Cambridge University Press
0521854415 - Politics and Power in Early Medieval Europe - Alsace and the Frankish Realm, 600–1000 - by Hans J. Hummer
Index
Aachen, royal palace 110, 170, 172
Council of in 809 82–3
Synod of in 860 174
Aba, wife of Hugo of Tours 218
Adala, daughter of Bodal 65
Adalais, daughter of Hugo of Tours 158
Adalbert, duke in Alsace 49, 52, 54, 63, 65, 158, 169, 224
Adalgis, patron of Weissenburg 198
Adalhard, brother of Gebolt 72, 74, 75
Adalhard, count in the Saargau 73–5
precaria of 73–5, 85
Adalhelm, patron of Weissenburg 125, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204–5, 206
eponymous ancestors of 198
and the cartulary of Weissenburg 197–9, 202–3
Adalhelm/Althelm, ‘abbot’ and patron of Weissenburg 124–5, 193
Adalhoch, bishop of Strasburg 159
Adalinda, wife of Eberhard, count in Alsace and lord of Lure 235
Adalmund, retainer of Adalrich, duke in Alsace 51
Adalrich, duke in Alsace 40, 46–8, 49, 50–4, 55, 64, 65, 158, 170, 216, 218
and the civil war of 676–9 47–8
the ducal lordship of 48
in the Life of Odilia 219–23, 226
and the suppression of Grandval, see Grandval
Adalrich, duke in the district of Dijon 47
Adelheid, Ottonian empress 228, 232
Admonitio Generalis 135
Ado, patron of Weissenburg 113
advocates 200, 257
Agnes, abbess of Nivelles 33
Agothiu, patroness of Weissenburg 101
Aimono, patron of Farfa 89
Airlie, Stuart, British history 171, 172
Alanesberg, monastery 238, 244
Albegau 17, 35, 37, 73, 187, 193
Albe river, Saargau 66, 72
Albrich, patron of Weissenburg 129, 195
Alcuin, courtier of Charlemagne 131, 134, 135
Alemannia 17, 56, 57, 58, 134, 177, 198, 209
counts in 60–1, 114, 159, 229
dukedom of 9, 11, 35, 37, 49, 211
Carolingian suppression of 57–8, 59, 60, 96–7, 106–7
geopolitics of in east Francia 166–8
laws of, see law codes
proliferation of the precarial census in 94–8
Alsace 47
and the cartulary of Weissenburg 182–5, 207
counts in 60–1
and the divisions of the Carolingian empire 156–7, 176, 185–6
dukes, dukedom of 37, 47, 49–50, 57–60, 158, 169, 172, 176
and the east Frankish conspiracy 113–14
in the east Frankish kingdom, see Louis the German
ecology of 12, 13
geography of 9–17, 230
geopolitics of in east Francia 166, 169
kin-groups of, see Etichonids; Hugo of Tours; Ratbald-Wicbalds
in the late Carolingian period 211–12
linguistic divisions of 133
local character of 11–12
in the middle kingdom 169, 172–3; see also Lothar I; Lothar II
monasteries in 1–2, 166, 167, 196; see also Etichonids
Carolingian control of 61–5
monastic reform in 231–3, 248–9
organization of 9, 11, 17, 229; see also civitates
in the Ottonian period 229
and the pagus Alsatiae 9, 17
Nordgau 11, 229
Sundgau 11, 229
political order in 1–2, 7, 250, 256–8
and the rebellion of 833 164
roads in 11
royal authority in 35–6, 48–9, 211–12; see also Carolingians Charles the Bald; Charles the Fat; Lothar I; Lothar II; Louis the German; Ottonian kings
royal property and residences in 166, 167, 196
settlement of 12–13
vernacular in 133, 136–7; see also Murbach; Weissenburg
written sources of 17–23
Alsegau 17
Altdorf, Alsatian monastery 1, 247–8, 249
Althelm, judge 118, 124, 125, 261
Amalgar, duke in the district of Dijon 47
Amandus, bishop of Maastricht 30
Amico, abbot of Murbach 106, 114
Amita, daughter of Count Otto 71
Andennes, north Austrasian monastery 33
Andlau, Alsatian monastery 209, 231–2
Anfrid, son of Count Eberhard 60
Annales Alamannici 115
Annales Guelferbytani 115
Annales Nazariani 113–15
Annals of Fulda, see Fulda
Annals of St Bertin 161, 175, 182
Annals of Weissenburg, see Weissenburg
Annals of Xanten 162
Ansegisel, father of Pippin of Herstal 38
Anstrude, abbess of St Mary’s in Laon 38, 41, 43, 46
Life of 41
Aquilina, wife of Duke Amalger 47
Aquitaine 56, 140, 160, 168, 169
Ardennes region 9, 36, 68, 176
aristocracy 4
in Alsace 211, 229
continuity of 8, 192–3
factionalism of 170–1
imperial 156, 157
in the late Carolingian period 210, 211–12
transformation of 247–9
Arnulf, bishop of Metz 34, 35
Arnulf, Carolingian king in east Francia 210, 212, 215, 228, 229
Assweiler, Saargau village 119
Astronomer, biographer of Louis the Pious 141, 160, 161
Atta-Angilswind, wife of Ratbald 112
Attala, abbess of St Stephen’s 54, 224
Attila, bishop of Laon 44
Atto, bishop of Freising 88
Audwiller, Saargau village 72
Augusta Rauricorum, civitas 14–16
Austrasia, kingdom of 9, 35–7, 41, 44, 46, 48–9, 56–63, 66, 168
Avars 110, 115
Baesecke, Georg, German philologist 131, 132
Baldger 120, 259
Baldram, bishop of Strasburg 212
Balduin, son of Sadalberga 41, 43
Baltram, abbot of Alanesberg and Lure 234, 236–7, 238, 240, 241, 242, 244–5, 246
Baltram, monk and notary of Weissenburg 206
Barr, Alsatian village 159
Barth, Medard, Alsatian historian 217
Barville-Bas, Saargau village 72, 75
Basel 11, 14, 41, 166, 187
diocese of 11, 187, 228, 229, 232, 247
Bassing, Alsatian village 195
Bavaria 56, 87, 110, 114, 115, 134, 165, 166, 168, 169, 192, 209, 211, 217, 220
Beatus, abbot of Honau 63
Beda, wife of Wicbald 112
Bede, Anglo-Saxon author 134–5
Ecclesiastical History of 135
Begga, foundress of Andennes 33, 34
Benedict, bishop and abbot of Honau 54, 63, 65
benefices
