The growth of administrative law in Australia has continued in an unabated form since the introduction of innovative reforms in the mid-1970s. The centre plank of these reforms was the establishment of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal with follow-on reforms relating to the Ombudsman, judicial review and freedom of information legislation. The impact of these reforms has been vast and significant. Australian Administrative Law: Fundamentals, Principles and Doctrines seeks to take stock of the growth and development of administrative law principles. Particular attention is paid to the important cases and key doctrines which provide the theoretical underpinnings of these principles.
In this book, a team of highly respected administrative law scholars and jurists aim to provide a lucid exposition of the relevant case law, principles and doctrines. The book illuminates the fundamental features of Australian administrative law and will prove useful to students and practitioners interested in this field.
Matthew Groves is Senior Lecturer in Law at Monash University.
H P Lee holds the Sir John Latham Chair of Law at Monash University.
Matthew Groves
H P Lee
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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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© Matthew Groves, HP Lee 2007
First published 2007
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National Library of Australia Cataloguing in Publication data
Australian administrative law : fundamentals, principles and doctrines.
Includes index.
ISBN 9780521697903 (pbk.).
1. Administrative law – Australia. 2. Administrative remedies – Australia. 3. Judicial
review of administrative acts – Australia. I. Groves, Matthew. II. Lee, H. P., 1947--
342.9406
ISBN 978-0-521-69790-3 paperback
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| Foreword vii | |||
| Preface ix | |||
| About the contributors xi | |||
| Table of cases xvii | |||
| Table of statutes xxxix | |||
| 1 | Australian administrative law: The constitutional and legal matrix 1 |
||
| MATTHEW GROVES AND H P LEE | |||
| 2 | Administrative law in Australia: Themes and values 15 | ||
| JUSTICE ROBERT FRENCH | |||
| 3 | The public/private distinction in Australian administrative law 34 | ||
| COLIN CAMPBELL | |||
| 4 | Australian administrative law: The human rights dimension 50 | ||
| BEN SAUL | |||
| 5 | Administrative tribunals 77 | ||
| ROBYN CREYKE | |||
| 6 | Australian Ombudsman: A continual work in progress 100 | ||
| RICK SNELL | |||
| 7 | Freedom of information 116 | ||
| MOIRA PATERSON | |||
| 8 | Delegated legislation 134 | ||
| STEPHEN ARGUMENT | |||
| 9 | The concept of ‘justiciability’ in administrative law 143 | ||
| CHRIS FINN | |||
| 10 | Standing 158 | ||
| ROGER DOUGLAS | |||
| 11 | Reasons for administrative decisions: Legal framework and reform 172 | ||
| MARILYN PITTARD | |||
| 12 | Relevant and irrelevant considerations 185 | ||
| NAOMI SIDEBOTHAM | |||
| 13 | Improper purpose 198 | ||
| H P LEE | |||
| 14 | Reasonableness, rationality and proportionality 212 | ||
| GEOFF AIRO-FARULLA | |||
| 15 | The ‘no evidence’ rule 233 | ||
| BILL LANE | |||
| 16 | Failure to exercise discretion or perform duties 253 | ||
| MARIA O’SULLIVAN | |||
| 17 | Procedural fairness: The hearing rule 265 | ||
| LINDA PEARSON | |||
| 18 | The doctrine of substantive unfairness and the review of substantive legitimate expectations 280 | ||
| CAMERON STEWART | |||
| 19 | The impact and significance of Teoh and Lam 299 | ||
| ALISON DUXBURY | |||
| 20 | The rule against bias 316 | ||
| MATTHEW GROVES | |||
| 21 | Jurisdictional error without the tears 330 | ||
| MARK ARONSON | |||
| 22 | Privative clauses and the limits of the law 345 | ||
| MARY CROCK AND EDWARD SANTOW | |||
| 23 | Administrative law judicial remedies 368 | ||
| STEPHEN GAGELER | |||
| Endnotes 381 | |||
| Index 465 |
The Hon M E J Black A C
Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Australia
The large, complex and evolving field of administrative law is of special importance to lawyers and indeed to all concerned with Australia’s democracy. This is not only because administrative decision-making can, and increasingly does, touch upon almost any aspect of our lives but, more fundamentally, because administrative law is one of the primary means by which our commitment to the rule of law is applied. This commitment to the rule of law may be seen at its most direct in the field of judicial review. As a former Chief Justice of Australia has written:
Judicial review is neither more nor less than the enforcement of the rule of law over executive action; it is the means by which executive action is prevented from exceeding the powers and functions assigned to the executive by law and the interests of the individual are protected accordingly.1
