Index

Abchuk, A., 169, 170

Abramovitch, S.Y., 34–5, 66, 112, 141, 166, 183, 205–6

Acculturation, 23

advertising, 105, 106–8, 109, 146, 147, 249

Aftergrowth (Vidervuks), 151–3, 180

   breakup of, 158

   merger with Stream, 153

Agamaly-Ogdy, Samed, 82

Agitprop (Agitation and Propaganda Division of the Communist Party), 21, 97, 105, 126

agricultural colonies, 10, 23, 112

Agrojoint, 105

Agursky, Shmuel, 95, 110, 160, 180

   The October Revolution in Belorussia, 110

   The Revolutionary Movement in Belorussia, 57

Ahad Ha’am, 27, 111

Akselrod, Zelik, 158–9, 166, 169, 180–1

Aksenfeld, Yisroel, 34–5

Albatros, 148, 152

Alexander I, 43

Alphabet Reform, 60

Altshuler, M., anti-religion activist, 113

Altshuler, Mordechai, 20

ambivalence about the effects of the Revolution, 180, 182, 184, 185, 196, 213, 215–19

American Jews, 16

anarchism, 37

Anderson, Benedict, 7, 64

anti–Jewish-holiday campaign, 113–14, 205

anti-clerical campaign, 113

anti-cosmopolitan campaign, 218

anti-Semitism, 10, 88, 100, 109, 114, 192

   fight against, 11, 57, 102

   purges of 1948–1952, 2

   racial, 10

Arabic, 82, 84

Armenians, 39

“Art for art’s sake,” 139

Ash, Sholem, 141

Ashkenaz, 30, 90

   Jews, 31

   culture, 32

assimilation, 5, 8, 13, 16, 18, 19, 24, 26, 39, 43, 55–9, 72, 209

Association of Revolutionary Yiddish Writers of Ukraine, 167–8

Ataturk, 81

atheism, 8, 11

autonomism, 26

autonomy, 19, 22, 45, 101

   national and cultural, 8, 9, 17, 20, 23, 40, 41, 48

avant-garde, 22, 74, 110

Azerbaijan,

   Baku, capital of, 58

   Central Executive Committee, 82

   Latinized Azeri newspaper, 82

Ba’al Makhshoves, 123

Babel, Isaac, 12, 231

backshadowing, 3, 4

Baginen. See journals, Beginning

Bagritsky, Eduard, 12

Belorussia, 109, 158

   Belorussian Academy of Sciences, 183

   cultural institutions in, 59

   language, 25, 62

   newspapers in, 124

   people, 22

   publishing in, 124

   See also Language Reform

Ben Yehuda, Ben Tsion, 86

Berdichev, Ukraine, 101

Berdichevsky, Micah, 179, 194

Bergelson, David, 74, 76, 123, 138, 149, 159–60, 162–5, 166, 216–18

   At the Train Station (Arum vokzal), 91

   reconciliation with the Soviet Union, 164, 178

   The Severity of the Law (Midas HaDin), 129

   “Three Centers” (Dray tsentern), 164

   When All is Said and Done (Nokh Alemen), 147

Berlin, Germany, 18, 136, 163, 164

Bernstein, Michael, 3

Bialik, C.N., 49–50, 111, 123, 126, 149, 164, 166, 258

Bible, 30

   allusions in Soviet Yiddish literature, 148, 151, 183, 189, 195, 200

   in Soviet schools, 41

   Torah, 71, 141

   in Yiddish, 33

bilingualism, 37, 40, 44, 63, 64

   internal Jewish, 31, 38, 39, 71, 236

Birobidzhan, 23, 112, 122, 132, 170, 219

Blium, Arlen, 48

Blue Rider (Blaue Reiter), 190

Bogdanov, Alexander, 143

Bolsheviks, 3, 4, 9, 14, 28

   Jewish, 92, 93–95

   policy, 21

   “Speaking Bolshevik,” 16

   See also Communism, Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party

bookstores, 108

Borochov, Ber, 65–7, 71, 87

   “The Tasks of Yiddish Philology,” 65

bourgeois, 6, 17, 42, 52, 71, 85, 95, 130

   accusations of being, 147, 175

Bovshover, Joseph, 96

Brenner, Yosef, 111

Briusov Institute for Art and Literature, 158, 180–1

Broderzon, Moshe, 145

Bronshteyn, Yashe, 158, 160, 170, 216

   literary critic of Kharik, 181, 185, 189, 196, 205

Bukharan Jews, 12, 52, 54–5

Bukhbinder, Nokhum, 95

Bulgarian, 65

Bund, General Jewish Workers’ Union, 8, 14, 16–17, 19, 24–5, 26–7, 37, 92, 94, 99, 130, 230

bureaucracy, 11, 12, 13, 20, 28, 29, 42, 127

capitalism, 9, 13, 22, 117

cartoons, in newspapers, 94, 116–17

   Bris in Locarno, 117

Catherine I, 43

Caucasus, 43, 82

censorship, 48, 125

   censors, 4, 28, 48

   Glavlit (the Main Administration for Literature), 28, 80, 125–6, 128–9, 156

   Leningrad Regional censor, Gublit, 49

   self-censorship, 168

   visible censorship, 171, 177

census,

   of 1897, 91

   of 1926, 18, 52, 59

   of 1989, 18

Central Asia, 20, 43, 82, 85

   Central Asian University, 73

   Latinization in, 86

Chagall, Marc, 103, 121, 141, 145–6, 191, 256

Chaikov, Joseph, 141, 145–6, 255

Charny, Daniel, 24, 70, 97, 99, 145–50, 155–6, 163, 241

Charon, Mikhas, translations of, 161

Chemerinsky, Alexander, 27, 53, 74, 99, 102, 130, 159, 170, 217

Cheskis, Avrom, 99

children’s literature, 110–11

Christians, 11, 205

   Christian Europe, 148

   the cross in Yiddish literature, 190

circulating newspapers, 94, 105

circulation of newspapers, 108–9, 116, 160

civil society, 33

Civilizing Mission, 9

Clark, Katerina, 168

class, 5, 27, 95

collaborators, 4

collectivization, 22, 201, 203, 206, 208

Commissariat

   Belorussian Enlightenment, 158, 180

   Council for National Minorities (Sovnatsmen), 51, 75

   Council of People’s Commissars (Sovnarkom), 82, 104, 126

   Enlightenment (Narkompros), 28, 41–4, 62, 69, 132, 137

      Jewish Bureau, Subdivision of, 45, 53, 68, 69, 70, 79, 145

   finance, 131

   Jewish, 20, 41–43, 69, 95, 96, 99, 101, 232

   Nationalities, 20–2, 41, 42, 50

      Jewish Division of, 48–9, 53

   People’s Education, 42–5

   Ukrainian Enlightenment, 139

      Central Jewish Bureau of, 50, 72, 75, 78, 123, 127–9

Communism, 6, 9, 13, 18, 190, 195

   Communist ideology, 17, 135, 183, 212

Communist Academy, 29

Communist Club, Moscow, 155

Communist International, 6, 7

Communist Party, 1, 4, 6, 8–13, 14–15, 19, 21–2, 25, 27–9, 49, 60, 69, 81, 86, 99, 129–30, 135, 147, 216

