HANDBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

A concise account of international law by an experienced practitioner, this book explains how states and international organisations, especially the United Nations, make and use international law. The nature of international law and its fundamental concepts and principles are described. The difference and relationship between various areas of international law which are often misunderstood (such as diplomatic and state immunity, and human rights and international humanitarian law) are clearly explained. The essence of new specialist areas of international law relating to the environment, human rights and terrorism is discussed.

   Aust’s clear and accessible style makes the subject understandable to non-international lawyers, non-lawyers and students. Abundant references are provided to sources and other materials, including authoritative and useful websites.

ANTHONY AUST is a former Deputy Legal Adviser of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London. A solicitor, he now practises as a consultant on international law and constitutional law to governments and international organisations, both privately and with the law firm Kendall Freeman of London. He is a visiting professor at the London School of Economics. His publications include Modern Treaty Law and Practice (Cambridge University Press, 2002).

HANDBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

ANTHONY AUST
London School of Economics and Kendall Freeman Solicitors

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo

Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521530347

© Anthony Aust 2005

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2005

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data
Aust, Anthony.
Handbook of international law / Anthony Aust. – 1st ed.
p.   cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-521-82349-8 (hardback) – ISBN 0-521-53034-2 (pbk.)
1. International law. I. Title.
KZ3410.A94   2005     341–dc22

ISBN-13 978-0-521-82349-4 hardback
ISBN-10 0-521-82349-8 hardback
ISBN-13 978-0-521-53034-7 paperback
ISBN-10 0-521-53034-2 paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

For Kirsten

CONTENTS

FOREWORD

Tony Aust has already produced Modern Treaty Law and Practice ( Cambridge University Press, 2000). This was an exercise in the handbook mode which some scholars profess to dislike, and which most of them certainly neglect. In my own case I confess that his handbook is often to hand, because it is a place to start looking at problems in the law of treaties on an everyday basis. It does not claim to be definitive, but it succeeds in its task of introducing and of providing initial guidance in a clear and well-informed way. Take for example the short discussion on provisional application (ibid., pp. 139–41), an issue of great practical significance as to which there is little or nothing in the older treatises. What he says is clear, well illustrated – one is pointed to difficulties and prominent instances (e.g. the Energy Charter Treaty) – and one is told that the case of provisional application which everyone knows – GATT 1947 – is ‘hugely atypical’.

   The clear guidance and practical sense of Modern Treaty Law and Practice is here repeated on the broader canvas of general international law, an area of equal significance but much less accessible than the law of treaties. These days everyone including taxi-drivers talks about customary international law, although they probably (and wisely) do not use the term. But there is an awareness that an imminent threat is a condition for action in self-defence; that the Security Council can authorise individual states to use force but may be expected to do so in clear language; that crimes against humanity are punishable and might be punished; and that human rights confront state responsibility with consequences for both. Providing guidance in this much broader frame is a challenge. But non-specialists have to start somewhere and this is a good place to start.

   Tony Aust brings to the work a sense of humour, of balance and of British practice – but the work is not parochial. Her Majesty’s Government has a long tradition (back to the 1880s) of a legal adviser in the Foreign Office, and there has been a consistent pattern of consultation on issues perceived as legal. It can be traced in the United Kingdom Materials on International Law (UKMIL), published in the British Yearbook of International Law since 1978 and running now to thousands of pages – but it goes back much further than that. Senior decision-makers tend to say that they like their lawyers ‘on tap and not on top’ (as one British ambassador to the UN put it). But if one is ever involved in a long-running international dispute it is a fair bet that the government which has had a consistent, legally informed approach is the more likely to prevail, whatever the initial merits may have been. Aust has been a participant in this process from the British side for as long as thirty-five years – a process sometimes affected by forays from Lord Chancellors (as in Suez in 1956) or Attorneys-General (as with Iraq in 2003) but constant and generally consistent. In turn good international law has reinforced sustainable international policy – witness those two occasions where the costs of the alternatives were considerable.

   The treatment of the subject is light and sometimes schematic – more detailed issues will require more detailed research. But he covers the ground and gives a good idea of its shape and contours, and this is a valuable service at a time of overspecialisation.

James Crawford
Whewell Professor of International Law
University of Cambridge
28 April 2005

PREFACE

[Q]uotation is a national vice.
Evelyn Waugh, The Loved One, 1948, Ch. 9.

The Oxford English Dictionary defines a handbook as a short manual or guide; and this book is intended to be a helpful means of finding out about international law. It is meant to be kept, literally, close at hand, so that when one comes across a problem (perhaps a new area of the law or a new concept or term) one can turn first to it and get a quick answer to questions such as: What is the exclusive economic zone? Who is a refugee? What is the legal regime of Antarctica? How are diplomatic and state immunity confused? What is Palestine? Should one prefer an arbitral tribunal to an international court? What is a Chapter VII resolution? My purpose is to explain international law principles and rules in a clear and concise way. I avoid as far as possible theory and speculation.

   Although the book can be read as an introduction to the subject, it is designed to meet the need for a practical guide for those concerned with international law, whether on a regular or occasional basis. In the last century a tremendous amount was written on the subject. General works may be intended rather more for the student. Dealing as they do with the history of international law, its doctrines and intellectual problems, such works do not have enough space to set out the law in detail. That is right. Most students of international law, whether undergraduate or postgraduate, will not practise it.

   Yet many other people need to know about international law, not only legal advisers to foreign ministries. Therefore another object of this book is to make more people aware of the international law that lies behind so many ordinary activities. Today international law affects almost every human activity. To take one simple example: foreign flights by air are only possible because of an elaborate network of bilateral treaties; and they have been concluded pursuant to a multilateral treaty of 1944 which provides the basic structure for the regulation of international civil aviation. And when the aircraft crashes, treaties going back to 1929 may limit the compensation received by your family (see pp. 349–51 below).

   In recent years treaties providing for the protection of human rights and the environment have become widely known. But there are many other important areas regulated by treaties, some dating back to the nineteenth century, yet they are largely unknown except to the specialist. That the Table of treaties is much longer than the Table of cases merely reflects the fact that treaties now play a much more important role in the day-to-day work of the international lawyer. Today, decisions of international courts and tribunals have a less central role. Similarly, common law practitioners will be familiar with the way legislation, primary and secondary, has increased so much in volume and complexity in the last fifty years that it is now the principal element in their work.

