocladium inflatum 349, 363, 364; see cyclosporin
tomato, anthracnose 388; Fusarium wilt 347; late blight 115; leaf mould 483
Totivirus 273
trama 524
Trametes hirsuta 529
Trametes (Coriolus) versicolor 499, 560–562, 563, Pl. 10; vegetative incompatibility 510, 511, 518
transgenic plants 433
transposable elements 345, 439, 653
Tranzschel’s Law 614
Trebouxia (lichen photobiont) 446, 448, 450, 452, 455
Tremella 605–608; basidiospore germination patterns 605, 608; haustorial branches 605, 606
Tremella encephala 605, 607
Tremella foliacea 607
Tremella frondosa 607, 608
Tremella fuciformis 607; exopolysaccharides 608
Tremella globospora 605, 606
Tremella mesenterica 605, Pl. 11; life cycle 607; mating 605; sex hormones 605
Tremellales 604–608; parenthesome 604, 606; yeast stage 604
tremelloid basidium 604, 606, 608
tremerogen 605
Trentepohlia (lichen photobiont) 446, 452, 455
tretic conidial development 31, 232, 472
triadimefon 410, 411
triazole-type fungicides 293, 306, 410, 411, 627; resistance 411
Trichia floriforme 51, 52
Trichiales (Myxomycota) 51
Trichoderma 340; biological control 342, 434, 551, 569, 596
‘Trichoderma effect’ (on sexual reproduction in Phytophthora) 96, 124
Trichoderma harzianum 340, 342, 569
Trichoderma reesii (teleom. Hypocrea jecorina) 339; cellulases 340
Trichoderma stromaticum 551
Trichoderma virens (teleom. Hypocrea virens) 340, 342
Trichoderma viride (teleom. Hypocrea rufa) 340, 341
Trichoglossum 443
Trichoglossum hirsutum 443, 444
trichogyne 330, 416
Tricholoma 552
Tricholoma gambosum 552
Tricholoma matsutake 552; cultivation 527
Tricholoma sulphureum 552
Trichomycetes 166, 222–225
Trichophyton 293, 294–295
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 294
Trichophyton rubrum 294
Trichophyton schoenleinii 294
Trichophyton verrucosum 294, 295
trichospore 223, 224
Trichosporon 660
trichothecenes; see T-2 toxin
Trichurus 371
Tricladiomyces malaysianum 689
Tricladium splendens (teleom. Hymenoscyphus splendens) 232, 685, 688
tridemorph 410, 411
trimethylamine 647, 649
trimitic basidiocarp construction 518, 519
Trimorphomyces papilionaceus 594
tripartite tubular hair (TTH) 24, 68–69, 70
Triphragmium ulmariae 629
trisporic acid 174, 175
trophocyst 185, 187
truffles 414; see Elaphomyces, Endogone, Rhizopogon, Tuber, Terfezia
truffle flies 424
TTH; see tripartite tubular hair
T-toxin 476, 477
Tuber 423–427; ascospore 425; boar hormone 5α-androst-16-en-3α-ol 424; dimethyl sulphide 424; ectomycorrhiza 424, 426; life cycle 424–426; saprotrophic phase 426; yields 427
Tuber aestivum 426
Tuber albidum 426
Tuber magnatum (Piedmont truffle) 426
Tuber melanosporum (Périgord truffle) 424–425, 426, 427; brûlé 426; inoculation of trees 427
Tuber puberulum 425
Tuber rufum 425
Tubercularia state of Nectria cinnabarina 231, 342, 344
Tulasnellales 594; basidium 595
Tulasnella 574
Tumularia aquatica (teleom. Massarina aquatica) 685, 691, 693
turbinate cells 142, 143
turf-grass blight 72
turgor pressure 7–8, 80, 83, 208; in ascospore discharge 242; in appressorium 381
Typhula 501
ubiquitin 272
Umbelopsis 197
Uncinocarpus 292
Uncinula 401, 403
Uncinula (Erysiphe) necator 390, 403, 410
uniseriate; see Aspergillus
unitunicate; see ascus wall
universal veil 520
Uredinales 609–635, Pl. 12; biotrophy 616–618; control 627; cultivation on simple media 618; life cycle 610, 611, 612–614; haustorium 615–616, 617–618; host resistance 618–620; infection process 614–616; monokaryotic versus dikaryotic penetration and haustoria 614, 616; phylogeny 610; spore types 611–613; systemic infections 630
urediniomycete yeasts 659, 666–670; life cycle 667–668, 670; phylogeny 661, 666
Urediniomycetes 609, Pl. 12; see Uredinales
urediniospore 610, 612, 615, 623; adhesion pad 615; attachment 615
uredinium 610, 612, 623, Pl. 12
Urocystis 649–651
Urocystis agropyri 649, 650
Urocystis anemones 651; teliospore germination 650
Urocystis tritici 649
Uromyces 628, 630–631; infection processes monokaryotic versus dikaryotic 616
Uromyces appendiculatus 614–615, 631; adhesion pad 615; teliospore 629; thigmotropism 615, 616
Uromyces dactylidis 630
Uromyces dianthi 630
Uromyces ficariae 630
Uromyces pisi 631
Uromyces viciae-fabae 615–616, 631; haustorium 617
