Australian administrative law

The growth of administrative law in Australia has continued in an unabated form since the introduction of innovative reforms in the mid-1970s. The centre plank of these reforms was the establishment of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal with follow-on reforms relating to the Ombudsman, judicial review and freedom of information legislation. The impact of these reforms has been vast and significant. Australian Administrative Law: Fundamentals, Principles and Doctrines seeks to take stock of the growth and development of administrative law principles. Particular attention is paid to the important cases and key doctrines which provide the theoretical underpinnings of these principles.

    In this book, a team of highly respected administrative law scholars and jurists aim to provide a lucid exposition of the relevant case law, principles and doctrines. The book illuminates the fundamental features of Australian administrative law and will prove useful to students and practitioners interested in this field.

Matthew Groves is Senior Lecturer in Law at Monash University.

H P Lee holds the Sir John Latham Chair of Law at Monash University.

Australian administrative law

Fundamentals, principles and doctrines

Matthew Groves
H P Lee

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

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Cambridge University Press
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Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

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Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521697903

© Matthew Groves, HP Lee 2007

First published 2007

Printed in Australia by Ligare

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

National Library of Australia Cataloguing in Publication data

Australian administrative law : fundamentals, principles and doctrines.
Includes index.
ISBN 9780521697903 (pbk.).
1. Administrative law – Australia. 2. Administrative remedies – Australia. 3. Judicial
review of administrative acts – Australia. I. Groves, Matthew. II. Lee, H. P., 1947--
342.9406
ISBN 978-0-521-69790-3 paperback

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Contents

Foreword

The Hon M E J Black A C

Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Australia

The large, complex and evolving field of administrative law is of special importance to lawyers and indeed to all concerned with Australia’s democracy. This is not only because administrative decision-making can, and increasingly does, touch upon almost any aspect of our lives but, more fundamentally, because administrative law is one of the primary means by which our commitment to the rule of law is applied. This commitment to the rule of law may be seen at its most direct in the field of judicial review. As a former Chief Justice of Australia has written:

   Judicial review is neither more nor less than the enforcement of the rule of law over executive action; it is the means by which executive action is prevented from exceeding the powers and functions assigned to the executive by law and the interests of the individual are protected accordingly.¹

   In this excellent new book, distinguished scholars from academia, the practising legal profession, and the judiciary explore and explain Australian administrative law, its theories, the ideas and the principles upon which it rests.

   The intended readership includes tertiary students and to them I would commend the quality of the scholarship and the enthusiasm for the subject that the writing conveys; as lawyers they will have an important role to play in promoting an understanding of the fundamentals of our system of government. Administrative law, and its interaction with constitutional law, should be one of their special responsibilities. Also, although students will no doubt concentrate on particular chapters, I would urge them to read and consider the work as a whole, for administrative law is an area in which a clear understanding of the broad field – which the book provides in full measure – is needed for a proper understanding of the individual parts.

   I am delighted to have the opportunity of writing the foreword to this very valuable contemporary work on administrative law in Australia.

M E J Black
Owen Dixon Commonwealth Law Courts
Melbourne
19 February 2007

Preface

The development of administrative law is a prominent feature of the Australian legal landscape. The importance of this subject is highlighted by the fact that it is stipulated as a ‘core’ subject in the syllabi of many, if not most, law schools. One needs only to peruse the cases reported in the main law reports to appreciate its significance as a large area of legal practice.

   In this volume of essays, the contributors examine a number of fundamental topics of practical and doctrinal importance. The contributors (who are drawn from academia, the judiciary and the legal profession) have sought to provide a lucid exposition of the relevant case law and principles and explore the doctrinal dimensions and theoretical underpinnings of those principles.

   We hope this volume will be of great relevance and value to tertiary courses in Australian administrative law, the Australian legal system and government. As it will be concerned not only with the lucid exposition of the principles, but also with the scholarly exploration of doctrines and theories underpinning the subject, we expect that the volume will be of great interest to tertiary students, members of the judiciary, practitioners and legal academics.

   We wish to record our gratitude to a number of persons who assisted us greatly in bringing this book to fruition. First and foremost we are extremely indebted to Enid Campbell, Emeritus Professor at Monash University and the undoubted doyenne of public law in Australia. Enid generously reviewed all the contributions and provided us with invaluable comments. Jill Henry and Kate Indigo at Cambridge University Press and Carolyn Leslie were most helpful and, fortunately for us, very patient as we sought to complete the editing of the book amidst our many other pressing commitments. We also would like to thank Maryanne Cassar and Audrey Paisley who provided us with efficient and chirpy secretarial assistance and the Monash Law Faculty for providing us with a grant to enable us to organise a symposium where a number of the draft chapters were discussed.

   Last, but not least, we are indebted to the Honourable Michael Black, Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Australia, for his encouragement and for writing the foreword to the book.

Matthew Groves and H P Lee

About the contributors

Geoff Airo-Farulla is Assistant Commonwealth Ombudsman, Brisbane. He was previously a foundation member of staff at the Griffith Law School, where he was a Senior Lecturer and Director of the Governance and Regulation Program in the Socio-Legal Research Centre. Dr Airo-Farulla has also previously been a part-time member of the Social Security Appeals Tribunal, and a member of the Queensland Gaming Commission.

Stephen Argument is a government lawyer working in Canberra, and has also worked extensively in private legal practice for mainly government clients. Prior to commencing work in private legal practice in 2000, Stephen worked in the Australian Public Service where his positions included Secretary to the Senate Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Bills. Stephen is co-author of the third edition of Professor Dennis Pearce’s text Delegated Legislation in Australia. He has been the National Secretary of the Australian Institute of Administrative Law for over sixteen years. Stephen is the Legal Adviser (Subordinate Legislation) to the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly’s Scrutiny of Bills and Subordinate Legislation Committee.

Mark Aronson is Emeritus Professor of Law at the University of New South Wales. He has written extensively on issues in law, Crown liability, evidence and procedure. He is planning to begin work on a fourth edition of Aronson, Dyer and Groves' Judicial Review of Administrative Action (2004), which is currently in its third edition.

Colin Campbell is Lecturer at the Faculty of Law, Monash University. Prior to this he was a solicitor and a judge’s associate. Colin holds masters degrees in law from the University of Melbourne and Cambridge University. Colin was recently awarded a PhD by Cambridge University for his doctoral dissertation, ‘The Conception of Public Power in Judicial Review’.

Mary Crock is Associate Professor and Associate Dean (Postgraduate Research) at the Faculty of Law, University of Sydney. Mary teaches and researches in migration and refugee law. Her books and edited collections include: Seeking Asylum Alone: Unaccompanied and Separated Children and Refugee Protection in Australia (2006); Future Seekers II: Refugees and Irregular Migration in Australia (2006) (with Ben Saul and Azadeh Dastyari); Immigration and Refugee Law in Australia (1998). Mary has held many appointments related to migration and refugee issues including adviser to the Australian Senate (Inquiry into Australia’s Refugee and Humanitarian Program, 2000) and consultant to the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (on immigration detention).

