This examination of twelve case studies about mistake, fraud and duties to inform reveals significant differences about how contract law works in thirteen European legal systems and, despite the fact that the solutions proposed are often similar, what divergent values underlie the legal rules of these jurisdictions. Whereas some jurisdictions recognise increasing duties to inform in numerous contracts so that the destiny of mistake and fraud (classical defects of consent) may appear to be uncertain, other jurisdictions continue to refuse such duties as a general rule, or fail to recognise the need to protect one of the parties where there is an imbalance in bargaining power or information. Avoiding preconceptions as to where and why these differences exist, this book first examines the historical origins and development of defects of consent, then considers the issues from a comparative and critical standpoint.
RUTH SEFTON-GREEN is a lecturer in law at University of Paris 1 (Panthéon-Sorbonne). She has received a Master’s degree from the University of Oxford, and was awarded her PhD in Law from the University of Paris 1 (Panthéon-Sorbonne).
CONTRIBUTORS
Florence Bellivier, Laura Caldwell, John Cartwright, Isabelle Corbisier, Craig Coyle, Eva Grassl-Palten, Martijn Hesselink, Philippe Jouary, Armand Kacenelenbogen, Damien Keaney, Roswitha Kundi, Albéric Luciani, Raimund Madl, Luis Menezes Leitao, Alberto Musy, Helmut Ofner, Elisabeth Poulou, Stéphane Reifegerste, Francisca Sanchez Hernanz, Martin Josef Schermaier, Ruth Sefton-Green, Lasse Simonsen, Joe Thomson.
General Editors
Mauro Bussani, University of Trieste
Ugo Mattei, University of Turin and University of California, Hastings
College of Law
Honorary Editor
Rodolfo Sacco, University of Turin
Late Honorary Editor
Rudolf B. Schlesinger, Cornell University and University of California, Hastings College of Law
Editorial Board
James Gordley, Cecil Turner Professor of Law, University of California, Berkeley; Editor in Chief of the American Journal of Comparative Law
Antonio Gambaro, Professor of Law, University of Milano; President of the Italian Society of Comparative Law
Franz Werro, University of Freiburg and Georgetown University Law Center
Rodolfo Sacco, President of the International Association of Legal Science (UNESCO)
For the transnational lawyer the present European situation is equivalent to that of a traveller compelled to cross legal Europe using a number of different local maps. To assist lawyers in the journey beyond their own locality The Common Core of Europe Private Law Project was launched in 1993 at the University of Trento under the auspices of the late Professor Rudolf B. Schlesinger. This is its fifth completed book.
The aim of this collective scholarly enterprise is to unearth what is already common to the legal systems of European Union member states. Case studies widely circulated and discussed between lawyers of different traditions are employed to draw at least the main lines of a reliable map of the law of Europe.
Books in the Series
Mistake, Fraud and Duties to Inform in European Contract Law
Edited by Ruth Sefton-Green
0 521 84423 1 Hardback
Security Rights in Movable Property in European Private Law
Edited by Eva-Maria Kieninger
0 521 83967 X Hardback
Pure Economic Loss in Europe
Edited by Mauro Bussani and Vernon Valentine Palmer
0 521 82464 8 Hardback
The Enforceability of Promises in European Contract Law
Edited by James Gordley
0 521 79021 2 Hardback
Good Faith in European Contract Law
Edited by Reinhard Zimmermann and Simon Whittaker
0 521 77190 0 Hardback
edited by
Ruth Sefton-Green
PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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© Cambridge University Press 2005
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2005
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
Typeface Swift 10/13 pt. System LATEX 2e [TB]
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data
Mistake, fraud and duties to inform in European contract law edited by Ruth Sefton-Green.
p. cm. – (Cambridge studies in international and comparative law)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0 521 84423 1 (hardback)
1. Mistake (Law) – European Union countries. 2. Fraud – European Union countries. 3. Contracts – European Union countries. I. Sefton-Green, Ruth. II. Series.
KJC1063.M57 2004 346.402–dc22 2004051802
ISBN 0 521 84423 1 hardback
The publisher has used its best endeavours to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press. However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate.