Australian administrative law has its own distinctive character. Its influences include the Commonwealth’s legislative reforms of the 1970s and early 1980s. These reforms covered a wide field, and included the establishment of a simplified process of judicial review before the newly created Federal Court of Australia. No less importantly, the reforms provided for merits review before a new and independent tribunal of high standing, the Administrative Appeals Tribunal. It would be a serious mistake to underestimate the importance of merits review by tribunals and other non-judicial aspects of administrative law, for tribunals are usually the first and most accessible avenue for Australians seeking review of executive decision-making. The reforms also created the office of the Commonwealth Ombudsman, and the Administrative Review Council to keep the new system under review and the reforms maintained. All this occurred against the rich background of the common law and its institutions and in the constant presence of Australia’s Constitution – often unnoticed but, on occasion, stamping its own authority on the development of this body of law.In this excellent new book, distinguished scholars from academia, the practising legal profession, and the judiciary explore and explain Australian administrative law, its theories, the ideas and the principles upon which it rests.
The intended readership includes tertiary students and to them I would commend the quality of the scholarship and the enthusiasm for the subject that the writing conveys; as lawyers they will have an important role to play in promoting an understanding of the fundamentals of our system of government. Administrative law, and its interaction with constitutional law, should be one of their special responsibilities. Also, although students will no doubt concentrate on particular chapters, I would urge them to read and consider the work as a whole, for administrative law is an area in which a clear understanding of the broad field – which the book provides in full measure – is needed for a proper understanding of the individual parts.
I am delighted to have the opportunity of writing the foreword to this very valuable contemporary work on administrative law in Australia.
M E J Black
Owen Dixon Commonwealth Law Courts
Melbourne
19 February 2007
The development of administrative law is a prominent feature of the Australian legal landscape. The importance of this subject is highlighted by the fact that it is stipulated as a ‘core’ subject in the syllabi of many, if not most, law schools. One needs only to peruse the cases reported in the main law reports to appreciate its significance as a large area of legal practice.
In this volume of essays, the contributors examine a number of fundamental topics of practical and doctrinal importance. The contributors (who are drawn from academia, the judiciary and the legal profession) have sought to provide a lucid exposition of the relevant case law and principles and explore the doctrinal dimensions and theoretical underpinnings of those principles.
We hope this volume will be of great relevance and value to tertiary courses in Australian administrative law, the Australian legal system and government. As it will be concerned not only with the lucid exposition of the principles, but also with the scholarly exploration of doctrines and theories underpinning the subject, we expect that the volume will be of great interest to tertiary students, members of the judiciary, practitioners and legal academics.
We wish to record our gratitude to a number of persons who assisted us greatly in bringing this book to fruition. First and foremost we are extremely indebted to Enid Campbell, Emeritus Professor at Monash University and the undoubted doyenne of public law in Australia. Enid generously reviewed all the contributions and provided us with invaluable comments. Jill Henry and Kate Indigo at Cambridge University Press and Carolyn Leslie were most helpful and, fortunately for us, very patient as we sought to complete the editing of the book amidst our many other pressing commitments. We also would like to thank Maryanne Cassar and Audrey Paisley who provided us with efficient and chirpy secretarial assistance and the Monash Law Faculty for providing us with a grant to enable us to organise a symposium where a number of the draft chapters were discussed.
Last, but not least, we are indebted to the Honourable Michael Black, Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Australia, for his encouragement and for writing the foreword to the book.
Matthew Groves and H P Lee
Geoff Airo-Farulla is Assistant Commonwealth Ombudsman, Brisbane. He was previously a foundation member of staff at the Griffith Law School, where he was a Senior Lecturer and Director of the Governance and Regulation Program in the Socio-Legal Research Centre. Dr Airo-Farulla has also previously been a part-time member of the Social Security Appeals Tribunal, and a member of the Queensland Gaming Commission.