Robin Creyke is Professor of Law in the College of Law at the Australian National University, where she teaches mainly administrative law and military law. Her main research interests are in administrative law, notably the impact of judicial review cases and the position of tribunals in our system of government. Robin’s publications include Veterans’ Entitlements Law (2001, with P Sutherland) and Laying Down the Law (6th edn, with several co-authors) and Control of Government Action (2005, with J McMillan). Robin has held many positions in both government and the private sector. She is currently President of the Australian Institute of Administrative Law, a member of the Administrative Review Council (which advises the federal Attorney-General on administrative law issues) and is also a Special Counsel for Philips Fox Lawyers (where she advises on government and corporate issues).

Roger Douglas is Associate Professor at La Trobe University Law School, where he teaches administrative law, civil procedure, equity and trusts. His recent research examines the use of law to control political dissent. Roger’s publications include numerous articles in law, sociology and criminology journals, and books including: Dealing with Demonstrations (2004), Douglas and Jones’ Administrative Law: Cases and Commentary (5th edn 2006), and Social Aspects of Law (1973).

Alison Duxbury is Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Law, University of Melbourne and a member of the Asia-Pacific Centre for Military Law. She holds bachelor degrees in Arts and Laws (Hons) from the University of Melbourne, and a Master of Law from Cambridge University. She has taught a variety of subjects, including constitutional and administrative law, international law, and military administrative law. Her main research interests include international law, human rights law, and the intersection between international law and public law.

Chris Finn is Senior Lecturer in Law at the Law School of the University of Adelaide. He teaches and researches in the areas of administrative law and competition law and has published in relation to Freedom of Information legislation, government contracting, privatisation and utility regulation (including the Australian National Electricity Market).

Justice Robert French was appointed to the Federal Court of Australia in 1986, and he is based in Perth. From May 1994 to December 1998, he also held the office of President of the National Native Title Tribunal. He was, until recently, President of the Australian Association of Constitutional Law. He is a member of the Australian Competition Tribunal and a part-time Commissioner of the Australian Law Reform Commission.

Stephen Gageler SC is a leading member of the New South Wales Bar, where he maintains a practice in constitutional, administrative and revenue law with emphasis on appeals mainly in the Federal Court and the High Court. Before he was called to the Bar, Stephen worked in both private practise and government and was Associate to Sir Anthony Mason. He has also published widely in the areas of public law and federal jurisdiction.

Matthew Groves is Senior Lecturer in Law at the Faculty of Law, Monash University where he teaches public law, legal ethics and succession law. Matthew is co-author of Aronson, Dyer and Groves’, Judicial Review of Administrative Action (3rd edn, 2004) and has published widely on administrative law, prison management and military law.

Bill Lane is the Clayton Utz Professor of Public Law at Queensland University of Technology, having previously taught law at La Trobe University, Melbourne and the University of Queensland. He is joint author of Lane and Young: Administrative Law in Queensland (2001); joint editor of Lane and Young Queensland Administrative Law and the editor of the Queensland Administrative Reports. He is also a part-time Senior Member of the Veterans Review Board (Cth) and Member of the Non State Schools Accreditation Board (Qld).

HP Lee is the Sir John Latham Professor of Law at Monash University, where he is currently Deputy Dean of the Faculty of Law. He teaches and researches in Australian constitutional law and comparative constitutional law. His major works include HP Lee and G Winterton (eds), Australian Constitutional Landmarks (2003), E Campbell and HP Lee, The Australian Judiciary (2001), HP Lee, Constitutional Conflicts in Contemporary Malaysia (1995) and HP Lee, Emergency Powers (1984). He is also currently the Vice-Chairman of the Australian Press Council.

Maria O’Sullivan lectures in administrative law at Monash University. She completed a BA/LLB (Hons) degree at the Australian National University in 1995, and a LLM in International Human Rights Law at the University of Essex in 2001. She has worked in various legal positions, including as a Policy Officer at the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, a researcher with Matrix Chambers, London, and a legal adviser with the Refugee Review Tribunal. Her primary research interests are administrative and refugee law. She is currently completing a doctorate on the cessation of refugee status.

Moira Paterson is Associate Professor in the Monash Law Faculty, where she teaches and researches in the areas of freedom of information, privacy and intellectual property. She is the author of Freedom of Information and Privacy in Australia: Government and Information Access in the Modern State (2005) and a Freedom of Information editor for the Australian Administrative Law Service. Moira was a legal consultant to the Public Accounts and Estimates Committee of the Victorian Parliament in respect of its report, Commercial in Confidence Material and the Public Interest (2000) and a founding co-editor of the FOI Review.

Linda Pearson

is Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the University of New South Wales, where she teaches administrative law and environmental law. She is also a judicial member of the Administrative Decisions Tribunal of New South Wales. Linda has previously been a Presiding Member of the Guardianship Tribunal of New South Wales. Before she became an academic, Linda held a range of positions in government, and was a member of the Social Security Appeals Tribunal and also the Migration Review Tribunal.

Marilyn Pittard is Professor and formerly Associate Dean (Postgraduate Studies) at the Faculty of Law at Monash University. Her teaching fields include undergraduate and postgraduate labour and employment law, administrative law and public sector employment law. Marilyn has published widely in labour and employment law, co-authoring Australian Labour Law: Cases and Materials (4th edn, 2003) (and several previous editions) and Industrial Relations in Australia: Development, Law and Operation (1995). She is founding Editorial Board member, Australian Journal of Labour Law; editor, Employment Law Bulletin; faculty adviser, Monash University Law Review; executive committee member and Victorian chapter convenor, Australian Labour Law Association.

Edward Santow is a legal officer at the Australian Law Reform Commission and a part-time lecturer in Administrative Law at the University of New South Wales. He is a member of the Steering Committee of the Global Alliance for Justice Education. He was the National Expert (Australia) in the European Union’s ‘MEDIS’ project, which compared the anti-discrimination regimes in Australia and four other jurisdictions. He has also worked as a solicitor at a Sydney law firm and was Associate to Justice Heydon of the High Court of Australia.

Ben Saul is Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Law, at the University of Sydney, and Director of the Sydney Centre for International and Global Law. He specialises in public international law and his books include Defining Terrorism in International Law (2006), the first scholarly work on the subject, and Future Seekers II: Refugees and Irregular Migration in Australia (2006) (with Mary Crock and Azadeh Dastyari). Ben is involved in numerous professional and community organisations and practises occasionally as an academic barrister.

Naomi Sidebotham was formerly Senior Lecturer in Law in the School of Law, Murdoch University. She researches in the areas of administrative law and law and literature and has published in relation to the rule of law, jurisdictional error and unreasonableness.

Rick Snell is Senior Lecturer in Law at the University of Tasmania, where he teaches and researches in administrative law and comparative administrative law. In particular, his comparative research focuses on freedom of information and Ombudsman. He is a member of the Tasmanian Administrative Review Advisory Council, which reports to the Tasmanian Attorney-General on administrative law practices and reforms.

Cameron Stewart is Associate Professor of Law at Macquarie University. He is a solicitor and barrister of the High Court of Australia and a legal practitioner of the Supreme Court of New South Wales. He has degrees in economics, law, jurisprudence and a doctorate from the University of Sydney on end-of-life decision-making. He has published widely on medical decision-making and is currently researching Australian guardianship law and practice.