| General editors’ preface | page xi | ||
| Preface | xiii | ||
| List of contributors | xv | ||
| Table of legislation | xvii | ||
| Table of cases | xxvi | ||
| List of abbreviations | xxxvii | ||
| 1 | General introduction | 1 | |
| Ruth Sefton-Green | |||
| 2 | Mistake, misrepresentation and precontractual duties to inform: the civil law tradition | 39 | |
| Martin Josef Schermaier | |||
| 3 | The rise and fall of mistake in the English law of contract | 65 | |
| John Cartwright | |||
| 4 | Case studies | 87 | |
| Case 1: Anatole v. Bob | 88 | ||
| Discussions | 88 | ||
| Comparative observations | 126 | ||
| Case 2: Célimène v. Damien | 131 | ||
| Discussions | 131 | ||
| Comparative observations | 158 | ||
| Case 3: Emile v. Far Eastern Delights | 164 | ||
| Discussions | 164 | ||
| Comparative observations | 188 | ||
| Case 4: Mr and Mrs Timeless v. Mr and Mrs Careless | 193 | ||
| Discussions | 193 | ||
| Comparative observations | 219 | ||
| Case 5: Bruno v. The Local Garage | 224 | ||
| Discussions | 224 | ||
| Comparative observations | 244 | ||
| Case 6: Emmanuel v. The Computer Shop | 248 | ||
| Discussions | 248 | ||
| Comparative observations | 263 | ||
| Case 7: Cinderella | 268 | ||
| Discussions | 268 | ||
| Comparative observations | 281 | ||
| Case 8: Estella v. Uriah Heep | 284 | ||
| Discussions | 284 | ||
| Comparative observations | 305 | ||
| Case 9: Nell v. Scrooge Bank | 308 | ||
| Discussions | 308 | ||
| Comparative observations | 326 | ||
| Case 10: Zachary | 330 | ||
| Discussions | 330 | ||
| Comparative observations | 338 | ||
| Case 11: Monstrous Inventions Ltd v. Mary Shelley | 342 | ||
| Discussions | 342 | ||
| Comparative observations | 352 | ||
| Case 12: Lady Windermere v. Angel | 355 | ||
| Discussions | 355 | ||
| Comparative observations | 364 | ||
| 5 | Comparative conclusions | 369 | |
| Ruth Sefton-Green | |||
| Index | 401 |
This is the fifth book in the series The Common Core of European Private Law. The Common Core of European Private Law Project was launched in 1993 at the University of Trento under the auspices of the late Professor Rudolf B. Schlesinger. The methodology used in the Trento project is novel. By making use of case studies it goes beyond mere description to detailed inquiry into how most European Union legal systems resolve specific legal questions in practice, and to thorough comparison between those systems. It is our hope that these volumes will provide scholars with a valuable tool for research in comparative law and in their own national legal systems. The collection of materials that the Common Core Project is offering to the scholarly community is already quite extensive and will become even more so when more volumes are published. The availability of materials attempting a genuine analysis of how things are is, in our opinion, a prerequisite for an intelligent and critical discussion on how they should be. Perhaps in the future European private law will be authoritatively restated or even codified. The analytical work carried on today by the almost 200 scholars involved in the Common Core Project is a precious asset of knowledge and legitimization for any such normative enterprise.
We must thank the editors and contributors to these first published results. With a sense of deep gratitude we also wish to recall our late Honorary Editor, Professor Rudolf B. Schlesinger. We are sad that we have not been able to present him with the results of a project in which he believed so firmly. No scholarly project can survive without committed sponsors. The Dipartimento di Scienze Giuridiche of the University of Trento, its past and present directors and its excellent staff must be thanked. The European Commission has partially sponsored some of our past general meetings, having included them in their High Level Conferences Program. The Italian Ministry of Scientific Research is now also funding the project, having recognized it as a ‘research of national interest’. The Istituto Subalpino per l’Analisi e l’Insegnamento del Diritto delle Attività Transnazionali, the University of Torino, the University of Trieste, the Fromm Chair in International and Comparative Law at the University of California and the Hastings College of Law have all contributed to the funding of this project. Last but not least, we must thank all those involved in our ongoing Trento projects in contract law, property, tort and other areas whose results will be the subject of future published volumes. Our home page on the internet is at http://www.jus.unitn.it/dsg/common-core. There you can follow our progress in mapping the common core of European private law.
General Editors:
MAURO BUSSANI (University of Trieste)
UGO MATTEI (University of Turin and University of California, Hastings College of Law)
Honorary Editor:
RUDOLFO SACCO (University of Turin)
Late Honorary Editor:
RUDOLF B. SCHLESINGER (Cornell University and University of California, Hastings)
Editorial Board
James Gordley, Cecil Turner Professor of Law, University of California, Berkeley; Editor in Chief of the American Journal of Comparative Law Antonio Gambaro, Professor of Law, University of Milano; President of the Italian Society of Comparative Law
Franz Werro, University of Freiburg and Georgetown University Law Center
Rodolfo Sacco, President of the International Association of Legal Science (UNESCO)
This project was conceived in Paris at a meeting with Jacques Ghestin, Horatia Muir Watt and myself at the request of Mauro Bussani. The original cases were formulated by Horatia Muir Watt, Stéphane Reifegerste and me in June 1996. Our questionnaire become the subject of a brain- storming session in Trento in July with all the members of the contract group present which was most useful. I subsequently became editor of the project.
I am indebted to Jacques Ghestin for formulating the theme of the project and to Horatia Muir Watt for her initial contribution and constant encouragement. I would like to record my thanks to Stéphane Reifegerste for his active participation in the early stages of the project and particularly the group work he carried out with the students of the DEA de droit anglais et nord-américain des affaires at the University Paris Ⅰ (Panthéon-Sorbonne) in the years 1997–98. I am also grateful to Muriel Fabre-Magnan for her friendly counsel and consistent support.
Above all, I would like to record my warmest thanks to the national reporters of this project with whom I would like to think we have formed a team. I would like to make special mention of the friendships and discussions which have ensued by e-mail and in our annual meetings in Trento and notably the intellectual and moral support I received from John Cartwright and Martijn Hesselink. I am immensely grateful to John Cartwright for contributing a paper on ‘The rise and fall of mistake in the English law of contract’ and also to Martin Schermaier for his contribution on ‘Mistake, misrepresentation and precontractual duties to inform: the civil law tradition’. The team was greatly helped by our round-table discussions held at the UMR de droit comparé of the University Paris I in May 1999. I am very grateful to the director of the UMR (then Mireille Delmas-Marty) and her co-directors (Hélène Ruiz-Fabri and Horatia Muir Watt) for having made this meeting possible. The meeting was extremely valuable for all who attended. Several people helped with the organisation of our two-day meeting: my thanks once again to Sophie Guy for her administrative assistance and Martine Kloepfer and Maxime Dequesne for their material and intellectual support and hard work.
