MODERN LEGAL DRAFTING

A Guide to Using Clearer Language

Second Edition

In the second edition of this highly regarded text, the authors show how and why traditional legal language has developed the peculiar characteristics that make legal documents inaccessible to the end users. Incorporating recent research and international examples, the book provides a critical examination of case law and the rules of interpretation. Detailed case studies illustrate how obscure or outdated words, phrases and concepts can be rewritten, reworked or removed altogether – without compromising legal exactitude. In emphasising the benefits of plain language drafting, the focus is on clarity and accessibility. Particularly useful is the step-by-step guide to drafting in the modern style, using practical examples from four types of common legal documents: leases, company constitutions, wills and conveyances.

   Readers will gain an appreciation of the historical influences on drafting practice and the use of legal terminology. They will learn about the current moves to reform legal language; and they will receive clear instruction on how to make their writing clearer and their legal documents more useful to clients and colleagues.

Modern Legal Drafting: A Guide to Using Clearer Language will benefit lawyers, law students, legislative drafters, and all who work in law-related fields.

PETER BUTT is Professor of Law and founding director of the Centre for Plain Language at the University of Sydney.

RICHARD CASTLE is a former solicitor, currently working in New Zealand.

MODERN LEGAL DRAFTING

A Guide to Using Clearer Language

Second Edition

PETER BUTT

AND

RICHARD CASTLE

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521674522

© Peter Butt, Richard Castle 2006

First published 2001
Second edition published 2006

Printed in China by Everbest

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

National Library of Australia Cataloguing in Publication data

Butt, P. J. (Peter J.).
Modern Legal Drafting: A Guide to Using Clearer Language.
2nd ed.
Bibliography.
Includes index.
ISBN-13 978-0-52167-452-2 paperback
ISBN-10 0-52167-452-2 paperback
1. Law – Language. 2. Legal composition. 3. Legal documents – Interpretation and construction. Ⅰ. Castle, Richard (Richard William), 1943–. Ⅱ. Title.
808.06634
ISBN-13 978-0-521-67452-2 paperback
ISBN-10 0-521-67452-2 paperback

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Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Extract from First Edition

This book is the product of many years’ practice and research in the techniques of drafting legal documents in modern, standard English. We are grateful to many people for their contributions towards the ideas and experiences that have helped shape our views.

Richard Castle would particularly like to thank:

• the law librarian of the University of Exeter, and the librarians of the University of Plymouth and the College of St Mark and St John Plymouth for the use of their facilities

•the staff of Devon public libraries for their unfailing helpfulness

•colleagues on the drafting courses formerly run by the Centre for Commercial Law Studies, for their inspiration

•Professor John Adams of Queen Mary & Westfield College London for his advice and guidance on early work which led to this book

•his clients and colleagues in Plymouth who directly and indirectly provided a good deal of the material which appears here

•Wendy Castle for her support and untiring efforts in typing, retyping and retyping again many early drafts

•Sarah, Emma and Ally for their indulgence and motivation during the years of research and writing.

•Peter Butt would particularly like to thank:

•the librarian and staff of the law schools in the Universities of Sydney and Bristol

•his students at the University of Sydney, who for a decade have provided inspiration and feedback in lecture courses on plain language drafting techniques

•Marion Butt, for her efforts in typing the later drafts of the book.

Both of us would also like to thank a number of colleagues who reviewed drafts of the manuscript, and whose enthusiastic support for the project was a great encouragement. They include Robert Eagleson (Australia), Mark Adler (England) and David Elliott (Canada).

We gratefully acknowledge those who have given permission to reproduce copyright material used in the book: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office; Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited; Wellington District Law Society’s Collection, Special Printed Collections, Alexander Turnbull Library, New Zealand; and VicRoads. Every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge copyright and we would be pleased to hear from those we have been unable to contact.

Finally, we emphasise that this book is very much a joint undertaking. Although we worked separately for a long time on opposite sides of the world, the final product is the result of our labours together for some six years. We take joint and several responsibility for it – or rather, we take responsibility for it separately and together.

PETER BUTT
RICHARD CASTLE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Second Edition

This second edition incorporates a number of developments in legal drafting that have arisen since the publication of the first edition. As with the first edition, we are grateful to many people for their contributions to the ideas and experiences that have helped shape our views.