Table of cases

   A v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [2002] FCA 379 67

   Abdi and Nadarajah v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] EWCA Civ 1363 293, 298

   Abebe v Commonwealth (1999) 197 CLR 510 67, 94, 190, 362

   Aboriginal Land Council (NSW) v Aboriginal and Torres Srait Islander Commission (1995) 131 ALR 559 227

   Aboriginal Legal Service Ltd v Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs (1996) 139 ALR 577 257

   Accident Compensation Commission v Croom [1991] 2 VR 322 117

   Adams v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (1997) 70 FCR 591 258

   Ainsworth v Burden (2003) 56 NSWLR 620 122

   Ainsworth v Criminal Justice Commission (1992) 175 CLR 564 268, 378

   Airservices Australia v Canadian Airlines (2000) 202 CLR 133 47

   Al-Kateb v Godwin [2004] HC 37 62, 63, 210

   Allan v Development Allowance Authority (1998) 80 FCR 583 168

   Allan v Transurban City Link Ltd (2001) 208 CLR 283 158

   Allinson v General Council of Medical Education and Registration [1894] 1 QB 750 236

   Alphapharm Pty Ltd v SmithKline Beecham (Australia) Pty Ltd (1994) 49 FCR 250 167, 168, 171

   Ang v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1994) 121 ALR 95 199

   Anisminic Ltd v Foreign Compensation Commission [1969] 2 AC 147 237, 238, 336, 338, 339, 356, 364, 370

   Annetts v McCann (1990) 170 CLR 596 31, 268, 271

   Ansett Transport Industries (Operations) Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1977) 139 CLR 54 256, 263

   Anti-Discrimination Commissioner v Acting Ombudsman [2003] TASSC 34 110

   Anya v Oxford University [2001] ICR 847 182

   Applicant M164/2002 v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs [2006] FCAFC 16 274

   Applicant NAFF of 2002 v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2004) 221 CLR 1 312, 313

   Applicant S v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (2004) 217 CLR 387 94

   Applicant VEAL of 2002 v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2005) 225 CLR 88 93, 274, 277, 363

   Applicant WAFV of 2002 v Refugee Review Tribunal (2003) 125 FCR 351 29

   Armah v Government of Ghana [1968] AC 192 237

   Arnold v State of Queensland and the National Parks and Wildlife Service (1987) 13 ALD 195 117

   Ascic v Australian Federal Police (1986) 11 ALN N184 123

   Ashbridge Investments Ltd v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1965] 1 WLR 1320 238

   Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223 31, 52, 54, 185, 195, 215, 281

   Association of British Civilian Internees Far East Region v Secretary for Defence [2002] EWHC 2119 290

   Ates v Minister of State for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1983) 67 FLR 449 66

   Attorney-General v Ryan [1980] AC 718 350

   Attorney General (UK) v Heinemann Publishers (1988) 165 CLR 30 144

   Attorney-General (Cth) v Breckler (1999) 197 CLR 83 86

   Attorney-General (Cth) v The Queen (1957) 95 CLR 529 6, 210

   Attorney-General (Hong Kong) v Ng Yuen Shiu [1983] 2 AC 629 266, 283, 287

   Attorney-General (NSW) v Kennedy Miller Television Pty Ltd (1998) 43 NSWLR 729 179

   Attorney-General (NSW) v Quin (1990) 170 CLR 1 10, 22, 32, 61, 217, 225, 234, 260, 267, 268, 295, 298, 310, 348

   Attorney-General (NSW) v World Best Holdings Ltd (2005) 223 ALR 346 201

   Attorney-General’s Department v Cockcroft (1986) 10 FCR 180 123

   Austin v Deputy Secretary, Attorney-General’s Department (1986) 67 ALR 58 117

   Austral Fisheries Pty Ltd v Minister for Primary Industries and Energy (1993) 112 ALR 211 226

   Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd (2002) 208 CLR 199 35

   Australian Broadcasting Tribunal v Bond (1990) 170 CLR 321 30, 213, 219, 233, 234, 235, 238, 241, 244, 247, 250, 251, 328, 349, 375

   Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1992) 177 CLR 106 4, 5

   Australian Coal and Shale Employees’ Federation v Aberfield Coal Mining Co Ltd (1942) 66 CLR 161 362

   Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth (1951) 83 CLR 1 3, 18, 214, 367

   Australian Conservation Foundation v Commonwealth (1980) 146 CLR 493 160–161, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171

   Australian Conservation Foundation v Environmental Protection Appeal Board [1983] VR 385 164

   Australian Conservation Foundation v Forestry Commission (1988) 19 FCR 127 164

   Australian Conservation Foundation v Minister for Resources (1989) 19 ALD 70 165

   Australian Conservation Foundation v South Australia (1990) 53 SASR 349 164, 165

   Australian Foreman Stevedores Association v Crone (1980) 98 ALR 276 164

   Australian Gaslight Company v Valuer-General (1940) 40 SR (NSW) 126 235, 236

   Australian Heritage Commission v Mount Isa Mines Ltd (1997) 187 CLR 297 217

   Australian Institute of Marine and Power Engineers v Secretary, Department of Transport (1986) 71 ALR 73 164, 170

   Australian National Industries Ltd v Spedley Securities Ltd (in Liq) (1992) 26 NSWLR 411 317

   Australian National University v Burns (1982) 64 FLR 166 176

   Australian Retailers Association v Reserve Bank of Australia [2005] FCA 1707 232

   Australian Telecommunications Corporation v Lambroglou (1990) 12 AAR 515 96

   Azzopardi v Tasman UEB Industries Ltd (1985) 4 NSWLR 139 235, 241, 242, 247, 252

   B41 of 2003 v Refugee Review Tribunal [2004] FCA 30 33

   Bailey v Conole (1931) 34 WALR 18 202

   Baker v Carr 369 US 186 (1962) 155

   Banks v Transport Regulation Board (Vic) (1968) 119 CLR 222 266

   Barratt v Howard (2000) 170 ALR 529 31, 296

   Barton v The Queen (1980) 147 CLR 75 159

   Bateman’s Bay Aboriginal Land Council v Aboriginal Community Benefit Fund Pty Ltd (1998) 194 CLR 247 158, 159, 162–163, 167, 169, 378

   Bates v Lord Hailsham [1972] 1 WLR 1373 267

   Batterham v QSR Ltd [2006] HCA 23 331

   Begum v Tower Hamlets London Borough Council [2003] 2 AC 430 426

   Bellinz v Commissioner of Taxation (1998) 84 FCR 154 295

   Berowra Holdings Pty Ltd v Gordon [2006] HCA 32 334, 341

   BGL Corporate Solutions Pty Ltd v Australian Prudential Regulation Authority [1999] FCA 420 167

   Bibi v Newham LBC [2001] EWCA Civ 607 288

   Bienke v Minister for Industries and Energy (1996) 63 FCR 567 230

   Big Country Developments Pty Ltd v Australian Community Pharmacy Authority (1995) 60 FCR 85 167

   Birdseye v Australian Securities and Investment Commission (2003) 76 ALD 321 96

   Board of Education v Rice [1911] AC 179 268, 272

   Boddington v British Transport Police [1999] 2 AC 143 238, 337

   Bond v Australian Broadcasting Tribunal (1990) 170 CLR 321 242, 245, 248

   Borkovic v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1981) 39 ALR 186 233

   Bounty Council v The Ombudsman (1995) 37 NSWLR 357 110

   Boyce v Paddington Borough Council [1903] 1 Ch 109 159, 164, 371

   Bradley v Commonwealth (1973) 128 CLR 582 302

   Brandy v Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (1995) 183 CLR 245 7, 9