Last, but certainly not least, I would like to thank the general editors of the Common Core of European Private Law Project, Ugo Mattei and Mauro Bussani, for their hospitality and support. They are of course the original inspiration for this particular project in the widest sense. My participation in the Common Core Project has enriched my understanding and teaching of comparative law and its methodology and encouraged these to evolve continually. For this I owe them an incommensurable debt for it is in action that our understanding grows.
The reports were all originally written in the period 1998–2002, but where possible reporters have updated their reports to reflect the law as at March 2004.
Ruth Sefton-Green
Université Paris 1
March 2004
The case studies have been prepared:
for Austria by Eva Grassl-Palten, Raimund Madl, Roswitha Kundi and Helmut Ofner, University of Vienna
for Belgium by Isabelle Corbisier, Bruxelles
for England by John Cartwright, Christ Church, Oxford
for France by Stéphane Reifegerste (University of Maine), and Ruth Sefton-Green (University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne) with the assistance of Florence Bellivier (University of Paris X), Philippe Jouary, Armand Kacenelenbogen and Albéric Luciani, Comparative Law Research Group, University of Paris 1 (Panthéon-Sorbonne)
With thanks to the students of the DEA de droit anglais et nord-américain des affaires 1997–98, University of Paris 1.
for Germany by Martin Josef Schermaier, University of Münster
for Greece by Elisabeth Poulou, University of Athens
for Ireland by Damien Keaney, Barrister-at-Law, Dublin
for Italy by Alberto Musy, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara
for the Netherlands by Martijn Hesselink, University of Amsterdam
for Norway by Lasse Simonsen, University of Oslo
for Portugal by Luis Menezes Leitao, University of Lisbon
for Scotland by Laura Caldwell, Craig Coyle and Joe Thomson, University of Glasgow
for Spain by Francisca Sanchez Hernanz, Abogado, member of the Madrid Bar
The rise and fall of mistake in the English law of contract by John Cartwright, Christ Church, Oxford
Mistake, misrepresentation and precontractual duties to inform: the civil law tradition by Martin Josef Schermaier, University of Münster
General introduction, comparative observations and comparative conclusions by Ruth Sefton-Green, University of Paris 1 (Panthéon-Sorbonne)
(including CISG (United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1980)), EC Directives, PECL (Principles of European Contract Law) and UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts)
Note: (t) after a page number indicates where the text of that part of the legislation under discussion may be found.
Civil Code (ABGB) 1811 (including subsequent amendments)
351(a) 90
370 225
380 248–9
863 248, 249
870 131, 193–4, 220, 268–9, 327, 342–3
871 (1811/1916) 55
871 18 n. 66, 40, 63, 89, 129, 131, 164–5, 189, 224–5, 285, 308–9, 343, 353, 355, 382, 383
872 224–5
872 (1811/1916) 55
873 342–3, 353, 355
874 132, 194–5
875 309
876 (1811/1916) 55
877 224–5
901, 1st sentence 248
901, 2nd sentence 20, 248
901 268–9, 343
914 ff. 248–9
918 249
923 ff. 225
932 195–6, 222, 225
933 225
934 54, 55, 89–90
1167 225
1295 63–4, 196, 221–2, 285
1435 225
1874 161 n. 91
Consumer Protection Law (Konsumentenschutzgesetz) (KSchG) 1986
3 284–5
6(1)(14) 285
25c 309
Insurance Contract Law 1959
59 330
59 ff. 331
60 330
Civil Code (C.C.)