We would especially like to thank those who took the time to provide constructive comments on the first edition. These include the late Professor John Adams (United Kingdom), Hector Macdonald (Australia), and Christine Mowat (Canada), all of whom wrote long and detailed comments for our consideration.

Peter Butt would like to thank the Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, where he wrote some of this edition. For part of that time, he was a Herbert Smith Fellow; for another part, he was a Visiting Fellow at Trinity College. Without this assistance it would not have been possible to complete the book, and to both entities we owe sincere thanks. Peter also owes special thanks to Professor Kevin Gray of Trinity College for his guidance and help in arranging the stay at Cambridge, and to both Kevin and his wife Susan for making the stay so enjoyable.

Finally, Peter’s wife Lin helped type the manuscript and polish the prose. To her, we both owe sincere thanks.

We gratefully acknowledge those who have given permission to reproduce copyright material for use in this and the first edition. In this edition, they include Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd and VicRoads. Every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge copyright and we would be pleased to hear from any copyright holders we have been unable to trace.

PETER BUTT
RICHARD CASTLE

PANELS AND TABLES

Panels

Tables

TABLE OF STATUTES AND
SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION

mperial

Statute of Additions, 1413, 147

Statute of Pleading, 1362, 25

Statute of Provisions, 1350–51, 65

England and Wales

Administration of Justice Act, 1982

   s, 17, 226

   s, 21, 70

Arbitration Act, 1996, 92

   s, 5(2), 190–1

Capital Allowances Act, 2001, 91

Conveyancing Act, 1845, 34

Conveyancing Act, 1881, 36

Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004, ss, 19, 20, 32, 33, 156

Human Rights Act, 1998, 201

Inquiries Act, 2005, 189

Land Registration Act, 2002, 220

Landlord and Tenant Act 1954, Part II, 222, 223, 224

Landlord and Tenant Act 1985, ss, 8, 11, 49

Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1994, 13

Law of Property Act, 1925, 219

   s, 1(2), 9

   s, 44, 218

   s, 45, 218

   s, 52, 216

   s, 60, 9

   s, 61, 157, 209, 227

   s, 78, 230

   s, 79, 230

   s, 81, 157

   s, 205, 9

Leases Act, 1845, 34

Oil in Navigable Waters Act, 1963, 213

Settled Land Act, 1925, 219

Solicitors’ Remuneration Act, 1881, 36

Statute Law (Repeals) Act, 1989, 34

Timeshare Act, 1992, 82

Wills Act 1837, s, 9, 226

Regulations and Statutory Orders

Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (SI 1998 No 3132 L, 17), 92

Consumer Credit (Advertisements) Regulations 2004 (SI, 2004 No. 1484), reg. 3(a), 122

Employment Tribunals (Constitution and Rules of Procedure) Regulations 2004 (SI, 2004 No. 1861), 92

Solicitors’ (Non-Contentious Business) Remuneration Order, 1994, 36

Solicitors’ Remuneration Order, 1883, 36

Solicitors’ Remuneration Order 1953 (SI, 1953, No. 117), 36

Solicitors’ Remuneration Order, 1972, 37

Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 (SI, 1999, No. 2083), reg. 7, 121