   Belorussian Communist Party, 62, 182, 217

   Central Committee of, 125, 126–7, 134, 177

   Communist Education, 6

   Communists, 6, 8, 13, 14, 20, 42, 95

   Organizational Bureau of, 105

   Party Congresses, 22, 218

   Politburo of, 114, 162

   Secretariat, 62, 131

   privileges of membership in, 153

   Sponsor of Yiddish culture, 159

   Ukrainian Communist Party, 21

   Uzbek Communist Party, 55

Communist University for National Minorities, 27

Communities

   Jewish, 8, 11, 12, 15

   linguistic, 59

Construction (Boy) literary group, 167, 173, 177–8

Constructivism, 115–16

   typography, 117–20

Courts, 22

Crimea, 45

   agricultural settlement in, 23

   Crimean Jews, 52

Cultural Congress

   first All-Union Jewish, 77

   Second All-Union Jewish, 77–81, 83

Cultural Revolution, 132, 133, 168–9, 172, 216

culture

   institutions, 5, 16, 17, 22, 23, 59, 77, 113, 147, 216

   print, 7, 13, 34, 35, 89, 110, 123, 161

   production of, 4, 11

   Yiddish-language, 6, 19, 41, 55, 59, 89, 104

Cyrillic alphabet, 70

Czernowitz Language Conference, 5, 38–9, 40, 65, 68, 83

Dagestani Jews, 12, 16, 52–4, 238

   and Yiddish, 53

decolonization, 9

Depression, 177

Der Nister, 99–100, 123, 138, 144, 145, 160, 178

   In the Wilderness (In midber), 147

   Nisterism, charges of, 169, 177–8

   Under a Fence (Unter a ployt), 159, 172

dictionaries, 65 See also Yiddish

Dimanshteyn, Semen, 28–9, 30, 41, 42, 86, 95, 104, 130–1, 217

dissident movements, 4

distribution networks, 92, 98, 105, 108–9

   export of Yiddish books, 103

Division of Print (Mossovet otdel pechati), 48, 156

Dobrushin, Yehezkiel, 138, 141, 144, 146, 150, 158, 159, 166–7, 179, 181–2, 185, 201

   “In shtetls,” 138

   “Our Literature,” 147

   “Three Poets,” 142

Dubnov, Shimon, 123

Dunets, Khatskel, 206, 212, 216

Eastern Europe, 4, 6, 11, 18, 30–1, 37

   Jewish culture in, 24, 27, 30, 32–9

editors, 79, 121

Ehrenburg, Ilya, 231

Ekran. See Journals, Screen

Emes (Truth), 16, 19, 28, 68, 69, 86, 94, 95, 96–8, 99–100, 105–8, 109, 112–14, 124–5, 144, 145, 146, 181

   attempts to close down, 130–1

   marketing campaign for, 109

emigration, 113

empires, 9

   “Affirmative Action,” 9

   Hapsburg, 9, 34

   multinational, 8, 9, 17, 22

   Soviet, 15

   See also Russian Empire

Englander, Nathan, 1, 2, 3, 218–19

English, 18

Enlightenment, 8, 15, 32–3, 37, 44–5, 64, 92, 100, 116, 138, 183, 212

   See also Haskalah

Epshteyn, Shakhne, 99

   as editor of Red World, 169

Equality of Condition, 17, 19

Equality of Opportunity, 17, 19

Erik, Max, 73, 163

Ermolaev, Herman, 125

Esenin, Sergei, 149, 200

   nostalgia in the work of, 192

Estonian, publishing in, 104

Estraikh, Gennady, 3, 59, 62

ethnic minorities, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 59, 61, 129

   intelligentsias, 9, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 24, 27, 132, 216

   laws protecting the rights of, 39

   print culture of, 89

   Russia’s relations with, 39

   state policy toward, 9, 10, 20, 23, 41, 131, 230

Etinger, Shloyme, 34

   Serkele, 35

Evsektsiia (Jewish Sections of the Communist Party), 13, 14, 20, 21, 25, 53–4, 96–7, 99, 101, 106, 143, 155, 159, 160, 164