   Bray v F Hoffman-La Roche Ltd (2003) 200 ALR 607 330

   Bread Manufacturers of New South Wales v Evans (1981) 180 CLR 404 257

   Breen v Amalgamated Engineering Union [1971] 2 QB 175 19

   Bridgetown/Greenbushes Friends of the Forest Inc v Executive Director of Conservation and Land Management (1997) 18 WAR 102 164, 165

   Briginshaw v Briginshaw (1938) 60 CLR 336 95, 224

   Brisbane Airport Corporation v Deputy President Wright [2002] FCA 359 171

   British Oxygen Co Ltd v Minister of Technology [1971] AC 601 258

   Bropho v State of Western Australia (1990) 171 CLR 1 26, 47, 61

   Bropho v Tickner (1993) 40 FCR 165 164, 170, 258

   Brown v Police (1999) 74 SASR 402 325

   Brownells Ltd v Ironmongers’ Wages Board (1950) 81 CLR 108 198

   Bruce v Cole (1998) 45 NSWLR 163 194

   Buck v Bavone (1976) 135 CLR 110 52, 225, 349

   Bugdaycay v Secretary of State for the Home Department [1987] AC 514 229, 426

   Builders Licensing Board v Sperway Constructions (Sydney) Pty Ltd (1976) 135 CLR 616 85, 96

   Builders’ Registration Board (Qld) v Rauber (1983) 47 ALR 55 328

   Building Construction Employees and Builders’ Labourers Federation of New South Wales v Minister for Industrial Relations (1986) 7 NSWLR 372 61

   Bushell v Repatriation Commission (1992) 175 CLR 408 93

   Byron Environmental Centre Inc v Arakwal People (1998) 78 FCR 1 164, 170

   C v T (1995) 58 FCR 1 224

   Cameron v Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (1993) 46 FCR 509 164

   Canberra Tradesman’s Union Club Inc v Commissioner for Land and Planning (ACT Supreme Court, unreported, 23 June 1998) 169

   Carcione Nominees Pty Ltd v Western Australian Planning Commission (2005) 140 LGERA 429 220

   Carltona Ltd v Commissioner of Works [1943] 2 All ER 560 184, 262

   Case of Impositions (Bates case) (1610) 2 State Tr 371 147

   Case of Proclamations (1610) 77 ER 1352 147

   Case of Ship Moneys R v Hampden (1637) 3 State Tr 826 148

   Chairperson, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission v Commonwealth Ombudsman (1995) 134 ALR 238 110

   Chan v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1989) 169 CLR 379 67, 225

   Chapmans Ltd v Australian Stock Exchange Ltd (1994) 123 ALR 215 34

   Chaudhary v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1993) 44 FCR 510 66

   Chilcott v Medical Registration Board of Queensland [2002] ASC 118 167

   Chow Hung Ching v The King (1948) 77 CLR 449 302

   Chu Kheng Lim v Minister for Immigration (1992) 176 CLR 1 361

   Church of Scientology v Woodward (1982) 154 CLR 25 vii

   Clements v Independent Indigenous Advisory Authority (2003) 131 FCR 28 33

   Coal and Allied Operations Pty Ltd v Australian Industrial Relations Commission (2000) 203 CLR 194 338

   Coal Miners Industrial Union of Workers of WA v Amalgamated Colleries of WA (1960) 104 CLR 437 356

   Coco v The Queen (1994) 179 CLR 427 26, 61, 229

   Colakovski v Australian Telecommunications Commission (1991) 29 FCR 429 127

   Coleen Properties Ltd v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1971] 1 WLR 433 239

   Collector of Customs v Agfa-Gevaert (1996) 186 CLR 389 236

   Collector of Customs v Brian Lawlor Automotive Pty Ltd (1979) 41 FLR 338 87

   Collector of Customs v Pozzolanic Enterprises Pty Ltd (1993) 43 FCR 280 236

   Collector of Customs (NSW) v Brian Lawlor Automotive Pty Ltd (1979) 24 ALR 307 333

   Collins v State of South Australia (1999) 74 SASR 200 305

   Colonial Bank of Australasia v Willan (1874) LR 5 PC 417 340

   Combet v Commonwealth [2005] HCA 61 341

   Comcare v Ethridge [2006] FCAFC 27 96

   Commissioner for Australian Capital Territory Revenue v Alphaone Pty Ltd (1994) 49 FCR 576 275, 276

   Commissioner of State Revenue v Anderson [2004] VSC 152 180

   Commonwealth v Mewett (1997) 191 CLR 471 378

   Commonwealth of Australia v Dutton (2000) 102 FCR 168 128

   Connock Chase DC v Kelly (1978) 1 WLR 1 28

   Continential Venture Capital Ltd v Amann Aviation Pty Ltd (in Liq) (2001) 53 NSWLR 687 334

   Conway v R (2002) 209 CLR 203 339

   Coope v Italiano (1996) 65 SASR 405 179

   Cooper v Wandsworth Board of Works (1863) 143 ER 414 266

   Corporate Affairs Commission (NSW) v Yuill (1991) 172 CLR 319 25

   Corporation of the City of Enfield v Development Assessment Commission (2000) 199 CLR 135 237, 241, 349, 378

   Corrs Pavey Whiting and Byrne v Collector of Customs (Vic) (1987) 14 FCR 434 129

   Coughlan [2002] 2 WLR 622 286

   Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for Civil Service [1985] AC 374 149–151, 152, 155, 156, 226, 229, 266, 268, 281

   Courtney v Peters (1990) 27 FCR 404 91

   Coutts v Commonwealth (1985) 157 CLR 91 153, 154

   Craig v South Australia (1995) 184 CLR 163 87, 237, 238, 274, 335, 338, 341, 353, 356, 378

   CREEDNZ Inc v Governor-General [1981] 1 NZLR 172 328

   Criminal Justice Commission v Queensland Advocacy Incorporated [1996] 2 Qd R 118 164, 171

   Crompton v Repatriation Commission (1993) 30 ALD 45 87, 89

   Cummeragunga Pty Ltd (in liquidation) v Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (2004) 210 ALR 612 259

   Curragh Queensland Mining Ltd v Daniel (1992) 34 FCR 212 223, 248, 249, 250, 251

   Cypressvale Pty Ltd v Retail Shop Leases Tribunal [1996] 2 Qd R 462 179

   Dagli v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2003) 133 FCR 541 278

   Daihatsu Australia Pty Ltd v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation [2000] FCA 1658 296

   Daihatsu Australia Pty Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (2001) 184 ALR 576 29

   Darling Casino Ltd v New South Wales Casino Control Authority (1997) 191 CLR 602 32, 338

   Davey v Spelthorne Borough Council [1984] AC 262 372

   David Jones Finance and Investments Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (1991) 28 FCR 484 295

   Davies v Price [1958] 1 WLR 434 339

   Davis v Commonwealth (1998) 166 CLR 79 47

   De Silva v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (1989) 89 FCR 502 227, 231

   Dean v Attorney-General of Queensland [1971] Qd R 391 204

   Defence Coalition Against RCD Inc v Minister for Primary Industry and Energy (1997) 74 FCR 142 164