Australia

Commonwealth

Corporations Law, 2001, 210

Industrial Relations Act 1988, s 150A, 124

Industrial Relations Reform Act 1993, s, 17, 124

Insurance Contracts Act 1984, s, 22(1), 124

Members of Parliament (Life Gold Pass) Act 2002, s, 3, 199–200

Native Title Act, 1993, 189

   s, 203AA(5), 194, 196

Social Security Act, 115

Trade Marks Act, 1995, 214

Trade Practices Act, 1974

   s 51AB, 124

   s 51AC, 124

New South Wales

Consumer Credit (NSW) Code, s, 162, 123

Contracts Review Act, 1980

   s, 7 125

   s, 9, 125

Conveyancing Act, 1919, 99, 100, 182, 183

   s 23B, 216

   s, 53, 218

   s, 78, 13

   s, 181, 209, 227

Fisheries Management Act 1994, s, 5, 155

Legal Profession Act 2004, s, 315(1), 123

Local Government Act, 1993, 97, 109

Real Property Act, 1900, 220

   s 133D, 203

Residential Tenancies Act 1987, ss, 25, 26, 49

Retirement Villages Act, 1999, 175, 185

   s, 83, 203

Queensland

Industrial Relations Act 1999, s, 333, 124

Land Title Act, 1994, 97

Victoria

Crimes Act 1958, s, 464, 155

Road Traffic Regulations, 1991, 194

Wills Act 1997, s, 36, 70

Canada

Federal

Uniform Interpretation Act 1967–68, c 7, ss, 10, 28, 201

Alberta

Financial Consumers Act, 1990, 108

Financial Consumers Act, R.S.A., 2000, 108

Municipal Government Act (Draft), 98, 108–9

British Columbia

Interpretation Act (RSBC, 1996, Chapter 238), s, 29, 201

Ontario

Tobacco Tax Act, 1990, 211

Hong Kong

Basic Law, article, 160, 132, 133

India

Indian Evidence Act, 1872, 198

Indian Penal Code, 77

New Zealand

Income Tax Act, 2004, 98

United States of America

New York

Plain English Law (Sullivan Act), 101, 102

TABLE OF CASES

Acorn Consolidated Pty Ltd v Hawkslade Investments Pty Ltd (1999) 21 WAR, 425, 69

Adamastos Shipping Co. Ltd v Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Co. Ltd [1959] AC, 133, 63

AG Securities v Vaughan [1990] 1 AC, 417, 51

Akeroyd’s Settlement, Re [1893] 3 Ch, 363, 135

Alan Wibberley Building Ltd v Insley [1999] 1 WLR, 894, 193

Alexion Hope, The [1988] 1 Lloyd’s Rep, 311, 41

Alghussein Establishment v Eton College [1988] 1 WLR, 587, 40

Al-Kandari v J.R. Brown & Co. [1988] QB, 665, 16

Alleyn, Re [1965] SASR, 22, 70

Amax International Ltd v Custodian Holdings Ltd [1986] 2 EGLR, 111, 60

American General Insurance Co. v Webster 118 SW 2d, 1084, 214

Anderson v Anderson [1895] 1 QB 749 at, 753, 55

Andrews v Strugnell [1977] Qd R, 284, 58

Annefield, The [1971] P, 168, 72

Antaios, The [1985] AC, 191, 63

Appleton v Aspin [1988] 1 WLR, 410, 50

Ashcroft v Mersey Health Authority [1983] 2 All ER, 245, 16

Aspden v Seddon (1874) 10 Ch App, 394, 39, 73

Associated Artists Ltd v Inland Revenue Commissioners [1956] 1 WLR, 752, 212

Atari Corporation (UK) Ltd v Electronic Boutique Stores (UK) Ltd [1998] QB, 539, 64

Attorney General for New Zealand v Brown [1917] AC, 393, 212

Attorney General v Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover [1957] AC 436 at, 463, 51

Attorney-General (New South Wales) v Dickson [1904] AC, 273, 29

Attorney-General for New South Wales v Metcalfe (1904) 1 CLR, 421, 55

Attorney-General of the Bahamas v Royal Trust Co [1986] 1 WLR, 1001, 212

Attorney-General of the Commonwealth v Oates (1999) 198 CLR, 162, 168

Attorney-General v Brown [1920] 1 KB, 773, 53

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Henry Kaye [2004] FCA, 1363, 175

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Maritime Union of Australia [2002] ATPR, 41–849, 208

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v McCaskey (2000) 104 FCR, 8, 207

Award Simplification Decision, Re (1997) 75 IR, 272, 124

Ayling v Wade [1961] 2 QB, 228, 27

Bahr v Nicolay (No. 2) (1988) 164 CLR, 604, 50

Bain v Brand (1876) 1 App Cas, 762, 165, 166

Balabel v Mehmet [1990] 1 EGLR, 220, 202

Ballard v North British Railway Co. (1923) SC (HL), 43, 60

Balyl, Re (1994) 75 A Crim R, 575, 202

Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA v Ali [2002] 1 AC, 251, 69