   as regulator of regional Yiddish press, 121

   Central Bureau of, 21–2, 27, 88, 124, 125–6, 145, 176

   closing of, 23, 131

   conferences, 56, 150

   Main Bureau of the Ukrainian, 46, 122, 123, 176

   role in suppressing Hebrew, 46, 48

Expressionism, 115, 136, 138, 148, 179–80, 183, 185, 189, 192, 196

   and the visual arts, 190

Eygns. See Journals, Our Own

famine, 112, 148

Fefer, Itsik, 149, 151–2, 157, 158, 159, 165, 168, 196, 216–18

   editor of Prolit, 170

   editor of Red World, 172

   Splinters (Shpener), 151–2

Feldman, David, 167, 177–8

fellow travelers, 135, 137, 158, 162, 171, 177, 183

Finenberg, Ezra, 127, 146, 150, 151, 167

Fishman, Joshua, 32, 38, 62

Five-Year Plan, 13, 22, 201

Fogel, David, 204

Folkspartay, 145

French language, 33

Friedberg, Maurice, 115

Frumkina, Esther, 5, 25–6, 27, 28, 57, 93, 103, 110, 159, 165, 215–17, 219

   at the Czernowitz conference, 39

   Lenin and His Work, 110

   October Revolution, 110

Funkenstein, Amos, 2

Futurism, 115, 136, 142, 184

Gang (Khalyastre) literary group, 136, 163

Gellner, Ernest, 66

genre, 184

   lyric, 184

   “Revolutionary lyricists,” 186

Georgian, 16, 21, 36, 132

   Jews, 52, 238

   socialist tradition, 89

German

   and its relationship to Yiddish, 65

   language, 7, 9, 31, 33, 63–4, 82, 84, 85

   people, 10, 133, 218

   Soviet publishing in, 82, 104, 108, 133

Gershenzon, Mikhail, 51–2

Gezerd (Society for Settling Jews on the Land), 29

Gildin, Chaim, 153–7, 165, 170–1

   editor of Red World, 172

   Hamer Klang, 154

Gitelman, Zvi, 218

Glatshteyn, Jacob, 60

Glazman, Baruch, 1, 229

Gnessin, Mikhail, 51, 237

Gnessin, Uri, 111

Godiner, Shmuel, 150, 159

Goldman, Yashe, 171

Goldstein, Rebecca, 1–8

Gomel, Russia, 97, 154

   Jewish Teacher’s College in, 202

Gordon, Sholem, 146, 149

Gorky, Maxim, 49

Gosizdat. See Publishing Houses

Gottlober, A.B., 33, 34

Granovsky, Alexander, 103, 150

Gray, Camilla, 121

Great Break, 201

Greek,

   Alexis, Greek language reformer, 63

   Demotika, 63

   Katarevusa, 63

   Pontic, 63

   See also language reform

Greenbaum, Alfred, 126

Grinberg, Uri Tsvi, 163, 185

   “Uri Tsvi Before the Cross” (Uri Tsvi farn tselem), 190

Gulfstream (Holfshtrom), Ukrainian futurist journal, 146

Gurshteyn, Aaron, 148, 159

Gypsies, See Roma

Halkin, Shmuel, 149, 153, 176

Ha-shomer ha-tsair (The Young Guard), 46

Hasidism, 28, 33–4, 43

Haskalah, 32–7, 183–4, 189, 195

   maskilim, 34–7, 183–4, 186

   See also Enlightenment

Hebraism, 38–9, 40, 43–4, 50, 61, 65, 68, 87

Hebrew

   and nationalism, 42

   as a native language, 46, 53

   Bereshit, 49

   calendar controversy, 47–9, 126

   Dawn (Ha-shachar), 195

   education in, 42–7

   Feuilletons, 12

   grammar, 35

   journals, 34

   language, 7, 8–13, 26, 28, 30, 35, 37, 39, 185, 232

   literature in translation, 111

   modern Hebrew culture, 33, 35, 40, 41, 47, 50–1, 163

   nation, 10, 40

   publishing in, 47

   in Soviet schools, 41–2, 54, 59

   study groups, 4

   suppression of, 6, 11, 12, 39, 47–52, 111, 236

   teachers, 112

   use by maskilim, 34

   See also Loshn koydesh, Nationalism

He-haluts, 130

Helmond, Sh., 157

Hirsch, Francine, 9

Hitler, Adolf, 10

Hofshteyn, David, 12, 24, 51–2, 99–100, 103, 123, 138, 141, 145, 146, 151–2, 159–60, 163, 176, 182–3, 204, 216–18

   as a proletarian writer, 168, 172

   as an impressionist, 185

   “City,” 141

   On Bright Ruins (Af likhtike ruinen), 163

   “Springtime,” 138

   “Ukraine,” 149

Holocaust, 2, 3, 218

identity, 7, 25, 211

   factory’s collective, 94

   intelligentsia’s collective, 25

   Jewish, 3, 7, 8, 10, 11, 25, 41, 52, 56, 113, 194, 201, 204

   national, 7, 16, 17, 36, 41

   proletarian, 20

   religious, 11

Ignatovsky, V., 62

illustrations, 116

imaginism, 169, 183

imperialism, 7, 9

   cultural, 20, 53

   theories of, 9

Impressionism, 91, 136, 138–9, 157, 185

industrialization, 22, 201, 203, 206

ink, quality of, 117

Institute for Belorussian Culture, 62, 73–4, 78

Institute for Jewish Culture, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (Institute for Jewish Proletarian Culture), 28, 74, 80, 86