   The vital role played by international law is often not obvious even to lawyers, unless they specialise in the subject. Fortunately, in recent years George W. Bush, Saddam Hussein and Slobodan Milosevic have done much to heighten awareness of the law on the use of force, UN sanctions, war crimes and crimes against humanity. Yet even specialists – whether lawyers or not – in areas such as human rights, the environment or the European Union, often do not have a good grounding in international law, even though their fields have been created wholly or largely by treaties. A physicist needs to have advanced mathematics, and no doctor could qualify without a good knowledge of chemistry and biology. Similarly, international civil servants, government officials, NGO staff and other specialists all need to be more familiar with the international law underlying their subject, not just the particular texts that are immediately relevant.

   It is a mistake to think that only international courts and tribunals decide disputes about international law. National courts and tribunals still decide most of them. And international law can reach far down into the internal legal order of states, sometimes with unexpected effects. In 1994, a merchant ship belonging to a former communist state was arrested in Scotland at the initiative of the crew who had not been paid for months. Normally the arrest would have been perfectly proper, but, unknown at first to the local court, there was a bilateral treaty between that state and the United Kingdom which prohibited the arrest of merchant vessels for such a purpose.

   Although law is always developing, it is a mistake to think that all of it is uncertain. International law develops continually, and has its share of grey areas, but that does not mean that it is always a matter of opinion. Most of the basic principles and rules are well established. As with the law of each state, the problems faced daily are concerned more with how to apply a rule to the facts. This goes also for most cases before national courts and tribunals. Cases such as Pinochet (see pp. 5 and 178 below) are the exception, not the rule.

   All practising lawyers know how different the practice of law is from what they learned as a student. It is the same for international law. I have therefore included as much as possible of its practical aspects. This book explains how the law is actually developed and applied by states and international organisations. I was very fortunate to have been a foreign ministry legal adviser for thirty-five years. It gave me an insight into how things are done, and I have put much of my experience into this book. When I have not been able to draw on that experience, or that of former colleagues, I have been able to use my understanding developed during a lifetime of practice. This inevitably gives one an instinctive feel for what is really important; and I have aimed to convey this throughout.

   I hope that teachers and students of international law will also find the book of value. There is an increasing awareness of the need to teach international law, and especially how it is developed, within its proper context. That is largely a diplomatic context. One cannot properly appreciate why a treaty or a UN Security Council resolution was drafted in a particular way unless one understands something of the political or diplomatic process that produced it and how problems are eventually solved. That knowledge helps to explain what diplomats and other international negotiators actually do. I have therefore tried to set the law in that context.

   This book is not therefore just of interest to diplomats, as is largely the case with Satow and similar books. My aim is to cover most areas of international law, not just those that are of particular interest to a diplomat (Denza’s excellent and authoritative Diplomatic Law is limited to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations). Nevertheless, I hope the book will be useful to diplomats, who are concerned with many more aspects of international law than may be thought. Even those who work in foreign ministries or embassies with easier access to expert legal advice have a need to understand that advice so that they can act upon it properly and effectively. And there are all too many diplomats with no or little legal knowledge who have to work largely without legal advice, dealing with international legal problems as best they can.

   The chapters vary much in length. The longer ones, such as those on the law of the sea, the law of treaties and diplomatic relations, give a fairly detailed treatment of those topics which are at the centre of international law. Other, more specialised topics like human rights and environmental law are dealt with more summarily since they cannot be described in detail in a book of this length (the leading British work on international environmental law has nearly 800 pages). So, those chapters are more in the nature of introductions; the background and concepts are briefly described, and learned sources of information are referred to.

   Whenever possible, I have tried to use primary sources: treaties, judgments and authoritative commentaries. But, like others, inevitably I have had to rely also on leading general works like Oppenheim’s International Law (vol. 1, 9th edn, London, 1992), Shaw’s International Law (5th edn, Cambridge, 2003) and Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law (6th edn, Oxford, 2003), as well as many books on specialist areas.

   All chapters have references to books and articles, cases and other materials, which the reader is encouraged to consult. Websites are indispensable today. An up-to-date, online list of websites with links to them (www.asil.org/ilmlinks.htm) is used by the American Society of International Law in compiling its indispensable publication International Legal Materials. Shaw’s International Law also has a useful list of websites. This book does not have a list, but wherever possible the text will mention the relevant sites, including some of the more obscure. But one must always remember that website addresses do sometimes change.

   As far as possible, the facts and law are stated as at 31 December 2004, though some later developments were added at the proof stage.

   All comments and corrections to aiaust@aol.com, please.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Practitioners and scholars expert in a particular field have been good enough to take time to comment on whole or parts of draft chapters, to point out mistakes and omissions or to provide or suggest material. I must therefore sincerely thank, among others, Roberto Barcella, Alan Boyle, James Crawford, Martin Eaton, Rolf Einer Fife, Malcolm Forster, Martha Haines-Ferrari, Hazel Fox, Richard Gardiner, Philippe Gautier, Christopher Greenwood, Nicholas Grief, Johannes Huber, David Kornbluth, Roderick Liddell, Ruma Mandel, Denzil Millar, Adam Roberts, Julia Schwartz and Elizabeth Wilmshurst. But all opinions and errors are mine.

   I must also thank Finola O’Sullivan, and the team at Cambridge University Press. Lastly, I must again thank my wife, Kirsten Kaarre Jensen, for putting up with the demands of writing, as well as reading some of the chapters and making perceptive suggestions from the viewpoint of a former diplomat and non-lawyer.

TABLE OF TREATIES

Where appropriate, a treaty is listed under the name or acronym by which it is commonly known or the subject matter is mentioned first. Today, some multilateral treaties are regularly amended, and therefore the most reliable source for the up-to-date text is an official website.