   Denman v Association of University Teachers [2003] EWCA Civ 329 181

   Department of Health v Jephcott (1985) 62 ALR 421 126, 129

   Department of Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Ram (1996) 69 FCR 431 305

   Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Richard Walker Pty Ltd (1995) 183 CLR 168 362

   Dickinson v Perrignon [1973] 1 NSWLR 72 373

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   R v Australian Broadcasting Tribunal; Ex parte 2HD Pty Ltd (1979) 144 CLR 45 197

   R v Australian Stevedoring Industry Board; Ex parte Melbourne Stevedoring Co Pty Ltd (1953) 88 CLR 100 220, 235, 237, 240

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   R v Sussex; Ex parte McCarthy [1924] 1 KB 256 318

   R v Toohey; Ex parte Northern Land Council (1981) 151 CLR 170 151, 198, 199–201, 202, 206, 209, 231, 338

   R v War Pensions Entitlement Appeal Tribunal Ex parte Bott (1933) 50 CLR 228 90, 370

   R (Bancoult) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2001] 2 WLR 1219 150

   R (Collins) v Lincolnshire Health Authority [2001] EWCA Civ 1779 287

   R (Core) v Brent, Kensington and Chelsea and Westminster Mental Health NHS Trust [2001] EWHC Admin 479 288

   R (Daly) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2001] 2 AC 532 320, 426

   R (Mahmood) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2001] 1 WLR 840 229

   R (Mugisha) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] EWHC 2720 292

   R on Application of ‘H’ v Ashworth Hospital Authority [2002] EWCA Civ 923 182

   R (on the application of C, M, P and HM) v Brent, Kensington and Chelsea and Westminster Mental Health NHS Trust [2002] EWHC Admin 181 288

   R (on the application of Hopley) v Liverpool Health Authority [2002] EWHC 1723 34

   R (on the application of Isle Lodge Amenity Committee) v Kettering Borough Council [2002] EWHC 1132 34

   R (on the application of Mullen) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2002] EWHC Admin 230 290

   R (on the application of Nurse Prescribers Limited) v Secretary of State for Health [2004] EWHC 403 34

   R (Vary) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2004] EWHC 2251 290

   R (Wooder) v Feggetter [2002] EWCA Civ 554 181

   Radio 2UE Sydney Pty Ltd v Burns [2005] NSWADTAP 69 340

   Ramah v Government of Ghana [1968] AC 192 235

   Rayjon Properties Pty Ltd v Director-General, Department of Housing, Local Government and Planning [1995] 2 Qd R 559 167

   Re Adams and The Tax Agents’ Board (1976) 1 ALD 251 82

   Re Advocacy for the Aged Association Inc and Secretary, Department of Social Security (1991) 25 ALD 535 94

   Re Anderson and Department of the Special Minister of State (No 2) (1986) 4 AAR 414 124

   Re Ascic and Australian Federal Police (1986) 11 ALN N184 127

   Re Australian Stevedoring Industry Board; Ex parte Melbourne Stevedoring Co Pty Ltd (1953) 88 CLR 100 349

   Re Bartlett and Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet (1987) 12 ALD 659 126

   Re Bienstein and Commonwealth Ombudsman (2003) 38 AAR 270 94

   Re Birrell and Department of Premier and Cabinet (Nos 1 and 2) (1986) 1 VAR 230 124

   Re Bolton; Ex parte Beane (1987) 162 CLR 514 62

   Re Brennan and Law Society of the Australian Capital Territory (No 2) (1985) 8 ALD 10 127

   Re Brennan and the Law Society of the ACT (1984) 6 ALD 428 118

   Re Chandra and Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1984) 6 ALN N257 127

   Re Coldham; Ex parte Brideson (1989) 166 CLR 338 85, 353

   Re Connelly and Department of Finance (1994) 34 ALD 655 123

   Re Dennis and Secretary, Department of Transport (1979) 2 ALD 255 94

   Re Ditfort; Ex parte Deputy Commissioner of Taxation (NSW) (1988) 83 ALR 365 153

   Re Downie (1985) 8 ALD 496 124

   Re Drake and Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (No 2) (1979) 2 ALD 634 97, 227, 259

   Re Fewster and Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet (No 2) (1987) 13 ALD 139 126

   Re Gee and Director-General of Social Services (1981) 3 ALD 132 90

   Re Greenham and Minister for Capital Territory (1979) 2 ALD 137 85, 86

   Re Hanbury-Sparrow and Department of Foreign Affairs (1997) 47 ALD 779 120

   Re Heaney and Public Service Board (1984) 6 ALD 310 124

   Re Howard and the Treasurer (1985) 7 ALD 645 125

   Re Jarman; Ex parte Cook (1997) 188 CLR 595 378

   Re JRL; Ex parte CJL (1986) 161 CLR 342 318, 325

   Re Kamminga and Australian National University (1992) 26 ALD 585 126

   Re Kearsley Shire Council; Ex parte Hebburn Ltd (1947) 47 SR (NSW) 416 338

   Re Lawless and Secretary, Law Department (1985) 1 VAR 42 124

   Re Lianos and Secretary, Department of Social Security (1985)7 ALD 473 124

   Re Lianos and Secretary, Department of Social Security (No 2) (1985) 9 ALD 43 124

   Re Macks; Ex parte Saint (2000) 204 CLR 158 334

   Re Mann and Capital Territory Health Commission (No 2) (1983) 5 ALN N368 118

   Re McBain; Ex parte Catholic Bishops Conference (2002) 209 CLR 372 159, 164, 169, 331, 334, 335, 337, 338

   Re McJannet; Ex parte Minister for Employment, Training and Industrial Relations (Qld) (1995) 184 CLR 620 377

   Re McKinnon (Cth AAT, 12 December 1995, unreported) 122

   Re McLindin and Acting Commissioner for Superannuation (1979) 2 ALD 261 94

   Re Medicaments and Related Classes of Goods (No 2) [2001] 1 WLR 700 323

   Re Millis and National Archives of Australia [2000] AATA 565 125

   Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Applicant S20/2002 (2003) 198 ALR 59 3, 11, 12, 13, 31, 186, 188, 193, 218, 220, 221–222, 223, 224, 225, 230, 233, 242, 252, 331, 335, 338, 341

   Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Applicants S134/2002 (2003) 211 CLR 411 251, 343

   Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Cohen (2001) 177 ALR 473 233

   Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Durairajasingham (2000) 168 ALR 407 378

   Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Epeabaka (2001) 206 CLR 128 322, 327

   Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Lam (2003) 214 CLR 1 11, 32, 65, 234, 267, 277, 296, 299, 301, 304, 306, 307, 309, 311, 312, 313, 320, 341, 342, 379

   Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Miah (2001) 206 CLR 57 26, 91, 269, 271, 275, 330, 335, 338, 341, 366

   Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs; Ex parte Applicant S190/2002 [2002] HCA 39 179

   Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs; Ex parte Palme (2003) 216 CLR 212 174, 180

   Re Municipal Council of Randwick; Ex parte SF Bowser and Co (1927) 27 SR (NSW) 209 211

   Re Northumberland Compensation Appeal Tribunal, Ex parte Shaw [1951] 1 KB 711 237