1108 331, 356
1110 90–2, 196–8
1116 92–3, 198, 226
1131 331, 356
1326 310
1382 133, 250–1, 264
1382–3 26, 269–70
1610 165–7, 168–9
1611 165–7
1641 288
1641 ff. 227–8
1644 227
1645 227
1648 168, 228, 288
2279 133
Commercial Practices Law (Law of 14 July 1991) 287
86(f) 286 n. 4
87(g) 286
89 286
Companies Code 2001
7 344
527 270
562 270
Consumer Credit Law 1991
1(9) 286
18(1) 286–7
Contracts of Employment Act 1978 343 n. 7
Law of 14 July 1991 (consumer protection) 250–1
30 250–1
Law of 1992 (insurance) 331
42 331
42, line 2 331
Law of 6 April 1995 (financial markets)
2(3)(2) 270
19 269
36(1)(5) 271
148(10) 269
Royal Decree of 3 July 1996 implementing Law of 6 April 1995
5(1) 269
7 269
79 186
79/279 269
82/148 269
85/577 289–90, 293, 298–9, 300, 304–5
87/102 293
88/627 269
89/298 297
93/13 289, 297–8
93/22 276 n. 31
97/7 302
99/44 190 n. 89, 247, 260, 374–5
7.1 374 n. 8
Consumer Credit Act 1974, 67–73 289–90
Consumer Protection (Cancellation of Contracts Concluded Away from Business Premises) Regulations 1987 289–90
Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, 90 272
Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989, 2(1) 199
Misrepresentation Act 1967
1(b) 200
2(1) 171, 200
2(2) 189–90
3 289
Sale of Goods Act 1979 229
13 169–70, 190–1, 228–9, 245 n. 72
14 200–1, 228–9, 246, 289
14(3) 288–9
19 169–70
Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
3(2)(a) 289
6(2) 289
8 289
Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 289
Civil Code (C. civ.) 1804 (including subsequent amendments)
1109 83
1109 ff. 291–2
1110 10, 55, 83, 97–9, 137–9, 231–2, 381
1111 83
1112 83
1116 10, 26, 136–7, 138, 173–4, 201–2, 231–2, 313–14, 345–6
1116–2 137
1117 97, 138
1131 332–3
1134 313–14
1184 174
1304 97 n. 36
1326 314
1341 137
1382 12, 63–4, 138, 202, 220, 398
1382–3 10, 26–7
1604 174, 175, 231
1610 174
1641 174–5, 230–2
1642 230
1644 175, 231
1648 174, 175
1648 al 1 230–1
1674 55, 100
2279 138
Consumer Code
L111–1 252
L111–3 252
L121–23(4) 291
L121–23 ff. 290, 292–3
L121–25 291
Decree 81–255 of 3 March 1981 (suppression of fraud relating to transactions in works of art and objets d’art) 98–9
Law 84–148 of 1 March 1984 (prevention and friendly settlement of business difficulties), 48 312
Law 96–597 of 2 July 1996 (modernisation of financial activities) 272–3
Civil Code 1900 (BGB)
242 387; see also Civil Code 2002 (BGB) 241 II, 280 I and 311 II 387
459 176 n. 38
459 II 176 n. 41
463 245–6; see also Civil Code 2002 (BGB) 437 Ziff 3, 434 I
Civil Code 2002 (BGB)
3 205
119 10, 381, 383
119 I 20, 101, 139, 141, 274, 294–5, 316–17, 360
119 II 61–2, 101–2, 103, 139, 177–8, 202–3, 205, 233, 294, 333–4, 346
121 101, 103
121 I 101
122 10, 63, 294, 317, 381
122 I 101–2, 295, 360
122 II 101–2, 141–2, 295, 317, 333–4
123 10, 11, 26, 139, 142–3, 178, 205–6, 233, 254
123 II 315–16
138 139, 143, 162
138 I 139, 140–1, 161–2
138 II 55, 140, 161–2
143 97 n. 36, 101
166 346
166 I 315–16, 360
241 II 12, 26–7, 202–3, 220, 254–5, 275
242 253, 264–5, 274
242a 143, 161, 206
249 144, 206 n. 54, 275, 334
252 177
254 295
276 I 204, 221–2, 233, 245 n. 72, 246
278 315–16
280 26–7, 204, 205–6, 221–2, 232–3, 245 n. 72, 246, 275
280 I 12, 26–7, 202–3, 204, 220
281 204, 221–2
281 I 204
283 204, 221–2
311 II 12, 26–7, 202–3, 220, 254–5, 275
311a 205, 221---2, 233, 245 n. 72, 246
311a II 205
313 103–4
313 II 253
313 III 334
323 175–6, 203–4
326 I 3 175–6, 203–4
434 203, 205, 232, 245 n. 71, 245 n. 72, 246
434 I 175–6, 206, 221–2, 253, 293–4
435 203
437 175–6, 203, 204, 232
437 Ziff 1 245 n. 71, 253, 293–4
437 Ziff 2 177, 203–4, 205, 245 n. 71, 245 n. 72, 246, 293–4
437 Ziff 3 176–7, 204, 205–6, 221–2, 232–3, 245 n. 72