institutionalization, of Soviet culture, 134

intellectuals, 5, 7

   Eastern European Jewish, 7, 18, 35, 64

   populist, 5

   Soviet Jewish, 4, 8, 16, 58, 213

International Women’s Day, 95, 210–11

Introspectivism (In Zikh) literary group, 70

Jargon, 5, 26, 37, 61, 64, 130

Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, 218

Jewish continuity, 194

Jewish population, 18, 21, 74, 91, 115

“Jewish psychology,” 96

Jewish Social Committee (Evobshchestkom), 105

Jewish workers, 6, 14, 16–17, 26

journals, Yiddish, 115

   Battle (Kamf), 143

   Cling Clang (Kling Klang), 146

   Communist World (Komunistishe Velt), 69, 97

   Culture and Enlightenment (Kultur un Bildung), 56, 68–70

   Dawn (Baginen), 139–42, 168, 195

   Emes journal, 116

   Emigrant, 156

   Life and Scholarship (Lebn un visnshaft), 65, 83

   New Earth (Nayerd), 165, 181

   New World (Nayvelt), 155–6

   October, 157–8, 165, 181

   Our Own (Eygns), 136, 137, 138–42, 168

   Pioner, 131, 181

   Pomegranate (Milgroym), 136, 164

   Prolit, 163, 170, 171–2

   Red World (Royte Velt), 123, 159–61, 162, 166, 170, 171–2, 181

   Register (Der pinkas), 65, 72–3, 74, 75

   Screen (Ekran), 155

   Soviet Enlightenment (Ratnbildung), 128

   Star (Shtern), Minsk, 157, 160–1, 162, 170, 172, 181–2

   Stream (Shtrom), 136, 145–50, 151–3, 155–6, 162, 163, 175, 177, 181

      editors, 51–2

      manifesto, 146

   Sunrise (Oyfgang), 142, 195

   Uphill (Barg Aroyf), 153

   Waves (Khvalyes), 143–4, 146, 153, 180

   Yiddish Language (Di Yidishe Shprakh), 62, 75–7, 80

   Yidish, 72, 73, 75

   Young Forest (Yungvald), 120, 131, 181

journalism

   Bolshevik, 99

   Jewish, 112, 251

   Russian, 116

Judaism, 6, 10, 15, 26

   persecution of, 6, 112

Judeo-Tadzhik, 12, 54–5, 64

   Latinization of, 83, 85

   in schools, 55

Judeo-Tat, 12, 54, 238

   Latinization of, 83

   publishing in, 54

   textbooks in, 54

Kalinin, Mikhail, 208

Kamenev, Lev, 23–4

Kamenshteyn, Moshe, 84

Kamf. See journals, Battle

Kandinsky, Vladimir, 190

Karaite Jews, 52, 238

Kassof, Brian, 171

Kazakevitch, Henekh, 93, 123, 159–60, 175

Khachevatsky, Moshe, 151, 158, 159–60

   Thirst (Dorsht), 152

Khalyastre. See The Gang

Kharik, Izi (Israel), 149–50, 157, 158–9, 166, 179, 213, 215–18, 219

   as A.Z. Zembin, 180

   as editor-in-chief of Star, Minsk, 166

   “Beneath Red Banners (Unter royte fonen), 180

   “Bread,” 191–3

   “Letter To/From Moscow,” 206–9

   member of the Communist Party, 179

   member of the Union of Soviet Writers, 179

   Minsk Swamps (Minsker Blotes), 158, 181

   and the “native foreigner,” 191

   On the Land (Af der erd), 181, 185, 198

   “Pass On, You Sad Grandfathers” (Fargeyt, Ir umetike zeydes), 193–4

   “Shtetl,” 188–91

   Trembling (Tsiter), 180

   With Body and Soul (Mit layb un lebn), 182, 201–12

   Writing in Russian, 12, 113

   “In Your Little Houses (In dayne hayzelekh), 196–201

Kharkov, Ukraine, 18, 21, 72, 73–4, 123, 128–9, 242

   as a center for Soviet Jewish culture, 159, 160

Khenkina, Mira, 144, 168

Khorol, Dvoyre, 168

Khozraschet (economic self-sufficiency), 104

Khvalyes. See journals, Waves

Kiev, Ukraine, 18, 21, 25, 27–8, 73–5, 139, 143

   as a publishing center, 91, 103, 123, 128–9

Kiev Group literary circle, 151, 162–4, 166, 180

Kiper, Moshe, 172

Kipnis, Itsik, 127, 153, 168, 169

Klal yisrael (The Jewish people), 26

Klyatskin, Dvoyre, 146

Kol Mevaser. See newspapers

Komsomol (Communist Youth League), 21, 143, 151, 171, 211

   Communist Pioneers, 208

Korenizatsiia. See Nativization

Krasnaia Nov’. See Russian-language journals, Red Virgin Soil

Krutikov, Mikhail, 255

Kulbak, Moshe, 259

Kushnirov, Aaron, 146, 150, 155, 157, 175, 202

Kuznitsa. See The Smithy

Kvitko, Leyb, 24, 123, 138, 141, 160, 162, 166, 167, 173–6, 182, 216, 260

   editor of Red World, 173–6

   Gerangl (Struggle), 175

   Kvitko Affair, 173–6

   “In a Red Storm,” 141

Ladino, 30, 63

landlessness, 10

language academies, 60–1

   Academie Française, 61

   Hebrew Language Committee, 61

language reform, 78

   Belorussian, 62–3, 82

   German, 82

   Greek, 63

   politics of, 60–3, 83

   reformers as a vanguard, 79

   Yiddish, 64, 70, 75, 85

   See also Greek, Yiddish

language, 3, 5, 8, 10, 33

   of high culture, 7, 184

   Jewish vernaculars, 30–1, 159–60

   of the Metropole, 9

   multilingualism, 12

   national, 26, 39

   native, 5, 7, 9, 12, 18, 40, 41–3, 53, 60, 89

   politics of, 34, 37–8, 40, 41, 60, 76, 85

   role in Soviet Jewish cultural politics, 3, 5, 7, 10, 76

   vernacular, 7, 30–1, 44, 63, 76, 90

   See also German, Hebrew, Russian, Ukrainian, Yiddish

Latin, 64

   Comparison to Hebrew, 51

Latinization, 55, 65, 70, 81

   Beginning (Unhojb), 83

   of Azerbaijani, 81

   of Hebrew, 86

   of Mongolian languages, 83

   of Ossetian, 81

   of Russian, 84

   of Yakut, 81

   of Yiddish, 81–7

   Our Script (Unser Shrift), 83

   plans in Chinese territory, 83

   plans in Karelian territory, 83

   plans in Korean territory, 83

Latvian, publishing in, 104

Lebedev-Poliansky, Pavel, 126

LEF, Futurist group, 135, 150

Lefin, Mendel, 33, 183

Lekert, Hirsh, 112

Lenin, Vladimir, 7, 9, 16–17, 19, 28, 92, 93, 205–6, 215

   Critical Remarks on the National Question, 16

   his concept of national privilege, 16–17

   his works in Yiddish, 19, 27, 89

Leningrad, 18, 49, 101

Lenoe, Matthew, 94, 133

Leshtsinsky, Yakov, 99–100

Levin, Chana, 159–60

Levinson, Yitzhak Ber, 34

Levitan, Mikhail, 5, 6–7, 8, 13, 44, 60, 74–5, 127, 128, 159–60, 170

Leyvik, H., 141, 162

liberals, 40

libraries, 50, 108

   Central Jewish Library in Moscow, 180

   Central Minsk Jewish Workers’ Club Library, 203

Lifshitz, Yehoshua, 36, 64

lingua franca, 183. See also Russian

linguistics, 65, 74

   linguists, 61, 67, 77, 79

   Linguistics Research Institute in Kharkov, 72

Lissitsky, El, 116, 120, 141

literacy, 10, 93

literary criticism, 2–13, 27, 136, 143

literary history, 137, 149, 203

   Jewish, 151

   Proletarian, 96, 165–6

literature,

   Party’s regulation of, 161, 162, 168

   role in constructing Soviet society, 134

Litfront literary group, 172

Lithuania, 14, 27

   workers, 17

   Yiddish in, 67

Litvak, A., 141–2

   “Literature and Life,” 141

Litvakov, Moshe, 27–8, 79, 86, 92, 99, 103, 116, 123, 126–7, 130, 154, 159, 170, 176, 213, 219