   Re O’Grady and Australian Federal Police (1983) 5 ALN N420 118

   Re Page v Metropolitan Transit Authority (1988) 2 VAR 243 127

   Re Patterson; Ex parte Taylor (2001) 182 ALR 657 3, 192, 254, 338

   Re Pinder and Medical Practitioners Board (1996) 10 VAR 75 127

   Re Pochi v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1979) 2 ALD 33 91, 235, 241, 247

   Re Prodan and Secretary, Department of Family and Community Services (2002) 71 ALD 700 94

   Re Public Interest Advocacy Centre and Department of Community Services (No 2) 14 AAR 180 127

   Re PW Adams Pty Ltd and Australian Fisheries Management Authority (No 2) (1995) 38 ALD 435 305

   Re Racal Communications Ltd [1981] AC 374 238

   Re Rae and Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet (1986) 122 ALD 589 124

   Re Redfern and University of Canberra (1995) 38 ALD 457 127

   Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex parte Aala (2000) 204 CLR 82 11, 31, 241, 268, 275, 277, 278, 334, 336, 337, 340, 377

   Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex parte H (2001) 179 ALR 425 322

   Re Reynolds and Defence Force Retirement and Death Benefits Authority (2000) 58 ALD 539 94

   Re Sime and Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1995) 21 AAR 369 130

   Re SRB and Department of Health, Housing, Local Government and Community Services (1994) 14 AAR 178 122

   Re Staffieri and Commonwealth (1986) 10 ALD N36 83

   Re Surf Air and Civil Aviation Authority (1991) 22 ALD 118 94

   Re Telstra Australia Ltd and Australian Competition and Consumer Commission [2000] AATA 71 127

   Re Tully; Ex parte Wurth (1954) 55 SR (NSW) 47 351

   Re University of Sydney; Ex parte Forster [1963] SR (NSW) 723 261

   Re Waterford and Department of Treasury (No 2) (1984) 5 ALD 588 125

   Re Wertheim and Department of Health (1984) 7 ALD 121 118

   Re Woolley; Ex parte Applicants M276/2003 (2004) 210 ALR 369 210

   Re Young and State Insurance Office (1986) 1 VAR 267 124

   Reckley v Minister of Public Safety (No 2) [1996] 1 AC 527 150

   Reg v Collins Ex parte ACTU-Solo Enterprises Pty Ltd (1976) 50 ALJR 471 376

   Reid v Secretary of State for Scotland [1999] 2 WLR 28 239

   Rendell v Release on Licence Board (1987) 10 NSWLR 499 257, 259

   Residential Assco Group Ltd v Spalvins (2000) 202 CLR 629 334

   RG Capital Radio Ltd v Australian Broadcasting Authority (2001) 185 ALR 573 139, 140

   Riddell v Secretary, Department of Social Security (1993) 42 FCR 443 257, 258

   Ridge v Baldwin [1964] AC 40 266, 370

   Right to Life Association (NSW) Inc v Department of Human Services and Health (1994) 125 ALR 337 164, 166, 167, 168, 170

   Riverside Nursing Care v Hon Bronwyn Bishop (2000) 100 FCR 519 91

   Roads Corp v Dacakis [1995] 2 VR 508 30

   Roberts v Hopwood [1925] AC 578 189, 196

   Robinson v South East Queensland Indigenous Regional Council of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (1996) 70 FCR 212 164

   Robinson v Western Australian Museum (1977) 138 CLR 283 158

   Rodway v The Queen (1990) 169 CLR 515 89

   Rowland v The Environemntal Agency [2003] EWCA Vic 1885 291

   Royal Women’s Hospital v Medical Practitioners Board of Victoria [2006] VSCA 85 64, 314

   Ruangrong v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1998) 14 ALF 773 91

   Ruddock v Vardarlis (2001) 110 FCR 491 19

   Ruddock v Vardarlis (No 2) (2001) 115 FCR 229 20

   Rush v Commissioner of Police [2006] FCA 12 297

   Russell v Duke of Norfolk [1949] 1 All ER 109 272, 273

   SAAP v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2005) 215 ALR 162 363

   Salemi v Mackellar (1977) 137 CLR 396 376

   Salemi v Mackellar (No 2) (1977) 137 CLR 396 32, 376

   Samrein Pty Ltd v Metropolitan Water Sewerage and Drainage Board (1982) 41 ALR 467 207

   Sanders v Snell (1998) 196 CLR 329 306

   Sarancharkh v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [2001] FCA 1461 249, 251

   Satheeskumar v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [1999] FCA 1285 93

   Save Bell Park Group v Kennedy [2002] QSC 174 169

   Save our Suburbs (SOS) (NSW) Incorporated v Electoral Commissioner of New South Wales (2002) 55 NSWLR 642 259

   Save the Ridge Incorporated v Australian Capital Territory (2004) 182 FLR 155 169

   SBS v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs [2002] FCAFC 361 29

   Schlieske v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1988) 84 ALR 719 66, 199

   Schmidt v Secretary of State for Home Affairs [1969] 2 Ch D 149 309

   Scott v National Trust [1998] 2 All ER 705 35

   SDAV v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2003) 199 ALR 43 330, 341

   Sean Investments Pty Ltd v MacKellar (1981) 38 ALR 363 52, 185, 189, 191, 193, 195

   Searle Australia v Public Interest Advocacy Centre (1992) 36 FCR 111 128

   Secretary, Department of Workplace Relations and Small Business v Small Business and Staff Development Training Centre Pty Ltd (2001) 114 FCR 301 128

   Secretary of State for Education and Science v Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council [1977] AC 1014 239, 243

   Secretary of State for the Home Department; Ex parte Mahommed Fayed [1996] EWCA Civ 946 173

   Secretary of State for the Home Department; Ex parte Pierson [1998] AC 539 26

   Secretary of State for the Home Department v R (on the application of Rashid) [2005] EWCA Civ 744 292

   Secretary of State for the Home Department v Zeqiri [2002] UKHL 3 292

   Seguin Moreau, Australia v Chief Executive Officer of Customs (1997) 77 FCR 410 219

   Sellamuthu v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [1999] FCA 249 93

   Selliah v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [1999] FCA 615 273

   SFGB v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2004) 77 ALD 402 219, 220, 221

   Sharp v Wakefield [1891] AC 173 3

   Shergold v Tanner [2000] FCA 1420 296

   Shop Distributive and Allied Employees Association v Minister for Industrial Affairs (SA) (1995) 183 CLR 552 378

   Shulver v Sherry (1992) 28 ALD 570 219

   Sidney Harrison Pty Ltd v City of Tea Tree Gully (2001) 112 LGERA 320 328

   Silveira v Australian Institute of Management (2001) 113 FCR 218 350

   Simpson v Attorney-General [1994] 3 NZLR 667 53

   Simsek v McPhee (1982) 148 CLR 636 64

   Sinclair v Mining Warden at Maryborough (1975) 132 CLR 473 164, 240, 245

   Smith v East Eiloe RDC [1956] AC 736 209, 350

   Smith v General Motor Camp Co Ltd [1911] AC 188 241

   Smith and Grady v United Kingdom (1999) 29 EHRR 493 54

   Smits v Roach [2006] HCA 36 318, 320, 324, 327

   Sodeman v R (1936) 5 CLR 192 95

   Solution 6 Holdings Ltd v Industrial Relations Commission of New South Wales (2004) 60 NSWLR 558 359, 365