Bankstown Airport Ltd v Noor Al Houda Islamic College Pty Ltd (2003) NSW ConvR, 56–038, 152

Barbour, Re [1967] Qd R, 10, 193

Barclays Bank Ltd v Inland Revenue Commissioner [1961] AC, 509, 155

Barclays Bank Plc v Weeks Legg & Dean [1999] QB, 309, 66

Barclays Bank Trust Co. Ltd v McDougall (2000) Law Society’s Gazette, 3 August 39; [2001] WTLR, 23, 164

Barraclough v Cooper [1908] 2 Ch 121n, 134

Bartlett & Partners Ltd v Meller [1961] 1 Lloyds Rep, 487, 60

Barton v Fincham [1921] 2 KB, 291, 50

Barton v Reed [1932] 1 Ch, 362, 169

Basingstoke and Deane Borough Council v Host Group Ltd [1988] 1 All ER, 824, 63

Bass Holdings Ltd v Morton Music Ltd [1988] Ch, 493, 27

Bateman’s Will Trusts [1970] 3 All ER, 817, 134

Baumgartner v Baumgartner (1987) 164 CLR, 137, 50

Bava Holdings Pty Ltd v Pando Holdings Pty Ltd (1998) NSW ConvR, 55–862, 64

Bensley v Burdon (1830) 8 LJ (OS) Ch, 85, 217

Best, Re [1904] 2 Ch, 354, 211

Big River Timbers Pty Ltd v Stewart (1999) 9 BPR, 1, 605, 215

Birchall, Re [1940] 1 All ER, 545, 134

Bishop v Bonham [1988] 1 WLR, 742, 50

Blue Metal Industries Ltd v Dilley [1970] AC, 827, 159

Blunn v Cleaver (1993) 119 ALR, 65, 115

Boat Park Ltd v Hutchinson [1999] 2 NZLR, 74, 66

Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 1 WLR, 582, 16

Bonitto v Fuerst Bros & Co. Ltd [1944] AC, 75, 214

Bontex Knitting Works Ltd v St John’s Garage (1943) 60 TLR 44, (1943) 60 TLR, 44 253, 141

Booth’s Will Trusts, Re (1940) 163 LT, 77, 134

Bower v Bantam Investments Ltd [1972] 3 All ER, 349, 140

Boyes v Cook (1880) 14 Ch D, 53, 69

BP Australia Pty Ltd v Nyran Pty Ltd (2003) 189 ALR, 442, 69

BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v Shire of Hastings (1977) 180 CLR, 266, 50

Bridge Wholesale Acceptance (Australia) Ltd v GVS Associates Pty Ltd [1991] ASC, 57, 116, 125

Bridgewater’s Settlement, Re [1910] 2 Ch, 342, 217

British Gas Corporation v Universities Superannuation Scheme Ltd [1986] 1 WLR, 398, 63

Bromarin AB v IMD Investments Ltd [1999] STC, 301, 66

Brough v Whitmore (1791) 4 Term Rep 206; 100 ER, 976, 41

Brown v Davies [1958] 1 QB, 117, 164

Brown, Re [1917] 2 Ch, 232, 134

Bruce v Cole (1998) 45 NSWLR, 163, 57

Bruton v London & Quadrant Housing Trust [2000] 1 AC, 406, 51

Brygel v Stewart-Thornton [1992] 2 VR, 387, 202

Budget Stationery Supplies Pty Ltd v National Australia Bank Ltd (1996) 7 BPR, 14, 891, 59

Burrell & Kinnaird v Attorney General [1937] AC, 286, 154

Burton v English (1883) 12 QBD, 218, 60

Burwood Project Management Pty Ltd v Polar Technologies International Pty Ltd (1999) 9 BPR, 17, 355, 214

Butt v McDonald (1896) 7 QLJ, 68, 50

C (a solicitor), Re [1982] 1 NZLR, 137, 205

Cadogan Estates Ltd v McMahon [2000] 3 WLR, 1555, 209

Campbell v Metway Leasing Ltd [1998] ATPR, 41–630, 207

Campbells Cash and Carry Pty Ltd v National Union of Workers, New South Wales Branch (No 2) (2001) 53 NSWLR, 393, 199