438 I 3 177–8
439 175, 232, 293–4
440 175–6, 203–4, 205–6, 233, 245 n. 72, 293–4
462 176
463 246
465 176 n. 40
518, I 359
812 I 1 102
812 I 206, 254
818 II 102
823 I 63–4
826 206, 233
984 141
Insurance Contracts Law (Versicherungsvertraggesetz) (VVG)
59 334
60 333–4
Law on Consumer Credit Arrangements (Verbraucherkreditgesetzes) (VerbrKrG)
1 II 293
3 293
7 293
Law on Doorstep Sales (HaustürWG)
1 293
2 293
Civil Code (AK) 1940
104 106
140 18, 318, 361
140 ff. 106
141 318, 361
142 18, 20, 105–6, 129, 144, 178–9, 207, 233–5, 275, 296, 346–7
143 106, 207, 255, 275, 335
144 335
144(2) 106–7, 318–19
145 106, 179, 256, 296, 318
147 144, 179, 207, 220, 234, 255, 296, 319, 335
148 207–8
149 145, 208, 255
149(1) 179
150 144–5
154 106, 144–5, 255 n. 25
154 ff. 106
157 208, 255 n. 25
173 296, 318
179 145–6
180 146
184 179, 256, 335
198(1) 317–18
200 296, 318
214 179 n. 53, 255
288 27–8, 207, 220, 255–6, 347
303 144–5
304 144–5
388 256, 347, 353
456 144–5
513 178
534 296
535 179–80
543–4 234–5, 245–6
554 ff. 234, 296
904 347
904 ff. 106, 179, 234, 256, 335
908 145
914 145, 234
1034 178
1036 145
1038 145
Law 2251/1994 (consumer protection)
3 295–6
3(4) 295–6
8 276
Law 2496/1997 (insurance), 15 335
LD 400/1970, 4 335 n. 13
Consumer Protection (Cancellation of Contracts Concluded Away From Business Premises) Regulations 1987 297
Sale of Goods and Supply of Services Act 1980 235
10 180, 190–1
13 235, 245 n. 72, 246
39 235, 297
40 235, 297
Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1994 297
Civil Code (Codice civile) 1865 108–10
Civil Code (Codice civile) 1942 (including subsequent amendments) 21
782 361
810 209 n. 63
839 147
932 150
1051–5 209–10
1223 209 n. 63
1325 111–12, 320, 329
1335 111
1337 111, 149–50, 182, 191, 236, 257, 258, 277, 282
1339 257
1376 361–2
1418 111–12, 320
1427 107–8
1428 107–8
1429 107–8, 348
1429 n. 2 108–9, 181
1431 21
1432 110, 148
1433 361–2
1439 148–9, 181–2, 236
1440 148–9, 257
1441 111–12
1441 ff. 148, 183
1448 55
1453 182, 210
1460 210
1467 111 n. 102
1469 bis-1469 sexies 297–8
1479 210
1480 210
1489 209, 222
1490 182, 183, 235–6
1495 183, 235–6
1497 111, 182–3
1519 bis-1519 nonies 298
1519 ter 298
1519 quater 298
1892–3 148 n. 56, 257
1969 348
1971 348
2043 257–8, 265, 320
2049 257 n. 30
2058 257–8
2901 276–7
DL 216 of 7 June 1974 (as modified by EC Directive 89/298 and LG 74 of 25 January 1992) (doorstep sales) 297
Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wetboek) (BW) (old) 1540 ff. 237
6:248 258
Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wetboek) (BW) 1992
1:88 322–3
1:88(1)(c) 322–3
1:89 322–3
3:33 258–9, 321
3:35 258–9, 321–2
3:44 184–5, 240
3:49 152, 183
3:52 299
3:53 183–4
3:53(1) 152
3:84 152, 183–4
3:84(1) 152
3:86 152
3:86(1) 152
6:2 336
6:2(2) 299–300
6:44 184–5
6:74 152, 240
6:85 240
6:162 184
6:203 152, 183–4, 299
6:228 112–14, 183, 211, 348–9
6:228(1)(a) 22 n. 91, 40, 58
6:228(1)(b) 113, 150–1, 211, 240, 258–9, 299
6:228(1)(c) 23, 113, 277–8
6:228(2) 21–2, 27–8, 113–14, 184–5, 213, 278
6:229 349
6:230 152, 184, 185, 211, 240
6:230(2) 213
6:231 ff. 299–301
6:233(a) 300–1
6:236(b) 301 n. 52
6:248 336
6:248(2) 299–300, 353
6:258(1) 349–50
6:265 239–40, 300
6:628(2)(b) 113
6:677 349
6:678 349
7:2(2) 214
7:6 239
7:17 185, 237–9
7:17(1) 300
7:17(2) 300
7:21(1) 239–40
7:22 185, 239–40
7:23 239, 300
7:24 240
7A:1719 362
Commercial Code (Wetboek von Koophandel) (WvK)
252 336
266 336
Consumer Credit Act (Wet op het consumentenkrediet) 1990 300
Door-to-Door Sales Act (Colportagewet) 1973 (as subsequently amended)
1 298–9
3(5) 299
5 299
25 298–9
Transitional Law (Overgangswet), art. 182 237
4:103 19 n. 74, 21, 58, 264 n. 44, 366