ecclesiastical 82, 88, 91–2, 126
in the Brevium Exempla 83
royal 191
Berat-family, in Alsace 204
Beratlinda, wife of Gozbert 204
Berg, Saargau village 69–71, 72, 116, 259, 261
church of St Martin at 70
Rodoin property at 69–71, 116, 118–27
Bernard, count in Alsace 176
Bernard of Septimania 160–1, 163
Bernhar, abbot of Weissenburg and bishop of Worms 82–3, 137, 178, 197
Berswinda, wife of Adalrich, duke in Alsace 47, 219, 220
Bertha, daughter of Hugo of Tours 158, 176
Bertrada, abbess of Faremoutiers 149, 150
Besançon 11, 14–16, 187
Bèze, Burgundian monastery 47, 48
Chronicle of 47
Biberkirch, Saargau village 72, 74–5
Biel 41
Bièvre river, Saargau 72, 74
Biligart, patron of Fulda 87
Bishop, Edmund, British historian 150
Bitterauf, Theodore, Bavarian historian 88
Black Forest 11, 166, 215
Blâmont, Saargau village 187
Blandinus-Baso, husband of Sadalberga 43
Blienschwiller, Alsatian village 159
Bliesgau 17, 65, 187, 193, 199
Bloch, Marc, French historian 254
Bobolenus, monk and author of the Life of Germanus 40, 47, 50, 52, 225
Bodol, Etichonid patron of Gregoriental and Honau 54, 65
Boniface, Anglo-Saxon missionary and reformer 59, 79, 134
Bonifacius, duke in Alsace 37, 47, 50, 52, 68, 87
Bonmoutier, Albegau monastery 35, 45, 187
Borgolte, Michael, German historian 215, 242
Boro, Etichonid patron of Honau and Weissenburg 54
Bosselshausen, Alsatian village 197
Bourgaltroff, Alsatian village 195
Bourgheim, Alsatian village 159
Brégille, Burgundian monastery 47
Bretons 157
Brevium exempla 82–4, 103, 182, 204
Brittany 56
Brown, Warren, American historian 252
Bruckner, Albert, Swiss historian 241
Brumath, royal palace 11, 14, 16, 68, 166
Brunner, Karl, Austrian historian 113, 114
Bruschbach river, Saargau 66
Burchard, duke in Swabia 227
Burgundian Gate 10, 11, 12, 14, 35, 133, 172, 229
Burgundy 17, 46–7, 55, 56, 168, 169, 185, 186, 212, 227, 239, 241, 242–3
kingdom of 9, 35–6, 41, 44, 47, 228
plain of 14
Büttner, Heinrich, German historian 233
Carloman, Carolingian duke 59, 60
and precariae 77, 79, 96–7, 98, 107
Carloman, Carolingian king 26, 60, 61, 62, 68, 110
Carloman, Carolingian king in east Francia 209
Carolingian Empire
divisions of 163–4, 165–6, 168–9, 179, 191–2, 209; see also Koblenz; Meersen; Verdun
structural tension within 155–7, 170–1, 191, 211–12
transformation of 253–8
Carolingians
expansion of 56–63
into Alsace 57–63, 251–4
heartlands of 169
kingship of 26–7
and precariae verbo regis, see precariae
and the suppression of dukes 60
see also order; monasteries
cartularies 181, 253
see also Freising; Fulda; Weissenburg
castles 249, 257
Cazfeld, Alsatian village 204
census
Annerkennungszins 98, 100, 101
as a source of monastic revenue 101–2, 130
as ground rent 120–1
on ecclesiastical precariae 74, 80–1, 84–104, 109–10, 113, 192, 202, 259, 260
dates of collection of 86, 90
and the east Frankish conspiracy 114
proliferation of 84–104
standardization of payment of 86, 90, 98;
see also formulas; and particular monasteries: Farfa; Freising; Fulda; Gorze; Mondsee; Murbach; Passau; St Gall; St Wandrille; Weissenburg
and the nona et decima, see nona et decima
on precariae verbo regis 77–8, 80–1, 94, 98–100
valuation of 98–101
Champagne 48
Charlemagne, Carolingian king and emperor 9, 26, 60, 61, 62, 68, 82, 84, 96, 97, 102, 106–7, 110, 112, 116–19, 124, 139, 142, 143, 154, 155, 157, 177, 178, 218, 228, 229, 252, 260
and the division of 806 191
and the east Frankish conspiracy 113, 115
and precariae 79–81, 83, 98, 103–4, 109
and reform 133, 134, 135; see also Admonitio Generalis; De Litteris Colendis
and the vernacular 131, 136, 137, 138, 140, 142, 143
Charles the Bald, Carolingian king in west Francia 77, 142, 146, 156, 160, 161, 164, 170, 172, 174, 179, 185, 191, 211, 253
and Alsace 176, 190, 210, 243
and the division of 831 163–4
and the divisions of 837 and 839 168
provisions for in 829 161–3, 165, 178
relations of with Lothar II 170, 171, 173, 174, 175–6, 189
and the settlement at Meersen 186
and the settlement at Verdun 169
Charles the Fat, Carolingian king and emperor 177, 187, 209–11, 212, 215, 241
and Alsace 209–10, 228, 231
Charles Martel, mayor of the palace 48–9, 56, 57–9, 60, 63, 66, 68, 79, 96, 155, 156
and ecclesiastical property 76–7, 79, 107, 108
Charles of Provence, Carolingian king 170, 173
Charles the Simple, king in west Francia 228, 243
charters
formulas of, see formulas
monastic 17–22
royal 23
Chaumontois 17, 37, 73, 74, 187–9, 193, 199
Childebert, son of Grimoald and Merovingian king 32, 44
Childebert II, Merovingian king 35
Childeric II, Merovingian king 47, 52, 216, 219
Childeric III, Merovingian king 26
Chlotar II 35, 36, 96
Christian, count 175
Chrodegang, bishop of Metz 59, 98
Chuldulfus, lake in the Saargau 119
civitates
of the upper-Rhine region 11; see also Vosges
Cluny, Burgundian monastery 231
Colmar, royal centre in Alsace 11, 166, 210, 249
priorate at 231, 232
Columbanus, founder and abbot of Luxeuil and Bobbio 13, 39, 42, 44, 224
Life of 13, 39, 42
Columbinus, abbot of Lure 234, 235
Concilium Germanicum 79
Conrad, duke of the Alemans and Alsatians 229
Conrad, duke in Franconia and king in east Francia 227, 228
Conrad, king in Burgundy 215, 243