Multilateral treaties

Aarhus Convention 1998, 2161 UNTS 450 (No. 37770); ILM (1998) 999 327

Additional Protocols of 1977 to the Geneva Conventions, 1125 UNTS 3 (No. 17512); ILM (1977) 1391; UKTS (1999) 29 and 30; R&G 419 253, 254, 255, 258, 259, 285

AETR Ⅱ Agreement 1970, 993 UNTS 143 (No. 14533) 75, 76

African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights 1981, 1520 UNTS 218 (No. 26363); ILM (1982) 58 238

African Charter, Protocol on Court of Human Rights 1998, ILM (2004) 1 248

Agreement on Succession (former Yugoslavia), ILM (2002) 1; UNTS No. 40296 403

Algiers Accords (Iran–US Claims Tribunal) 1981, ILM (1981) 223 445

American Convention on Human Rights 1969, 1144 UNTS 144 (No. 17955); ILM (1970) 99 75, 238, 248

Antarctic Marine Living Resources Convention (CCAMLR), 402 UNTS 71 (No. 22301); ILM (1980) 837; UKTS (1982) 48; TIAS 10240; B&B Docs. 628 355, 360–1, 479

Antarctic Seals Convention 1972, 1080 UNTS 175 (No. 16529); ILM (1972) 837; UKTS (1978) 45 355

Antarctic Treaty 1959, 402 UNTS 71 (No. 5778); UKTS (1961) 97 67, 71, 354, 355, 356–7

Antarctic Treaty, Environmental Protocol 1991, ILM (1991) 1460; UKTS (1999) 6; ATS (1998) 6; B&B Docs. 468 329, 333, 355, 358–9

Arab Charter on Human Rights 1994, BGG 774 238, 248

Austrian State Treaty 1955, 217 UNTS 223 (No. 2249); UKTS (1957) 58; TIAS 3298 106

Barcelona Convention and Statute on the Regime of Navigable Waterways of International Concern 1921, 7 LNTS 35; UKTS (1923) 28 364

Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes 1989, 1673 UNTS 126 (No. 28911); ILM (1989) 657; UKTS (1995) 100; B&B Docs. 322 343

Basel Convention, Liability and Compensation Protocol 1999, www.basel.int/meetings/cop/cop5/docs/prot-e.pdf 344

Biological Diversity Convention 1992, 1760 UNTS 9 (No. 30619); ILM (1992) 818; UKTS (1995) 51; B&B Docs. 390 329, 337–8

Biological Diversity, Cartagena Protocol 2000, 1760 UNTS 79 (No. 30619); ILM (2000) 1027; UKTS (2004) 17 338

Biological Weapons Convention 1972, 1015 UNTS 163 (No. 14860); ILM (1972) 309; UKTS (1976) 11 256

Briand–Kellogg Pact 1928, 94 LNTS 57; UKTS (1929) 29 224

Brussels Convention on the Unification of Certain Rules on the Immunity of State-Owned Vessels 1926, 176 LNTS 199; UKTS (1980) 15 172

CCAMLR (see Antarctic Marine Living Resources Convention)

CCWC (Certain Conventional Weapons Convention) 1980, 1342 UNTS 137 (No. 22495); ILM (1980) 1523; UKTS (1996) 105; R&G 515 253, 255

CCWC Additional Protocol 1995, 2024 UNTS 167 (No. 22495); UKTS (2001) 25 255

CCWC Protocol Ⅱ 1996, UKTS (2001) 21; 2048 UNTS 133 (No. 22495) 254

CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women) 1979, 1249 UNTS 13 (No. 20378); ILM (1980) 33; UKTS (1989) 2; BGG 212 236, 250

CERD (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination) 1966, 660 UNTS 195 (No. 9464); UKTS (1969) 7; BGG 160 236, 250

Chemical Weapons Convention 1993 (CWC), 1974 UNTS 317 (No. 33757); ILM (1993) 800; UKTS (1997) 45 69, 101, 104, 256

Chicago Convention 1944, 15 UNTS 295 (No. 102); UKTS (1953) 8 55, 316, 328, 345, 346

Chicago Convention, Article 3 bis Protocol, ILM (1984) 705; UKTS (1999) 68 95

CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) 1973, 993 UNTS 243 (No. 14537); ILM (1973) 1085; UKTS (1976) 101; 27 UST 1087; TIAS 82249; B&B Docs. 415 337

Climate Change Convention 1992, 1771 UNTS 1907 (No. 30822); ILM (1992) 849; UKTS (1995) 28 329, 339

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Minsk Agreement 1991 and Alma Ata Declaration 1991, ILM (1992) 138 23

Commonwealth of Independent States Charter 1993, ILM (1995) 1279 54

Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty 1996 (CTBT), ILM (1996) 1443 90, 100

CTBT Text establishing the Prepcom 1996, UKTS (1999) 46 65

Congress of Vienna, Acts, 64 CTS 454 364

Constantinople Convention (Suez Canal) 1888, 171 CTS 241; 79 BSP 18; and see also 265 UNTS 299 (No. 3821) 363

Corruption Convention (UN) 2003, A/RES/58/422; ILM (2004) 37 46

Danube, Belgrade Convention 1948, 33 UNTS 181 (No. 518) 216, 365

Dayton Agreement 1995, ILM (1996) 75 63, 91, 97

Dublin Agreement on Refugees (EU) 1990, 2144 UNTS 492 (No. 37439); UKTS (1996) 72 190

Energy Charter Treaty 1994, 2080 UNTS 100 (No. 36116); ILM (1995) 373; UKTS (2000) 78 382

ENMOD Convention 1977, 1108 UNTS 151 (No. 17119); ILM (1977) 16; TIAS 9614 91

Environment, Convention on Liability for Damage Resulting from Dangerous Activities 1993, ILM (1993) 1228; B&B Docs. 132 344

Espoo Convention 1991, 1989 UNTS 309 (No. 34028); ILM (1971) 802; B&B Docs. 31 333

Estonia Agreement 1995, 1890 UNTS 176 (No. 32189), with Additional Protocol 1996, UKTS (1999) 74 52, 322

European Charter of Fundamental Rights 2000, ILM (2001) 266 481

European Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes 1957, 320 UNTS 423 (No. 4646); UKTS (1961) 10 437

European Convention on Extradition (Council of Europe) 1957, 359 UNTS 273 (No. 5146); UKTS (1991) 97 265

European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 1950, 213 UNTS 221 (No. 2889); UKTS (1953) 71 74, 75, 83, 186, 194, 234, 237–8, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 440, 481

European Convention on Human Rights, Protocol No. 14, ETS No. 194 247

European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters 1959, and Additional Protocol 1978, 472 UNTS 185 (No. 6841) and 1496 UNTS 350 (No. 6841); ILM (1978) 801; UKTS (1992) 24 264