Stephen Argument is a government lawyer working in Canberra, and has also worked extensively in private legal practice for mainly government clients. Prior to commencing work in private legal practice in 2000, Stephen worked in the Australian Public Service where his positions included Secretary to the Senate Standing Committee for the Scrutiny of Bills. Stephen is co-author of the third edition of Professor Dennis Pearce’s text Delegated Legislation in Australia. He has been the National Secretary of the Australian Institute of Administrative Law for over sixteen years. Stephen is the Legal Adviser (Subordinate Legislation) to the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly’s Scrutiny of Bills and Subordinate Legislation Committee.
Mark Aronson is Emeritus Professor of Law at the University of New South Wales. He has written extensively on issues in law, Crown liability, evidence and procedure. He is planning to begin work on a fourth edition of Aronson, Dyer and Groves' Judicial Review of Administrative Action (2004), which is currently in its third edition.
Colin Campbell is Lecturer at the Faculty of Law, Monash University. Prior to this he was a solicitor and a judge’s associate. Colin holds masters degrees in law from the University of Melbourne and Cambridge University. Colin was recently awarded a PhD by Cambridge University for his doctoral dissertation, ‘The Conception of Public Power in Judicial Review’.
Mary Crock is Associate Professor and Associate Dean (Postgraduate Research) at the Faculty of Law, University of Sydney. Mary teaches and researches in migration and refugee law. Her books and edited collections include: Seeking Asylum Alone: Unaccompanied and Separated Children and Refugee Protection in Australia (2006); Future Seekers II: Refugees and Irregular Migration in Australia (2006) (with Ben Saul and Azadeh Dastyari); Immigration and Refugee Law in Australia (1998). Mary has held many appointments related to migration and refugee issues including adviser to the Australian Senate (Inquiry into Australia’s Refugee and Humanitarian Program, 2000) and consultant to the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (on immigration detention).
Robin Creyke is Professor of Law in the College of Law at the Australian National University, where she teaches mainly administrative law and military law. Her main research interests are in administrative law, notably the impact of judicial review cases and the position of tribunals in our system of government. Robin’s publications include Veterans’ Entitlements Law (2001, with P Sutherland) and Laying Down the Law (6th edn, with several co-authors) and Control of Government Action (2005, with J McMillan). Robin has held many positions in both government and the private sector. She is currently President of the Australian Institute of Administrative Law, a member of the Administrative Review Council (which advises the federal Attorney-General on administrative law issues) and is also a Special Counsel for Philips Fox Lawyers (where she advises on government and corporate issues).
Roger Douglas is Associate Professor at La Trobe University Law School, where he teaches administrative law, civil procedure, equity and trusts. His recent research examines the use of law to control political dissent. Roger’s publications include numerous articles in law, sociology and criminology journals, and books including: Dealing with Demonstrations (2004), Douglas and Jones’ Administrative Law: Cases and Commentary (5th edn 2006), and Social Aspects of Law (1973).
Alison Duxbury is Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Law, University of Melbourne and a member of the Asia-Pacific Centre for Military Law. She holds bachelor degrees in Arts and Laws (Hons) from the University of Melbourne, and a Master of Law from Cambridge University. She has taught a variety of subjects, including constitutional and administrative law, international law, and military administrative law. Her main research interests include international law, human rights law, and the intersection between international law and public law.
Chris Finn is Senior Lecturer in Law at the Law School of the University of Adelaide. He teaches and researches in the areas of administrative law and competition law and has published in relation to Freedom of Information legislation, government contracting, privatisation and utility regulation (including the Australian National Electricity Market).
Justice Robert French was appointed to the Federal Court of Australia in 1986, and he is based in Perth. From May 1994 to December 1998, he also held the office of President of the National Native Title Tribunal. He was, until recently, President of the Australian Association of Constitutional Law. He is a member of the Australian Competition Tribunal and a part-time Commissioner of the Australian Law Reform Commission.
Stephen Gageler SC is a leading member of the New South Wales Bar, where he maintains a practice in constitutional, administrative and revenue law with emphasis on appeals mainly in the Federal Court and the High Court. Before he was called to the Bar, Stephen worked in both private practise and government and was Associate to Sir Anthony Mason. He has also published widely in the areas of public law and federal jurisdiction.