conspiracy, east Frankish 105–6, 113–15
Constable, Giles, American historian 98–9
Constantinople 157
Corvey, Saxon monastery 139–40
counts, see Alemannia; Alsace
Cozroh, author of the Freising cartulary 87, 205
Cugnon, north Austrasian monastery 32
Dabo, castle in the Vosges 249
Dabo and Eguisheim, the lords of 1, 2, 248, 249, 250, 257
castles of 249
monasteries of 248–9
Dagobert I, Merovingian king 29, 30, 35, 36, 37, 42–3, 44
Dagobert II, Merovingian king 41, 44
Danube river 166
Dauendorf, Alsatian village 113, 198
Deicolus, abbot of Lure 50, 224–5, 234, 238–40, 241, 242, 244, 246
Life of 212, 216, 224–6, 233–42, 243–6
date of 245
De Litteris Colendis 135
Dettwiller, Alsatian village 158, 195, 199
Dijon 47
Doll, Anton, editor of the cartulary of Weissenburg 118, 122, 123, 124, 125, 182, 183, 184, 187, 204, 206
Dopsch, Alfons, Austrian historian 83, 100
Dragobodo, bishop of Speyer 68
Dragowit, king of the Wiltzi 114
Drogo, bishop of Metz 162, 200
Duban, abbot of Honau 62–3, 65
Duby, Georges, French historian 254, 256, 258
dukes, see Alemannia; Alsace; Carolingians; Ottonians
stem 211, 233
Durstel, Saargau village 72, 75
Ebana, daughter of Sadalberga 43
Eberhard, count in Alsace and founder of Murbach 49, 50, 52, 54, 58, 59, 60, 63–4, 78–9, 94, 157
Eberhard, count in Alsace and lord of Lure 215–16, 225, 226, 234–5, 239, 241–2, 245, 246
Eberhard, count in Alsace and son of Hugo raucus 245, 247
Eberhard, lord of Lure 225, 236, 238, 239–40, 242, 244–5, 246, 247
sons of 247
Eberhards, late Carolingian branch of the Etichonids 215, 217, 225–6, 247, 248
transformation of 247
Ebersheim, Alsatian monastery 54, 61, 187, 228
Ebroin, mayor of the palace in Neustria 38, 47–8
Eburhard, father of Gebahart, Lantfrit and Rodoin 71, 117, 119–20, 123, 259
Eccard, count of Autun 149–50
Ego, Rodoin forest 119; see also Waldhambach
Eguisheim, Alsatian village 216
castle at 249, 257
Eichel river, Saargau 66, 72, 118, 119, 120, 259, 261
Einhard, biographer of Charlemagne 140, 159, 191
Life of Charlemagne 153
Elberswiller 65
Elina, patroness of Farfa 89, 90
Emma, Carolingian queen 174
Engilfrid, abbot of Gregoriental 216
Engilmut, patron of Weissenburg 195
Engilsnot, patron of Freising 88
Erbio, patron of Weissenburg 100–1
Erchangar, Alemannic count 159, 169, 177, 209
property in Alsace 159
Erchangar, Alemannic family 61
Erhard, bishop 220–1
Ericho, count 51
Ermbert, abbot of Weissenburg and bishop of Worms 110–11, 112, 113, 118, 120, 123–4, 177, 194, 197, 259, 260
and the precarial census 115–16, 121–2, 127–8
Ermbert, priest and son of Wolfgunda 71, 74, 75, 85, 205
Ermenrich of Ellwangen 152
Erstein, Alsatian monastery 170, 228, 232, 235
Eschau, Alsatian monastery 65
Estinnes, Council of 77–8, 79–81, 94, 96–7, 98, 101, 105–6, 107
Etichonids, Alsatian family 1–2, 34, 46–55, 57–60, 63–5, 75, 111–12, 156–60, 176, 211, 212–26, 234–5, 238–49, 250, 254, 256
and the cartulary of Weissenburg 193, 194, 197, 206
continuity of 63–5
dukedom of 49–50, 57–60; see also Alsace
Honau genealogy of 53, 64–5
lordships of in the middle kingdom 170
monastic foundations of 52–5
and fiscal property 49
offices of in late Merovingian Alsace 49
origins of 46–7
Ottonian suppression of 229, 243–5
property of 55
relations of with the Carolingians 57, 59–60, 63–5, 169–70, 172, 177
transformation of 247–9
Ettenheim, upper-Rhine monastery 59
Eugenia, abbess of Hohenburg 65, 224
Eustasius, abbot of Luxeuil 39, 40, 42
Eustasius, son of Sadalberga 43
Evangelienbuch, see Otfrid of Weissenburg
Exhortatio ad Plebem Christianam 135
Farfa, Italian monastery, the precarial census at 89–91, 95, 101
Fastrada, Carolingian queen 110
Fleckenstein, Josef, German historian 124
Foillan, abbot of Peronne 31
Folcwig, abbot of Weissenburg and bishop of Worms 178, 200
Fontenoy, battle of 142, 160
formulas, monastic 21–2, 23
collections of:
Bourges 92
Collectio Flaviniacensis 93
Formulae Salicae Merkelianae 93
Formulae Sangallenses Miscellaneae 93
Marculf 92, 93, 126
Sens 92–3
Tours 92, 93
the precarial census in 92–4, 95
Fosse, north Austrasian monastery 29, 31, 32
Francia 134
Franconia/mid-Rhine region 48, 68, 179, 186, 211, 256
geopolitics of in east Francia 166–8, 180, 186
kin-groups of 111
Frankenheim, Alsatian village 195
Frankfurt 166, 176
Frawinsind, patroness of Weissenburg 198
Fredegar, Merovingian historian 153
Freising, Bavarian diocese of 18, 55, 102
cartulary of 87–8, 181, 182, 192, 205
the precarial census at 87, 89, 91–2, 95, 102
and the vernacular 135
Freisinger Paternoster 136
Fridoald, monk of Grandval 40
Frisia 56
Froschheim, Alsatian village 159
Fulculfus-Bodo 42, 45–6
Fulda, Franconian monastery 18, 102, 111, 124, 179
Annals of 166, 174, 175
cartulary of 87, 181, 182, 204
the precarial census at 87, 89, 91–2, 95
vernacular activity at 134, 135, 137, 139, 141–2, 145
Fulrad, abbot of St Denis 60
Gaio, patron of Freising 88
Geary, Patrick, American historian 107, 184
Gebahart, son of Eburhard 71, 74, 75, 116–23, 124, 125–7, 129, 259, 261
Gebhart, son of Rodoin 71, 119
Geboart, nephew of Lantfrit corepiscopus 75
Gebolt, advocate of Weissenburg 69, 71, 72–3, 74, 75, 85–6, 200, 201, 202–3, 204–5
Genesis, Old Saxon biblical epic 138–42, 143