European Convention on State Immunity 1972, 1495 UNTS 182 (No. 25699); ILM (1972) 470; UKTS (1979) 74 162, 168, 169

European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism 1977, 1137 UNTS 93 (No. 17828); ILM (1976) 1272; UKTS (1978) 93 77, 288

European Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Prisoners 1983, 1496 UNTS 92 (No. 25703); ILM (1983) 530; UKTS (1985) 51, as amended by Additional Protocol 1997, 2138 UNTS 244 (No. 25703) 266

European Space Agency (ESA) Agreement 1975, 1297 UNTS 161 (No. 21524); ILM (1975) 864; UKTS (1981) 30 370

EUROPOL Convention 1995, 2156 UNTS 200 (No. 37663); UKTS (2000) 103 264

FAO Compliance Agreement 1993, ILM (1994) 968; B&B Docs. 645 76, 100, 335

Fish Stocks Agreement 1995, 2167 UNTS 3 (No. 37924); ILM (1995) 1542; UKTS (2004) 19 324, 331, 336

GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 1947, 55 UNTS 187 (No. 814) 383

General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes 1928 (Revised 1949), 93 LNTS 343; 71 UNTS 101 (No. 912); UKTS (1931) 32 and 71 437

Geneva Conventions 1949, 75 UNTS 3 (Nos. 970–973); UKTS (1958) 39; R&G 195–369 27, 91, 96, 106, 252, 254, 257, 259, 259–61, 262, 285

Geneva Gas Protocol 1925, R&G 157 256

Genocide Convention 1948, 78 UNTS 277 (No. 1021); UKTS (1970) 58 71, 235, 270–1

Hague Conventions for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes 1899 and 1907, 187 CTS 410 and 205 CTS 233; UKTS (1901) 9 437, 444

Hague Conventions on the Laws of War 1907, R&G 67–137 252, 255

Hague Regulations 1907, R&G 73 27, 259

Hijacking Convention (Hague Convention) 1970, 860 UNTS 105 (No. 12325); UKTS (1972) 39 287, 289

Hostages Convention 1979, 1316 UNTS 205 (No. 21931); ILM (1979) 1460; UKTS (1983) 81 287, 291

IASTA (International Air Services Transit Agreement) 1944, I71 UNTS 387 (No. 502); UKTS (1953) 8 346, 349

ICSID, Washington Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States 1965, 575 UNTS 159 (No. 8359); ILM (1965) 532; UKTS (1967) 25 378, 379, 388, 442–8

INMARSAT Convention 1976, 1143 UNTS 105 (No. 17948); ILM (1976) 1051 and ILM (1988) 691; UKTS (1979) 94; TIAS 9605 370

Inter-American Terrorism Convention 1971, 1488 UNTS 195 (No. 243381) 288

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 1966 and Optional Protocol, 999 UNTS 171 (No. 14668); ILM (1967) 368; UKTS (1977) 6 22, 76, 106, 181, 185, 234, 236, 239, 242, 244, 248, 246–50

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 1966, 993 UNTS 3 (No. 14531); UKTS (1977) 6; BGG 172 236, 242, 243

International Criminal Court (ICC) Statute 1998, 2187 UNTS 91 (No. 38544); ILM (1998) 998; UKTS (2002) 35 6, 111, 178, 222–3, 254, 261, 269, 271, 272, 273, 277, 278–80, 281–2, 440

International Fund for Agricultural Development 1976, 1059 UNTS 191 (No. 16041); ILM (1976) 922; UKTS (1978) 41 429

International Labour Organization (ILO) Constitution, 15 UNTS 35; UKTS (1948) 47, UKTS (1961) 59 and UKTS (1975) 110 203

International Telegraph Convention 1865, 130 CTS 123, 130 CTS 198 and 148 CTS 416 371

Internationally Protected Persons Convention 1973, 1035 UNTS 167 (No. 15410); ILM (1974) 41; UKTS (1980) 3 287

Kuwait Regional Marine Environment Convention 1978, ILM (1978) 511 96

Kyoto Protocol 1997, UNTS (No. 30822); ILM (1998) 22 339

Landmines Convention 1997, 2056 UNTS 241 (No. 35597); ILM (1997) 1509; UKTS (2001) 21 254, 256

Lateran Treaty (Italy–Holy See) 1929, 130 BSP 791 19

Law of the Sea Conventions 1958, 1. Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone, 516 UNTS 205 (No. 7477); 2. High Seas, 450 UNTS 11 (No. 6465); 3. Fishing, 559 UNTS 285 (No. 8164); 4. Continental Shelf, 499 UNTS 311 (No. 7302) 93, 298

League of Nations Covenant, 225 CTS 188; UKTS (1919) 4; 112 BSP 113 32, 224

London Agreement 1945 establishing the Nuremberg Tribunal, 82 UNTS 279 (No. 251); UKTS (1945) 4 271, 273, 274

London (Dumping) Convention 1972, ILM (1972) 1294 and ILM (1997) 7 343

Maastricht Treaty on European Union 1992, UKTS (1994) 12 467, 480

MARPOL, ILM (1973) 1319; UKTS (1983) 27 341

Mercenaries Convention 1989, 2163 UNTS 96 (No. 37789); ILM (1990) 89 258

MERCOSUR Treaty 1991, ILM (1991) 1041 388

Montevideo Convention 1933, 165 LNTS 19 16

Montreal Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civilian Aircraft 1971, 974 UNTS 177 (No. 14118); ILM (1971) 10; UKTS (1974) 10 287, 295, 436, 439, 460

Montreal Convention, Protocol on Airports 1988, ILM (1988) 627; UKTS (1991) 20; 1990 ATS 39 287

Montreal Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air 1999, UKTS (2004) 44 351

Montreux Convention 1936, 173 LNTS 213; UKTS (1937) 30 307

Moon Treaty 1979, 1363 UNTS 3 (No. 23002); ILM (1979) 1434 41, 368

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) 1992, ILM (1993) 289 387–8

NATO Status of Forces Agreement, 199 UNTS 67 (No. 2678); UKTS (1955) 3 175–6, 176

New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 1958, 330 UNTS 38 (No. 4739); UKTS (1976) 26; TIAS 6997 388