Usnea florida Pl. 8
usnic acid 452, 453, 455, 458
ustilaginomycete smuts 636–652; control 651–652; intracellular hyphae 637; life-cycle 637, 638; mating system 637; mating-type loci 637; sheath 637, 642; systemic growth 643; teliospore 637, 639
ustilaginomycete yeasts 670–672; see Malassezia
Ustilaginomycetes 636; subclasses 636; see Exobasidiales, Malasseziales, ustilaginomycetous smuts
Ustilago 639–647; phylogeny 639; teliospore germination 640–641; teliospore surface 639, 640
Ustilago avenae 637; basidium 489; teliospore germination 636
Ustilago filiformis 639; teliospore germination 641, 642
Ustilago hordei 639, 643; sheath 642; systemic growth 643
Ustilago maydis 643–647, Pl. 12; cytoskeleton 646; dikaryon establishment 644, 645, 646; life cycle 638; mating system 605, 644; mating type factors 508; killer toxins 646–647; pheromones 644
Ustilago nuda 643; teliospore germination 641
Ustilago segetum 639
Ustilago tritici 642, 643
vaccines against fungi 291
vacuoles 4, 5, 11, 12–13, 66, 76, 273, 585; in basidium development 488, 489–490; in zoospore cleaveage 87
valley fever 293
VAM (vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza) 218–221; physiology 221–222
Varicosporium elodeae 688, 689
variegatic acid 557, 585
Vascellum 581
vegetative incompatibility 53, 227, 365; in Basidiomycota 510, 511; in Daldinia concentrica 334; in Physarum polycephalum 48, 53; in Podospora anserina 325–326; in Trametes versicolor 511, 562
Venturia 478, 481
Venturia inaequalis 478, 479; control of ascospore inoculum 478–479; fungicides 479, 632
veratryl alcohol 530, 531, 532
vertical resistance; see host resistance
vertical transmission of inoculum 357
Verticillium balanoides, nematode infection process 684
Verticillium lecanii 412
vesicle, conidiophore 298, 302; sporangium 95, 98; sub-stomatal 616; VAM 218, 220
viability of propagules; see survival
victorin C 476
vines; see grape-vines
viridin 339
viruses, fungi as vectors 62, 147–148; see mycoviruses
vitamin C 434
Volucrispora 685
volva 520
Volvariella 545; life cycle 545
Volvariella bombycina 545; cystidia 525; fruiting in the laboratory 545; secotioid form 578
Volvariella speciosa 543
Volvariella surrecta 543, 546
Volvariella volvacea 545–546; cultivation 525
vomitoxin 348
vulpinic acid 452, 453
watercress, crook-root disease 61, 63
water-moulds 79
weathering of rocks 447
weight-lifting by Coprinus basidiocarps 538
wheat, black stem rust 620; brown leaf rust 627; common bunt 647; dwarf bunt 649; eyespot 439; glume blotch 462; Karnal bunt 649; leaf blotch 462, 481, 483; leaf stripe-smut 649; loose smut 642, 643; stripe rust 627; tan-spot 478
whiplash flagellum; see flagella
white-rot (of wood) 333, 529, 530–532, 541, 560, 573, 601, Pl. 10
wilts 345, 346, 366, 369
wind dispersal 399
wine production 275–276
witches’ brooms 251
wood 528; degradation 527–532
Woronin bodies 227, 228, 261, 287
Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous 665–666, 667; astaxanthin production 665; basidium 667; life cycle 666
Xanthoria 455
Xanthoria parietina 455, 456, Pl. 8; mite dispersal 448
xenospore 22
xerocomic acid 585
Xerocomus 557
xerophilic fungi 286, 298, 305
Xylaria 335
Xylaria carpophila 333, 335
Xylaria hypoxylon 231, 334, 335, 336
Xylaria longipes 335, Pl. 5; apical apparatus 241, 242
Xylaria polymorpha 335
Xylariales 316, 332–336
yeasts 3; see Archiascomycetes, black yeasts, Hemiascomycetes, Mucor rouxii, Tremellales
zearalenone 348
Zoopagales 200–202, 675
Zoophthora 203
zoospore 23, 24, 57; auxiliary and principal 76, 81, 83; Chytridiomycota 129–130, 131, 146, 153, 154, 155, 163; cyst 84, 87, 94; Hyphochytrium 70; Labyrinthulomycota 73; Oomycota 76, 77, 95; in Phytophthora 107–108; in Pythium 100; as vectors for viruses; see viruses, fungi as vectors
Zostera; see eelgrass (Zostera) wasting
Zygomycota 165–215, 216–225, Pl. 3; phylogeny 166
zygophore 174
Zygorhizidium affluens 142
Zygorhizidium planktonicum 132, 133, 142
Zygorhynchus 182
Zygorhynchus heterogamus 172, 182
Zygorhynchus moelleri 173, 175, 182, 183
Zygorhynchus psychrophilus 182
zygosporangium 173
zygospore 28, 29, 165, 174, 177, 183, 186, 200, 209; formation 176–177; investment 177; germination 178–179