Matthew Groves is Senior Lecturer in Law at the Faculty of Law, Monash University where he teaches public law, legal ethics and succession law. Matthew is co-author of Aronson, Dyer and Groves’, Judicial Review of Administrative Action (3rd edn, 2004) and has published widely on administrative law, prison management and military law.
Bill Lane is the Clayton Utz Professor of Public Law at Queensland University of Technology, having previously taught law at La Trobe University, Melbourne and the University of Queensland. He is joint author of Lane and Young: Administrative Law in Queensland (2001); joint editor of Lane and Young Queensland Administrative Law and the editor of the Queensland Administrative Reports. He is also a part-time Senior Member of the Veterans Review Board (Cth) and Member of the Non State Schools Accreditation Board (Qld).
HP Lee is the Sir John Latham Professor of Law at Monash University, where he is currently Deputy Dean of the Faculty of Law. He teaches and researches in Australian constitutional law and comparative constitutional law. His major works include HP Lee and G Winterton (eds), Australian Constitutional Landmarks (2003), E Campbell and HP Lee, The Australian Judiciary (2001), HP Lee, Constitutional Conflicts in Contemporary Malaysia (1995) and HP Lee, Emergency Powers (1984). He is also currently the Vice-Chairman of the Australian Press Council.
Maria O’Sullivan lectures in administrative law at Monash University. She completed a BA/LLB (Hons) degree at the Australian National University in 1995, and a LLM in International Human Rights Law at the University of Essex in 2001. She has worked in various legal positions, including as a Policy Officer at the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, a researcher with Matrix Chambers, London, and a legal adviser with the Refugee Review Tribunal. Her primary research interests are administrative and refugee law. She is currently completing a doctorate on the cessation of refugee status.
Moira Paterson is Associate Professor in the Monash Law Faculty, where she teaches and researches in the areas of freedom of information, privacy and intellectual property. She is the author of Freedom of Information and Privacy in Australia: Government and Information Access in the Modern State (2005) and a Freedom of Information editor for the Australian Administrative Law Service. Moira was a legal consultant to the Public Accounts and Estimates Committee of the Victorian Parliament in respect of its report, Commercial in Confidence Material and the Public Interest (2000) and a founding co-editor of the FOI Review.
Linda Pearson
is Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the University of New South Wales, where she teaches administrative law and environmental law. She is also a judicial member of the Administrative Decisions Tribunal of New South Wales. Linda has previously been a Presiding Member of the Guardianship Tribunal of New South Wales. Before she became an academic, Linda held a range of positions in government, and was a member of the Social Security Appeals Tribunal and also the Migration Review Tribunal.
Marilyn Pittard is Professor and formerly Associate Dean (Postgraduate Studies) at the Faculty of Law at Monash University. Her teaching fields include undergraduate and postgraduate labour and employment law, administrative law and public sector employment law. Marilyn has published widely in labour and employment law, co-authoring Australian Labour Law: Cases and Materials (4th edn, 2003) (and several previous editions) and Industrial Relations in Australia: Development, Law and Operation (1995). She is founding Editorial Board member, Australian Journal of Labour Law; editor, Employment Law Bulletin; faculty adviser, Monash University Law Review; executive committee member and Victorian chapter convenor, Australian Labour Law Association.
Edward Santow is a legal officer at the Australian Law Reform Commission and a part-time lecturer in Administrative Law at the University of New South Wales. He is a member of the Steering Committee of the Global Alliance for Justice Education. He was the National Expert (Australia) in the European Union’s ‘MEDIS’ project, which compared the anti-discrimination regimes in Australia and four other jurisdictions. He has also worked as a solicitor at a Sydney law firm and was Associate to Justice Heydon of the High Court of Australia.
Ben Saul is Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Law, at the University of Sydney, and Director of the Sydney Centre for International and Global Law. He specialises in public international law and his books include Defining Terrorism in International Law (2006), the first scholarly work on the subject, and Future Seekers II: Refugees and Irregular Migration in Australia (2006) (with Mary Crock and Azadeh Dastyari). Ben is involved in numerous professional and community organisations and practises occasionally as an academic barrister.
Naomi Sidebotham was formerly Senior Lecturer in Law in the School of Law, Murdoch University. She researches in the areas of administrative law and law and literature and has published in relation to the rule of law, jurisdictional error and unreasonableness.