4:104 366
4:106 398–9 (t)
4:107 373
6:101 399 (t)
Civil Code (Código civil)
227 154, 217, 262–3
232(1) 351
247 118–19, 154, 217, 262, 302, 363
251 118–19, 154, 217, 302
252(2) 279
253 154, 217, 220, 262, 324–5
254 154, 262, 324–5
287 217
289 154, 262
291 154
434 337
437 279
905 186, 217
908 186–7, 217–18
909 217–18
911 187, 217
913 186–7
915 187
916 186
921 242
921(2) 242
DL 446/85 of 25 October 1985 (general clauses/unfair terms) 302
DL 220/95 of 31 August 1995 (general clauses/unfair terms)
5 302
6 302
8 302
DL 143/2001 of 26 April 2001 (door-to-door sales) 302
Securities Code (CVM) 1999
160 ff. 279
161 279
Companies Act 1976
15–1 279 n. 45
15–2 279 n. 45
Consumer Sales Act 1990 (Sweden)
3 301 n. 54
16(2) 301 n. 54
16(3) 260–1
Consumer Sales Act (Law No. 34 of 21 June 2002) (Norway) 260
16(1)(b) 260
Damages Act (Norway), 5–1 324
General Companies Act 1997 (Norway), 17–1 279
Insurance Contract Act (Norway)
3–2(2) 337
3–5 337
6–3 337
Land Act (JB) 1970 (Sweden), IV 19 216
Law No. 391 of 14 June 1995 (Denmark) 215–16
Nordic Contracts Act
30(1) 26, 323
30(1)(2) 323
32 18
32(1) 114 n. 117, 323
33 2–3, 28, 114 n. 117, 117, 152–3, 160, 260, 265, 350–1
33.4 23
36 2–3, 23, 28, 115–16, 117, 128, 152–3, 160, 262, 350–1, 353–4
Sale of Goods Act (Denmark) 301 n. 54
1(2) 301 n. 54
72–86 261
76 186
76(1)(2) 261
Sale of Goods Act (Norway)
4(1) 301 n. 54
17 246
17(1) 241, 246
17(2)(a) 241–2, 301
17(2)(d) 241–2
18 186, 241, 246
19(1)(c) 242
40(1) 186
Sale of Goods Act (Sweden)
17(2) 301 n. 54
17(3) 241–2, 246
18 186
40 186
Sale of Property Act 1992 (Norway)
3–7 214–15
3–10(3) 215
Sales on Credit Terms Act 1985 (Norway)
8 301–2
8(a) 301–2
Stock Exchange Act 1988 (Norway), 47 278–9
Stock Exchange Regulations (Norway) 278–9
Consumer Credit Act 1974
65 304
68 303–4
Contract (Scotland) Act 1997, 1 123 n. 147
Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1985
8 365–6
8(2)
8(3)
9(1)
9(3)(a)
Misrepresentation Act 1967, 2(2) 189–90
Sale of Goods Act 1979, 13 190–1, 245 n. 72
Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, 17 303, 304
Civil Code (Código civil)
623 ff. 364
1265 125 n. 153, 218–19
1266.1 157–8
1274 364
1300 243–4
1301 158, 188, 243–4, 263, 304
1302 40
1365 125–6
1486 188, 244
1490 188, 244
1902 326
Insurance Contracts Law, 32 338
Labour Act, 54 351–2
Law 26 of 21 November 1991 (consumer protection) 304–5
3 304
5 304
Code of Obligations (OR), 24 I 4 61–2
3.5 58
3.7 117
Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v. Amadio (1983) 151 CLR 447 135
JBl 1976, 240 224–5
JBl 1980, 316 165
JBl 1980, 424 224–5
JBl 1982, 36 224–5
OGH 27.5.1959 JBl 342
OGH 30.11.1960 EvBl 1961/76 343
OGH 2.5.1963 ÖRZ 1963, 154 194
OGH 26.5.1964 SZ 37/76 194
OGH 20.3.1968 SZ 41/33 194
OGH 23.12.1970 MietSlg 22069 194
OGH 4.4.1973 SZ46/39 196
OGH 7.10.1974 343
OGH 30.4.1975 SZ 48/56, JBl 1975, 600 196
OGH 8.10.1975 JBl, 205 285
OGH 10.7.1986 SZ 59/126 194
OGH 19.10.1989 JBl 1990, 175 309
OGH 7.3.1990 JBl 199, 648 196
OGH 21.3.1991 EvBl 1991/68 194
OGH 21.3.1991 JBl 1991, 584 309
OGH JBl 1976, 646 330–1
OGH SZ 36/22 330–1
OGH SZ 50/35 224–5
OGH SZ 61/53 330–1
RG 22.12.1925 JW 1926, 795 342–3
SZ 36/22 89 n. 2
SZ 44/59 89 n. 2
SZ 48/102 165
SZ 49/94 165
SZ 51/26 165
SZ 53/108 89 n. 2
SZ 56/96 89 n. 2
SZ 61/53 89 n. 2
Antwerp, 21-1-1986, RW 1986–7, p. 1488 93–4
Antwerp, 5-11-1986, RW 1987–8, p. 1446 93–4
Antwerp, 20-1-1988, RGDC 1990, p. 33 168, 169
Antwerp, 30-3-1988, DC/CR 1990–91, p. 716 227 n. 11
Antwerp, 22-2-1989, T. not. 1990, p. 27 197
Antwerp, 3-1-1990, RGDC 1993, p. 342 168
Antwerp, 22-4-1991, RW 1994–5, 405 92 n. 18
Antwerp, 1-4-1992, RW 1994–5, p. 783 198