   Somaghi v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1991) 102 ALR 339 275

   South Australia v O’Shea (1987) 163 CLR 378 151, 267, 268

   South Australia v Slipper (2004) 136 FCR 259 205–206, 274

   South Australia v Tanner (1989) 166 CLR 161 54, 230

   South East Asia Fire Bricks Sdn Bhd v Non-Metallic Products Manufacturing Employees Union [1981] AC 363 337

   State of Victoria v Master Builders’ Association of Victoria [1995] 2 VR 121 41–42, 48

   Stead v State Government Insurance Commission (1986) 161 CLR 141 278

   Stefan v General Medical Council [1999] 1 WLR 1293 181

   Stenhouse v Coleman (1944)69 CLR 457 230

   Stubbings v UK (1996) 23 EHRR 213 350

   Sullivan v Department of Transport (1978) 20 ALR 323 93

   Sun v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1997) 151 ALR 505 317

   Sun Alliance Insurance Ltd v Massoud [1989] VR 8 180

   Sun Zhan Qui v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs [1997] FCA 324 94

   Sunshine Coast Broadcasters Ltd v Duncan (1988) 83 ALR 121 53, 227, 295

   Swan Hill Corporation v Bradbury (1937) 56 CLR 746 52

   SZBDF v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2005) 148 FCR 302 270

   SZCIJ v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [2006] FCAFC 62 270

   SZEGT v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs [2005] FCA 1514 270, 276

   Tavita v Minister for Immigration [1994] 2 NZLR 257 302

   Television Capricornia Pty Ltd v Australian Broadcasting Tribunal (1986) 13 FCR 511 241, 242, 243, 244, 246, 250

   Telstra Corp Ltd v Kendall (1995) 55 FCR 221 258

   Thames Valley Electric Power Board v NZFP Pulp and Paper Ltd [1994] 2 NZLR 641 75

   The Repatriation Commission v O’Brien (1985) 155 CLR 422 180

   Theophanous v Herald and Weekly Times Ltd (1994) 182 CLR 104 25

   Thoburn v Sunderland City Council [2003] QB 151 27

   Thompson v Council of the Municipality of Randwick (1950) 81 CLR 87 206–207

   Thompson and R (on the application of) v Minister of State for Children [2005] EWHC Admin 1378 293

   Tickner v Bropho (1993) 114 ALR 409 193

   Tickner v Chapman (1995) 57 FCR 451 195

   Timbarra Protection Coalition v Ross Mining NL (1999) 46 NSWLR 55 241

   Tobacco Institute of Australia Ltd v National Health and Medical Research Council (1996) 71 FCR 265 195

   Tooheys Ltd v Minister for Business and Consumer Affairs (1981) 36 ALR 64 164, 170

   Toonen v Australia, UN Human Rights Committee, 1994 71

   Tramways Case (No 1) (1914) 18 CLR 17 377

   Transurban City Link v Allan (1999) 95 FCR 553 168

   Transurban City Link v Allan (2001) 208 CLR 167 171

   Trobridge v Hardy (1955) 94 CLR 147 62

   Truth About Motorways Pty Ltd v Macquarie Investment Management Ltd (2000) 200 CLR 591 169, 170

   Twist v Randwick Municipal Council (1976) 136 CLR 106 271

   Typing Centre of New South Wales v Toose (Unreported, New South Wales Supreme Court, 15 December 1998) 34, 39–41

   Ultra Tune (Aust) Pty Ltd v Swann (1983) 8 IR 122 360

   United States Tobacco Co v Minister for Consumer Affairs (1988) 83 ALR 79 164, 170

   Vaitaiki v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1998) 50 ALD 690 305

   Vakauta v Kelly (1989) 167 CLR 568 327

   van Alpen v Netherlands, UN Human Rights Committee, 1990 71

   Velasquez Rodriguez case, IACHR, Ser C, No 4 56

   Victoria v Commonwealth (1996) 187 CLR 416 65

   Victorian Stevedoring and General Contracting Co Pty Ltd v Dignan (1931) 46 CLR 73 6

   Von Einem v Griffin (1998) 72 SASR 110 150

   VWST v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs [2004] FCAFC 286 221

   VXDC v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2005) 146 FCR 562 270

   W375/01 v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (2002) 67 ALD 757 241

   WACO v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (2003) 77 ALD 1 313

   WAIJ v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2004) 80 ALD 568 221, 222, 224

   WAJR v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2002) 204 ALR 624 270

   WAKK v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs [2005] FCAFC 225 221, 222, 223

   Walker v Scott (No 1) [1825] NSWSupC 60 336

   Wallace v Health Commission of Victoria [1985] VR 403 119

   Warringah Shire Council v Pittwater Provisional Council (1992) 26 NSWLR 491 203, 206, 208

   Water Conservation and Irrigation Commission (NSW) v Browning (1947) 74 CLR 492 19, 196

   Waterford v Commonwealth (1987) 163 CLR 54 128, 217

   Waters v Acting Administrator of the Northern Territory (1994) 119 ALR 557 153, 154

   Waterside Workers’ Federation v JW Alexander (1918) 25 CLR 434 7

   Waterside Workers’ Federation of Australia v Gilchrist, Watt and Sanderson Ltd (1924) 34 CLR 482 362

   Watson v Marshall and Cade (1971) 124 CLR 621 62

   Webb v R (1994) 181 CLR 41 320, 322, 324

   Werribee Council v Kerr (1928) 42 CLR 1 209

   Western Fish Products Ltd v Penrith DC [1981] 2 All ER 204 28

   Western Television Ltd v Australian Broadcasting Tribunal (1986) 12 FCR 414 244, 246

   Westminster Corporation v London and North Western Railway Company [1905] AC 426 28

   Wetzel v District Court of New South Wales (1998) 43 NSWLR 687 5, 259

   Whalley v Commissioner of Police [2003] NSWSC 273 179

   Whittaker v The King (1928) 41 CLR 230 62

   Wilkinson v Clerical Administrative and Related Employees Superannuation Pty Ltd (1998) 152 ALR 332 86

   Williams v Melbourne Corporation (1933) 49 CLR 142 230

   Williams v The Queen (1986) 161 CLR 278 62

   Wilson v Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs (1996) 189 CLR 1 6, 9