Rick Snell is Senior Lecturer in Law at the University of Tasmania, where he teaches and researches in administrative law and comparative administrative law. In particular, his comparative research focuses on freedom of information and Ombudsman. He is a member of the Tasmanian Administrative Review Advisory Council, which reports to the Tasmanian Attorney-General on administrative law practices and reforms.
Cameron Stewart is Associate Professor of Law at Macquarie University. He is a solicitor and barrister of the High Court of Australia and a legal practitioner of the Supreme Court of New South Wales. He has degrees in economics, law, jurisprudence and a doctorate from the University of Sydney on end-of-life decision-making. He has published widely on medical decision-making and is currently researching Australian guardianship law and practice.
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Re Brennan and Law Society of the Australian Capital Territory (No 2) (1985) 8 ALD 10 127
Re Brennan and the Law Society of the ACT (1984) 6 ALD 428 118
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Re Coldham; Ex parte Brideson (1989) 166 CLR 338 85, 353
Re Connelly and Department of Finance (1994) 34 ALD 655 123
Re Dennis and Secretary, Department of Transport (1979) 2 ALD 255 94
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Re Downie (1985) 8 ALD 496 124
Re Drake and Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (No 2) (1979) 2 ALD 634 97, 227, 259
Re Fewster and Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet (No 2) (1987) 13 ALD 139 126
Re Gee and Director-General of Social Services (1981) 3 ALD 132 90
Re Greenham and Minister for Capital Territory (1979) 2 ALD 137 85, 86
Re Hanbury-Sparrow and Department of Foreign Affairs (1997) 47 ALD 779 120
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Re Jarman; Ex parte Cook (1997) 188 CLR 595 378
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Re Lawless and Secretary, Law Department (1985) 1 VAR 42 124
Re Lianos and Secretary, Department of Social Security (1985)7 ALD 473 124
Re Lianos and Secretary, Department of Social Security (No 2) (1985) 9 ALD 43 124
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Re McLindin and Acting Commissioner for Superannuation (1979) 2 ALD 261 94
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Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Cohen (2001) 177 ALR 473 233
Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Durairajasingham (2000) 168 ALR 407 378
Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Epeabaka (2001) 206 CLR 128 322, 327
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Re Patterson; Ex parte Taylor (2001) 182 ALR 657 3, 192, 254, 338
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Re Prodan and Secretary, Department of Family and Community Services (2002) 71 ALD 700 94
Re Public Interest Advocacy Centre and Department of Community Services (No 2) 14 AAR 180 127
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Re Rae and Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet (1986) 122 ALD 589 124
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Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex parte Aala (2000) 204 CLR 82 11, 31, 241, 268, 275, 277, 278, 334, 336, 337, 340, 377
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Re Reynolds and Defence Force Retirement and Death Benefits Authority (2000) 58 ALD 539 94
Re Sime and Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1995) 21 AAR 369 130
Re SRB and Department of Health, Housing, Local Government and Community Services (1994) 14 AAR 178 122
