Cambridge University Press
0521844800 - A Concise History of France - by Roger Price
Index
abortion 328, 339, 415
Absolutism 73, 99, 101–3
academies, provincial 91
Acheson, Dean 345
Action française 266, 272, 291
Additional Act 160
administrative systems 39–42, 45, 48–53, 54, 55–7, 58, 61, 64, 67, 73–4, 79, 81, 84, 88, 101, 122, 124, 149, 151–2, 153, 157, 159, 161, 182, 188, 249, 267, 287, 309, 311, 452
Adenauer, Konrad 369
advertising 176, 324
Afghanistan 419, 459
Africa 398
Agincourt, battle of 51
ageing 23
ageing population 395, 400, 401
age of consent 415
agrarian law 144
agriculture 8–10, 15–16, 21, 27, 27–8, 77, 84, 85, 162, 166, 168, 169–72, 174, 182, 249, 255, 256, 265, 266, 268, 276, 293, 294, 317, 320, 323, 336–7, 350, 392
agronomy 27
Aide-toi le ciel t’aidera 189
AIDS 400
Aiguillon, Duc d’ 122
Aimoin, monk 30
Airbus 379, 385, 458
aircraft industry 252, 285, 324, 385, 386, 430, 458
air force 285, 389
Aix-en-Provence 111
Albert 199
Alcatel 390
alcoholism 408
Alembert, Jean d’ 89
Alès, Peace of 71
Algeria 266, 322, 343, 352–9, 361, 363, 365–6, 404
Algérie française 363, 427
Allain-Targé 216
Allarde, loi d’ 124
Allègre, Claude 445
Alsace 2, 113, 120, 244, 252, 288
Alstom 390, 455
Amazon-France 392
America, United States of 109, 252, 257, 262, 265, 282, 306, 320, 324, 331, 339, 346, 350, 357, 360, 366, 368, 390, 391, 393, 411, 445, 456–9, 461, 464
Declaration of Independence 124
War of Independence 93, 94
Ami du peuple, L’ 132
Amiens, Treaty of 152
amnesty 151, 152
anarchism 230, 374
ancien régime 45, 77, 78, 101, 144
Angers 313
Angoulême 396
Anjou 35, 51, 144
Annales 2
Anne de Beaujeu 56
Anne de Bretagne 56
Angevin Empire 43
Anti-Bolshevik Legion 296
anti-clericalism 128, 138, 140, 225, 228, 259
anti-militarism 238
anti-parliamentarianism 270, 272
anti-Semitism 23, 38, 45, 232, 234, 272, 280, 291, 293, 300–1, 313, 352, 416, 427
Aquitaine 31, 42, 51
Arab–Israeli war 379
architecture 54, 70
Ardèche 143
Ariane space programme 324
aristocratic ‘revolt’ 106
Arras 19, 111
armées révolutionnaires 138, 141, 143
armée secrète 308
armaments industry 276, 278, 293, 324, 385, 458
Armistice (1918) 252
Armistice (1940) 286–8, 300
army 38, 42, 48, 49, 54, 57, 58, 61, 64, 65, 69–70, 74, 75, 79, 81, 83, 87, 93, 106, 108, 113, 118–20, 122, 130, 134, 137, 138, 139, 143, 145, 147, 148, 149–50, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 157, 159, 160, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188, 190, 192, 198, 200, 202, 207, 216, 217, 219, 220, 221, 223, 225, 232, 234, 236, 243–6, 247, 281, 286, 287, 290, 299, 304, 307, 312, 313, 350–2, 356–9, 365–6
Aron, Raymond 421
arson 107
art 54, 70, 155
Articles de Paris 176
artillery 38, 54
artisans 59, 81, 107, 132, 140, 141, 144, 179, 193, 195, 255, 336
Artois 45, 112
Artois, Duc d’ (see also Charles X)130, 185
Assembly of Notables 100, 105, 110
assignats 126, 137, 149
assimilation 382, 406–7
assistance, public 148
atrocities 243, 352
Aubervilliers 406
Aubry, Martine 445, 450, 451
Auriol, Vincent 307
Auroux, Jean 387
Austerlitz, battle of 208
Austria 134, 137, 279
Austrian Netherlands 138
automobile industry 173, 255, 256, 317, 324, 325, 331, 337, 392
Aventis 391
Avignon 47
AXA 389
Babeuf, Gracchus 147
Bailly, Jean 122, 131
bakers 107
Balladur, Edouard 436, 438, 453
banalities 122
Bank of France 152, 269, 276, 278, 397
banking 113, 124, 176, 229, 324, 431
bankruptcies 264
Banquet campaign (1847) 197
Barbès, Armand 200
Barnave, Antoine 133
Barnier, Michel 457
Baroche, Pierre-Jules 210, 212
Barras, Paul 149
Barre, Raymond 385, 415, 427, 428, 432
Barrès, Maurice 232
barricades 61, 65, 190, 198, 202, 308, 374
Barrot, Odilon 197, 198
Bar-sur-Aube 19
Barthes, Roland 413
Barthou, Louis 230
Bastille 100, 119, 141, 274
Bastille Opera 413
Bastille, Place de la 423
Baudrillard, Jean 413
Bayonne 19, 51
Bayrou, François 449
Beaumont, Christophe de 88
Bédarida, François 437
begging 107
Belgium 138, 244, 283
Benoist-Mechin, Jacques 296
Bérégovoy, Pierre 397, 425, 435, 436
Bernadotte, Marshal 150, 157
Bernard 326
Berri, Duc de 187
Besancenot, Olivier 446
beur 406
Bevin, Ernest 346
Bible 57, 59
Bichelonne, Jean 298
Bidault, Georges 346
biens nationaux 126, 128–9, 135, 152, 159, 162, 184, 188
Billaud, Jean 146
bipolarisation 364–5
birth control 26, 177, 328, 339, 410, 415
birth rate 20, 21, 177–8, 327–8, 339, 401
bishops 92, 130
Bismarck, Otto von 219
Black Death 34
black market 140, 305, 329
Blair, Tony 456, 458
Blanc, Louis 199
Blanqui, Louis-Auguste 200
bloc des gauches 230
Bloc national 259
Bloch, Marc 2, 3, 37, 292
blockade 157, 160, 166
Blois 35, 61
Blum, Léon 260, 265, 277, 278, 280, 281, 345
Bodin, Jean 61
Bokassa, Emperor 417
Bolshevism 260, 280, 291, 294
Bonaparte, Louis-Napoléon (Napoleon III) 204, 206–19, 363, 434
Bonaparte, Napoleon 130, 150–60, 184, 188, 212, 458
abdication of 159, 160
Bonapartism 160, 165, 187, 188, 197, 204, 210, 219, 221, 226, 273, 349, 361, 413, 428
Boniface VIII, Pope 47
Bordeaux 10, 18, 19, 26, 51, 77, 144, 222, 286
Borne, D., 326
Bossuet, Bishop 70
Boulainvilliers, Comte Henri de 79
Boulanger, General 231
Boulogne 45
Bourbon family 59, 165, 183, 188
Bousquet, René 298, 417
Bourgeois, Léon 231
bourgeoisie 78, 81–2, 83, 97, 99–100, 109, 115, 116, 136, 153, 180, 182
Bourgès-Manoury, Maurice 357
Bourmont, Marshal 189
Bové, José 393
Bouvines, Battle of 43
Brassillach, Robert 294
Braudel, Fernand 2, 5
Brétigny, Treaty of 51
Briand, Aristide 259
brigands 149
Brissot, Jacques-Pierre 111, 132, 134
Britain 29, 77, 80, 87, 94, 97, 109, 132, 138, 145, 152, 155, 157, 162, 167, 169, 193, 196, 212, 227, 236, 253, 256, 257, 260, 262, 264, 265, 281, 282, 285, 287, 289, 298, 306, 356, 360, 361, 369, 379, 383, 389, 396, 400, 406, 426, 456, 459
Brittany 45, 48, 67, 112, 117, 144, 145, 286, 308
Broglie, Duc V-F. de 122
Broglie, Duc A-L-V. de 190
Broglie, Duc Albert de 225, 227
Brumaire, 18th 150
Brunswick, Duke of 134, 138
Brussels 142
Bugeaud, Marshal 198
building types 8, 20
Bull computers 386, 389, 455
bureaucracy 106, 145, 149, 162, 180, 183, 184, 193, 269, 270, 290, 292, 296–7, 300, 301, 304, 311, 360, 403, 452
Burgundy 31, 48, 56, 59
Burgundy, dukes of 31, 53, 56
Burke, Edmund 100
buses 179
Bush, President George W. 457
businessmen 113, 173, 180, 184, 185, 193, 198, 227, 230, 234, 249, 255, 267, 292, 294, 311, 332, 353