   Woolworths Ltd v Pallas Newco Pty Ltd (2004) 61 NSWLR 707 340

   Wu v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2003) 133 FCR 221 270

   Xenophon v State of South Australia (2000) 78 SASR 25 144

   Xiang Sheng Li v Refugee Review Tribunal (1996) 45 ALD 193 251

   Yates Security Services Pty Ltd v Keating (1990) 25 FCR 1 164

   Yung v Adams (1997) 159 CLR 436 91, 179

   Zaide v Randwick City Council (2001) 51 NSWLR 342 226

   Zayen Nominees Pty Ltd v Minister for Health (1983) 47 ALR 158 257

Table of statutes

Commonwealth of Australia 260

   Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 9

   Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 187

s50(3)(b) 187

   Acts Interpretation Act 1901 176

s8 89

s15AA 352

s15AB(2)(d) 63

s50 89

   Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 83, 234

s2A 90, 94

s3(3) 87, 88

s25 87

s27(1) 170

s27(2) 170

s28 176

s28(1) 176

s29 85

s33 90, 92

s33(1)(b) 86

s33(1)(c) 92

s43 84, 86

s43(1) 83

s44(1) 95

s44(7)–(10) 96

Administrative Decisions (Effect of International Instruments) Bill 1995 304

Administrative Decisions (Effect of International Instruments) Bill 1997 304

   Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 13, 140, 144, 164, 175, 176, 219, 233, 234, 242, 332, 360, 361, 373, 379

s2 34

s3 35, 242

s3(1) 34, 57

s5 24, 242, 245, 374

s5(1) 167

s5(1)(c) 260

s5(1)(d) 258, 260

s5(1)(e) 198, 255, 258

s5(1)(f) 244–245, 248

s5(1)(g) 243

s5(1)(h) 223, 242, 243–245, 248, 250–251

s5(1)(j) 242, 245

s5(2) 185

s5(2)(a) 196

s5(2)(c) 198

s5(2)(e) 255

s5(2)(f) 258

s5(3) 223,243,245,248,250–251

s5(3)(a) 245–247, 250

s5(3)(b) 247–250

s6 242, 245

s6(1)(c) 260

s6(1)(d) 260

s6(1)(e) 198, 255, 258

s6(1)(j) 242, 245

s6(2)(c) 198

s6(2)(e) 255

s6(2)(f) 258

s7 263

s7(1) 263

s13 176

s13(1) 176

s13(11) 176

s13(2) 176

s13(8) 176

s13A(1) 177

s14(1) 177

s16(1)(c) 375

s16(1)(d) 375

s16(2)(a) 375

s16(2)(b) 375

s16(3)(b) 375

s16(3)(c) 375 Aged Care Act 1997 375

s85.1 87

   Archives Act 1983 116, 118

   Auditor-General Act 1997 113

Australian Bill of Rights Bill 1985 75

Australian Bill of Rights Bill 2001 75 Australian Securities and Investment Commission Act 2001 75

s12 257 Broadcasting and Television Act 1942 257

s83(9) 246 Broadcasting Services Act 1992 246

s26(1) 140 Civil Aviation Act 1988 140

s31(1) 87 Constitution 87

Ch III 210, 211

s2 47

s51(xxix) 210, 307

s61 19, 47, 65, 302, 334

s64 4,47

s66 47

s71 10

s73 360

s75 356, 365, 376

s75(iii) 376

s75(v) 11, 18, 35, 57, 91, 169, 232, 242, 252, 269, 331, 351, 352, 358, 362, 365, 375, 376, 377–378, 379

ss75–76 11

s77 318, 377

s106 18

s109 19, 159

Constitution Alteration (Rights and Freedoms) Bill 1988 75

   Corporations Act 2001 35, 136

Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulations 255, 256

   Customs Act 1901 314

s269TACA 314 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 314

s3(1) 202

s77 176

s487 170 Evidence Act 1995 170

s138(3)(f) 76 Export Control (Unprocessed Wood) Regulations 76

r16 170 Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 170

s19(2) 95

s20(2) 95

s64 57

Freedom of Information (Fees and Charges) Regulations 1987 120

Freedom of Information (Open Government) Bill 2003 117

   Freedom of Information Act 1982 106, 116

Part IV 123

Part V 118,129

Part VI 130

s3 117

s4 57

s4(1) 118, 124, 127

s4(5) 124

s8 119

s9 119

s11 119

s11(2) 119

s12 118

s14 119

s15 120

s15(5) 120

s15(6) 120

s15A 120

s16 120

s23 120

s24(1) 122

s24(5) 122

s24A 122

s26(2) 121

s26A 121

s27A 121

s29 120

s30A 120

s32 123

s33 124

s33A 124, 125

s33A(5) 125

s34 124

s34(4) 121

s34A 129

s35 124

s35(4) 121

s36 124,125

s36(1) 125,126

s36(3) 132

s37 126

s38 126

s38(1A) 126

s39(1) 126

s39(2) 126

s40(1) 126

s40(2) 126

s41 127

s41(3) 127

s42 127

s43 128

s44 129

s45 129

s45(1) 129

s45(2) 129

s46 129

s47 129

s47A 129

s54 130

s55–66 131

s57 131

s58(2) 131

s58(3) 132

s58(6) 131

s58A 132

s58B(2) 132

s63 131

s64 132

s66 132

s91 122

sch 2 118

   Freedom of Information Amendment Act 1986 117

   Freedom of Information Amendment Act 1996 117 Hazardous Waste (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1989 117

s58A 170

   Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Act 1986 302, 303

s11(1)(f) 73

Human Rights Bill 1973 75

   Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 136

s177 29

   Judiciary Act 1903 361,378

s31 376

s31–32 57

s33(1)(c) 376

s39B 11, 91, 144

s39B(1) 375

s39B(1) 57

s39B(1A) 376

s39B(1A)(c) 57

s78A 158 Lands Acquisition Act 1989 158

s24(1) 206

s41 205

s41(1) 205

s42 205

   Legislative Instruments Act 2003 135

s5 137,139

s16 138

s16(2) 138

s16(3) 138

s42 139

s42(2) 139

   Migration Act 1958 22, 62, 92, 199, 248, 300, 317, 366

div 4B 303

Part 2 div 3 subdiv AB 269, 270

Part 5 92

Part 7 92

Part 7 Div 4 24

Part 8 91, 361, 363

Part VIII 22

s6A(1)(e) 189

s36(2) 249

s51A 270

s54 269

s57 269

s189 253

s353 92

s353(1) 94

s357A 270

s359 92

s420 90

s421(1) 94

s422B 270

s474 29, 300, 331, 354, 355, 362, 364, 376

s474(1) 352

s474(2) 362, 363

s474(3) 363

s476(1) 245

s476(1)(c) 245

s476(4) 245

s486 74

s486A 300

s499 257

s501(2) 301

Migration Amendment (Judicial Review) Bill 2004 364

   Migration Legislation Amendment (Judicial Review) Act 2001 376

   Migration Legislation Amendment (Procedural Fairness) Act 2002 273

   Migration Legislation Amendment (Strengthening of Provisions relating to Character and Conduct) Act 1998 301

   Migration Litigation Reform Act 2005 331

   Migration Reform Act 1992 273

   Ombudsman Act 1976 101, 103, 104

s5 57

s15 105

s15(1) 72

s15(1)(a)-(v) 71

s15(1)(b) 71

s15(1)(c)(i)-(ii) 71

Parliamentary Charter of Rights and Freedoms Bill 2001 75

   Post and Telegraph Act 1901 141

   Privacy Act 1988 116, 127

sch 3 57 Public Service Act 1999 57

s10 342

   Racial Discrimination Act 1975 9 Radiocommunications Act 1992 9

s100(1) 253

   Lands Acquisition Act 1989 205 Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1988 205

s60(1) 87

s64 87 Social Security (Administration) Act 1999 87

s179 87

sch 3 98 Social Security Act 1947 98

s107 259

   Social Security Act 1991 21

s1246 94

s1270 92

   Taxation Administration Act 1953 261

   Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979 106

s20 8

   Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 167

   Trade Practices Act 1974 170 Veterans’ Entitlements Act 1986 170

s5Q(1) 88

s34 176

s138 92

s175 87

   Wheat Marketing Act 1989 43

   Workplace Relations Act 1996 136

Australian Capital Territory 136