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Re Wertheim and Department of Health (1984) 7 ALD 121 118
Re Woolley; Ex parte Applicants M276/2003 (2004) 210 ALR 369 210
Re Young and State Insurance Office (1986) 1 VAR 267 124
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Toonen v Australia, UN Human Rights Committee, 1994 71
Tramways Case (No 1) (1914) 18 CLR 17 377
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United States Tobacco Co v Minister for Consumer Affairs (1988) 83 ALR 79 164, 170
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Vakauta v Kelly (1989) 167 CLR 568 327
van Alpen v Netherlands, UN Human Rights Committee, 1990 71
Velasquez Rodriguez case, IACHR, Ser C, No 4 56
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Water Conservation and Irrigation Commission (NSW) v Browning (1947) 74 CLR 492 19, 196
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Waterside Workers’ Federation v JW Alexander (1918) 25 CLR 434 7
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Watson v Marshall and Cade (1971) 124 CLR 621 62
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Whittaker v The King (1928) 41 CLR 230 62
Wilkinson v Clerical Administrative and Related Employees Superannuation Pty Ltd (1998) 152 ALR 332 86
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Wilson v Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs (1996) 189 CLR 1 6, 9
Woolworths Ltd v Pallas Newco Pty Ltd (2004) 61 NSWLR 707 340
Wu v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2003) 133 FCR 221 270
Xenophon v State of South Australia (2000) 78 SASR 25 144
Xiang Sheng Li v Refugee Review Tribunal (1996) 45 ALD 193 251
Yates Security Services Pty Ltd v Keating (1990) 25 FCR 1 164
Yung v Adams (1997) 159 CLR 436 91, 179
Zaide v Randwick City Council (2001) 51 NSWLR 342 226
Zayen Nominees Pty Ltd v Minister for Health (1983) 47 ALR 158 257
Commonwealth of Australia 260
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 9
Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 187
s50(3)(b) 187
Acts Interpretation Act 1901 176
s8 89
s15AA 352
s15AB(2)(d) 63
s50 89
Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 83, 234
s2A 90, 94
s3(3) 87, 88
s25 87
s27(1) 170
s27(2) 170
s28 176
s28(1) 176
s29 85
s33 90, 92
s33(1)(b) 86
s33(1)(c) 92
s43 84, 86
s43(1) 83
s44(1) 95
s44(7)–(10) 96
Administrative Decisions (Effect of International Instruments) Bill 1995 304
Administrative Decisions (Effect of International Instruments) Bill 1997 304
Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 13, 140, 144, 164, 175, 176, 219, 233, 234, 242, 332, 360, 361, 373, 379
s2 34
s3 35, 242
s3(1) 34, 57
s5 24, 242, 245, 374
s5(1) 167
s5(1)(c) 260
s5(1)(d) 258, 260
s5(1)(e) 198, 255, 258
s5(1)(f) 244–245, 248
s5(1)(g) 243
s5(1)(h) 223, 242, 243–245, 248, 250–251
s5(1)(j) 242, 245
s5(2) 185
s5(2)(a) 196
s5(2)(c) 198
s5(2)(e) 255
s5(2)(f) 258
s5(3) 223,243,245,248,250–251
s5(3)(a) 245–247, 250
s5(3)(b) 247–250
s6 242, 245
s6(1)(c) 260
s6(1)(d) 260
s6(1)(e) 198, 255, 258
s6(1)(j) 242, 245
s6(2)(c) 198
s6(2)(e) 255
s6(2)(f) 258
s7 263
s7(1) 263
s13 176
s13(1) 176
s13(11) 176
s13(2) 176
s13(8) 176
s13A(1) 177
s14(1) 177
s16(1)(c) 375
s16(1)(d) 375
s16(2)(a) 375
s16(2)(b) 375
s16(3)(b) 375
s16(3)(c) 375
s85.1 87
Archives Act 1983 116, 118
Auditor-General Act 1997 113
Australian Bill of Rights Bill 1985 75
Australian Bill of Rights Bill 2001 75
s12 257
s83(9) 246
s26(1) 140
s31(1) 87
Ch III 210, 211
s2 47
s51(xxix) 210, 307
s61 19, 47, 65, 302, 334
s64 4,47
s66 47
s71 10
s73 360
s75 356, 365, 376
s75(iii) 376
s75(v) 11, 18, 35, 57, 91, 169, 232, 242, 252, 269, 331, 351, 352, 358, 362, 365, 375, 376, 377–378, 379
ss75–76 11