Caen 144, 337
cafés 91, 189, 391, 412
Cagoule 280
cahiers de doléances 56, 108, 109, 114–16, 115, 121
Caillaux, Joseph 232, 237, 247
Calais 58
calendar, revolutionary 140
Calonne, Charles-Alexandre de 93, 103, 104–5
Calvin, John 59, 60
Cambon, Joseph 146
Canal Plus 412
Capetians 35, 50
capital 169, 173
capitalism 12, 28, 97, 100, 108, 205
Carignan, Alain 396
Canard enchaÎné, Le 417
carnival 66
Carnot, Hippolyte 211
Carnot, Lazare 149
Carnot, Sadi 230
Carolingian Empire 30, 34
Carrefour 325, 389
Cartel des gauches 259, 264
castles 32, 35, 38, 40, 49, 58, 75
Castorama 391
catalogues, mail-order 177
Cathars 44
cathedrals 45
Catherine de France, wife of Henry V of England 51
Catholics 152, 234, 236, 251, 280, 300, 307, 312, 333, 357, 421, 427
Cavaignac, General 203, 204, 211
celibacy 20, 46
Céline, Louis-Ferdinand 294
censorship 91, 153, 187, 190, 243, 356
centralisation 54
Chaban-Delmas, Jacques 312, 351, 353, 358, 378, 414
Chamber of Deputies 159, 226
Chamberlain, Neville 281
Chambord, château de 57
Chambord, Henri-Dieudonné de Bourbon, Comte de 191, 214, 225
Chambre des comptes 40
Chambre introuvable 185
Champagne 45, 48, 59
Champagne, Counts of 31
Chanteloup-les-Vignes 408
Chaptal, Jean 154
charity 80, 85, 126, 181
charivari 66
Charlemagne, Emperor 30, 34, 57
Charles V 49, 51
Charles V, Habsburg emperor 58
Charles VI 49, 51
Charles VII 53, 54
Charles VIII 56
Charles IX 61
Charles X 187–92
Charles the Bold 31
Charter, Constitutional 159–60, 165, 183–4, 190, 192, 193
charters 30
Chartres 45
Châteaubriand, François-René, Vicomte de 188
Chautemps, Camille 279
chemicals industry 173, 179, 249, 255, 386
Chemin des Dames, battle of 246
Chemises vertes 271
Chevaliers de la Foi 157, 185
Chevènement, Jean-Pierre 425, 445, 446
childcare 328, 401
China 464
Chirac, Jacques 378, 385, 387, 389, 393, 398, 399–400, 403, 406, 414–16, 420–1, 427, 428, 429–33, 436, 438–60, 462, 464
chivalry 32, 40
chouannerie 145
chroniclers 30
Church, Roman Catholic 13, 19, 32, 33, 34, 39, 43, 44, 45, 46, 54, 58–64, 71, 81, 83, 84, 85, 88, 91, 94, 113, 114, 115, 126, 128, 140, 151, 161, 162, 180, 181, 184, 188, 206, 212, 214, 225, 228, 230, 232, 234, 242, 259, 293, 299, 339, 344, 409–10, 426, 436
disestablishment of 234
churches, parish 45, 58, 79, 143, 210
Churchill, Winston 287, 306
cinema 243, 250, 267, 292, 303, 411–12
citizenship 90
Citroën 325
Civil Constitution of the Clergy 143
Clair, René 267
class 82, 142, 195
Clemenceau, Georges 232, 235, 247, 252, 259
clericalism 213, 217, 218, 230, 234, 238
clergy 13, 60, 70, 91–2, 101, 111, 113, 114, 117, 118, 122, 126, 126–8, 130, 133, 135, 140, 143, 149, 152, 185, 188, 201, 206, 242, 250, 293, 339, 410
Clermont-Ferrand 390
clientage 32, 49, 57, 59, 64, 65, 70, 74
climate 6–7, 18, 21, 24, 26, 77, 107
clothing trades 251
Clovis 37
clubs, political 111, 112, 131, 132, 134, 138, 141, 147, 189, 193, 199, 200
coal industry 79, 85, 318, 337, 384, 386, 388, 407
Cobban, Alfred 100
Coblenz 142
cohabitation 328, 389, 401, 422, 429–38, 443, 444, 449
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste 70, 75
Cold War 338, 343, 344–57, 368, 458
collaboration 296–9, 302–3, 304, 310, 311, 318
collective practices 129
Colmar 113
colonies 26, 75, 77, 87, 152, 236
Combat 303, 307
Combes, Emile 232
Comité Français de la Libération Nationale (CFLN) 307, 312
commercialisation 166, 171
commercial travellers 176
commercial treaty (1860) 212, 213
Committee of General Security 138
Committee of Public Safety 138, 145, 146, 147, 202, 358
committees, revolutionary 138
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 323, 370, 392, 455
common land 85, 116, 129
communications 6–12, 14, 16, 23, 25, 26–7, 30, 37, 41, 47, 69, 73, 77, 108, 132, 151, 162, 168–74, 176, 178, 179, 210, 229
Communist International 260
Communist Party (PCF) 261–2, 273–9, 282, 303, 305, 307, 308, 309, 310, 312, 313, 319, 341, 342, 343, 344–8, 353, 356, 357, 359, 362, 366, 370–1, 375, 377, 398, 417–22, 423, 424, 426, 429, 433, 442, 444, 446, 450, 463
Commune, Paris (1871) 221–4, 226, 235
communes 39–42, 68, 84, 138, 139, 140
community 67, 74, 116, 120, 128, 129, 142
commuting 394
Compiègne 34
Comte de Provence (see Louis XVIII)
conception, pre-marital 20
Concorde, La 408
Concordat 60, 152, 228, 234
Concorde 379
Condé family 65
Condorcet, J-A-N., Marquis de 111
Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT) 238, 262, 348
CGT unitaire 262
Confédération paysanne 393
Conforma 391
conscription 137, 143, 144, 156, 157, 184, 210, 221, 237, 239, 249, 458
Conseil constitutionnel 398, 436
Conseils généraux 424
Conseil d’Etat 153, 395
Conseil national de la Résistance (CNR) 307, 310, 319, 328
constitutional Church 140
conservatives 131, 199, 201, 204, 205, 218, 221, 224, 225, 232, 234, 258, 259, 260, 269, 273, 279, 280, 281–2, 291, 296, 304, 310, 342, 343, 350, 353, 354, 362, 374, 375, 415, 423, 427, 432, 442, 461
Constituent Assembly (1848) 202, 203, 204
Constituent Assembly (1945–6) 340–2
constitutions 118, 125, 129, 136, 147–8, 150, 204, 206, 226, 361–3
Consulate 150–3
consumers 77, 79, 264, 320
consumer society 317, 325–6, 328, 330–1
Conti family 65
Continental System 155
Convention 123, 135–48
co-operatives 195, 200, 202, 205
Cordelier club 132
coronation 37, 67
corporations, municipal 115, 116
Corps législatif 150, 158, 208, 212, 217, 220
Corrèze 378, 393, 451
corruption 197, 396–400, 425, 434, 435, 449, 462
Corsica 359, 445
Corvée 105
costume 79, 256
Cot, Pierre 274
Coty, François 271
Coty, René 354, 357, 359
Couches nouvelles 226
Council of the Ancients 147
Council of the Five Hundred 147
Council, Royal 39, 43, 59, 65, 72
Counter-Reformation 69, 71
Counter-revolution 99, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 138, 139, 140, 142–52, 157, 159, 189
coup d’état (18 fructidor) 149
coup d’état (1851) 206–8
resistance to 206–7, 208
Cour des comptes 395, 425
court, royal 39, 46, 57, 58, 69, 70, 89, 93, 103, 104, 109, 115, 130, 187, 290
courts, ecclesiastical 41
courts, seigneurial 41
Cousin-Montauban, General 219
Coyer, Abbé 90
Crécy, Battle of 49, 51
credit 330
Crédit agricole 337, 392, 402
Crédit lyonnais 397
Creil 406
Cresson, Edith 434
Creusot-Loire 388
crises, economic 12, 21–7, 69, 112, 121, 166, 178, 189, 194, 197, 229