Latin preface to, see Heliand
Gengenbach, Black Forest monastery 197
Gerard, count in Paris and Vienne 158
Gerbald, son of Wicbald 112, 194, 195, 197, 198
Gerbald, witness 195
Gerbert, sub-abbot of Weissenburg 197, 260
Gerhoh, sub-abbot of Weissenburg 197
Germanus, abbot of Grandval 39–40, 41, 51–2
Life of 39–40, 50, 52, 225
Gerric, abbot of Weissenburg 233
Gertrude, abbess of Nivelles
Life of 29–31, 32, 33
Miracles of 29
property of 30
Gervolk, patron of Weissenburg 202–3
Gisalrich, patron of Weissenburg 195, 205, 206
Glöckner, Karl, editor of the cartulary of Weissenburg 118, 122, 123, 124, 125, 182, 183, 184, 187, 204, 206
Godabert, sub-abbot of Weissenburg 113
Goetz, Hans-Werner, German historian 101
Goldberg, Eric, American historian 166, 168
Görsdorf, Alsatian village 159, 198
Gorze, Lotharingian monastery 18, 59
the precarial census at 98
Gozbert, patron of Weissenburg 187
Gozbert, witness at Weissenburg 203–4
Grandval, Jura monastery 33, 55, 61, 170, 187, 209, 215, 232, 243
foundation of 40–1
and the later Etichonids 172, 214–15, 247
suppression of by Duke Adalrich 51–2, 214
Graus, František, Czech historian 223
Gregoriental, Alsatian monastery 47, 52, 54, 61, 166, 175, 187, 215–16
Grimald, abbot of St Gall and Weissenburg, archchaplain and archchancellor 144, 151–4, 197, 201, 211
ancestry of 178
and the abbacy of Weissenburg 178, 180, 197–8
career and offices of 151
as literary patron 152–3
of vernacular literature 153
and Louis the German’s acquisition of Alsace and Lotharingia 173, 181, 182, 189, 191, 207
relationship of with patrons 201–2
vademecum of 153
Grimoald, mayor of the palace in Austrasia 31, 32, 34, 35, 37
coup of 32, 44
Gundher, patron of Fulda 87
Gundlinda, daughter of Duke Adalbert 224
Gundoin, Austrasian duke 37–8, 66, 71
Gundoin, count 38
Gundoin, vir inluster and duke in Alsace 35, 37, 38, 39–41, 42, 43, 47, 50, 52, 218
property of 40
Gundoins 34, 35–7, 38–46, 52, 55, 71
monastic foundations of 39–46
women of 41–6
property of 45; see also Gundoin, duke in Alsace; Sadalberga
sanctification of 43
Gunthart, patron of Weissenburg 129
Guntram, count and lord of Lure 225, 236, 239–40, 242, 243, 244, 246, 247
Hadrian II, pope 176
hagiography 22
Haito, bishop of Basle 157
Hartbert, monk of Weissenburg 206
Hartmut, abbot of St Gall 145, 152
Haubrichs, Wolfgang, German historian and linguist 131–2, 138–9, 145
Hector, patricius of Provence 47
Heddo, abbot of Reichenau and bishop of Strasburg 58, 59, 61, 79
Heidrich, Ingrid, German historian 57
Heilwig, wife of Hugo, son of Hugo raucus 247
Heliand, Old Saxon biblical epic 132, 137–42, 143, 145, 148
manuscripts of 139, 141–2
preface to 138–9, 140–1
Helidmunt, patron of Weissenburg 86, 127–8
Hellgardt, Ernst, German scholar 150
Henry I, Ottonian king 227–8
Henry II, Ottonian king and emperor 245
Heppo 206
connection of to the Helmdrudis-Helidmunt-Hildrat-Hiltbert group 206
Herimuot, patron of Gregoriental 216
Herlihy, David, American historian 102
Hermann, Swabian duke 229
Hermelange, Saargau village 75, 201
Herstal, assembly 79–81, 83, 85, 91, 94, 98–9, 100–1, 109
capitulary of 80–1, 84, 97, 106
Hesse, Saargau village 72, 75
monastery at 1, 247–8, 249
Hilderic, patron of Farfa 89
Hildibodo, notary of Weissenburg 122, 260
Hildifrid, son of Duke Liutfrid 60, 64
precaria of at Murbach 78–9, 94
Hildigard, countess in Alsace 235
Hildrad, probable kinsman of Hildifrid 64
precaria of at Murbach 78–9, 94
Hilduin, abbot of St Denis, archchaplain to Louis the Pious and Lothar I 146
Hiltibert, patron of Weissenburg 86
Himiltrude, wife of Count Eberhard 59
Hincmar, bishop of Reims 174, 176
and the Annals of St Bertin 175
and the Divorce of Lothar 174
Hohenburg, Alsatian monastery 1, 54, 61, 65, 159, 187, 212, 216–17, 218, 221, 223, 226
foundation narrative of 219–20
Honau, Alsatian monastery 54, 61, 62–5, 81, 166, 181, 187, 209
Etichonid donations to 63–5; see also Etichonids
Hornbach, Vosges monastery 59, 65
Hrabanus Maurus, abbot of Fulda and archbishop of Mainz 138–9, 140, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148, 153, 179
Hrimcrim, patron of Freising 88
Hugo, count at Hohenburg and lord of Lure 217, 225, 226, 236, 238, 239–40, 242, 244–5, 246
Hugo, count and lord of Lure 225, 236, 237–8, 240, 242, 244, 246
Hugo, count in Alsace and founder of Woffenheim and Hesse 247, 249
Hugo, count and son of illustrious count Liutfrid 172, 176, 212, 214
Hugo, duke in Alsace and son of Lothar II 171, 172, 174, 176, 197, 212, 241–2
Hugo raucus, count in Alsace 242, 247
Hugo of Tours, Etichonid count in Tours and Sens 156–61, 170, 199, 212, 214, 218
Alsatian connections of 158, 163
characterization of 160, 164
as conspirator against Louis the Pious 160, 163, 164–5
death of 165
disgraced by Louis the Pious 159
honores of 157, 158, 165
property of 158–9, 195–7
Ingobert, patron of Weissenburg 127, 129
Ingofrid, abbot of Luxeuil 50
Innes, Matthew, British historian 252, 255
Irambertus, witness at Weissenburg 123–4, 261
Irish missions 27, 31
Irmina, mother-in-law of Pippin of Herstal 34
Irmingard, Carolingian empress 157, 170, 228
Isanhart, patron of Freising 92
Italy 97, 112, 164, 165, 168, 169, 210, 214, 243