Antwerp, 12-11-1996, AJT 1997–8, p. 41 197 n. 18
Antwerp, 4-11-1997, RGDC 1998, p. 367 310
Brussels, 7-2-1939, RPS 1939, No. 3799, p. 160 270
Brussels, 3-9-1990, JTT 1991, p. 13 91 n. 9
Brussels, 5-4-1993, JT 1993, p. 667 198
Brussels, 3-11-1993, RG 476/91 310–11
Brussels, 27-6-1996, AJT 1997–8, 329 226 n. 9
Brussels, 21-11-1996, JT 1997, 180 91 n. 9
Brussels, RDCB, 1996, p. 1072 271
Cass, 28-12-1882, Pas 1883, I, 11 91
Cass, 6-1-1944, Pas 1944, I, 133 91–2
Cass, 11-3-1960, Pas 1960, I 811 91
Cass, 28-6-1966, JLMB 1997, 12 91–2
Cass, 13-11-1969, RCJB 1970, 353 ff No. 18 91 n. 9
Cass, 18-11-1971, Pas 1972, I, 258 167
Cass, 28-3-1974, Arr. Cass 1974, 834 91
Cass, 29-3-1976, Pas 1976, I, 832 167
Cass, 23-9-1977, RCJB 1980, 32 93
Cass, 29-5-1980, Pas 1980, I, 1190 93
Cass, 23-1-1984, Pas 1984, I, 560 196 n. 12
Cass, 17-5-1984, RW 1984–5, p. 2090, JT 1984, p. 566, Pas 1984, I, 1128 167
Cass, 21-04-1988, RDC 1991, p. 203 226
Cass, 29-4-1993, JT 1994, p. 294 93–4
Cass, 31-10-1994, RW 1994–1995, p. 1122, Pas 1994, I, 879 196 n. 12
Cass, 27-10-1995, JT 1996, 61 91 n. 9
Civ Bruges, 6-9-1989, RW 1991–2, p. 95, note EMS 227
Civ Brussels, 17-3-1995, RGDC 1995, p. 507 93–4
Civ Brussels, 19-5-1995, RGDC 1996 92 n. 18
Civ Hasselt, 3-10-1989, RGDC 1990, p. 367 198 n. 21
Civ Mons, 21-11-1990, JJP 1991, 45 93–4
Civ Mons, 21-11-1990, JJP 1991, p. 45, 58 93–4
Civ Namur, 27-5-1993, Rev. not. 1995, p. 308 198 n. 20
Civ Namur, 4-12-97, Amen. 1998, p. 165 197
Civ Verviers, 16-10-1995, RGDC 1996, 161 227
Comm Bruges, 7-1-1994, 1994–5, p. 143 AJT 93–4
Comm Charleroi, 12-04-1994, JLMB 1995, 276 167
Comm Hasselt, 12-1-1987, Limb. Rechtsl. 1987, p. 164 227
Comm Hasselt, 13-6-1995, Limb. Rechtsl. 1995, 246, Pas, 1995, III, 22 227
Comm Liège, 24-1-1991, JT 1991, p. 205 226
Gand, 25-4-1997, T. not. 1998, p. 148 197
J. P. Soignies, 17-5-1989, JJP 1991, p. 42 58 93–4
J. P. Zele, 6-9-1989, JJP 1991, 442 227 n. 11
Liège, 14-5-1986, JL 1987, 173 225–6
Liège, 11-6-1986, RRD 1986, p. 240, J. P. 93–4
Liège, 11-12-1989 (Act. dr., 1991, 210) 91 n. 7
Liège, 26-5-1992, JLMB 1995 228 n. 16
Liège, 20-6-1996, JLMB 1997, p. 17 227
Liège, 17-10-1996, JT 1997, p. 569 93–4
Mons, 31-3-1987 (JLMB 1987, 710) 91 n. 7
Mons, 10-2-1992, JT 1992, p. 777 198
Mons, 17-3-1998, RGDC 1999, p. 197 197
Trib. trav. Brussels, 5-9-1988, JTT 1988, p. 445 93–4
Trib. trav. Brussels, 26-9-1988, Chron. D. S. 1989, p. 58 93–4
Knupp v. Bell (1968) 67 DLR (2d) 256 (Canada) 135
Tilden Rent-a-Car Co. v. Clendenning (1978) 83 DLR 3d. 400 289 n. 11
U 1968.272 H 214
Allcard v. Skinner (1887) 36 Ch D 145 94–5
Armstrong v. Jackson [1917] 2 KB 822 170
Associated Japanese Bank (International) Ltd v. Crédit du Nord SA [1989] 1 WLR 255 71 n. 21, 78 n. 51, 80 n. 62, 82 n. 67, 95–6
Barclays Bank plc v. O’Brien [1994] 1 AC 180 33–4, 311–12, 325, 326, 327–8
Barr v. Gibson (1838) 3 M&W 390; 150 ER 1196 68 n. 13, 71 n. 25
Bell v. Lever Bros, Ltd [1932] AC 161 96, 107, 171, 344–5, 347, 351, 353
Bernstein v. Pamson Motors (Golders Green) Ltd. [1987] 2 All ER 220 169–70
Car and Universal Finance Ltd v. Caldwell [1965] 1 QB 525 95
Carter v. Boehm (1766) 3 Burr. 1905 395
Cooper v. Phibbs (1867) LR 2 HL 149 82 n. 68
Couturier v. Hastie (1856) 5 Clark’s Reports, House of Lords 673 68 n. 13, 71 n. 25
Crédit Lyonnais Bank Nederland NV v. Burch [1997] 1 All ER 144 135 n. 14
Cresswell v. Potter [1978] 1 WLR 255 135 n. 14
Cundy v. Lindsay (1875) 3 App Cas 459 85
Davis Contractors Ltd v. Fareham UDC [1956] AC 696 75 n. 45
Dick Bentley Productions Ltd v. Harold Smith (Motors) Ltd [1965] 1 WLR 623 169
EIC Services Ltd v. Phipps [2003] EWHC 1507, [2003] 1 WLR 2360 80 n. 58, 80 n. 62