crises, subsistence 25, 27, 77, 106–7, 171, 172
crime 41, 82, 85, 107, 408, 428, 432, 438, 444
Croix, La 234
Croix de feu 270, 280, 417
Croquant revolt 67
Crusades 32, 38, 42, 59
cult of Reason 140
culture, political 90–1, 98, 99, 106, 130, 132, 161, 163, 165, 196, 198, 224, 240, 363
culture, popular 57, 70, 79, 84, 91, 188, 205, 243, 250, 256, 339, 411–14
currency 254, 257, 262, 264, 265–6, 274, 278
customary rights 116
customs, internal 104, 115, 119, 161
cycles, economic 15, 26
Czechoslovakia 260, 281, 346, 369, 419
Dakar 298
Daladier, Edouard 269, 273, 274, 279, 281–3, 348
Danone 390
Danton, Georges 133, 136, 145, 146
Darlan, Admiral 298, 299
Darnand, Joseph 296, 302
Darty 326
Dassault 335, 386, 414
Daumier, Honoré 195
Dauphiné 45, 67, 111, 120
David, Jacques-Louis 90
Déat, Marcel 294, 296
death penalty 424
Debré, Michel 313, 358, 361, 363, 364
debt, government 21, 27, 75, 87, 93, 94, 104, 106, 257, 269, 279
Decazes, Elie, Duc 187
Decazes, Louis, Duc 227
decentralisation 118, 124, 138, 224, 228, 230, 376, 396, 416, 424–5
dechristianisation 140–1
Declaration of the Rights of Man 124, 126, 165, 242
Decourtray, Mgr 390
decrees, emergency 273
defeat (1940) 283–7, 289
defence policy 384, 422, 458–9
deference 80
Defferre, Gaston 377, 424
deflation 266, 269, 276
de-industrialisation 394
Delanoë, Bertrand 451
Delcassé, Théophile 230, 242
Delors, Jacques 378, 424, 425, 438
demand 166, 168, 170, 171, 174, 177, 266, 315
demobilisation 254
democracy 132, 144, 145, 161, 182, 221, 227, 239, 270, 310
Démocrate-socialistes 205, 207
Démocratie libérale 449
Denmark 283, 379
Depardieu, Gérard 412
deportation 253, 313
depression, inter-war 264–81
deputies 113, 117, 118, 125, 133, 147, 182, 185, 229, 267, 269
Deputies, Chamber of 183
dérogeance 80
Déroulède, Paul 230, 232
Derrida, Jacques 413
desertion 149, 157, 158
Desmoulins, Camille 133
Detoeuf, Auguste 268
Diderot, Denis 89
Dien Bien Phu, battle of 350
Dinant 285
Directory 148–50
disarmement 276
disease 23, 61
divorce 228, 328, 401, 415
doctors 332
Dorgères, Henri 271
Dorian, Pierre 227
Doriot, Jacques 280, 294–6
Douai 19
Doumergue, Gaston 241, 269, 273, 274
Doyle, William 64
dragonnades 72
Dreyfus affair 230, 232
Drieu La Rochelle, Pierre 294
drugs 408
Ducos, Roger 133, 150
Dufaure, Jules 227
Dumas, Roland 398, 399
Dumouriez, General 136
Dunkirk 285
Dunkirk, Treaty of 346
Dupont de l’Eure 194
Duruy, Victor 217
Ecoles des Mines 395
Ecole Libre des Sciences Politiques 395
Ecole Nationale d’Administration 335, 378, 390, 395, 415, 426, 440
Ecole Normale Supérieure 395
Ecole Polytechnique 335, 390, 395, 415
economic structures 26, 53, 253–6, 289, 293–4, 316–26, 370, 380, 383–94, 431, 443
education 11, 69, 81, 90, 114, 126, 148, 180, 181, 183, 195, 205, 206, 210, 228–9, 234, 239, 242, 250, 258, 291, 292, 333–4, 374, 406, 410–11, 425, 436, 452
girls 195
secondary 153, 183, 258, 291, 333–4, 396, 410, 415
higher 40, 335, 396, 410
Edward I, King of England 50
Edward III, King of England 50–1
Egypt 150, 157, 356
Eisenhower, General 308, 309
Elba 159
elections 112, 125, 154, 185, 187, 189, 196, 201–6, 211, 213–15, 217, 221, 224, 226, 258–9, 268, 275–7, 345, 363, 370, 418, 419, 422, 425, 428, 435, 441, 443
indirect 135, 147, 150
presidential 363, 371, 418, 420, 438–40, 445
electorate 125, 132, 135, 136, 147, 150, 159, 180, 181, 183, 187, 188, 189, 190, 193, 194, 196, 197, 199, 201, 206, 207, 220, 258, 259, 267, 300, 339, 348, 362, 449
electricity 249, 256, 389, 430, 452, 455
electro-metallurgy 173
electronics 386
Elf oil 398, 435
élites, social 4–5, 13–14, 41, 49, 64, 65, 78, 97, 101, 104, 106, 109–13, 122, 157, 161, 162, 163, 180–2, 183, 184, 187, 189, 190, 191, 201, 207, 210, 211, 213, 217, 220, 227, 229, 234, 240, 258, 267, 269, 270, 276, 291, 299, 304, 310, 313, 315, 335–6, 390, 395–400, 451
emigration 72
émigrés 128, 130, 133, 142, 149, 152, 157, 159, 184, 187, 188
Emmanuelli, Henri 396
Empire 266, 287, 298, 306, 324, 352, 355
decolonisation 344, 348
Empire, First 12, 153–60
opposition to 157–60
Empire, Second 178, 179, 208–21
liberalisation of 212–17, 218, 220
support for 210–11, 217, 218, 220
opposition to 211, 212–18, 221
employers 250, 265, 280, 281, 294, 310, 335
employers, organisations 249, 271
employment 168, 179
Ems telegram 219
enclosure 85, 116, 129
Encylopédie 89–91
energy, sources of 28
engineering 167, 169, 179, 249, 255
English language 331, 411
Enlightenment 92–3
ennoblement 64, 78, 79, 80, 82, 113
enterprises, small and medium 391, 392
environmental concerns 393
equality 152, 165, 183
Ere nouvelle, L’ 280
Estate, Third 109–16, 117–18
Estates-General 38, 47, 49, 56, 61, 64, 65, 89, 100, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109–19
estates, provincial 49, 53, 68, 74, 89, 93, 104, 109, 111, 112
ethnicity 35
Eugènie, Empress 219
EuroDisney 412
Euro-fighter 458
Euromarché 325
Euro-scepticism 403, 446, 456
European Coal and Steel Community 322
European Commission 390, 445, 455
European constitution, draft 456
European Court of Justice 454
European Defence Community 352
European Economic Community 321, 322–4, 369–70, 379, 430
European integration 12, 260
European Monetary Union 402, 441, 451, 454
European Parliament 416
European Rapid Reaction Force 459
European Union 382, 438, 453, 456, 457, 459, 462, 464
Evans, Richard, J, 1
Evian agreement 366
exchange controls 278, 279
excommunication 45, 47, 152
executions 139
expenditure, government 93, 332
expositions, international 213
Express, L’ 357, 413
extreme right 232–4, 266, 272, 280, 294, 353, 366, 427, 449, 463
Fabius, Laurent 388, 426, 445, 450, 456
factory occupations 277
fairs 19, 34, 176
family 20, 61, 152, 328, 401
family allowances 331, 424
famine 21–5, 48, 53, 60
famine ‘plot’ 108, 120
fascism 270, 273, 274, 280, 291, 294, 296
Faure, Edgar 351, 353
Favre, Jules 215
‘Fear’, Great 121
Febvre, Lucien 2, 3
federalism 144–7
Fédération de la gauche démocrate et socialiste 371
Fédération républicaine 276
Fernandel 267
Ferry, Jules 228
festivities, public 210, 292
feudalism 31, 49, 53, 57, 97
feudal levy 54
feudistes 84
Feuillants 132, 133, 134
fief 32
Figaro, Le 451
Figaro Magazine 413
Finance Ministry 397, 407
finances, government 58, 61, 75, 86, 89, 93, 94, 101, 103, 109, 126, 137, 151, 237, 247
financiers 75, 182, 212, 217, 227, 278