Itta, foundress of Nivelles 29, 30–1
John, notary of Weissenburg 206
Jonas of Bobbio 39, 42
Judith, Carolingian empress 157, 161, 218, 228
Judith, veneranda matrona and patron of Otfrid 146, 147
Jura mountains/Transjura region 14, 35, 169, 187
Justolf, abbot of Weissenburg and bishop of Ascoli Piceno 177–8
Kaiserstuhl, royal estate near 166
kin-groups, kinship 1–2, 5, 6, 7, 8
and abbatial succession 32–3
see also aristocracy; monasteries; and individual groups: Etichonids; Gundoins; Pippinids; Ratbald-Wicbalds; Rodoins; Wolfoald-Gundoins
Kirrwiller, Alsatian village 197, 201, 202, 203
Kleiber, Wolfgang, Otfrid scholar 152
Koblenz 14
royal summit at in 860 174, 175, 182
Krähenberg, in Alsace 195
Langres 14, 43, 44, 172
Sadalberga’s foundation near 43–4
Lantfrid, duke in Alemannia 96
Lantfrit, corepiscopus 69, 74, 75, 126, 200, 201, 202–3, 204, 206
Lantfrit, son of Eburhard 71, 117–18, 120, 123, 259
Laon 35, 38, 41, 45
Sadalberga’s foundation in 34, 35, 38, 41, 44–6
law codes 23
Leges Alamannorum 96, 97
Leberau, Alsatian monastery 177
Lembach, Alsatian village 113, 193, 198, 204
Leo IX/Bruno of Toul, pope 1–2, 248, 250
Leodegar, bishop of Autun 47, 52, 219
Passion of 47
Leodemund, abbot of Grandval 50
Leudinus-Bodo, bishop of Toul 35, 42, 45, 217
Levison, Wilhelm, German historian 50, 217
Liber Possessionum 182–3, 184
and the settlement at Verdun 185–6
Life of Hildulph 217
lingua theodiska 148
Liutbert, archbishop of Mainz and archchaplain to Louis the German 144, 154, 189, 211
see also Otfrid of Weissenburg
Liutfrid, count and son of count Liutfrid 212, 214–15
sons of: Liutfrid, Hugo and Hunfrid 215
Liutfrid, illustrious count and son of Hugo of Tours 158, 170, 172, 197, 212, 214
Liutfrid, duke in Alsace 49, 52, 54, 59, 60, 111–12, 157, 158–9
Liutfrid, lord of Grandval 215
Liutfrids, late Carolingian branch of the Etichonids 212–15, 216, 243, 247
Liutheric, mayor of the palace 219
Liutswind, wife of Sigibald 113
Lombardy 169, 177
Lorsch, Franconian monastery 111
Lothar I, Carolingian emperor 142–3, 146, 156, 157, 168–70, 178, 180, 191, 211
and the abbacy of Weissenburg 179, 201
and Alsace 169, 177, 191, 228
and connections to Etichonids 169–70, 214
middle kingdom of 169–70
rebellions of 160–5, 200
Lothar II, Carolingian king 170–6, 214, 246
and Alsace 172–3, 175, 177, 181, 182, 185, 189, 197–9, 211
and connections to Etichonids 172, 197, 214
and the geopolitics of the middle kingdom 170–1
itinerary of 172
marital problems and divorce of 171, 172, 173, 212, 234–5, 239, 241
see also Charles the Bald; Louis the German
Lotharingia 9, 17, 171, 172, 209, 212, 228, 242–3
bishops of 171, 172
and the cartulary of Weissenburg 182–5, 207
and the divisions of the Carolingian empire 185–6
ecology and geography of 13–14
see also Louis the German
Louis the Child, Carolingian king in east Francia 227, 228
Louis the German, Carolingian king in east Francia 107, 143, 152, 154, 156, 170, 173–4, 198, 211
and Alsace 144, 170, 173, 176–7, 190, 209, 211, 228, 253
and the acquisition of Alsace and Lotharingia 160, 178–82, 189, 190, 191;
see also Grimald
Bavarian kingdom of 165
court of 146, 153
and the division of 831 165–6
and the geopolitics of east Francia 165–9, 170
itinerary of 166
rebellions of 164, 165–9, 191
relations of with Lothar II 170, 171, 173–6
and the settlement of Meersen 185, 186–7
and the settlement of Verdun 169, 185–6
and the vernacular 131–2, 137, 138–9, 141–3, 144, 145–6, 147, 150–1, 153, 154
Louis the Pious, Carolingian emperor 9, 50, 82, 124, 139, 142, 147, 154, 155, 157, 158, 178, 179, 200, 214, 218, 253
deposition of 144
imperial divisions of 163–4, 165–6, 168–9, 179, 191–2
rebellions against 160–5, 168–9, 178–9
and the vernacular 138, 139–41
Louis II, Carolingian king and emperor in Italy 170
Louis IV, Carolingian king in west Francia 242
Louis the Younger, Carolingian king in east Francia 175, 209
Ludolfesteich, in Waldhambach 120, 259
Lure, Burgundian monastery at 1, 187, 212, 226, 231, 247
as a proprietary monastery 225–6
reform of 233–46
Luxeuil, Burgundian monastery 39, 40, 42, 44, 187
Mâcon, region in Burgundy 256, 258
Magdeburg, archbishopric of 232, 233
Magyars 215, 227, 228, 239, 241, 242
Mainz 14, 68
archbishopric of 134, 172, 183, 232, 233
district of 169, 179, 185
Synod of 138, 143
vernacular activity at 139, 141–2
Marlenheim, royal palace in Alsace 11, 35, 48, 60, 166, 172, 175, 214
Marmoutier, Alsatian monastery 166
Masmünster, Alsatian monastery 55, 187
Maso, founder of Masmünster 54
Massiolo, patron of Farfa 89
Matfrid, count at Orleans 160, 161, 163
Maurontus, bishop of Marseilles 108
McKitterick, Rosamond, British historian 149
Meersen, division at 176, 177, 178, 185, 186–90, 192
Meginhelm, advocate of Weissenburg 195, 203
Meginheri, patron of Weissenburg 195
Mellito, patron of Farfa 89
Memmo, patron of Freising 92
Metz 11, 14, 34, 48, 66, 68, 133, 164, 170, 172, 175, 176, 187, 200
diocese of 69, 176, 200, 236
Metz, Wolfgang, German historian 186
Meuse, Gundoin villa 44
Meuse-Moselle basin 9, 35, 37, 164, 169, 176, 187
Milan 89
Milo, patron of Weissenburg 198
Milo, priest and patron of Weissenburg 124–5, 193, 197, 198–9, 200, 201, 202–3