   attacks against, 173, 217–18

   editor of Emes, 16, 28, 116, 248

   his Party autobiography, 233

   In Umru, 27

   literary critic, 138–9, 154

   Litvakovism charges of, 217

Lodz, Poland, 136

London, England, 18

Loshn koydesh (the holy tongue), 30–1, 64

   literature in, 31

Lunacharsky, A.V., 49, 67, 210

Lurie, Noyekh, 167, 169

Luther, Martin, publishing the Bible in German, 90

Makagon, Aaron, 88

Malevich, Kasimir, 121

Mandelshtam, Osip, 12

Manifestos, Literary, 136

Marc, Franz, 190

Markish, Perets, 24, 138, 141, 144, 145, 159–60, 162–4, 166, 177, 178, 182, 216

   “Dawn,” 138

   “The Heap” (Di Kupe), 185–6

   “Hunger,” 148

   One Generation Goes, Another One Comes (Dor oys, dor ayn), 177

   Thresholds (Shveln), 185

   “Veyland,” 148

Marr, Nikolai, 51

Marshak, B., 75, 128–9

Martin, Terry, 9, 60, 89

martyrs, of Soviet Yiddish culture, 146

Marx, Karl, 11, 172

   translations of, 89

Marxism, 16, 19

maskilim, 7, 15, 92

   See also Haskalah

Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 142, 183, 184

   For the Voice, 120

Mayzl, Nachman, 91, 138

Mendele. See Abramovitch, S.Y.

Mensheviks, 23–4

Merezhin, Avrom, 20, 53, 56, 99, 109, 156, 159

Meyerovitch, Daniel, 149, 158, 176

Midrash, 32

migration, 18, 208, 237

Mikhoels, Shlomo, 150

Mikitenko, I.K., 217

Milgroym. See journals, Pomegranate

Minsk, Belorussia, 21, 25, 26, 36, 72–3, 74, 180–2

   Minsk Group of Proletarian Critics and Editors, 176

   Minsk Jewish Lenin Club, 202

Miron, Dan, 186, 189

Mitlinsky, Y., 68–9

Mitnagdim (The Opponents), 43

Modernism, 14, 27, 89, 91, 115–16, 121, 136–7, 148, 185, 189, 212, 216, 256

   multilingualism in Jewish, 149, 204

   Russian, 145, 150

   Soviet Hebrew, 49

   Ukrainian, 137, 139

   Yiddish, 141, 146, 159, 181–2, 183

modernization, 7, 8, 9, 15, 18, 32–3, 41, 184, 191, 201, 203, 230

   of language, 61, 64, 72, 85, 87

   of the shtetl, 192, 201, 209

Mordovian, Yakstere Teshte, 108

Morgenstern, Christian, 143

Moscow Circle of Yiddish Writers and Artists, 24, 145–50, 158, 163, 181

Moscow, Russia, 18, 21, 22, 25, 28, 49, 59, 70–2, 73–4, 82, 95, 98, 101–2, 144–5

   center of modernism, 136

   center of Soviet Yiddish culture, 88, 97, 111, 122

   during the Civil War, 145

Mystetstvo. See Ukrainian-language journals, Art

Na postu. See Russian-language journals, On Guard

“Naked speech,” 152

Narkompros, See Commissariat

nation, 1–8, 10, 12, 16, 23, 32, 96

   liberation movements, 9

   nation-building, 13, 16, 19, 149, 229

   Russian, 7

   Soviet Jewish, 5, 8, 10, 18, 41, 53, 87

“National deviations,” 22–3

   rise of, 32–9

nationalism, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 16, 36, 46, 61, 66, 79