Finland 283
Flanders 31, 51, 56, 69, 120
Flanders, Counts of 35, 43, 45, 50
Flandin, Pierre-Etienne 269
Fleury, Cardinal de 87
Fleury-sur-Loire 30
‘flour war’ 92
FNAC 326, 391
Foch, Marshal 252, 257
folklore 107, 293
Fontainbleau 159
food-processing industry 324, 392
food supply 7, 15–20, 21, 25, 27, 48, 61, 66, 69, 75, 77, 85, 92, 106, 133, 139, 155, 157, 163, 166, 249, 303, 305
Force Ouvrière 348
Forces françaises de l’Intérieur (FFI) 308, 309
foreign policy 136, 196, 200, 212, 218–19, 236, 237–8, 241, 257, 259, 270, 276, 366–70, 379, 416, 422, 424, 430, 456–7
forests 18, 85
Fos 379
Foucault, Michel 2, 413
Fouché, Joseph 154, 185
Fould, Achille 210, 212
Fourastié, Jean 315
France, origins 13
France-Ouest 413
France-Télécom 391
Franche-Comté 69, 84, 112, 120
Franchet d’Esperey, Marshal 280
Franco-Prussian war 208, 218–21, 224
François I, King of France 57–8, 59, 63
Frankish kingdoms 13
Francs-Tireurs et Partisans Français (FTPF) 307
Franz-Ferdinand, Archduke 237
Freemasonry 91, 291, 300, 396
Free French 298, 306–8
Frenay, Henri 303
French Guard 119
French language 57, 195, 239
Freycinet, Charles 229
Frondes 24, 65–9
frontiers 35, 37, 43, 58, 161, 166
Front de libération nationale (FLN) 352, 354, 357, 366
Front national 307, 336, 404, 418, 427, 428, 429, 432, 434, 438, 442, 448
Front républicain 353
Furet, François 100, 130
furniture 79, 81
gabelle 86
Gaillard, Félix 357
Gallicanism 39, 41, 47
Gambetta, Léon 215, 218, 226, 230
gambling 339, 413
Gamelin, General 283, 285
gas production 389, 430
Gaudin, C., 151
Gaulle, General Charles de 286, 287, 291, 306–8, 319, 341–4, 349, 358–77, 398, 422, 437, 456
Gaullism 353, 354, 358, 377
Gendarmerie 153
gender 5
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 322
Générale des Eaux 390
generations 91, 313, 326
genetic engineering 393
genocide 131
geography 6–12, 168
Gensonné, Armand 133
Georges, General 285
Gerlier, Cardinal 293
Germain, Henri 227
Germanisation 252, 288
Germany 97, 169, 221, 224, 234, 236, 237, 238, 242, 253, 256, 257, 260, 265, 270, 272, 281, 282, 289, 290, 293, 296, 303, 306, 308, 309, 321, 322, 346, 352, 383, 389, 430, 435, 438, 443, 453, 455
Gildea, Robert 312
Gironde 133
Girondins 132, 133, 134, 135–7, 141, 147
Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry 377, 378, 385, 398, 414–17, 420, 427, 428, 429, 456
globalisation 12, 382, 389, 391, 400, 411, 437, 443, 445, 460, 464
Gluckstein, Daniel 446
Gorbachev, Mikhail 419, 431
Go Sport 391
Governors, provincial 56, 64
Gramont, Duc de 219
Gramsci, Antonio 4
Grande Arche 413
Grandes écoles 319, 335, 395–6, 410
Green Party 442, 444, 446, 450
Gregory VII, Pope 46
Grenoble 89, 106, 384, 396
Grimaud, Maurice 374
Gucci 391
guerilla warfare 139, 144, 158
Guesde, Jules 242
Guienne 50, 67, 112
Guignols, Les 412
guilds 20, 28, 78, 92, 93, 94, 115, 124, 141, 161
Guise family 59, 62
Guizot, François 99, 189, 196, 198, 210
gulags 131
Gulf Wars 434, 459
Haberer, Jean-Yves 397
habitat 8, 84
Habsburg Empire 69, 87
Haby, René 334
Haine, La 458
Hallyday, Johnny 339
handicapped 332
harkis 356, 366
Haussmann, Georges 212, 217
headscarves 406–7
health care 332, 400–1, 403, 444, 452
Hébert, Jacques-René 145
Hénon, Jacques 211
Henri II 59, 60
Henri III 58, 61–2
Henri IV 57, 59, 61, 62–4, 69
Henry II, King of England 43
Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor 43
Henry V, King of England 51
Henry VI, King of England 51
Hérault de Séchelles, Marie-Jean 143
heresy 45, 59, 60, 61, 72
heritage 394
Herriot, Edouard 264, 269, 274, 348
historians, popular 73, 160
historiography 1–6, 15, 30, 54, 70, 97, 99–101, 130, 155, 160, 161, 210, 215
Hitler, Adolf 279, 282, 297, 298, 309
Hoche, General 148
Ho Chi Minh 350
Hohenzollern candidature 218–19
holidays 278, 339, 387, 412
Holland 94, 138
Hollande, François 450–1
Holy League 59, 61, 62, 63
Holy Oil 37
homage 35, 50
honour, cult of 79, 82, 115
horse racing 413
housing 229, 256, 330–1, 337
housing estates 408–9
Hue, Robert 446, 450
Hufton, Olwen 5
Hugh Capet 34
Hugo, Victor 208
humanism 57, 58
Humanité, L’ 305
Hundred Days 159–60, 185
Hundred Years War 14, 24, 40, 48–53, 56
Hungary 348, 419
hunting 84, 122, 179
Hussey, Andrew 407
hydro-electricity 318
hypothermia 23
iconoclasm 60, 140, 143
ideology 142
Ile-de-France 1, 35, 39, 43
illegitimacy 20
illness 82
IMF 461
immigrants, repatriation of 265
immigration 328, 401, 403–6, 428, 432, 438, 444, 455
incomes 166, 168, 265, 321, 325, 329, 330
income tax 230, 232, 237
India 464
Indo-China 346, 350–1, 357
industry 97, 166–8, 173–6, 178, 182, 255, 264, 293, 294, 317
inequality 257–8, 331, 370
inflation 133, 137, 161, 248, 257, 260, 262–4, 278, 321, 325, 329, 338, 350, 370, 380, 384–7, 388, 416, 431, 435, 443
inheritance 47, 80, 257
information, diffusion of 91, 167
information technology 11, 167, 248, 385, 386, 394, 402, 458
insecurity 338
Inspection des Finances 395
intellectuals 304, 311
intendants 65, 73–4, 104
International, Workers 246
internet 392
investment 168, 265, 325
Iran 383
Iraq 383, 409, 456, 459
Ireland 72, 379
Isabelle, Queen of England 50
Israel 356
Italian zone of occupation 300
Italy 149, 150, 152, 210, 260
Jackson, Julian 276
Jacobin club 132, 133, 134, 136
Jacobins 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 142, 144, 145, 147, 148, 150, 151, 157, 159, 165, 185, 221
jacquerie 34, 49
Jansenism 72, 88
Japan 390
Jaurès, Jean 423
Jemappes, battle of 138
Jeunesse dorée 148
Jeunesses patriotes 270
Joan of Arc 53, 234, 242, 292
Joffre, Marshal 244–5
John II 49, 51
John, King of England 42, 43
John XXIII, Pope 339, 409
John-Paul II, Pope 410
Joly de Fleury, Jean-François 93
Jospin, Lionel 411, 438–40, 441–6, 450, 451
Joubert, General 150
Jouhaux, Léon 268
journalists 132, 300, 311
journeymen 81, 141
July Monarchy 193–8, 204, 213
support for 196
opposition to 196, 198
June insurrection (1848) 182, 202–4
Juppé, Alain 399, 438, 440, 441, 452, 453
‘just’ war 242
Kayser, Jacques 274
Kerensky, Alexander 280
Keynes, John Maynard 385, 386, 424
Koenig, General 312
Korean War 321
La Bourdonnaie, François 188, 189
Labour Charter 294
labour market 255, 317, 322, 325, 328, 402, 440, 452
labour service 84, 86, 93, 122, 301
Labrousse, Ernest 2
Lacan, Jacques 413
Lacoste, Robert 303
Lafayette, M-J-P-Y, Marquis de 111, 122, 124, 131, 133, 134, 192