North Atlantic Treaty 1949, 34 UNTS 243 (No. 541); UKTS (1949) 56 228

Nuclear Accident, Convention on Early Notification 1986, 1457 UNTS 133 (No. 24643); ILM (1986) 1377; UKTS (1998) 1; B&B Docs. 300 340

Nuclear Damage, Protocol on Civil Liability 1963, ILM (1997) 1462 340

Nuclear Energy, Convention on Third Party Liability 1963 (Paris Convention), 956 UNTS 251 (No. 13706); UKTS (1968) 69; AJIL (1961) 1082 (for the 1982 amendments, see UKTS (1989) 6 or B&B Docs. 65) 340

Nuclear Material, UN Convention on Physical Protection, 1979, 1456 UNTS 101 (No. 24631); ILM (1979) 1419; UKTS (1995) 61 287, 294

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 1968, 729 UNTS 161 (No. 10485); ILM (1968) 809; UKTS (1970) 88; TIAS 6839 101

Nuclear Safety Convention 1994, ILM (1994) 1518; UKTS (1999) 49; B&B Docs. 307 340

Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty 1963, 480 UNTS 43 (No. 6964); UKTS (1964) 3; TIAS 544 368

Nuremberg Charter (see London Agreement)

OAU Convention on African Refugee Problems 1969, 1001 UNTS 60 (No. 14691) 188

Oil Pollution, Civil Liability Convention, 1992, B&B Docs. 91 342

Oil Pollution, Compensation Fund Convention 1971, 1110 UNTS 57 (No. 17146); ILM (1972) 284; UKTS (1978) 95 342

Oil Pollution, Compensation Fund Convention, Protocol 1992, UKTS (1996) 87; B&B Docs. 107 342

Oil Pollution, Intervention on the High Seas Convention 1969, 970 UNTS 212 (No. 14049); ILM (1970) 25; UKTS (1975) 77 342

Oil Pollution, Preparedness, Response and Co-operation Convention 1990, 1891 UNTS 78 (No. 32194) 342

OSCE Convention on Conciliation and Arbitration 1992, ILM (1993) 557 433

Ouro Preto Protocol 1994, ILM (1995) 1244 388

Outer Space, Astronauts Agreement 1968, 672 UNTS 119 (No. 9574); ILM (1968) 149 368

Outer Space, Liability Convention 1972, 961 UNTS 187 (No. 13810); ILM (1971) 965; UKTS (1974) 16; TIAS 7762 368, 370, 409

Outer Space, Registration Convention, 1975, 1023 UNTS 15 (No. 15020); ILM (1975) 43 368

Outer Space Treaty 1967, 610 UNTS 205 (No. 8843); ILM (1967) 386; UKTS (1968) 10; TIAS 6347 86, 367–8

Ozone Layer, Vienna Convention on the Protection of, 1985, 1513 UNTS 324 (No. 26164); ILM (1987) 1529; UKTS (1990) 1 331, 338

Ozone Layer, Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete, 1987, 1522 UNTS 3 (No. 26369); ILM (1987) 1541; UKTS (1990) 19 331, 338

Panama Convention (Inter-American Convention on International Commercial Arbitration) 1975, 1438 UNTS 249 (No. 24384); ILM (1975) 336 388

Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1963, 480 UNTS 43 (No. 6964); UKTS (1964) 3; TIAS 5433 109

Plastic Explosives, Convention on the Marking of, 1989, ILM (1991) 726; UKTS (2000) 134 287

Racial Discrimination (see CERD)

Ramsar Wetlands Convention 1971, 996 UNTS 245 (No. 14583); ILM (1972) 963; UKTS (1976) 34; TIAS 11084; B&B Docs. 447 (for a consolidated text, see UKTS (1996) 13) 336

Refugee Convention 1951, 189 UNTS 137 (No. 2545); UKTS (1954) 39 182, 187, 188, 189, 191, 192, 193–4, 195, 236, 293

Refugee Convention, Protocol 1967, 606 UNTS 267 (No. 8791); UKTS (1969) 15 188

Rights of the Child Convention 1989, 1577 UNTS 3 (No. 27531); ILM (1989) 1448; UKTS (1992) 44; BGG 241 69, 236, 250

Rome Convention on Shipjacking and Protocol 1988, 1678 UNTS 222 (No. 29004); ILM (1988) 672; UKTS (1995) 64; 1993 ATS 10 287, 289

Salvage (Brussels) Convention 1910, 212 CTS 187; UKTS (1913) 4 322

Salvage Convention 1989, UKTS (1996) 93 322

Schengen Agreement 1990, ILM (1991) 68 184, 483

Sierra Leone Special Court Agreement 2002, 2178 UNTS 138 (No. 38342) 276

Special Missions Convention 1969, 1410 UNTS 231 (No. 23431); ILM (1970) 127 155

Spitsbergen (Svalbard) Treaty 1920, 2 LNTS 8; UKTS (1924) 18 362

Stateless Persons Convention 1954, 360 UNTS 117 (No. 1518); UKTS (1960) 41 182, 236

Statelessness Reduction Convention 1961, 989 UNTS 175 (No. 14458) 236

Suez Canal Convention (see Constantinople Convention)

Terrorism, Suppression of the Financing of Convention, 1999, 2178 UNTS 229 (No. 38349); ILM (2000) 268; UKTS (2002) 28; 2002 ATS 23 286, 288, 289, 291, 291, 292–3

Terrorist Bombings Convention 1997, 2149 UNTS 284 (No. 37517); ILM (1998) 251; UKTS (2001) 31; 2002 ATS 17 288, 289, 291, 292

TIR Convention 1975, 1079 UNTS 89 (No. 16510) 70

Tokyo Convention 1963, 704 UNTS 219 (No. 10106); UKTS (1969) 126 287, 352

Torture Convention 1984, 1465 UNTS 85 (No. 24841); ILM (1984) 1027; UKTS (1991) 107; BGG 229 46, 178, 236, 239, 250

Treaty of Amsterdam 1997, ILM (1998) 56 467

Treaty of Rome 1957, 298 UNTS 3 (No. 4300) 467, 471, 474, 474–5

UN Charter 1945, 1 UNTS ⅹⅵ; UKTS (1946) 67 6, 9, 21, 29, 32, 36, 41, 54, 67, 86, 93, 99, 111, 112, 205, 222–3, 224, 229, 234, 261, 278, 279, 352, 409–14, 416, 431–4, 460