Carl Zeiss Stiftung v Herbert Smith & Co. (No. 2) [1969] 2 Ch, 276, 50

Central Pacific (Campus) Pty Ltd v Staged Developments Australia Pty Ltd (1998) V ConvR, 54–575, 64

Chacmol Holdings Pty Ltd v Handberg [2005] FCAFC, 40, 218

Chandris v Isbrandtsen-Moller Co. Inc [1951] 1 KB, 240, 54

Charter Reinsurance Ltd v Fagan [1997] AC, 313, 65

Charter v Charter (1874) LR 7 HL, 364, 70

Chew v The Queen (1992) 173 CLR, 626, 186

Chichester Diocesan Fund and Board of Finance v Simpson [1944] AC, 341, 211

Christopherson v Naylor (1816) 1 Mer 320; 35 ER, 693, 134

Ciampa v NRMA Insurance Ltd (unreported, Supreme Court of NSW, Bryson J, 23 October, 1989), 119

Clark v Maclennan [1983] 1 All ER, 416, 16

Clarke v Bruce Lance & Co. [1988] 1 WLR, 881, 16

Clay v Karlson (No. 2) (1998) 19 WAR, 287, 14

Coca Cola Bottling Co. v Reeves 486 So 2d, 374, 128

Cochrane v Florida East Coast Ry Co. 145 So 217 at, 218, 214

Cockerill v William Cory & Son Ltd [1959] 2 QB, 194, 207

Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority of New South Wales (1982) 149 CLR, 337 50, 69

Cohn, Re [1974] 3 All ER, 928, 164

Colquhoun v Brooks (1888) 21 QBD, 52, 57

Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio (1983) 151 CLR, 447, 125

Commercial Union Midwest Insurance Co v Vorbec 674 NW 2d, 665, 115

Commissioner of Stamp Duties v Atwill [1973] AC, 558, 165

Commissioner of State Revenue v Pioneer Concrete (Vic.) Pty Ltd (2002) 209 CLR, 651, 29

Committee of Direction of Fruit Marketing v Collins (1925) 36 CLR, 410, 186

Cooke v Anderson [1945] 1 WWR, 657, 63

Cooke v New River Co. (1888) 38 Ch D 56, (1889) 14 App Cas, 698, 136

Cooper v Stuart (1889) 14 App Cas, 286, 29

Coote v Borland (1904) 35 SCR (Can), 282, 152

Cope, Re [1908] 2 Ch, 1, 134

Corbett v Hill (1870) 9 LR Eq, 671, 193

Cozens v Brutus [1973] AC, 854, 61

Creswell v Potter [1978] 1 WLR, 255, 125

Croft v Lumley (1858) 4 HLC 672 27;

Crowley v Templeton (1914) 17 CLR, 457, 220

Darlington Futures Ltd v Delco Australia Pty Ltd (1986) 161 CLR, 500, 59

Datastream International Ltd v Oakeep Ltd [1986] 1 WLR, 404, 63

Datt v Law Society of New South Wales (1981) 35 ALR, 523, 165

David v Heckler 591 F Supp, 1033 (1984), 42

Davies v Stephens (1836) 7 C & P 570; 173 RR, 251, 131

Dawes, ex parte (1886) 17 QBD, 275, 218

Dayrell, Re [1904] 2 Ch, 496, 47

De Kupyer v Crafter [1942] SASR, 238, 169

Dean v Wiesengrund [1955] 2 QB, 120, 57

Delamere’s Settlement Trusts, Re [1984] 1 All ER, 584, 27

Delnorth Pty Ltd v State Bank of New South Wales (1995) 17 ACSR, 379, 142

Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Clark (2003) 45 ASCR, 332, 54

Dickerson v St Aubyn [1944] 1 All ER, 370, 62

Diplock, Re – see Chichester Diocesan Fund and Board of Finance v Simpson

Director of Housing v Pavletic (2003) V ConvR 54–668, [2002] VSC, 438, 216

Director of Investigation and Research v Newfoundland Telephone Company [1987] 2 SCR, 466, 57

