THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF

TURKEY

*

Volume I of The Cambridge History of Turkey examines the rise of Turkish power in Anatolia from the arrival of the first Turks at the end of the eleventh century to the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453. Taking the period as a whole, rather than dividing it along the more usual pre-Ottoman/Ottoman fault line, the volume covers the political, economic, social, intellectual and cultural history of the region as the Byzantine Empire crumbled and Anatolia passed into Turkish control to become the heartland of the Ottoman Empire. In this way, the contributors to the volume engage with and emphasise the continuities of the era rather than its dislocations, situating Anatolia within its geographic context at the crossroads of Central Asia, the Middle East and the Mediterranean. The world which emerges is one of military encounter, but also of cultural co-habitation, intellectual and diplomatic exchange, and political finesse. This is a state-of-the-art work of reference on an understudied period in Turkish history by some of the leading scholars in the field.

KATE F LEET is Director of the Skilliter Centre for Ottoman Studies, Newnham College, Cambridge, and Newton Trust Lecturer in Ottoman History at the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Cambridge University. Her previous publications include European and Islamic Trade in the Early Ottoman State (1999) and, as joint-editor, The Ottomans and Trade (2006).

THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF

TURKEY

Founding editor
I. METIN KUNT, Professor of History, Sabanc University

The Cambridge History of Turkey represents a monumental enterprise. The History, comprising four volumes, covers the period from the end of the eleventh century, with the arrival of the Turks in Anatolia, through the emergence of the early Ottoman state, and its development into a powerful empire in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, encompassing a massive territory from the borders of Iran in the east, to Hungary in the west, and North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula in the south. The last volume covers its destruction in the aftermath of the First World War, and the history of the modern state of Turkey which arose from the ashes of empire. Chapters from an international team of contributors reflect the very significant advances that have taken place in Ottoman history and Turkish studies in recent years.

VOLUME I
Byzantium to Turkey, 1071–1453
Edited by Kate Fleet

VOLUME 2
The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453–1603
Edited by Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate Fleet

VOLUME 3
The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603–1839
Edited by Suraiya N. Faroqhi

VOLUME 4
Turkey in the Modern World
Edited by Reşat Kasaba

THE CAMBRIDGE
HISTORY OF

TURKEY

*

VOLUME I
Byzantium to Turkey, 1071–1453

*

Edited by
KATE FLEET

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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Cambridge University Press
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Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521620932

© Cambridge University Press 2009

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2009

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data
Byzantium to Turkey, 1071–1453 / edited by Kate Fleet.
   p.   cm. — (The Cambridge history of Turkey ; v. 1)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-521-62093-2 (hardback)
1. Turkey – History – To 1453. I. Fleet, Kate.
DR481.B98 2008
956.1^′014 – dc22   2008035737

ISBN 978-0-521-62093-2 hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or
accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to
in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such
websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Contents

∙1∙ Introduction 1
KATE FLEET

Illustrations

Maps

Contributors

JULIAN CHRYSOSTOMIDES is the Director of the Hellenic Institute, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, University of London and is Emerita Reader in Byzantine History at the University of London. Her books include Funeral Oration on his Brother Theodore: Manuel Ⅱ Palaeologos (Thessalonike, 1985) and Monumenta Peloponnesiaca: Documents for the History of the Peloponnese in the 14th and 15th Centuries (Camberley, 1995).

HOWARD CRANE is a Professor in the Department of the History of Art at Ohio State University. His books include The Garden of Mosques: Hafiz Hüseyin al-Ayvansarayi’s Guide to the Muslim Monuments of Ottoman Istanbul (Leiden, 2000) and Risale-i Mi’mariyye: an Early Seventeenth-Century Ottoman Treatise on Architecture (Leiden, 1987).

KATE FLEET is the Director of the Skilliter Centre for Ottoman Studies, Newnham College, Cambridge and is Newton Trust Lecturer in Ottoman History at the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Cambridge. Her books include European and Islamic Trade in the Early Ottoman State: the Merchants of Genoa and Turkey (Cambridge, 1999).

PÁL FODOR is Head of the Department of the Early Modern Age at the Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He has published extensively on the military and administrative organisation and the ruling elite of the Ottoman state as well as on Ottoman political relations with Europe. His books include In Quest of the Golden Apple: Imperial Ideology, Politics, and Military Administration in the Ottoman Empire (Istanbul, 2000), and ‘Affairs of State are Supreme’: the Orders of the Ottoman Imperial Council Pertaining to Hungary (1544–1545, 1552) (Budapest, 2005), which he co-authored with Géza Dávid, with whom he has also co-edited several collections of articles on Ottoman–European relations.

MACHIEL KIEL was Director of the Netherlands Archaeological Institute in Istanbul. He is Adviser to UNESCO for Bosnia-Hercegovina and lectures on Islamic Architecture at İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi. He has also worked for eighteen years as a builder and stone cutter at the Dutch Service for Historical Monuments, thus combining academic study with work in the archives and practical experience in building. He has written extensively on the Ottoman Balkans and his books include Studies on the Ottoman Architecture of the Balkans (Aldershot, 1990).

RUDI PAUL LINDNER is Professor of History at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, where he teaches comparative medieval history and the history of astrophysics. He has published on the history of steppe nomads, early Ottoman historiography, medieval monetary history and the development of astronomical institutions in the twentieth-century USA. His books include Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia (Bloomington, 1983) and Explorations in Ottoman Prehistory (Bloomington, 2006).

CHARLES MELVILLE is Reader in Persian History at the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Cambridge. His books include A History of Persian Earthquakes (Cambridge, 1982), which he c0-authored with N. N. Ambraseys and The Seismicity of Egypt, Arabia and the Red Sea: a Historical Review (Cambridge, 1994) (with N. N. Ambraseys and R. D. Adams).

AHMET YAşAR OCAK is a Professor in the Department of History at Hacettepe Üniversitesi. His work is on Seljuk and Ottoman social, cultural and religious history and his extensive publications include Babaîler İsyanı: Alevîliğin Tarihsel Altyapısı Yahut Anadolu’da İslâm-Türk Heterodoksisinin Teşekkülü(Istanbul, 2000), Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Marjinal Sûfîlik: Kalenderîler (Ankara, 1999), Osmanlı Toplumunda Zındıklar ve Mülhidler Yahut Dairenin Dışına Çıkanlar, 3rd edn (Istanbul, 2003), Sarı Saltık: Popüler Islâm’in Balkanlardaki Destani Öncüsü, (Ankara, 2002) and Kültür Tarihi Kaynağı Olarak Menâkıbnâmeler: Metodolojik Bir Yaklaşım (Ankara, 1997).

A note on transliteration

Ottoman Turkish has been transliterated using modern Turkish orthography, and diacritical marking of long vowels has not been used for Arabic and Persian terms or names. Names have been given in their Turkish form except when in common usage in English. Where figures are more familiar under a different form, both forms are given.

Chronology

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Map 1 The Byzantine Empire, 1071

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Map 2 Beylik Anatolia

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Map 3 The Ottoman Empire, 1453