Lagny 19
Laguillier, Arlette 446
Lamartine, Alphonse de 199
Lambert, Charles-Claude-Guillaume 94
Lamoignon, Chrétien-François de 106
landowners 21, 108, 113, 116, 120, 129, 141, 154, 161, 180, 182, 185, 187, 193, 227, 256, 267, 292
landownership 24, 79, 80, 83, 84, 129, 162
landscape 7–11, 316
Lang, Jack 412
languages 80
Languedoc 44, 59, 120
langue d’oc 48
langue d’oil 48
La Rochefoucauld, Louis-Alexandre, Duc de 111
La Rochelle 19, 60, 64, 71
La Roche-aux-Moines, battle of 43
Larzac 424
Latin 57
Lausanne 142, 270
Laval, Pierre 260, 269, 270, 273, 280, 290, 294, 298, 301, 311
Lavisse, Ernest 239
Law, John 86
law, natural 124
lawyers 40, 47, 81, 83, 113, 154
League of Nations 259, 276
Leagues 270–3, 276, 280
Le Boeuf, Marshal 219
Lebrun, Albert, President 279
Lebrun, Charles François, Duc de Plaisance 151
Le Chapelier law 125
Le Creusot 217
Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre 197, 199
Lefebvre, Georges 97, 99, 100, 122, 130
Legal system 34, 39, 41, 43, 47–8, 54, 57, 73, 74, 84, 90, 92, 115, 122, 124, 152, 182, 302, 397
Legion of Honour 153
Légion française des combattants 296
Legislative Assembly (1791–2) 133–5
Legitimists 196, 200, 225
Lehideux, François 290
leisure 179, 338, 412
Le Havre 26, 77
Lens 407
Le Pen, Jean-Marie 353, 427, 432, 438, 445, 447–8, 463
Lescure, Pierre 412
Le Tellier family 70
liberalism 161, 165, 181, 187, 188, 190, 193, 214, 215, 217
neo-liberalism 402, 426
liberalisation, economic 350, 385, 415, 437, 444
liberation 302, 308–13
Libération 303
life expectancy 161, 317, 401
lifestyle 81, 82
Ligue communiste révolutionnaire 446
Lille 19, 162, 176, 197, 408, 425
lit de justice 88, 105
literacy 46, 59, 91, 113, 167, 180, 214
livestock 17–18, 21, 106, 163, 170
living standards 25, 33, 177, 178, 211, 326, 328, 337, 370, 388, 395, 435
Lloyd George, David 287
Locarno Pact 260
Locke, John 4
Loménie de Brienne, Etienne-Charles de 105–6
Longuet, Jean 246
Longueville family 65
Longwy 407
Lorraine 244, 288
Loubet, Emile, President 230
Louis le Débonnaire 30
Louis V 34
Louis VI 39, 42, 43
Louis VIII 44
Louis IX (Saint Louis) 37, 38, 40, 45
Louis XI 54, 56, 57
Louis XIII 64
Louis XIV 25, 57, 65, 67–77, 86
Louis XV 87, 89, 101
Louis XVI 89, 94, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 117, 118–19, 122, 130, 131, 132, 134, 136, 162
execution of 136, 165, 185
Louis XVII 159
Louis XVIII 149, 159, 165, 183, 185
Louis-Philippe I 193, 196, 198
Louvre 413
Low Countries 149
Lozère 143
Ludendorff, General 252
Luddism 194
Lunéville, peace of 152
Lutte ouvrière 446
Luxembourg Commission 200
luxury goods 174, 391
LVMH 391
Lyon 10, 37, 74, 107, 144, 149, 176, 194, 205, 210, 211, 307, 396, 408
Maastricht Treaty 441
McDonalds 391, 412
MacMahon, Marshal 225, 226
Mâconnais 43, 120
Madagascar 350
Maquis 306
Maginot line 282, 283
Magne, Pierre 210
Magnin, Pierre-Joseph 227
Maine 120
Maistre, Joseph de 100
Mallet du Pan, Jacques 112
Malthus, Thomas 27
Malvy, Louis 247
Mamère, Noël 446
management 338, 389–92, 395
Mannheim 142
Mantes 398
manufacture 75, 77, 161, 162, 166, 176
rural 21, 25, 26, 28, 84, 170, 179
manufacturers 113, 129
Maoists 374
Marat, Jean-Paul 132, 136
Marcel, Etienne 49
Marchais, Georges 375, 418, 419–21
maréchaussée 74
Marguerite de Valois 61
Marie-Antoinette, Queen 93, 103, 118
Marion, Paul 296
markets 19, 34, 107, 168, 173, 174–6
Marmont, Marshal 190
Marne, Battle of 244
marriage 16, 20, 21, 24, 339, 401
Marseille 10, 19, 24, 26, 77, 144, 149, 176, 236, 308, 396
Marseillaise 234
Marshall Plan 320, 322, 344–5, 346
martial law 149
Martignac, Jean-Baptiste de 189
Marxism 4, 78, 99, 107, 163, 246
massacres, prison 134
Massu, General 356, 358, 374
Mathiez, Albert 130
Matignon agreement 278
Matra 386
Maupeou, René-Nicolas de 89
Maurepas, Jean-Frédéric, Comte de 89
Mauroy, Pierre 386, 388, 423, 425–6
Maurras, Charles 232, 243
maxima, price 135, 140
Mazarin, Cardinal 64, 65, 69
medicine 20, 25
media, mass 11, 335, 395, 413–14, 446, 461
Medici, Catherine de 58
Medici, Marie de 64
Mégret, Bruno 447
Meissonier, Ernest 204
Méline, Jules 232, 236
memorials 253, 282
Mendès France, Pierre 274, 307, 350–4, 357, 362, 367, 374, 377
Mer, Francis 455
mercenaries 38, 119
merchants 26, 28, 40, 49, 81, 108, 118, 120, 129, 140, 154
Mercier, Ernest 271
Mers-el-Kebir, battle of 287, 298
Mery, Jean-Claude 398
Messier, Jean-Marie 390, 412
Messmer Pierre 378
metallurgical industries 19, 79, 167, 248, 249, 264, 337, 384, 386, 388, 407
Mettam, Roger 74
Metz 38, 58
Michelin 335, 390
middle classes 190, 197, 250, 258, 270, 280, 304, 336
lower 81, 132, 195, 199, 226
upper 144
Mignet, Auguste 99
migration 20, 26, 178, 179, 256, 272, 320, 323, 337, 338, 394
temporary 28, 170
milice 301, 302, 305, 309
militias, urban 65, 86, 120, 122
Millerand, Alexandre 230, 242, 244, 259
mills, flour 16
minimum wage (SMIC – Salaire minimum interprofessionnel de croissance) 332, 387, 424, 437, 440, 450
ministers 182, 210
Minguettes, Les 408
Mirabeau, Gabriel-Honoré Riqueti de 111, 131
missionaries 188, 236
Mitterand, François 351, 352–3, 357, 362, 371, 374, 385, 389, 398, 411, 412, 414, 417–27, 428–40
Mitterand, Christophe 399
mobile guard 202
mobilisation, general 237–8, 241
mobility, social 83, 106, 154, 162, 177, 182, 183, 258
Moch, Jules 348
Molé, Louis-Mathieu de 190, 198
Mollet, Guy 346, 352, 354–6, 357, 359, 361
monarchists 144, 148–9, 151, 157, 221, 222, 224–6, 427
ultras 185, 187
monarchy 13–14, 18, 32, 34–45, 54–95, 99–106, 109, 114, 116, 124, 125, 130, 131, 132, 161, 165, 188
constitutional 125, 159, 180, 185, 187, 188
Monde, Le 357
money 19, 26, 37, 38, 77, 78, 86, 143
Monnet, Jean 319
Montagnards 136
Montauban 60, 71, 143
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de 90
Montlhéry family 35
Montmorency family 35, 59
Montoire 297
Montpellier, 144
‘moral order’ 225, 270, 291
Moreau, General 150, 157
maritime trade 168
Morny, Charles-Auguste, Duc de 212
mortality 20–1, 177–8, 193, 253, 305
infant 24
Moslems 355, 404–7, 409, 427, 463
mosques 405
Moulin, Jean 307, 423
mouvement 107, 164, 181, 224
Mouvement républicain populaire (MRP) 338, 341, 342, 343, 344, 348–9, 353, 357, 364
Mouvements Unis de la Résistance (MUR) 308
multinational companies 382
Mulhouse 162, 176
Munich agreement 279, 281