Discount & Finance Ltd v Gehrig’s Wines Ltd (1940) 57 WN (NSW), 226, 217

Dockside Holdings Pty Ltd v Rakio Pty Ltd (2001) 79 SASR, 374, 64

Doe d Willis v Martin (1790) 4 TR 39; 100 ER, 882, 184

Donald, Re [1947] 1 All ER, 764 39, 135

Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC, 562, 15

Dorset Yacht Co. Ltd v Home Office [1970] AC, 1004, 15

Douglas (Clayton) v The Police (1992) 43 WIR, 175, 185

Druce v Druce [2004] 1 P & CR, 26, 193

Dunlop & Sons v Balfour Williams & Co. [1892] 1 QB, 507, 72

Dunn v Blackdown Properties Ltd [1961] Ch, 433, 14

Eastern Counties Building Society v Russell [1947] 1 All ER 500, [1947] 2 All ER, 734, 59

Eastwood v Ashton [1915] AC, 900, 193

Eddy Lau Constructions Pty Ltd v Transdevelopment Enterprise Pty Ltd [2004] NSWSC, 754, 168

Edward Wong Finance Co. Ltd v Johnson Stokes & Master [1984] AC, 1296, 16

Elitestone Ltd v Morris [1997] 1 WLR, 687, 28

Employers’ Mutual Liability Insurance Co. v Tollefsen 263 NW 376 at, 377, 214

European Bank Ltd v Citibank Ltd (2004) 60 NSWLR, 153, 69

Fadden v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation (1943) 68 CLR, 76, 214

FAI General Insurance Co. Ltd v McSweeney (1997) 73 FCR, 379, 135

FAI General Insurance Co. Ltd v Parras (2002) 55 NSWLR, 498, 224

Federal Steam Navigation Co. v Department of Trade [1974] 2 All ER, 97, 213

Federated Homes Ltd v Mill Lodge Properties Ltd [1980] 1 WLR, 594, 230

Ferrier v Wilson (1906) 4 CLR, 785, 169

Field v Barkworth [1986] 1 WLR, 137, 230

Film Investment Corporation of New Zealand v Golden Editions Pty Ltd (1994) 28 IPR, 1, 56

First National Bank Plc v Thompson [1996] Ch, 231, 217

Fleming v United Services Automobile Association 988 P 2d 378, 996 P 2d, 501, 101

Floor v Davis [1980] AC, 695, 159

Forbes v Git [1922] 1 AC, 256, 63

Ford and Hill, Re (1879) 10 Ch D, 365, 17

Foster v Day (1968) 208 EG, 495, 130

Fourie v Hansen [2000] JOL, 5993 (W), 175

G. & K. Ladenbau (UK) Ltd v Crawley & de Reya [1978] 1 WLR, 266, 16

Galcif Pty Ltd v Dudley’s Corner Pty Ltd (1995) 6 BPR, 14,134, 73

Gardner v Coutts & Co [1967] 3 All ER, 1064, 50

George T. Collings (Aust) Pty Ltd v H. F. Stevenson (1991) ASC, 56–051, 175

Gibb v Registrar of Titles (1940) 63 CLR, 503, 220

Gibbons v Gibbons (1881) 6 App Cas, 471, 134

Gillett v Burke [1997] 1 VR, 81, 111

Goldsbrough v Ford Credit Australia Ltd [1989] ASC, 58,583, 46, 125, 175

Goodtitle v Funcan (1781) Dougl 565 p, 13

Gorringe v Mahlstedt [1907] AC, 225, 134

GPT RE Ltd v Lend Lease Real Estate Investments Ltd [2005] NSWSC, 964, 225

Graham v Public Employees Mutual Insurance Co. 656 P 2d, 1077, 75

Gran Gelato Ltd v Richcliff (Group) Ltd [1992] Ch, 560, 16

Grant v John Grant & Sons Pty Ltd (1954) 91 CLR, 112, 217

Grey v Friar (1854) 4 HLC, 565, 27

Grigsby v Melville [1974] 1 WLR, 80, 193

Gruhn v Balgray Investments Ltd (1963) 107 Solicitors Journal, 112, 59

Gulbenkian’s Settlement, Re [1970] AC, 508, 40, 175

Gurney v Grimmer (1932) 44 Lloyds L Rep, 189, 214

Gyarfas v Bray (1990) NSW ConvR, 55–519, 230

Halford v Price (1960) 105 CLR, 23, 59

Hall v Simons [2002] 1 AC, 615, 16

Halley v Watt [1956] SLT, 111, 136

Halliday, Re [1925] SASR, 104, 134

Halwood Corporation Ltd v Roads Corporation [1998] 2 VR, 439, 94, 111, 201

Hammer Waste Pty Ltd v QBE Mercantile Mutual Ltd (2002) 12 ANZ Insurance Cases, 61–553, 59