Etridge v. Royal Bank of Scotland (No. 2) [2002] UKHL 44: see Royal Bank of Scotland v. Etridge (No. 2) [2001] UKHL 44, [2002] 2 AC 773
Fredrick E. Rose (London) Ltd v. William H. Pim Jnr & Co. Ltd [1953] 2 QB 450 78 n. 52
Fry v. Lane (1888) 40 Ch D 312 94–5, 135–6, 161
Gibbon v. Mitchell [1990] 1 WLR 1304 66 n. 5
3 All ER 338 357
Gibbon v. Mitchell [1990] 1 WLR 1304, [1990] 3 ALL ER 338, 357 66 n. 5
Great Peace Shipping Ltd v. Tsavliris Salvage (International) Ltd, The Great Peace [2002] EWCA Civ 1407, [2003] QB 679 65 n. 1, 79 n. 55, 80 n. 58, 81 n. 66, 82, 86, 95–6, 97, 384
Grist v. Bailey [1967] Ch. 532 78 n. 51
Hedley Byrne v. Heller (1964) AC 465 394
Heilbut, Symons & Co. v. Buckleton [1913] AC 30 169
Kennedy v. The Panama, New Zealand and Australian Royal Mail Co Ltd 70, 72, 271–2
Krell v. Henry (1903) 2 KB 740 110 n. 99
Lady Hood of Avalon v. Mackinnon [1909] 1 Ch. 476 357
Laurence v. Lexcourt Holdings [1978] 1 WLR 1128 78 n. 51
Leaf v. International Galleries Ltd [1950] 2 KB 86 169–70
L’Estrange v. F. Graucob Ltd. [1934] 2 KB 394 289, 303
Lewis v. Averay [1972] 1QB 198 85 n. 75, 86 n. 82
Lindsay v. Cundy (1876) 1 QBD 348, 355; (1878) 3 App Cas 459 77
Lister v. Romford Ice & Cold Storage Co. Ltd [1957] AC 555 75 n. 43
Lloyd v. Guibert (1865) LR 1 QB 115 73 n. 38
Lloyds Bank Ltd v. Bundy [1975] QB 326 81 n. 63
McLean v. Clydesdale Banking Company (1883) 9 App Cas 95 69 n. 17
Magee v. Pennine Insurance Company [1969] 2 QB 507 78 n. 52
National Westminster Bank plc v. Morgan [1985] AC 686 81 n. 63
Nicholson and Venn v. Smith Marriott (1947) 177 LT 189 171
North British and Mercantile Insurance Co. v. London, Liverpool and Globe Insurance Co. (1876) 5 Ch D 569 332
Oscar Chess Ltd v. Williams [1957] 1 WLR 370 78 n. 52
Parker v. S. E. Railway (1877) 2 CPD 416 303
Pritchard v. Merchant’s and Tradesman’s Mutual Life-Assurance Society (1858) 3 CB(NS) 622; 140 ER 885 68 n. 13, 68 n. 14, 71 n. 25
Re Butlin’s Settlement Trust [1976] Ch 251 357
Redgrave v. Hurd (1881) 20 Ch D 1 70 n. 20, 170
Reece v. Seru Investments Ltd [1973] EGD 152 229 n. 20
Royal Bank of Scotland v. Etridge (No. 2) [2001] UKHL 44, [2002] 2 AC 773 94–5, 311–12, 327–8, 377 n. 12, 394
Saunders v. Anglia Building Society [1971] AC 1004 311
Shogun Finance Ltd v. Hudson [2003] UKHL 62, [2003] 3 WLR 1371 65 n. 2, 79, 85–6
Smith v. Hughes (1871) LR 6 QB 597 67, 72, 96–7, 251, 256–7, 320
Solle v. Butcher [1950] 1 KB 671 72, 76–80, 84, 86 n. 82
Strickland v. Turner (1852) 7 Ex 208; 155 ER 919 68 n. 14, 71 n. 24, 71 n. 25
Sybron Corporation v. Rochem Ltd [1984] Ch 112 344–5
Taylor v. Caldwell (1863) 3 B&S 826; 122 ER 309 69 n. 18, 75 n. 42
The Moorcock (1899) 14 PD 64 73 n. 38
Thomas v. Thomas (1842) 2 QB 851 94–5
Westropp v. Elligott (1884) 9 App Cas 815 69 n. 17
White v. Garden (1851) 10 CB 919 136
William Sindall plc v. Cambridgeshire CC [1994] 1 WLR 1016 82 n. 67, 200, 200 n. 30
With v. O’Flanagan [1936] Ch 575 200, 200 n. 28
CA Paris 24 April 1984, RTDCiv 85, 572 obs. Mestre 292
CA Versailles, 8 July 1994, RTDCiv 1994.97 291–2
CA Versailles: 1st division, 12 April 1996, MHT Case, Lamy cit. No. 338 291
Civ 1, 28 January 1913, S., 1913. 1. 487 172
Civ 1, 24 November 1954, JCP 1955.II. 8565, note HB 230
Civ 1, 13 February 1967, Bull civ I, No. 58 202 n. 35
Civ 1, 13 June 1967, Bull civ I, No. 215 172
Civ 3, 29 May 1970, D. 1970.705 172
Civ 3, 15 January 1971, Bull civ III, No. 38 174, 251–2
Civ 1, 27 June 1973, Dalloz 73 p. 733 313
Civ 1, 26 February 1980, Bull civ I, No. 223, p. 225 358 n. 12
Civ 1, 26 October 1983, Bull civ I, No. 249 358 n. 11
Civ 1, 13 December 1983, D. 1984. 340 358 n. 11
Civ 1, 25 May 1984, Bull civ I, No. 269 314