municipal councils 115, 122
munitions production 248, 251
music 243, 250, 265, 292, 392, 413
mutiny 246
myth 287, 292, 309, 311, 312
Nanterre 374
Nantes 26, 77, 396
Edict of 63
Revocation of 71
Napoleon I (see Bonaparte, Napoleon)
Napoleon II 192
Napoleon III (see Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte)
Napoleon, Prince Jérôme- 212, 213
Napoleon-Louis, Prince-Imperial 226
Napoleonic code 339
Nation 98
National, Le 198
National Assembly (1789–91) 111, 112, 117, 118, 122, 125, 126–30, 131, 132, 133, 147
National Assembly (1870) 222
National Assembly (5th Republic) 286, 361–2, 364, 433, 449, 463
National Committee (Comité national français) 287
National Guard 122, 132, 133, 134, 138, 143, 147, 192, 195, 197, 199, 202, 222, 223
national income 266
‘National Revolution’ 290–1, 300
National Statistical Institute (INSEE) 383
nationalism 11, 14, 53, 72, 90, 98, 159, 161, 183, 185, 232, 234, 236, 237, 238, 242, 258, 301
nationality law 431
nationalisation 205, 274, 275, 276, 310, 319, 386–7, 417, 424
National Workshops 200, 201, 202
NATO 346, 368, 459
Navy 145, 287, 458
Nazi–Soviet Pact 274, 282, 305
Necker, Jacques 82, 93, 94, 104, 105, 106, 110, 111, 117, 118, 119, 122, 152
New Caledonia 432
New Deal 276
New Labour 443
newspapers 91, 132, 150, 158, 167, 177, 189, 193, 199, 200, 205, 212, 214–15, 218, 227, 239, 242, 243, 250, 258, 270, 292, 296, 357, 409, 413
Nice 142, 396
Nîmes 60, 143, 144
Nivelle, General 245, 251
Nivernais 84
Noailles, Louis-Marie, Vicomte de 122
noble ‘reaction’ 83
nobles 14, 31, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42–3, 48, 49, 54, 55–7, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65–81, 82, 83, 97, 99, 103, 109, 114–15, 116, 117, 118, 122, 123, 124, 128, 130, 139, 144, 151, 153, 161, 162, 180, 184, 185–93
nobles, imperial 153
Normandy 42, 43, 51, 59, 67, 120, 144, 145, 308
Dukes of 35
Nord 129, 288, 294
North Africa 272, 299, 307
Norway 283
notables 78, 125, 159, 160, 162, 180–1, 185, 188, 192, 201, 293
Notre-Dame de Paris 47
nuclear power 324, 383
nuclear weapons 367–8, 430, 441, 458
Nu-pieds revolt 67
nutrition 20, 170, 178, 250, 256
oath, tennis court 118
oath of loyalty, clergy 127
occupation 149, 156, 249, 253, 286, 288–9, 293
OECD 461
OEEC 322
office, venal 63–4, 65, 73, 74, 86, 87, 89, 101, 113, 115, 124
officials, election of 124
Office national du blé 278
oil 2, 318, 379, 383–4, 385, 415, 416, 464
old age 332
Ollivier, Emile 217, 219
Ophuls, Marcel 312
opportunistes 230
orders, social 77–81, 162
orders, religious 92, 126, 188, 234
Ordinances, July (1830) 190
Oréal, L’ 389
Orléans 19, 82, 169
Orléans family 65, 79, 191
Orléans, Philippe d’ 86
Orléanists 214, 225
Ormesson, Marquis d’ 93
Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor 43
pacifism 272
Pagnol, Marcel 267
Palestine 409
pamphlets 91, 109, 110, 112
Pantheon 423
pantouflage 335, 397
Papacy 47, 60, 152, 226, 338
Papal states 152, 213
Papon, Maurice 366
Pareto 4
Paribas 386
Paris 10, 18, 19, 23, 29, 40, 43, 45, 49, 53, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 75, 89, 99, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 118, 119, 120, 122, 125, 134, 136, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 145, 147, 148, 158, 162, 164, 169, 176, 178–9, 181, 190, 194, 197, 198, 199, 202, 205, 206, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 217, 218, 219, 234, 251, 252, 256, 262, 265, 286, 290, 296, 304, 308, 313, 330, 357, 366, 374, 391, 396, 413, 416
Paris Commune (1871) 221–4
Paris, siege of 221–4
Paris, Treaty of 87
Paris-Match 413
parishes 45, 60, 91
parlements 40, 53, 57, 65, 72, 74, 82, 87–9, 92, 93, 94, 101, 104, 105–6, 109–10, 113
Parodi, Alexandre 312
parties, political 136, 141, 165, 180, 181, 201, 205, 227, 230, 232, 267
funding 398
Parti des travailleurs 446
Parti populaire français 280, 296
Parti social français 280
Party, Third 214
Pas-de-Calais 288
Pasqua, Charles 438
patriotes 109, 110, 111, 112, 119, 129, 133
Paul IV, Pope 410
paulette 63
Paxton, Robert 312
Peace negociations 244, 246–7, 251
‘Peace of God’ 45
peasants 16–17, 19, 27, 33–4, 75, 83, 84–6, 94, 100, 107, 108, 116, 120, 122, 129, 139, 140, 143, 144, 161, 162, 170, 200, 205, 206, 210, 216, 226, 235, 249, 250, 256, 258, 267, 271, 294, 304, 353, 392–4
Peasant Corporation 294
Péchiney-Ugine-Kuhlman 325, 388
Peers, Chamber of 183
Péguy, Charles 236
pensions 230, 232, 263, 273, 332, 402, 443, 452
Pétain, Marshal 246, 271, 280, 283, 286–7, 309–11, 417
Petit parisien, Le 236
petitions 142, 194
Peugeot 269, 325
Peugeot/Citroën 390
Pflimlin, Pierre 357, 358, 359, 361
Phélypeaux family 70
Philippe II Augustus 37, 38, 40, 42, 43–4
Philippe IV le Bel 37, 38, 45, 47, 50
Philippe VI 50
Philosophes 90
Philosophy 413
phylloxera 171
Piaf, Edith 267
Picard, Ernest 215
Picardy 48, 59, 128
Picasso, Pablo 344
Pichegru, General 157
Pichon, Stephen 241
Piedmont-Sardinia 212
Pieds-noirs 328, 366
pilgrimages 58
Pinault-Printemps-Redoute 391
Pinay, Antoine 322, 350, 359
Pinchemel, Philippe 6
Pineau, Christian 303
Pisani law 323
Pius VI, Pope 127
Pius VII, Pope 152
Pius XII, Pope 338
plague 23–4, 48, 53, 60
Plan, the 319, 324
planning, economic 268, 294, 299, 319, 324
plebiscites 151, 153, 207, 208, 218
Poher, Alain 377
Poincaré, Raymond President 230, 236, 237, 241, 242, 259, 260, 263, 264
Poitiers, Battle of 49, 51
Poitou 44
Poland 260, 282, 285
police 74, 157, 182, 280, 287, 301, 302, 304, 308, 311, 366, 374, 408–9, 444
Polignac, Jules-Auguste, Prince de 189, 190
political prisoners 147
politicians 162, 258, 395
politicisation 83, 109, 113, 114, 115, 117, 125, 129, 131, 132, 136, 141, 161, 189, 194, 200, 204, 207, 211, 214, 227, 229, 462
Pompidou, Georges, President 363, 364, 374, 375–81, 398, 414
Pontoise 55
Popkin, Jeremy 100
Popular Front 273–80, 286, 291, 294, 313, 386
population 7–11, 12, 20–6, 37, 48, 53, 58, 64, 75, 82, 84, 166, 168, 170, 174, 177, 178, 253, 317, 327, 395
popular societies 132, 134, 138, 141, 145, 147
popular sovereignty 98, 124, 130, 135, 142, 184
post-modernism 2–3
post office 389
Potsdam 344
Poujadism 336, 353
poverty 66, 388, 407–8
power, possession of 84, 180, 182, 239–40, 258
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges 47
precedent, legal 58
prefectoral system 151, 312, 424