Hammond, Re [1938] 3 All ER, 308, 152

Hardcastle v Bielby [1892] 1 QB, 709, 169

Haskell v Marlow [1928] 2 KB, 45, 164

Hatton v Beaumont (1978) 20 ALR, 314

Heath v Crealock (1874) LR 10 Ch App, 22, 217

Hector Steamship Co. Ltd v VO Sovfracht Moscow [1945] KB, 343, 136

Hedley Byrne v Heller [1964] AC, 465, 15

Hely v Sterling [1982] VR, 246, 164

Henriksen v Tallon Ltd [1965] RPC, 434, 71

Herald & Weekly Times Ltd v Vlassakis (2003) SASR, 70, 213

HEST Australia Ltd v McInerney (1998) 71 SASR, 526, 59

Hill v Van Erp (1997) 188 CLR, 159, 16

Hills v Potter [1983] 3 All ER, 716, 16

HKSAR v Ma Wai-kwan [1997] 2 HKC, 315

Hobbs v London & South Western Railway (1875) LR 10 QB, 111, 206

Hopgood v Brown [1955] 1 WLR, 213, 192

Houlahan v Australian and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd (1992) 110 FLR, 259, 45

Housden v Marshall [1959] 1 WLR, 1, 39

House of Peace Pty Ltd v Bankstown City Council (2000) 48 NSWLR, 498, 61

Houston v Burns [1918] AC, 337, 184

Hughes v Winter [1955] SASR, 238, 53

Hume v Perpetual Trustees Executors and Agency Co. of Tasmania (1939) 62 CLR, 242, 164

Hy Whittle Ltd v Stalybridge Corporation (1967) 65 LGR (UK), 344, 52

Hyundai Shipbuilding and Heavy Industries Co. Ltd v Pournaras [1978] 2 Lloyd’s Rep, 502, 63

Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society [1998] 1 WLR, 896 66–68, 155, 185

J Fenwick & Co. Pty Ltd v Federal Steam Navigation Co. Ltd (1943) 44 SR (NSW), 1, 60

J. Spurling Ltd v Bradshaw [1956] 1 WLR, 461, 175

John G Stein & Co. Ltd v O’Hanlon [1965] AC, 890, 214

John Lee & Son (Grantham) Ltd v Railway Executive [1949] 2 All ER, 581, 59

Johnson v American Home Assurance Co. (1998) 192 CLR, 266, 59

Johnson v Shaw [2004] 1 P & CR, 10, 192

Jones v Joseph (1918) 87 LJ KB, 510, 131

Karam v Australia & New Zealand Banking Group Ltd [2001] NSWSC, 709, 46

Kay v Lambeth London Borough Council [2004] 2 WLR, 1396, 51

Kendle v Melsom (1998) 72 ALJR, 560, 231

Kenny v Preen [1963] 1 QB, 499, 29

Ketchum International Plc v Group Public Relations Holdings Pty Ltd (Eng CA, unreported, 17 October, 1997), 64

Kevest v Spiteri [2002] NSWSC, 22, 74

KJRR Pty Ltd v Commissioner of State Revenue (1999) 99 ATC, 4335, 51

Koskas v Standard Marine Insurance Co. Ltd (1927) 27 Ll L Rep, 59, 175

L’Estrange v F Graucob Ltd [1934] 2 KB, 394, 115

Lambert, Re [1908] 2 Ch, 117, 134

Lavery v Pursell (1888) 39 Ch D, 508, 206

Laybourn v Gridley [1892] 2 Ch, 53, 193

Legal & General Insurance Australia Ltd v Eather (1986) 6 NSWLR, 390, 72

Leggott v Barrett (1880) 15 Ch D, 306, 218

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