UN Convention on the Jurisdictional Immunities of States, A/RES/59/38 138, 160, 162, 166, 173, 174, 175

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS), 1833 UNTS 397 (No. 31363); ILM (1982) 1261; UKTS (1999) 81 8, 41, 58, 59, 70, 92, 93, 171, 313, 328, 332, 341, 434

UNCLOS Implementation Agreement 1994, 1836 UNTS 42 (No. 31364); ILM (1994) 1309; UKTS (1999) 82 311

UN Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialised Agencies 1947, 33 UNTS 261 (No. 521) 200

UN General Convention on UN Privileges and Immunities 1946, 1 UNTS 15 (No. 4) 200

UN Personnel, Convention on Safety of, 1994, 2051 UNTS 363 (No. 35457); ILM (1995) 484 46

Versailles Treaty 1919, 225 CTS 188; UKTS (1919) 4 364

Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 1963, 596 UNTS 261 (No. 8638); UKTS (1973) 14; TIAS 6820 119, 156

Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, Optional Protocol concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes 1963, 596 UNTS 487 (No. 8640); UKTS (1973) 14 438

Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961, 500 UNTS 95 (No. 7310); UKTS (1965) 19 92, 117, 160

Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Optional Protocol concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes 1961, 500 UNTS 241 (No. 7312); UKTS (1965) 19 438

Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of State Property etc. 1983, ILM (1983) 298 390, 401–3

Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties 1978, 1946 UNTS 3 (No. 33356); ILM (1978) 1488 390, 393–4

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969, 1155 UNTS 331 (No. 18232); ILM (1969) 689; UKTS (1980) 58 8, 9, 11, 51, 52, 52, 59, 62, 65, 67, 69, 72, 89, 93, 107, 108–9, 393, 433, 434

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organisations or between International Organisations 1986, ILM (1986) 543 53, 58

Vienna Drugs Convention 1988, 1582 UNTS 165 (No. 27627); ILM (1989) 493; UKTS (1992) 26 46

Warsaw Convention 1929, 137 LNTS 11; UKTS (1933) 11 98, 350

Watercourses, International Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of, ILM (1997) 719 366–7

Watercourses, Revised Protocol on Shared Watercourses in Southern Africa 2000, ILM (2001) 317 367

World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement 1994, ILM (1994) 1144 186, 203, 382

Bilateral treaties

Argentina–UK Exchange of Notes on Communications with the Falkland Islands 1971, 825 UNTS 143 (No. 11824); UKTS (1972) 64 356

Australia–UK Double Taxation Agreement 2003, UKTS (2004) 5 185

‘Bermuda 1’, UK–US Air Services Agreement 1946, 3 UNTS 253 (No. 36); UKTS (1946) 3 349

‘Bermuda 2’, UK–US Air Services Agreement 1977, 1079 UNTS 21 (No. 16509); UKTS (1977) 76 349, 432, 437

Chapeau Agreement (UK–US) 1993, UKTS (1993) 69 56

Chile–UK Drug Trafficking Mutual Assistance Agreement 1995, UKTS (1997) 63 264

China–UK Exchange of Notes on Consulates 1999, 2139 UNTS 256 (No. 3305); UKTS (2000) 93

China–UK Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong 1984, 1399 UNTS 33 (No. 23391); ILM (1984) 1366; UKTS (1985) 26 197

Colombia–UK Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Agreement 1997, UKTS (2000) 40 264

Denmark–UK Agreement on Maritime Delimitation between the Faeroes and the UK 1999, UKTS (1999) 76 309

Devolution Agreements: Iraq–UK 1931 (UKTS (1931) 15); Indonesia–Netherlands 1949 (69 UNTS 266); France–Vietnam 1954 (161 BSP 649); Malaya–UK 1957 (279 UNTS 287 (No. 4046) 396

Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty 1979, 1136 UNTS 116 (No. 17813) and 1138 UNTS 72 (No. 17855); ILM (1979) 362 363

EU–US Mutual Legal Assistance and Extradition Treaties, ILM (2004) 749 268

Grenada–UK Air Services Agreement 2002, UKTS (2002) 52 349

Hong Kong–UK Fugitive Offenders Agreement 1997, UKTS (1998) 30 265

Iran–US Treaty of Amity 1955, 284 UNTS 93 (No. 4132); TIAS 3853 437

Japan–Pakistan Cultural Agreement 1957, 325 UNTS 22 (No. 4692) 96

Jay Treaty (UK–US) 1794, 52 CTS 243 436, 437

Lithuania–Russia ‘Timetable’ on Withdrawal of Russian Forces 1992, 1690 UNTS 395 (No. 29146) 55

Netherlands–Philippines Bilateral Investment Treaty 1985, 1488 UNTS 304 (No. 25565) 375

Nicaragua–US Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation 1956, 367 UNTS 3 (No. 5224) 437

Norway–UK Agreement on the Murchison Field 1979, 1249 UNTS 174 (No. 20387); UKTS (1981) 39 41

Panama Canal Treaty (UK–US) 1901, UKTS (1902) 6 364

Panama–US Canal Treaties 1977, ILM (1977) 1021; see also ILM (1975) 1285 and (1978) 817 364

Poland–UK Visa Abolition Agreement 1992, UKTS (1992) 69 184

Russia–UK Agreements on Leases of New Embassy Premises 1996, UKTS (1997) 1 and 2 124, 129

Slovenia–UK Cultural Cooperation Agreement 1966, UKTS (1996) 14 102

South Africa–UK Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement 1964, UKTS (1996) 35 87

Switzerland–UK Treaty for Conciliation, Judicial Settlement and Arbitration 1965, 605 UNTS 205 (No. 8765); ILM (1965) 943; UKTS (1967) 42 434, 437

Treaty of Utrecht (Great Britain–Spain) 1713, 28 CTS 325; 1 BSP 611 37

Turkey–UK Agreement on Diplomatic Dependents Employment 2000, UKTS (2000) 98

Turkmenistan–UK Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement 1995, UKTS (2003) 47 373

UK–UN ICTY Prisoners Agreement 2004, UKTS (2004) 20 275

UK–US British Indian Ocean Territory (Diego Garcia) Agreements 1996, 603 UNTS 273 (No. 8737); UKTS (1967) 15; TIAS 6296; 18 UST 28; as amended in 1976, 1032 UNTS 323 (No. 8737); UKTS (1976) 88); and in 1987, UKTS (1988) 60 40