pre-industrial society 97, 106, 162, 163, 166
presidency 204, 226, 259, 270, 273, 361, 364, 365
Président du conseil 226, 363
pressure groups 182
Prévost-Paradol, Lucien 216
prices 21, 85, 106, 163, 171, 249–50, 256, 264, 266, 268, 269
primogeniture 35
prisoners-of-war 286, 313
privatisation 388, 413, 428, 430–1, 435, 441, 450, 461
privilege 78, 80, 81, 93, 94, 111, 114, 115, 124, 162, 180
productivity 162, 166, 167, 168, 294, 322, 383
professions, liberal 59, 78, 81, 91, 113, 129, 132, 141, 162, 180, 182, 185, 193, 227, 267
profits 249, 250, 267
propaganda 243
property development 379, 388
property, private 48, 124, 129, 136, 142, 143, 152, 180, 184, 258
prostitution 82
protection, tariff 168, 171, 196, 213, 217, 229, 255, 268, 321
protest, popular 23, 25, 34, 65, 66, 69, 85, 86, 92, 107–9, 119, 120–2, 123, 133, 137, 139, 147, 158, 182, 197, 200, 202, 208, 225, 235, 269, 273, 403, 441, 444, 463
1968 372–5, 419
Provisional Government (1848) 198, 199, 200–2
Provisional Government of National Defence (1870) 220–1
Provisional Government (1944) 312
Protestantism 58–64, 71–2, 92, 114, 143
defeat of 60
proto-industrialisation 28
Provins 19
Prussia 87, 134, 218
public opinion 211, 219
public works 196, 210, 229
publishing 91
Pucheu, Pierre 290, 296
pulpit 92
purges, of administration 159, 187, 193, 228, 291, 311
Quercy 67
Queuille, Henri 348
Rabaut Saint-Etienne, Jean-Paul 110
racism 366, 403, 404, 408, 456
Radar 325
radio 258, 275, 287, 292, 296, 357
Radical party 226, 230, 236, 237, 247, 261, 262, 264, 267, 268–9, 273–80, 343, 346, 348, 353, 357, 364, 370–1
Raffarin, Jean-Pierre 451
railways 10, 11, 167, 168–74, 179, 183, 196, 210, 229, 256, 259, 279, 318, 389
rape 408
Ramadier, Paul 346, 348
Raoul de Vermandois 39
Rassemblement du Peuple Français (RPF) 349
Rassemblement pour la République (RPR) 398, 416, 420, 428, 429, 434, 438, 449
Rastadt, Treaty of 77
rationing 249, 305
reading rooms 91
re-armament 270, 276, 279, 281, 347
recall, right of 142
reconstruction 254, 312, 313, 315, 317–21
referenda 132, 340, 342, 359, 363, 366
Réforme, La 198
refrigerators 330
refugees 253, 286
regions 169
regional policy 384
Reims 31, 37, 45
relics, holy 58
religion 21, 58, 67, 82, 91, 114, 128, 140, 143, 148, 152, 159, 180, 185, 188, 195, 201, 229, 230, 242, 303, 326, 328, 338–9, 409
religion, popular 58
remonstrances 87
Rémusat, Charles de 190
Renault 319, 405
Rennes 106, 112, 337
rentiers 263, 267
rents 21, 24, 84, 85, 269
replacements, military 157
reparations 257, 259, 263, 270
repression 139, 147, 151, 152, 153, 157, 185, 187, 195–6, 204, 207, 208, 211, 212, 224, 235, 238, 239, 292, 297, 301, 348
Republic, First 133
Republic, Second 198–208, 211
Republic, Third 181, 182, 183, 220–40, 241–90, 340–1, 360
Republic, Fourth 340–60, 428
Republic, Fifth 98
Républicains-Indépendants 378
Republicans 98, 144, 154, 157, 188, 189, 192, 194–8, 201, 205, 206, 207, 211, 214–18, 219, 221, 222, 225–7, 229, 234–5, 240
requisitioning 143, 249
residence, dual 79
résistance 107, 164, 181, 224
resistance 293, 300, 303–10, 312, 313, 341, 417
Restoration 150, 154, 159, 165, 183–93, 196, 225
opposition to 185–91
Réveillon, Jean-Baptiste 107
revolts 66–7, 68, 86
Revolution of 1789 12, 34, 39, 56, 64
causes 78, 82, 95, 99–101, 116–30
course of 78, 92, 128
Représentants en mission 138, 140
significance of 29, 81, 92, 161–4, 165, 166, 180, 181, 185, 240, 313
Revolution of 1830 190–3
Revolution of 1848 197–9
Revolution, 4 September 1870 220
revolutions 100, 374
Reynaud, Paul 265, 283, 286
Rhineland 149, 152, 259
Rhône-Poulenc 388, 435
Richard I, King of England 43
Richelieu, Armand-Jean Duplessis, Cardinal-duc de 64, 65, 69
rights of usage 85
right to work 148, 200, 205
Rioux, J-P., 327
roads 102, 104, 168, 169, 210
Robert Capet 35
Robert Curthose 35
Robespierre, Maximilien 111, 133, 134, 136, 140, 145, 146, 165
Rocard, Michel 357, 420, 425, 433–4, 435, 436
Roederer, Pierre-Louis 110
Rohan, Henri, duc de 64
Rollat, Alain 412
Rome 13, 19, 30, 57, 90, 199
Rome, Treaty of 322, 360, 370
Roubaix 407
Rouen 10, 19, 26, 77, 112, 169, 176
Rouher, Eugène 210, 212
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 90
Rouvier, Maurice 229
Ruhr 259, 263
rumours 120, 139, 143
rural–urban relations 116
Russia 156, 157, 236, 237, 241, 242, 246, 251, 257, 274, 276, 282, 303, 419
sacrilege 188
Saint-Bartholemew, Massacre 61
Sainte-Chapelle 40
Sainteny, Jean 350
Saint-Etienne 252, 425
Saint-Gobain 227
Saint Helena 160
Saint-Marc Girardin 194
Saint-Nazaire 308
saints 58
Salan, General 358
Saliège, Mgr Jules-Géraud 301
salons 91, 109
salt 19
sans-culottes 140, 141–2, 145, 147, 205
Saracens 18
Sarajevo 237
Sarkozy, Nicolas 407, 452, 455
Sarrien, Jean 232
Sartre, Jean-Paul 344
Sauvy, Alfred 268
Savary, Alain 424, 425
Schlieffen Plan 244
Schlumberger 335
Schneider family 269
Schoelcher, Victor 423
Schuman, Robert 322, 348
science 173
second homes 394
secret service 398
sections 141, 142
secularisation 180
Sedan 285
Sedan, battle of 219
Séguin, Philippe 434, 438
Ségur Law 83
seigneurial system 19, 24, 31, 33, 73, 74, 84, 85, 86, 90, 109, 114, 115, 116, 120, 122–3, 128, 135, 159, 161, 226
Seillière, Ernest-Antoine 400
Sembat, Marcel 242
seminaries 188
Senate 150, 153, 158, 159, 273, 275, 279, 281, 377
Senlis 34
September 11, 2001 456
serfs 33, 84, 85, 92, 122
servants 82
service sector 176–7, 255, 317, 336, 394
Seven Years War 87, 94
Seyssel, Claude de 57
sex 80, 328
Sharia 406
shares 264, 388, 390
shipbuilding 386, 388
shopkeepers 81, 119, 140, 141, 177, 267, 268, 326, 336, 391
Siècle, Le 196
Sieyès, Emmanuel-Joseph 110, 112, 117, 131, 150
silk industry 107, 176, 268
Simon, Jules 215, 224
Single European Act 387, 431
single parent families 401
Skocpol, Theda 3
slavery 26, 77, 152, 423
SNCF (Société nationale des chemins de fer français) 441, 452
Soboul, Albert 130
socialism 195, 224, 230, 232, 235–6
Socialist Party 236, 237, 238, 242, 246–7, 251, 259, 260–2, 268, 273–9, 281, 305, 312, 341, 342, 343, 345–6, 348, 352, 353, 357, 358, 359, 370, 377, 385, 388, 389, 398, 402, 410, 413, 417–26, 428–40, 441–6, 450–1, 452, 456
social Catholicism 291
social fear 106, 163, 179, 181, 197, 201, 205, 206, 207, 218, 234, 310, 349
socialisation 5, 14, 141, 182
social mobility 333, 335–6, 406
social reform 229, 230, 232, 236, 259, 260, 264, 267, 274, 277, 310, 315, 328–9