s77 318, 377
s106 18
s109 19, 159
Constitution Alteration (Rights and Freedoms) Bill 1988 75
Corporations Act 2001 35, 136
Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulations 255, 256
Customs Act 1901 314
s269TACA 314
s3(1) 202
s77 176
s487 170
s138(3)(f) 76
r16 170
s19(2) 95
s20(2) 95
s64 57
Freedom of Information (Fees and Charges) Regulations 1987 120
Freedom of Information (Open Government) Bill 2003 117
Freedom of Information Act 1982 106, 116
Part IV 123
Part V 118,129
Part VI 130
s3 117
s4 57
s4(1) 118, 124, 127
s4(5) 124
s8 119
s9 119
s11 119
s11(2) 119
s12 118
s14 119
s15 120
s15(5) 120
s15(6) 120
s15A 120
s16 120
s23 120
s24(1) 122
s24(5) 122
s24A 122
s26(2) 121
s26A 121
s27A 121
s29 120
s30A 120
s32 123
s33 124
s33A 124, 125
s33A(5) 125
s34 124
s34(4) 121
s34A 129
s35 124
s35(4) 121
s36 124,125
s36(1) 125,126
s36(3) 132
s37 126
s38 126
s38(1A) 126
s39(1) 126
s39(2) 126
s40(1) 126
s40(2) 126
s41 127
s41(3) 127
s42 127
s43 128
s44 129
s45 129
s45(1) 129
s45(2) 129
s46 129
s47 129
s47A 129
s54 130
s55–66 131
s57 131
s58(2) 131
s58(3) 132
s58(6) 131
s58A 132
s58B(2) 132
s63 131
s64 132
s66 132
s91 122
sch 2 118
Freedom of Information Amendment Act 1986 117
Freedom of Information Amendment Act 1996 117
s58A 170
Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Act 1986 302, 303
s11(1)(f) 73
Human Rights Bill 1973 75
Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 136
s177 29
Judiciary Act 1903 361,378
s31 376
s31–32 57
s33(1)(c) 376
s39B 11, 91, 144
s39B(1) 375
s39B(1) 57
s39B(1A) 376
s39B(1A)(c) 57
s78A 158
s24(1) 206
s41 205
s41(1) 205
s42 205
Legislative Instruments Act 2003 135
s5 137,139
s16 138
s16(2) 138
s16(3) 138
s42 139
s42(2) 139
Migration Act 1958 22, 62, 92, 199, 248, 300, 317, 366
div 4B 303
Part 2 div 3 subdiv AB 269, 270
Part 5 92
Part 7 92
Part 7 Div 4 24
Part 8 91, 361, 363
Part VIII 22
s6A(1)(e) 189
s36(2) 249
s51A 270
s54 269
s57 269
s189 253
s353 92
s353(1) 94
s357A 270
s359 92
s420 90
s421(1) 94
s422B 270
s474 29, 300, 331, 354, 355, 362, 364, 376
s474(1) 352
s474(2) 362, 363
s474(3) 363
s476(1) 245
s476(1)(c) 245
s476(4) 245
s486 74
s486A 300
s499 257
s501(2) 301
Migration Amendment (Judicial Review) Bill 2004 364
Migration Legislation Amendment (Judicial Review) Act 2001 376
Migration Legislation Amendment (Procedural Fairness) Act 2002 273
Migration Legislation Amendment (Strengthening of Provisions relating to Character and Conduct) Act 1998 301
Migration Litigation Reform Act 2005 331
Migration Reform Act 1992 273
Ombudsman Act 1976 101, 103, 104
s5 57
s15 105
s15(1) 72
s15(1)(a)-(v) 71
s15(1)(b) 71
s15(1)(c)(i)-(ii) 71
Parliamentary Charter of Rights and Freedoms Bill 2001 75
Post and Telegraph Act 1901 141
Privacy Act 1988 116, 127
sch 3 57
s10 342
Racial Discrimination Act 1975 9
s100(1) 253
Lands Acquisition Act 1989 205
s60(1) 87
s64 87
s179 87
sch 3 98
s107 259
Social Security Act 1991 21
s1246 94
s1270 92
Taxation Administration Act 1953 261
Telecommunications (Interception and Access) Act 1979 106
s20 8
Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 167
Trade Practices Act 1974 170
s5Q(1) 88
s34 176
s138 92
s175 87
Wheat Marketing Act 1989 43
Workplace Relations Act 1996 136
Australian Capital Territory 136
s28(1) 176
s32 90
s44 84
s46(1) 87
Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1989 169, 234, 242
s5(1)(c) 260
s5(1)(d) 260
s5(1)(e) 255,258
s5(2)(c) 198
s5(2)(e) 255
s6(1)(c) 260
s6(1)(d) 260
s6(1)(e) 258
s6(1)(f) 258
s7 263
s13 176
s13(1) 176
s13(2) 176
s17 374
Freedom of Information Act 1989 133
Health Records (Privacy and Access) Act 1997 116
Human Rights Act 2004 51
s30 61
s37 69
s38(1) 68
s39 69
s8 138