Mittilibrunn river, Saargau 66, 118, 119, 120, 259, 261
Modern, Alsatian village 199
Mohnenberg, in Alsace 195
monasteries 7–8
and Carolingian authority 62–4, 251–4
and the divisions of the Carolingian empire 177, 252–3; see also Weissenburg
and families 1–2, 6, 7, 23–5, 35, 254, 256–8
lordly domination of 209–26
and property 76–80; see also precariae; benefices
surge in donations to 102–3
see also Alsace; reform; the Vosges
Mondsee, Bavarian monastery 89, 181
Moselgau 187–9
Muatheri, leitname of the Ratbald-Wicbald group 203–4
Münchhausen, Alsatian village 195, 203
Murbach, Alsatian monastery 18, 50, 54, 60, 61, 64, 114, 166, 187, 209, 228, 232
foundation of 58–9
precariae at 78–9
precariae verbo regis at 105, 106–7, 109
the precarial census at 94–5, 96, 98
vernacular activity at 133
Muspilli, Old High German poem 143
Nelson, Janet, British historian 164
Neustria, kingdom of 34, 47, 56
aristocracy of 32, 44, 47
Neuweiler, Alsatian monastery 200
Nicholas I, pope 171, 174
Niederaltaich, Bavarian monastery 135
Niederbronn, Alsatian village 158, 159
Niedermünster, Alsatian monastery 54, 218, 224
Nieffern, Alsatian village 197
Nithard, Carolingian historian 142, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 179, 252
Nivelles, north Austrasian monastery 29, 32–3
abbatial succession at 32–3
foundation of 30–2
Nivelles Addition to the Life of Fursey 29, 31
nona et decima 80–1, 98–101
Nordoald, patron of Weissenburg 111
Notker the Stammerer, biographer of Charlemagne 145, 152
Deeds of Charlemagne 145, 152
Odalhart, patron of Weissenburg 85
Odila, sister-in-law of Sadalberga 45, 217
Odilia, abbess of Hohenburg 52, 54, 65, 216, 217, 218, 220–4
and the later Etichonids 217
Life of 47, 212, 216–24, 225, 226, 234
circulation of 223
date of 217
sources of 217–18
order, political 1–8
Carolingian 5–6, 24, 156; see also Carolingian Empire
central 2–3, 7
formal aspects of 2–4, 7
in early medieval Europe 5–7, 23–5
informal aspects of 3–4, 7
late Merovingian 250–1
local 3, 5, 7, 8, 156–7
Ottonian 24–5, 256
Roman 5, 6
royal 3–4, 5
transformation of 256–8
Ornois 44, 187
Otacar, palace judge 118, 124–5, 201, 261
identification of with Otgar, abbot of Weissenburg 124–5
Otbert, patron of Weissenburg 204
Otfrid of Weissenburg, poet 137
and the cartulary of Weissenburg 204
Evangelienbuch of 132, 137, 138, 141, 143–54, 180, 204
date of composition of 145–7
dedications of 144–5, 150–1
letter to Liutbert 144, 146, 147, 150, 151
manuscripts of 145
reception of 149–50
and Frankish lordship 147–9
family of 203–4
Latin poems of 146
life and career of 144–5
residence in west Francia 146
Otgar, abbot of Weissenburg, archbishop of Mainz and chaplain to Louis the Pious 124–5, 127, 146, 190
and the abbacy of Weissenburg 179–80
relationship of with patrons 201, 202
Otgar/Autgar, palace judge for Pippin III 124, 125
identified with Otkar/Ottakar, fidelis of Charlemagne 124
Otheri, son of Gozbert 204
Otmund 195, 203
Otrih, witness at Weissenburg 203–4
Otto, count in the Saargau 71, 74, 75, 85, 205
Otto, mayor of the palace in Austrasia 27, 31, 32, 37
Otto I, Ottonian king and emperor 215, 228, 229, 232, 237–8, 242–5, 246
Otto II, Ottonian king and emperor 229, 232, 243, 245, 247
Otto III, Ottonian king and emperor 229, 232–3, 245, 247
Otto, Salian duke 233
Ottonian kings 24–5, 227–9
and Alsace 227–9, 233, 242–3, 245
and the dukes 229
and the Etichonids, see Etichonids
and monasteries 228
and reform 231, 237–8
Ottwiller, Saargau village 72, 75
Palma, monastery 220
Paris basin 48, 146
Passau, Bavarian monastery 181
the precarial census at 89
Pavia 89
Payerne, Burgundian monastery 228, 231, 232
Peter, father of Rodoin 69, 70
Pfister, Christian, Alsatian historian 64, 216, 223
Pippin, Carolingian king in Italy 178
Pippin I ‘the Elder’, mayor of the palace in Austrasia 29
Pippin II of Herstal 32, 33–4, 37, 38, 46, 48, 68
‘monastic policy’ of 33–4
Pippin III ‘the Short’, Carolingian king 29, 58, 59–60, 61, 62–3, 66, 68, 81, 96, 98, 110, 112, 124, 157, 177, 228, 252
anointing of 26–7
and precariae 106, 107, 108
Pippin, Carolingian sub-king in Aquitaine 156, 160, 163, 164
Pippinids 27–34, 37–9, 41, 44, 46, 50, 62, 71, 77
and Alsace 48–9
monastic foundations of 29, 32
women and 31, 33
property of 31
sanctification of 31, 36
and the ‘south Austrasian opposition’ 37–8, 66
Pirenne, Henri, Belgian historian 5
Pirmin, abbot of Hornbach, Murbach and Reichenau 58–9, 65, 79
Plectrude, wife of Pippin of Herstal 34, 38
polyptychs 83
Portois 17, 187
precariae and conditional gifts 19–22, 68, 73–4, 77, 79–81, 89, 91, 92, 102–4, 105, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202, 206, 211, 259, 260
in the Brevium Exempla 83
census on, see census
upon death (conditional gifts only) 86–7
precariae verbo regis 77–8, 79–81, 83, 94, 96, 98–100; see also Carloman; census; Charlemagne; Murbach; St Wandrille
reception of 105–9
see also Adalhard, count; Rodoins
prestariae 21–2, 68, 117, 118, 119, 121–2, 123, 126, 127, 129, 259
Preuschdorf, Alsatian village 158, 159, 198
property 5
ecclesiastical 76–80; see also benefices; monasteries; precariae
‘secularization’ of 76–8, 107
gifts of to monasteries 23–4
royal 11; see also Alsace