UK–US Caribbean Interdiction Agreements 1981 and 1998, UKTS (1982) 8 and UKTS (2001) 2 313

UK–US Extradition Treaty 2003, Cm 5821 268

UK–US ‘Lend-Lease’ Agreements 1940/1, 203 LNTS 201 and 204 LNTS 15; UKTS (1940) 21 and UKTS (1941) 2 40

UK–US Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters Treaty 1994, as amended 1997, 1967 UNTS 102 (No. 33632) and 2114 UNTS 392 (No. 36773); UKTS (1997) 14 and UKTS (2002) 8 101, 264

UK–Venezuela Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement 1996, UKTS (1996) 83 375, 377

Unification Treaty (FRG–GDR) 1990, ILM (1991) 457 392, 397

US–Uzbekistan ICC ‘Art. 98’ Agreement, ILM (2003) 241 281

TABLE OF MOUs

For an explanation of the term ‘MOU’, see pp. 53–7 below.

Multilateral MOUs

Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples 1960, UNGA Res. 1514 (ⅩⅤ) 22

Friendly Relations Declaration 1970, UNGA Res. 2625 (ⅩⅩⅤ); ILM (1970) 1292 7, 37, 42, 284

Hague Declarations 2 and 3 1899, R&G 59 and 63 255

Helsinki Final Act 1975, ILM (1975) 1293 55, 62, 196

OSCE Charter of Paris 1990, ILM (1991) 193 54

Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 1992, ILM (1992) 876; B&B Docs. 9 12, 330, 331, 333

St Petersburg Declaration 1868, R&G 53 255

Stockholm Declaration of Principles 1972, B&B Docs. 1 329, 330

Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1949, UNGA Res. 217 (Ⅲ); BGG 18 12, 235

Bilateral MOUs

Although there are many more bilateral than multilateral MOUs, this list is very short since few are published even when they are not confidential.

Russia–US Charter of Partnership and Friendship 1992, ILM (1992) 782 54

TABLE OF CASES

Abassi [2002] EWCA Civ. 1598; 126 ILR 685 184

Adan [2001] 2 AC 477; ILM (2001) 727 192

Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v. Turkey) (Jurisdiction), ICJ Reports (1978), p. 3; 60 ILR 562 53

Aerial Incident (Pakistan v. India), ICJ Reports (2000), p. 12; ILM (2000) 1116 454

AIC v. Nigeria [2003] EWHC 1357 (QB); 172, 173

Al-Adsani v. UK, EC-R App. No. 35763/97 (Merits), 123 ILR 24 162

Alcom, 148 F.2d 416 (1945); American International Law Cases, vol. 9, p. 13 47

Alconbury [2003] 2 AC 295 244

Al-Fin Corporation’s Patent [1970] Ch 160; 52 ILR 68 21

Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (UK v. Iran) (Preliminary Objections), ICJ Reports (1952), p. 89; 19 ILR 507 53

Arab Monetary Authority v. Hashim [1991] 2 WLR 738; 85 ILR 1 199

Arbitral Award (Guinea-Bissau v. Senegal), ICJ Reports (1991), p. 53; 92 ILR 1 453

Argentina v. Weltover, 504 US 607 (1992); 100 ILR 509 168

Argentine Republic v. Amerada Hess, 488 US 428 (1989); 81 ILR 658 48

Arrest Warrant (Congo v. Belgium), ICJ Reports (2002), p. 1; ILM (2002) 536; 46, 177

Asylum, ICJ Reports (1950), p. 395; 17 ILR 339 462

Banković, ECHR App. No. 52207/99, ILM (2002) 517; 123 ILR 94 234, 243

Barcelona Traction, ICJ Reports (1970), p. 3; 46 ILR 178 10, 182, 184

Belilos, (1988) ECHR Pubs. Ser. A. vol. 132; (1988) 10 EHRR 466; 88 ILR 635 74

Bennett [1993] 3 WLR 90; 95 ILR 380 50

Burkino Faso v. Mali, ICJ Reports (1986), p. 554; 80 ILR 459 42

Buttes Gas and Oil Company v. Hammer [1982] AC 888; [1981] All ER 616; 64 ILR 331 161

Caire, RIAA vol. V. p. 516 (1929); 5 AD 146 412

Cameroon v. Nigeria (Preliminary Objections), ICJ Reports (1998), p. 275 436, 453, 459

Cameroon v. Nigeria (Merits), ICJ Reports (2002) 22, 32, 34

The Caroline, 29 BSP 1137 and 30 BSP 195 226, 227

Chahal v. UK (1997) 23 EHRR 413; 108 ILR 385 194, 240, 246, 266

Commission v. Italy, Case 39/72 [1973] ECR 101 475

Corfu Channel (UK v. Albania) (Merits), ICJ Reports (1949), p. 4; 16 ILR 155 232, 304, 348

Costa v. ENEL, Case 6/64 [1964] ECR 585 475

Cumaraswamy (Advisory Opinion), ICJ Reports (1999), p. 62; 121 ILR 405 200, 428, 465

Deep Vein Thrombosis and Air Travel Group Litigation [2003] 3 WLR 956; [2003] 1 All ER 935 351

East Timor, ICJ Reports (1995), p. 90; 105 ILR 226 457

Ebrahim, ILM (1992) 888; 95 ILR 417 50

Egyptian Workers’ Claim, 117 ILR 195 447

El Salvador v. Honduras, ICJ Reports (1990), p. 3 450

Empire of Iran, 45 ILR 57 166

Eritrea–Yemen, 114 ILR 1 and 119 ILR 417 444

Expenses (Advisory Opinion), ICJ Reports (1962), p. 151; 34 ILR 281 217, 461

Factory at Chorzów, 4 AD 258 418, 421

Feldman v. United Mexican States, 126 ILR 1 and 536 388

Filartiga, 77 ILR 169 48

Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada), ICJ Reports (1998), p. 432; 123 ILR 189 451, 455, 457

Fisheries Jurisdiction (UK v. Iceland; Germany v. Iceland), ICJ Reports (1974), p. 3; 55 ILR 238 7

Gabčikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v. Slovakia), ICJ Reports (1997), p. 3; ILM (1998) 162; 116 ILR 1 103, 104, 105, 366, 395, 400, 401, 408, 415, 417, 427, 448, 451