Public Access to Government Contracts Act 2000 116
s9 138
Territory Records Act 2002 116
New South Wales 116
s6 87
s49 176
s49(2) 176
s49(3) 176
s50 176
s63 84
s64 98
s73(3) 90
s73(4)(a) 275
s73(5) 92
s73(5)(b) 92
ss113–115 80
s5(1) 10
Constitution Act 1902 47
Freedom of Information Act 1989 125, 133
Health Records and Information Privacy Act 2002 116
s179 348, 358, 359, 367
Industrial Relations Amendment Act 1996 331
Industrial Relations Amendment Act 2005 331
s87 71
Legislative Review Amendment Act 2002 69
Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000 359
Privacy and Personal Information Protection Act 1998 116
s116 177
State Records Act 1998 116
s3 138
s16(1) 373
s16(2) 373
s65 373
s69(3) 373
s69(4) 373
s75 373
Northern Territory 373
Information Act 2002 133
Part 9 116
s61 138
Planning Act 1979 199
Queensland 199
s54 176
Freedom of Information Act 1992 133
Judicial Review Act 1991 164, 170
Pt 3 234, 242
s3 176
s4(a) 34
s4(b)(ii) 34
s20(2)(c) 260
s20(2)(d) 260
s20(2)(e) 255, 258
s21(2)(c) 260
s21(2)(d) 260
s21(2)(e) 255,258
s22 263
s23(c) 198
s23(e) 255,258
s30 374
s31(b) 176
s33 176
s33(1) 176
s34 176
s4 69
s22 69
Public Records Act 2002 116
s7 138
s8 138
s9 138
South Australia 138
Part 3 47
s42B(2) 87
s42F 84, 90
Freedom of Information Act 1991 133
s180(1) 180
sch 1 78
s47 176
State Records Act 1997 116
s4 138
Tasmania 138
Archives Act 1983 116
s95 176
s18 170
s23C 170
Freedom of Information Act 1991 133
Judicial Review Act 2000 234, 242
s3 176
s4(1) 34
s17(2)(c) 260
s17(2)(d) 260
s17(2(e) 255, 258
s18(2)(c) 260
s18(2)(d) 260
s18(2)(e) 255, 258
s19 263
s20(c) 198
s20(e) 255
s20(f) 258
s27 374
s28(b) 176
s29 176
s30 176
s30(1) 176
s31 176
s13 176
s13(2) 176
s13(3) 176
s14 176
s34 90
s3 138
Victoria 138
Administrative Law Act 1978 180
s2 78, 176
s8 176
s8(1) 176
s8(3) 176
s8(4) 176
Archeological and Aboriginal Relics Preservation Act 1972 161
Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 72
s6(2)(c) 72
s28(1) 69
s28(2) 69
s28(3)(a) 69
s28(3)(b) 69
s29 69
s30 53, 68
s32 61
s39 72
Part 1 47
Freedom of Information Act 1982 133
s10.1.24 176
Health Records Act 2001 116
Information Privacy Act 2002 116
s13(1) 72
s4D(a)(iiia)–(iiib) 69
Public Records Act 1973 116
s3 138
s21 68
s4 87
s5 170
s25(3) 98
s43 170
s45 170,176
s46(1) 176
s46(2) 176
s51 84
s98 92
s98(d)(1) 90
Western Australia 90
Freedom of Information Act 1992 133
s108 357
s5 138
Mining Act 1978 29
s54 176
s17(3) 87
s21 176
s21(4) 176
s21(5) 176
s29 84
s32(2) 90
State Records Act 2000 116
Canada 116
s28 242
European Union 242
art 27(1) 60
European Convention on Human Rights 229
art 6(1) 59
New Zealand 59
Bill of Rights Act 1990 53
South Africa 53
art 8(2) 56
United Kingdom 56
Administration of Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1933 371
Agricultural Marketing Act 1958 19
cl 10(7) 363
s1(2) 272
Human Rights Act 1998 2, 6, 51, 55, 230
art 14 52
art 16 52
Judicature Act 1873 369
s3 272
Mental Health Act 1983 181
Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 363
Supreme Court Act 1981 372
Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1958 180
United Nations 180
Convention on the Protection of Refugees 249
Convention on the Rights of the Child 299, 306, 307, 310, 315
art 3 301, 303, 315
art 3(1) 300, 308
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 303
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 60, 73, 76, 303
art 2 71
art 5 64
art 5(1) 56
art 10 2(a) 305
art 12(3) 64
art 14(1) 59
art 19 59
art 19(3) 64
art 21 64
art 22(2) 64
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 73
arts 4–5 64
art 5(1) 56
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 305
art 29(1) 56
United States of America 56
s552 116