   anti-colonial, 9

   bourgeois, 17, 216

   and Communism, 137

   fear of, 19–20, 22–3, 63, 132, 168

   Jewish, 10, 15, 26–9, 50, 91, 92, 96, 164, 183

   linguistic, 64

   Romantic, 71

   scholarship on, 7

   Ukrainian, 137

Nationalities Institute, Central Executive Committee, 29

nationality, 5, 12, 18, 21. See also Soviet policies

nationhood, 5, 16, 66

nativization (korenizatsiia), 22–3, 25–6, 27, 55, 59, 72–3, 114, 238

Nazis, 11

New Economic Policy (NEP), 21–2, 78, 104–6, 110, 123, 131, 161, 185, 208

New Turkic Alphabet Commission, 82

New York, United States, 18, 136

news, 121

newspapers, 5, 7, 38, 40, 77, 79, 80, 92, 93–5, 98, 121, 123

   Advocate (Ha-melits), 35

   Alarm (Der Veker), 92, 180, 247

   Bolshevik Yiddish, 92

   Communist Banner (Komunistishe Fon), 93, 94, 152, 153–4

   Dawn (Rassvet), 33

   Forward (Forverts), 117, 165

   Fraynd, 240

   Freedom (Frayhayt), 100, 162

   Herald (Kol Mevaser), 35–6

   The Jewish Peasant (Der yidisher poyer), 111–12

   Kavkaz Rosta, 54

   Kiev Voice (Kievskaia Mysl’), 27

   Kurantin, Kol Mevaser, 90

   Latest News (Letste Nayes), 68, 241

   Moment, 90, 91

   New Times (Naye Tsayt), 27, 68, 92, 151, 241

   News (Yedies), 129

   Party, 24

   Pravda, 57

   Revolution and Nationalities (Revoliustiia I natsional’nost’), 29

   subscriptions, 105

   Today (Haynt), 91

   The Truth (Ha-emes), 95

   Truth (Varhayt), 95–6, 97

   The Week (Di vokh), 97

   Workers’ Voice (Arbeter Shtime), 8

   See also Emes, Star, October

Nicholas I, Tsar, 34–5

Niepomniashchy, Shlomo, 158, 164, 181, 213, 248

Niger, Shmuel, 24, 65, 70, 97, 100, 184, 241

Nikolaev, Ukraine, 18

Nizhnii Novgorod, Russia, 41

nostalgia in the creation of Soviet Yiddish culture, 179, 186, 196, 198, 200

Nuremberg Laws, 10, 231

Nusinov, Yitzhak, 150–1, 152, 159

October (Oktyabr), Minsk, 78, 94, 122, 123, 131, 160, 181–2

October proletarian writers’ group, 135

Odessa, Ukraine, 49, 98

On the Language Front. See journals, Yiddish Language

Opatoshu, Joseph, 113, 128

oral newspapers, 93–4

Orland, Hershl, 176

Orshansky, Ber, 157, 160–1, 170

orthography, 65, 68–72, 78, 144

   Central Orthographic Commission, 81, 84–6, 87

   eliminating final letters from Yiddish, 80

   implementation of standard, 80–1

   Orthographic Dictionary, 81, 85

   reform in handwritten Yiddish, 244

   simplification of, 78

   special status of Hebrew root words in Yiddish, 64, 68, 69, 71, 209

   standardization of, 73, 75, 77–81, 208

Osherovitch, Elyohu, 160

Oyfgang. See journals, Sunrise

Oyslender, Nokhum, 73, 144, 146, 150, 151, 153, 157, 167

Pale of Settlement, 18, 39–40, 67, 91, 112

Palestine, 37, 96, 163, 185

paper, 50, 92, 100

   Commissariat, 100

   consumption, 100

   Jewish control over distribution, 101

   quality of, 117

   rationing of, 88, 100

   theft of, 88

parallelism, in publishing, 103

Paris, France, 27, 136

   commune, 116

Passover, 6, 190

   Haggadot, 113

peasants, 21

   Jewish, 111, 116

Pedagogy, 42, 44, 60, 67, 69, 80, 82, 236

Perets, Y.L., 66, 166

   “If Not Higher,” 205

Persov, Shmuel, 150, 159

Petrograd, See Leningrad

philosophies, Modern European, 7, 189

photography, 115–16

pilgrimmage to the Soviet Union, 165

Pinkas. See journals, Register

Plekhanov, Georgy, 14

Poalei Tsion, 65

   Proletarian Thought (Proletarskaia Mysl’), 130

poets, 8, 14, 38

pogroms, 95, 97, 138, 141, 148

Poland, 14, 21

Polish,

   Hammer and Sickle (Mlot i serp), 106

   language 7, 33

   modern Jewish culture in, 35

   people, 10, 17, 39, 217

   publishing in, 104, 124

   Tribuna, 106

   Yiddish in, 67

political correctness, 127

political literature, in Yiddish, 110

popular science, 111

Populism, 4, 20, 36, 37, 44, 63, 92

   See also Intellectuals

Portnoy, Efraim, 159–60

power,

   imperial, 29

   national minorities’, 21

   negotiation of, 12, 15, 48, 49, 145

   Soviet Yiddish intelligentsia’s, 12, 28, 43, 216

   See also publishing

press crisis, 105, 109, 121

prices, book, 105

print culture. See culture

print houses, 49, 54, 101–2

   Sixteenth State, 102

   Emes, 102, 130

printers, Jewish, 34

printing press, 100

professionalization, 77

   of writers, 180

Proletarian culture, 137, 145, 168, 170, 201

   antimodernism in, 154, 169

   ideology, 144

   Lenin’s conception of, 135

Proletarian literature, 155, 161, 182, 184

   All Union Association of Proletarian Writers (VAPP), Jewish Section, 172–3

   Belorussian Association of Proletarian Writers (BelAPP), 166, 182

   dissolution of RAPP, 178

   Free Academy of Proletarian Literature (VAPLITE), 169

   Jewish section of MAPP, 155, 157, 158, 170–1, 175

   Jewish section of VUSP, 165, 171–2, 176

   Moscow Association of (MAPP), 135

   Proletkult, 143, 153–5

   Russian Association of (RAPP), 133

   Ukrainian Association of Proletarian Writers (UkAPP), 133

   Ukrainian Proletarian Writers Group (VUSP), 163

   writers, 158, 179

   Yiddish literary organization, 154, 156

   Young Worker (Yunger Arbeter), 166

propaganda, 3, 6, 19, 41, 60, 89, 97, 109

propagandists, 3, 4, 53, 93

provisional government, 39, 40, 92

pseudonyms,

   maskilic uses of, 34

   pre-modern uses of, 32

   Soviet uses of, 180

publishing

   becoming an industry, 91

   book, 18, 86–7, 106, 110, 115, 144

   centralization of, 50, 91, 105, 129–31

   languages of ethnic minorities, 102, 103–4, 106, 123

   publications, 13, 24, 71, 79, 101, 103

   publishers, 4, 79, 88

   regionalism and, 129–30

   regulatory power over, 48, 103, 123–4, 125, 126, 127

   Russian-language, 91, 104, 126, 132

   Soviet publishing industry, 98, 100

   state subsidies for, 105–6

   Tsarist-era restrictions on, 90

publishing houses, 2, 8, 38, 80–1, 89, 90, 98, 105, 106, 165, 185, 216

   All-Ukrainian Literary Committee, 123

   Art Publishing House (Kunst farlag), 91

   Book Seller (Knihospilka) Publishing House, 84, 123

   Central Publishing House for National Minorities of the West (CWP), 104

   Central Publishing House for National Minorities of the Soviet Union (Tsentroizdat), 104, 111, 114, 131, 175

   Communist World (Komunistishe Velt), 99–100, 103, 145

   Culture League (Kultur Lige), 27, 51–2, 75, 103, 105, 110–11, 123–4, 127–9, 131, 142, 146, 150, 163

   Lyric (Lirik), 151

   Path of Enlightenment (Put’ prosveshcheniia), 123

   People’s Publishing House (Folksfarlag), 123

   Progress Publishing House, 91

   Red Path (Chervonyi Shliakh), 159

   School and Book (Shul un Bukh) publishing house, 13, 28, 103, 109, 111, 124, 131

   State Publishing House of Belorussia, (Belgoizdat) 73, 124, 202

   State Publishing House of the Russian Republic (Gosizdat), 47, 100–1, 103, 125–6, 129, 145, 159

   Ukrainian Central Executive Committee Publishing House, 123

   Ukrainian State Publishing House (Gosizdat Ukraine), 123

   Ukrainian Worker (Ukrainskii rabochii), 123

Purges, 3, 24, 86, 102, 153

   Great Purges, 2, 13, 28, 153, 216, 219

   See also anti-Semitism

Pyatigorskaya, Anyuta, 168

rabbis, 10, 15, 26, 28, 114

   arrest of, 11, 215

   Rabbinic literature, 30, 31, 33, 90

Rabin, Yosef, 157, 175

Rabinowitch, Osip, 33

race, theories of, 10

radio, journalistic use of, 121

Ravitch, Melekh, 163

reading audience, 93, 202

reading rooms, 114

Red Army, 20, 22, 99, 138–9, 144, 154

Refuseniks, 4

regional newspapers, 97

religion, 85

   groups, 12

   leaders of, 112

   organizations, 7

   in Soviet schools, 42

repression, 4

resisters, 4

revolutions

   Bolshevik/October Revolution, 5, 9, 14, 17, 28, 55, 67, 92, 98, 101, 147, 150, 179