Provence 14, 47–8, 56, 107, 169, 173, 174
Prudentius, author of the Annals of St Bertin 174
Quierzy, assembly at 159
Rading, patron of Weissenburg 86
Raduin, advocate of Weissenburg 203
Radulf, son of Amita 71, 72
Randoald, provost of Grandval 51, 52
Rantwig, patron of Weissenburg 111–12
Ratbald, a progenitor of the Ratbald-Wicbalds 111–12
Ratbald-Wicbalds, mid-Rhine family 111–13, 193, 203
and the cartulary of Weissenburg 194–7, 199, 206
connections to the Etichonids 111–12, 195–7
connections to the family of Otfrid 203–4
property of 111, 112, 118
Ratharius, count and precarist of St Wandrille 108
Ratold, bishop of Strasburg 172, 173, 176
Ratram, Ratbald-Wicbald patron of Weissenburg 112
reform
Carolingian 130–1, 133–54, 155, 231see also Charlemagne
Anianian 181
karlisch 131
monastic, tenth-century 227, 229–49, 256; see also Lure; Weissenburg
papal 232
Regensburg 115, 135
Reichenau, Alemannic monastery 58–9, 209
vernacular activity at 153
Reims 43
Remaclus, abbot of Solignac 32
Remigius, bishop of Strasburg 65
Remiremont, Burgundian monastery 42, 60, 187, 235
memorial book of 173–4, 175
royal summit at in 861 173–4, 175
Reuter, Timothy, British historian 155, 171
Rheinau, Alemannic monastery 210
Rhine river 166
and the lower-Rhine region 165, 168, 176
Richbald, son of Wicbald 112, 113, 194, 195, 197, 198–9
Richgarda, Carolingian empress 177, 209, 228, 231
Richramnus, husband of Sadalberga 42
Riculf, archbishop of Mainz 124
roads, Roman 11, 16, 41, 66, 166
Robert the Strong, count in Paris 158
Rodoin, abbot of Weissenburg 69
Rodoin, count 68
Rodoin, notary 69
Rodoin, priest 69
Rodoin, son of Eburhard 71, 116–23, 124, 125–7, 129, 259, 261
Rodoin, son of Peter 69, 74, 118, 123, 125, 127, 128, 261
precariae and wills to Weissenburg 69–71, 119, 127
Rodoins, family of the Saargau 65–75, 78, 111
and the Carolingians 68
and the cartulary of Weissenburg 194, 199–203
continuity of 65–75, 206–7
descent of 69
dispute of with Weissenburg 115–27, 259
precariae of 68, 71
as a ‘precarial kin-group’ 71–5
property of 66, 69–71, 72; see also Berg; Waldhambach
relationship of with Weissenburg 68–71
and the ‘south-Austrasian opposition’ 66
Roduna, sister of Adala 65
Rodung, Rodoin patron of Weissenburg 125
Romanus, abbot of Murbach 59, 79, 107
Rome 175, 176, 231, 236
see of 237–8, 246, 257
Synod of 82, 178
Rotabach, Bavarian village 88
Rotfeld, in Alsace 164, 168, 191
Royal Frankish Annals 113, 115
Rudolf, duke in Burgundy 229, 238, 243, 244, 246
Rudolf, king in Burgundy 215, 228
Rupertings, Franconian family 111
Ruthard, Alemannic count 60
Saarbourg, town in the Saargau 179, 201
Saargau 17, 37, 65, 66, 68, 73, 78, 179, 182, 185, 187, 194, 199, 201, 247
rivers of 66
roads in 66
Saar river 66, 72
Sadalberga 33, 34, 35, 37, 41–6, 217, 220
and aristocratic sanctification 43
foundations of 34, 35, 38, 41, 43–6
Life of 39, 41, 44, 217–18, 234
property of 43–4, 45
St Adelphus, relics of 200
St Emmeram, Bavarian monastery 18
St Felix and Regula, monastery in Zurich 176
St Gall, Alemannic monastery 102, 138, 145, 198, 210
charters of 162, 164, 182, 185
library of 152
the precarial census at 94, 95–8, 101, 102
vernacular activity at 142, 153
Sangaller Paternoster und Credo 136
St Germain-des-Prés, Paris-basin monastery 146
St Julien d’Auxerre 157
St Maurice, Burgundian monastery 54
St Stephen, monastery in Strasburg 54, 65, 169, 187
St Trutbert, Black Forest monastery 215
St Victor at Marseilles
precariae verbo regis at 107–8, 109
St Wandrille, west Frankish monastery 101
and the Gesta Sanctorum Patrum Fontanellensis Coenobii 101, 108–9
precariae verbo regis at 108–9
precarial census at 101
Salians, German dynasty 184, 233
Saône river and basin 14, 35, 187
Saratrude, daughter of Sadalberga 43
Sarengo, patron of Farfa 89
Saulnois 17, 37, 69, 73, 74, 182, 185, 187, 193, 195, 199, 206
Saverne, Alsatian village
royal centre at 166
Saverne gap 11, 66, 164, 247, 249
Saxony 56, 110, 112, 142–3, 168, 211
role of vernacular in the conversion of 139–40, 141
Old Saxon baptismal vow 139
Schmid, Karl, German historian 173, 254, 256, 258
Schuttern, Alemannic monastery 210
Sélestat, royal estate in Alsace 166, 210
Seltz, royal fortress in Alsace 11, 35, 166, 231, 232
monastery at 228
Sierentz, royal estate in Alsace 166
Sigibald, son of Ratbald 112, 113, 194, 195, 197, 198–9
Sigibert III, Merovingian king 32
Sigibold, witness 195
Sigihart, count 195, 206
Sigolsheim, Alsatian village 65
Sinda, patroness of Farfa 89
Sindbert, abbot of Murbach and bishop of Regensburg 114–15
Soissons, west Francia 40
Solomon, bishop of Constance 145
Sornegau 48, 50, 51
Speyer 14, 68, 166, 182–3
diocese of 183
Speyergau 17, 54, 111, 112, 144, 169, 178, 179, 180, 185, 186, 193, 199
Spitzstein 120
Sprandel, Rolf, German historian 97
Staufer dynasty 229
Stavelot and Malmedy, double monastery 32, 34, 35–7
Stephen, pope 26
Strasburg 11, 12, 14–17, 35, 54, 59, 65, 66, 68, 113, 159, 173, 190, 216, 228, 229
diocese of 11, 54, 159, 166, 173, 187, 217, 228, 236
royal centre at 166
Swabia 256, 258
dukes of 229, 233; see also Hermann
Tassilo, duke in Bavaria 114, 115
Tatberga, patroness of Farfa 89
Tatian, Old High German gospel harmony 137, 141, 150