social systems 5, 9, 13–14, 15, 20, 77, 327
Société des Droits de l’Homme 195
Society of Thirty 109
Soissons 35
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 419
Soubise, Benjamin de Rohan, duc de 64
sovereigny, national 454, 462
Spain 61, 62, 66, 187, 219
Spanish Republic 279, 306
Special Operations Executive (SOE) 308
sport 339, 401
Stalin, Joseph 131, 343
state, development of 3–4, 14, 19, 29, 30, 31, 34, 69, 107, 138, 141, 143, 147, 148, 149, 151, 154, 161, 163, 182–3, 185, 207, 235, 249, 267, 269, 294, 299, 317–60, 382, 389, 424, 461
statistics 151, 268
Statute of Jews 300
status, social 77, 152, 153, 180
Stavisky, Alexandre 272
steam engine 167
stock exchange 391
Strasburg 69, 113
strategic planning 282, 283, 368–9
Strauss-Kahn, Dominique 444, 445, 450
stress 395, 400
strikes 107, 125, 194, 212, 213, 216, 217, 228, 236, 251, 252, 277, 279, 280, 294, 329, 374, 431, 435, 452
students 112, 197, 303, 374, 427, 431
Suez affair 322, 366
Suez bank 386, 391
Suger, Abbé 39, 42
super/hyper-markets 326, 379, 391
supply 166
Swiss Guards 134
Syria 298
Taittinger, Pierre 270
Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de 111, 126, 131, 154
tanks 252, 285
Tardieu, André 260, 264, 273, 280
Taylor, George 100
taxation 25, 37, 38–42, 44, 47, 48, 49, 54, 56, 61, 65, 66–7, 69, 72, 73, 75, 85, 86, 87, 89, 92, 93, 94, 104, 114, 116, 117, 118, 120, 128, 143, 152, 157, 170, 181, 184, 193, 201, 202, 205, 210, 248, 260, 267, 269, 276, 332, 350, 399, 400, 415, 436, 440, 445, 461
tax exemptions 144
tax farmers 75
teachers 195, 300, 334, 403, 436, 445, 452
technology 11, 15, 28, 29, 162, 166–74, 176, 249, 315, 317, 324, 338, 382, 400, 441, 460
telecommunications 379, 382, 385, 430
telegraph 11, 167, 183
telephone 11, 331
mobile 391
television 330, 331, 337, 339, 357, 392, 411, 413, 415
Temple, Knights of the 38
tenure 84
Terray, Joseph-Marie 89
Terror, the 130–47, 148, 149, 161, 181, 199
White 149, 189
terrorism 363, 409, 416, 428, 432, 456, 458, 464
textiles 19, 79, 167, 264, 268, 337, 384, 407
TGV (train à grande vitesse) 425
theatre 179
Thermidor 147
Thiers, Adolphe 190, 193, 197, 198, 217, 222, 224
Third Force 343
Thirty Years War 24, 65, 69–70
Thomson 388, 389
Thorez, Maurice 274, 343, 346
Tilly, Charles 3
tithes 34, 59, 66, 85, 86, 92, 109, 114, 115, 116, 120, 122, 128, 144, 159, 161, 226
Tocqueville, Alexis de 199, 204
torture 92, 356
Total/Fina/Elf 391, 435
Toul 58
Toulon 144
Toulouse 45, 49, 89, 251, 384
Counts of 45
Tourcoing 408
Tour de France 413
tourism 394
Tours 56, 286
Congress of 260
towns 49, 56, 74, 78, 81, 115, 169
trade 18–20, 26, 53, 64, 77, 85, 92, 108, 169, 176, 255
external 26, 166, 176, 254, 263, 264, 265–6, 268, 315, 320, 350, 383
trade treaty, Anglo-French (1786) 107, 163
trades unions 125, 161, 213, 227, 238, 251, 260, 262, 268, 275, 278, 294, 331, 338, 375, 387, 402, 403, 426, 452, 461
tramways 179
transport 324, 382
trench warfare 244–6
Trenet, Charles 267
trente glorieuses 315
tricolour 122, 225, 234
Tripartisme 342–3, 345, 348
Triple Alliance 241
Trochu, General 220
Trotskyists 446, 451
Tunisia 353, 356
Troyes 19
Treaty of 51
Truman, President 345
tuberculosis 332
Tuileries Palace 132, 134
Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques 78, 92, 93, 104
Turin 142
tyrannicide 61
underclass 179
underground railway 179
unemployment 82, 107, 139, 158, 163, 264, 265, 267, 276, 278, 317, 329, 337, 370, 381, 384, 388, 400, 401–3, 408, 416, 421, 426, 428, 431, 437, 438, 441, 443, 445
Unigenitus, Papal Bull 72
Union démocratique et socialiste de la Résistance (UDSR) 353
Union des Démocrates pour le République (UDR) 414
Union nationale 260, 264
Union pour la Démocratie française (UDF) 416, 428, 429, 434, 449
Union pour la majorité présidentielle 399, 449, 453
Union pour la Nouvelle République (UNR) 362, 363, 365, 378
Union sacrée 238, 242–3, 259, 272, 283
United Nations 456, 457
urbanisation 10–11, 18, 19–20, 27, 28–9, 53, 82, 166, 171, 177, 178–9
usury 205
Utrecht, Treaty of 77
Valenciennes 407
Val-Fourré 408
Vallat, Xavier 310
Valmy, Battle of 138
Valois, Count of 50
Varennes 132
Vartan, Sylvie 339
vassalage 42
Vatican Council 339
Vauban, Marshal 75
Védrine, Hubert 456
Vendée 131, 139, 144, 145
Vergniaud, Pierre-Victurnien 133
Verdun 58
Battle of 245
Treaty of 30
Verona, declaration of 149
Versailles, palace of 70, 103, 113, 117, 132, 223
Treaty of 257
Vichy regime 280, 290, 349
support for 291–3, 427
Vienot report 391
Vietnam 330
Vikings 18
Villèle, Joseph 187, 189
Villepin, Dominique de 453, 457
Villers-Cotterêts, Ordonnance of 57
violence 55, 61, 62, 66
Virgin Mary 58
Vivendi 390
Viviani, René 237, 241
Vizelle 111
Volney 110
Voltaire 90
Voynet, Dominique 450
wages 21, 24, 107, 155, 164, 174, 179, 194, 250, 267, 329, 338, 387, 388
Waldeck-Rousseau, René 230, 231
Walewski, Alexandre, comte de 212
Wallon, Henri 226
war, impact of 1, 4, 14, 20, 25, 30, 32, 35, 38, 43, 48, 53, 54, 58, 61, 67, 75–7, 87, 94, 104, 126, 133, 139, 157, 158, 161–4, 166, 234, 243
War, First World 236–7, 241–54
consequences of 252–4
War, Second World 282–313
War of the Austrian Succession 87
Wars of Religion 60–4, 72
wars, revolutionary 134–7, 176
washing machines 331
water 85, 167
Waterloo, battle of 160, 185
waterways 10, 11, 18, 168
wealth, distribution of 180, 181
wealth tax 387, 424, 441
Weber, Max 13
welfare state 331–2, 386, 399, 400–1, 424, 431, 438, 440
Wellington, Duke of 158
Wendel family 129, 269
Weygand, General 285, 286, 291
William the Conqueror 35
William Rufus 35
wine 106, 163, 235
witchcraft 23
women 46, 80, 179, 201, 250, 251, 258, 267, 277, 291, 305, 310, 328, 338, 339, 341, 344, 401, 402, 408, 410, 436, 443
wood 85, 167
World Cup 407
workers 82, 84, 119, 132, 139, 140, 155, 174, 179, 190, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199–200, 202–4, 205, 210, 213, 216, 218, 235, 237, 238, 246, 248, 250, 251–2, 258, 262, 263, 267, 275, 304, 309, 310, 337–8, 347, 357, 387, 402, 403, 407, 419, 424, 450
working hours 194, 276, 278, 281, 294, 329, 387, 389, 402, 441, 443
Wright, Vincent 335
Yalta 344
yields, crop 15–16
youth groups 292, 297
Yugoslavia, former 459
Zay, Jean 274
Zidane, Zinedine 407
Zola, Emile 232
Zulu War 226
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