   February, 14, 27, 39–40, 47, 92, 145

   French, 14

   of 1905, 27, 28, 37, 91

   Proletarian, 9, 22

   Soviet socialist, 13

Reyzen, Avrom, 117

Reyzen, Zalman, 162

Reznik, Lipe, 146, 150–1, 159, 167

Rivess, Avrom, 171

Rodchenko, Alexander, 116

Roma, 10

Romanticism, 64, 191

Rosh Hashanah, 113

Rosin, Shmuel, 146, 150, 175

Rozenhoyz, Leyme, 73

Russian

   as an imperial language, 41, 43, 55–6, 61

   as a language of modernization, 33, 57

   as a native language for Jews, 58

   Civil War, 2, 20, 50, 73, 78, 93, 97, 98–9, 106, 121, 136, 162, 179–80

   culture, 5, 8, 12, 17, 24

   Empire, 7, 9, 14, 34

   intelligentsia, 11, 12, 98

   Jews, 16, 57

   language, 6, 7, 18–19, 20, 25–6, 55

   literature, 134

   modern Jewish culture in, 35, 48

   newspapers in Belorussia, 124

   orthographic reform, 67, 71

   people, 10, 11

   press, 94

   Soviet culture in, 41

   the Soviet lingua franca, 59, 230, 231

   and the Soviet Yiddish Intelligentsia, 56

   teaching Jewish children, 40

   workers, 17

Russian-language journals,

   Dawn (Rassvet), 195

   Jewish Tribune (Evreiskaia Tribuna), 56

   Journal of the Jewish Division of the Nationalities (Vestnik evreiskogo otdel anarkomnatsa), 56

   LEF, 120

   Life of Nationalities (Zhizn’ natsional’nostei), 57, 148, 154

   On Guard (Na postu), 135, 168

   Red Virgin Soil (Krasnaia Nov’), 135, 159, 168

   Young Guard (Molodaia Gvardiia), 203

Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party (RSDWP), 23, 28, 37

Russification, 20, 57

   de-Russification, 41

Samara, Russia, 70

satire, 2, 121, 174–5, 204, 205

Savchenko, Yakiv, 149

scholars, 4

schools,

   a site for language wars, 41, 47

   and nationalism, 44

   closing down of, 11

   Hebrew-language, 42–7

   Jewish, 2, 5, 7, 12, 13, 18–19, 27, 36, 38, 40, 50, 53, 77, 109, 240

   Russian-language, 18, 58

   Soviet Jewish school system, 41, 44, 57, 67, 110, 219

Schulman, Elias, 239

second generation of Soviet Yiddish writers, 180

   tension with the first generation, 233

Second Moscow State University, 72, 74, 152

secular

   Jewish culture, 10, 25, 45, 56, 74, 219

   Jewish identity, 11, 15, 16, 19, 213

   secularism, 3, 8, 26

   secularization, 7, 32, 39

   uses of language, 31

self-criticism, 177

self-determination, 9

Semenko, Mykhail, 136, 139, 146, 151, 183

semiotic systems, 3

sentimentality, 4

Sephardic Jews, 30

Serapion Brothers literary group, 135

Serbo-Croatian, 65

Shakty Affair, 24

Shavuot, 199

Shevchenko, Taras, 36, 55

Shmeruk, Chone, 136

Sholem Aleichem, 36, 55, 56, 66, 74, 76, 166, 219

   his play 200,000, 203

Shor, D., 51–2

Shoykhet, Avrom, 150–1, 152, 154–5, 157, 159, 170

   Assault (Ongrif), 152

Shtadlan (intermediary), 15, 231

Shtern. See Star

Shternshis, Anya, 216

shtetls, 23, 28, 110, 112–13, 115, 186, 202, 204, 208

   literary images of, 113, 181, 182, 186, 189, 206

Shteyman, Beynush, 144, 146

Shtif, Nokhum, 73, 75–7, 79, 81, 86, 163

Shtrom. See journals, Stream

Shulman, Moshe, 65, 69, 85

Shumiacher, Esther, 152, 163

Shvartsman, Osher, 144, 146

Singer, I.J., 141

Slovene, 65

The Smithy (Kuznitsa) literary group, 135

Smolar, Hersh, 14, 21, 23, 123

Socialism, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 15, 19, 20, 26–9, 37, 147, 183, 189

   in one country, 22

   Jewish, 15, 16, 24, 40, 91, 92, 101

   Socialist Jewish culture, 3, 4, 38

   See also Bund, Poalei Tsion

Socialist autonomists, 14

Socialist Realism, 134, 137, 178, 184, 206, 210, 216

Sosis, Israel, 73

Sotek, Jacob, 83

Soviet constitution, 22, 217

Soviet Jewish clubs, 5

Soviet Jews, the remaking of, 109, 110–11, 115, 196

Soviet policies, 8, 9

   Imperial, 9

   language, 84, 209

   nationalities, 9, 10, 21, 53, 55, 87

   See also Ethnic minorities, nativization

Soviet politics, 7, 109, 163

Soviet state, 6, 9, 13, 15, 17, 18, 58, 89

   Central Executive Committee of, 46–7, 83, 126–7

   supporting Yiddish, 6, 72

   Workers and Peasants Inspectorate (Rabkrin), 88, 130–1

Soviet Union, 5, 6, 9, 11, 14, 20, 21, 26

   establishment of, 22

Soviet Yiddish Intelligentsia, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14–16, 19–20, 21, 23–9, 39, 42, 44, 47, 52–9, 61, 86, 88–9, 131, 132, 137, 165, 219