Teodoro, patron of Farfa 90
Tertry, battle of 33
Teudemondo, patron of Farfa 90
Teutsind, abbot of St Wandrille 108–9
Thegan, biographer of Louis the Pious 140, 158, 160, 161, 162, 165, 179
Deeds of Louis the Pious 153
Theodo, patron of Weissenburg 101
Theophanu, Ottonian empress 228
Theotchar, duke in the upper-Moselle region 37, 38, 48, 69, 206
Theotswind, wife of Rodung 125
Theudebald, duke in Alemannia 96
Theudebert II, Merovingian king 36
Theuderic II, Merovingian king 35–6
Theuderic III, Merovingian king 41, 44, 48, 57
Theuderic IV, Merovingian king 58
Theutberga, Carolingian queen 171, 174, 212
Thiatburg, patroness of Weissenburg 86
Thietberga, abbess of Bonmoutier 45
Thietgaud, archbishop of Trier 173
Thuringia 113, 114, 134, 166, 168, 211
Tieffenbach, Saargau village 72, 119
Toul 14, 35, 187
diocese of 176, 187, 217
Tours 158, 172
Council of 103–4
and preaching in the vernacular 137, 138
Tozi, patron of Bavaria 88
Trier 14
Trier, diocese of 176, 187
Turckheim, Alsatian village 216
Uadalrat, patroness of Weissenburg 195, 206
Udalrichings, Alemannic family 61
Ufgau 182, 183
Val de Guéblange/villa Geboaldo, Saargau village 72
Valedio, abbot of Gregoriental 216
Valff, Alsatian village 159
Verdun 37, 38, 175
diocese of 176, 187
district of 38, 187
settlement at 169, 172, 177, 179, 185–6, 190, 192
Verhein, Klaus, German historian 83
vernacular language and literature 23, 135, 253
Germanic 131–54
and Anglo-Saxon missions 134–5
centres of, see Alsace; Freising, Fulda; Mainz; Murbach; Weissenburg; St Gall; Reichenau
and Latin 131, 133
major compositions in, see Heliand, Otfrid of Weissenburg, Tatian
major manuscripts of 141–2, 143; see also Heliand
royal agency behind 132–3
and translations of prayers into Old High German 135–7see also lingua theodiska; Saxony
Romance 131, 149–50
Vision of Charlemagne 191
Vosges mountains and region, the 11, 12, 34, 35, 164, 169, 177, 179, 212, 227, 249
civitates of 14
dioceses of 15, 16
districts of 16, 17
ducal administration of 48
ecology of 13
kin-groups in 77; see also Etichonids, Rodoins, Wolfoald-Gundoins
monasteries in 12, 167
partitions of 35–7, 176, 186–7
and the Romance/Germanic linguistic divide 133
royal power in 35–7
settlement of 12–13
written sources on 17
Walahfrid Strabo, abbot of Reichenau 146, 152, 162
Waldebert, abbot of Luxeuil 39, 40–1, 43, 44
Waldhambach, Saargau village 69–71, 72, 75, 116, 259
Rodoin property at 69–71, 116, 118–27
and the disputed forest 71, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 126
Wolfoald-Gundoin property at 119
Waldolwisheim, Alsatian village 197
Waltrada, wife of Lothar II 171, 172, 174, 176, 212, 234–5, 239, 241–2, 246
Warin, Alemannic count 60–1
Wasselonne, Alsatian village 65
Weissenburg, Speyergau monastery 10, 18, 52, 54, 55, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 68, 90, 110–29, 144, 145, 158–9, 166, 172, 209, 228, 231, 259, 260, 261
abbatial succession at 177–80
Annals of 162–3
and the Brevium exempla 82–3
cartulary of 18–19, 74–5, 85, 87, 102, 127, 180–207
date of completion 181
and family rights 192–3
organization and scope of 182–5, 193–4
precariae and conditional gifts in 183, 184, 185, 192–3
production of 204–7
and the settlement at Meersen 185, 186–90
and the divisions of the Carolingian empire 177–207
Liber Possessionum of, see Liber Possessionum
library of 152–3
and patron families, see Etichonids; Ratbald-Wicbalds; Rodoins
Precariae at 103
the precarial census at 85–7, 89, 91, 95, 98, 100, 101, 102, 105, 115–29
opposition to 115–29
property of 182–3
as a proprietary monastery 211
reform of 233
scriptorium of 152–3, 180
surge in donations to 102
vernacular activity at 133; see also Otfrid of Weissenburg; Weissenburg Cathecism
Weissenburg Cathecism 134–5, 136–7
Welfs, Alemannic family 146, 158
Werald, monk and son of Count Otto 71, 72, 74, 75
precarial property of in Waldhambach 119, 128, 129
Werden, monastery in Saxony 138
and the Heliand 139
Werdulf, abbot of Lure 234, 236–8, 244, 245, 246
Werinbert, monk of St Gall 145
Wicbald, patron of Weissenburg 195
Wicbald, a progenitor of the Ratbald-Wicbalds 111–12
Wilfrid, Anglo-Saxon missionary 134
Willibrord, Anglo-Saxon missionary 134
Williperht, patron of Freising 88
Wilo, Ratbald-Wicbald patron of Weissenburg 112
Winiart, Ratbald-Wicbald patron of Weissenburg 112
Witlaic, abbot of St Wandrille 108, 109
Woffenheim, Alsatian monastery 1, 247–8, 249
Wolfgunda, daughter of Mayor Wolfoald 71–2, 75
Wolfoald, count in the district of Verdun 38
Wolfoald, duke and mayor of the palace in Austrasia 37, 38, 48, 66, 71
Wolfoald-Gundoins 34, 36, 37–8, 44, 55, 68, 85, 111–18, 199
and the cartulary of Weissenburg 194, 206
as a ‘precarial kin-group’ 71–5
property of 37, 72, 73–4, 199
and the ‘south Austrasian opposition’ 37–8, 66
women, see Gundoins; Pippinids
Wood, Ian, British historian 108
Worms 14, 68, 110, 113, 164, 168, 178, 190
diocese of 110, 183, 233
synod of in 868 176
vernacular activity at 137
Wormsgau 111, 112, 124, 169, 179, 182–3, 185, 186
Wulfetrude, abbess of Nivelles 33
Zacharias, pope 59
Zutzendorf, Alsatian village 195
Zwentibold, king in Lotharingia 217
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