Spivak, Elye, 86

St. Petersburg, See Leningrad

Stalin, Joseph, 1, 16–17, 19, 20–2, 24, 137, 215, 217, 219

   Marxism and the National Question, 16

Stalinism, 13, 216

Stalinist culture, 178

Star (Shtern), Kharkov, 78, 84, 94, 100, 125, 131, 164

Steklov, Yu., Studies on the History of the International, 126

Strelits, Oscar, 154–5, 170

subjectivity, 4

suprematism, 116

Sverdlov, Yakov, 92

Sweatshop Poets, 144, 153

Symbolism, 136, 138–9, 164

   politics of, 157, 169

synagogues, closing down of, 11, 215

Tadzhik, 54

Talush, in Hebrew literature, 204

Tarbut cultural organization, 40, 43

Tartsinsky, H., 95

TASS (Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union). See wire services

Tayf, Moshe, 157, 160, 173

Taytsh, Moshe, 155

teachers, 2, 13, 14, 67–8, 79

   representations of, 182, 201

telephone, journalistic use of, 122

territory, 23

   Jews’ lack of, 132

   a site for ethnic minorities cultural production, 122, 230, 231

theaters, 3, 13

   Habimah Hebrew-language theater, 237

   Jewish Chamber, 28

   Moscow State Yiddish Theater (GOSET), 2, 106, 129, 237

   thick journals, 159, 160, 161, 257

Tolstoy, Leo, War and Peace, 100

tragedy, 2, 4

   as a narrative strategy, 2, 4, 219

   tragic subjects, 4

translation,

   of culture, 15, 17, 19, 29

   of texts, 31, 57, 89, 90, 104, 110, 111, 133, 159

Trotsky, Leon, 18, 22, 23–4, 135, 161

Tsars, 9

Tsaytshrift, Minsk, 73

Tsederbaum, Alexander, 35–6

Tsenah U-re’enah, 32

Tubiansky, M., 51–2

Tychyna, Pavlo, 169

typeface, 50, 99, 117–21, 139–42

   Hebrew, 90

   Latin, 85

typesetters, 99, 102

Ukraine, 6, 18, 20, 24, 74, 109

   as an oppressed language, 36

   cultural institutions, 59

   Partychky, Emelian, First German-Ukrainian dictionary, 64

   publishing in, 91

   Socialist tradition in, 89

   Symbolists, 135

   Ukrainian language, 5, 19, 25, 30, 128

   Ukrainian Language Movement, 64

   Ukrainian people, 5, 11, 17, 21, 39, 57, 132

   Ukrainian workers, 17

Ukrainian-language journals

   Art (Mystetsvo), futurist journal, 136

   Link (Lanko), fellow-traveler journal, 136

   Muzahet, symbolist journal, 135

   Stars of Tomorrow (Zori griadushchego), proletarian journal, 135

Union of Soviet Writers, 134, 178, 216

   Congress, 142, 216

United Ones (Fareynikte), 24–5, 27

utilitarianism in Jewish culture, 6, 7, 27, 184

   utilitarian use of language, 32, 33, 183

Uzbekistan, 54

Vayter, A., 97

Veidlinger, Jeffrey, 3, 48, 218–19

Velednitsky, Avrom, 159, 168

   Suffering (Layternish), 152

Veviorke, Avrom, 70, 78–9, 150, 155, 157, 159, 175, 181

Veynger, Mordechai, 73, 78–9, 81

Vidervuks. See Aftergrowth

Vilna, Lithuania, 34, 80, 91, 97

Viner, Meir, 86

Visual arts, 142

Vitebsk, Belorussia/Russia, 97, 101, 143, 202

Volkenshteyn, David, 167

Voronezh, Russia, 58

Voronsky, Alexander, 135, 169

Wall newspapers, 94

War Communism, 21, 22, 185

Warsaw, Poland, 136

   as a publishing center, 91

Weinreich, Max, 31–32, 34, 73

Wisse, Ruth, 254

White Army, 20

wire services, 93

   TASS (Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union), 94

   Rosta (Russian State Telegraph Agency), 94, 121

Wolitz, Seth, 136

women, 21, 26, 35, 194, 204

   liturgy for, 32

   separation of women and men, 204

worker correspondents, 122

workers’ internationalism, 130

Workers’ Movement, 16–17

World War I, 26, 28, 39, 67, 91, 138

   restrictions on Jewish publishing during, 91

World War II, 2, 10, 11, 54, 218, 219

Yiddish language, 2–13, 14–15, 20, 22, 25–9, 30, 35, 38, 42, 57, 61, 112, 195, 219

   dialects, 31, 38, 67, 73, 78

   dictionaries, 36, 64, 73, 77

   “Language of the ruling class” in the Soviet Union, 167

   and the Haskalah, 33–6

   international intelligentsia, 117, 149, 162, 185

   Jewish vernacular, 4, 7, 35–6, 90

   Jewish workers’ language, 37, 51, 61, 76, 184

   language of social mobility, 19

   official native language of Soviet Jewry, 42–3, 47, 52

   orthography, 38

   press, 7, 36

   research, 72, 77

   in South Africa, 241

   speakers, 7

   standardization of, 67

   in the United States, 235

   in Western Europe, 33

   See also Soviet Yiddish Intelligentsia, Language

Yiddish literature, 1, 7, 8, 38, 66, 137, 182

   aesthetics and, 66

   difficulties of publishing, 34, 39

   fiction in the Soviet Union, 110

   nineteenth-century, 34

   pre-modern, 31, 32, 90

   production of, 90, 104

Yiddish philology, 35, 65–7, 75, 87

   Philological Commission in Moscow, 69, 70

   Philological Commission in Minsk, 73

Yiddish phonetics, 65

Yiddishism, 20, 26, 27, 38–9, 40, 43–4, 48, 50, 55, 61, 65–6

   Modern Yiddish Language Movement, 64, 87

Yiddish writers, 2, 14, 24, 28, 32, 77, 98, 109, 127, 134, 167

   as “Engineers of souls,” 142

YIVO (Institute for Jewish Research), 80, 244

Yom Kippur, 113, 204

Young Yiddish (Yung yidish), 136

youth, 113

Yung yidish. See Young Yiddish

Zaretsky, Itsik, 70–2, 81, 83–6

Zatonskyi, Volodymyr, 18

Zhitlovsky, Chaim, 83, 244

Zhitomir, Ukraine, 34

Zinoviev, Gregory, 23–4

Zionism, 6, 37–40, 46–7, 51, 85, 164

   print culture, 38

   printing facilities, 101

   repression of, 6, 95

   Socialist Zionists, 14, 24–9, 42

   Zionist Socialist Party, 27

   Zionists, 8, 10, 14, 42, 47, 56, 58, 96, 101