Genocide Convention (Bosnia v. Yugoslavia) (Provisional Measures), ICJ Reports (1993), p. 3; ILM (1993) 888; 95 ILR 1 21, 399, 404, 459

Genocide Convention (Bosnia v. Yugoslavia) (Preliminary Objections), ICJ Reports (1996), p. 595; 115 ILR 1 442

Gerber v. Gerber [2002] EWHC 428 (Ch) 176

The Grand Prince (Belize v. France); 125 ILR 272 320

Hatton (2003) 37 EHRR 28, p. 611 241

Heathrow User Charges (US v. UK), 102 ILR 215 444

Hesperides Hotels v. Aegean Turkish Holidays [1978] QB 205; 73 ILR 9 21

Hirst (No. 2), ECHR App. No. 74025/01, (2004) 38 EHRR 40, p. 825 243

Holland v. Lampen-Wolfe [2000] 1 WLR 1573; [2000] 3 All ER 833; 119 ILR 367 162, 164, 176

Hyatt International Corp. v. Iran, 9 Iran–US CTR 72 411

I Congreso del Partido [1983] AC 244; 64 ILR 307 167

The I’m Alone, 1935, 7 AD 203 320

Indonesia v. Malaysia (Intervention), ICJ Reports (2001), p. 579 458

Interhandel (Preliminary Objections), ICJ Reports (1959), p. 6; 27 ILR 475 442, 453, 455

International Tin Council (see Rayner below)

Interpretation of Peace Treaties, First Phase (Advisory Opinion), ICJ Reports (1950), p. 74; 17 ILR 318 440

Island of Palmas, 4 AD 3 35, 414

Jones v. Saudi Arabia [2005] 2 WLR 808 164

Kuwait Airways v. Iraqi Airways [2002] UKHL 19; [2002] 2 AC 883; [2002] 2 WLR 1353; [2002] 3 All ER 209; 125 ILR 602 161, 217

LaGrand (Germany v. USA), ICJ Reports (2001), p. 9; ILM (2001) 1069; 118 ILR 37 460

Lawless v. Ireland (1966), (1979–80) 2 EHRR 1; 31 ILR 290 245

Legality of the Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) (Preliminary Objections), www.icj.cij.org 21, 405, 452

Libya v. Chad, ICJ Reports (1994), p. 4; 100 ILR 1 42, 89, 463

Lithgow v. UK (1986) 8 EHRR 329 243

Littrell v. USA (No. 2) [1995] 1 WLR 82; [1994] 4 All ER 203; 100 ILR 438 176

Liu v. Republic of China, 101 ILR 519 170

Lockerbie (Libya v. UK; Libya v. US) (Provisional Measures), ICJ Reports (1992), p. 3; ILM (1992) 662; 94 ILR 478 203, 216, 266, 436, 439, 449, 450, 460

Lockerbie (Libya v. UK) (Preliminary Objections), ICJ Reports (1998), p. 9; ILM (1998) 587; 117 ILR 1 94, 203, 436, 439, 449, 450, 460

Loizidou (Preliminary Objections) (1995) 20 EHRR 99; 103 ILR 621 74

Loizidou (Merits) (1997) 23 EHRR 513; 108 ILR 443 415

Lotus, PCIJ Ser. A, No. 10; 4 AD 5 45

Luther v. Sagor [1921] 3 KB 532; 1 AD 49 161

Mallén, RIAA, vol. Ⅴ. p. 516 (1929); 4 AD 23, 267, 374 411

Mannington Mills, 595 F.2d 1287 (1979); 66 ILR 487 48

Mavrommatis, PCIJ, Series A, No. 2 (1924), p. 11; 2 AD 27 439

Mazilu (Advisory Opinion), ICJ Reports (1989), p. 177; 85 ILR 322 201

Metalclad v. United Mexican States, ILM (2001) 35; 119 ILR 615 377

Monetary Gold, ICJ Reports (1954), p. 32; 21 ILR 399 457

Myers v. Canada, ILM (2001) 1408; 126 ILR 161 388

Namibia (South West Africa) Legal Consequences, ICJ Reports (1971), p. 6; 49 ILR 2 7, 32, 209, 213, 461

Nauru, Certain Phosphate Lands in, (Nauru v. Australia), ICJ Reports (1992), p. 240; 97 ILR 1 32, 424, 455, 457

Nicaragua v. US (Military and Paramilitary Activities) (Jurisdiction), ICJ Reports (1984), p. 392; 76 ILR 104 453, 456, 457, 463

Nicaragua v. US (Military and Paramilitary Activities) (Merits), ICJ Reports (1986), p. 14; 76 ILR 1 7, 226

North American Dredging Company, 1926, 3 AD 4 442

Northern Cameroons, ICJ Reports (1963), p. 15; 35 ILR 353 457

Nottebohm (Preliminary Objections), ICJ Reports (1953), p. 121; 20 ILR 567 457

Nottebohm (Second Phase), ICJ Reports (1955), p. 4; 22 ILR 349 179

Nuclear Tests, ICJ Reports (1974), pp. 253 and 1457; 57 ILR 348 457

Nuclear Weapons (Advisory Opinion, UN), ICJ Reports (1996), p. 226; 110 ILR 163 7, 256, 464

Nuclear Weapons (Advisory Opinion, WHO), ICJ Reports (1996), p. 66; 110 ILR 1 464

Oil Platforms (Iran v. US) (Merits), ICJ Reports (2003); ILM (2003) 1335 228

Oppenheimer v. Cattermole [1976] AC 249; 72 ILR 446 161

Paraguay v. United States (Breard), ICJ Reports (1998), p. 248; ILM (1998) 810 and 824 (US Supreme Court); 118 ILR 1 88

Parking Privileges for Diplomats (1971) 70 ILR 396 12

Petrolane Inc. v. Iran (1991) 27 Iran–US CTR 64; 95 ILR 146 412

Pinochet (No. 3) [2000] 1 AC 147; [1999] 2 WLR 825; [1999] 2 All ER 97; 119 ILR 135 5, 178

Pinson, RIAA, vol Ⅴ, p. 327 (1928); 4 AD 9 5, 178

Pope & Talbot Inc. v. Canada, ILM (2002) 1347 126 ILR 127 388

Propend v. Sing, 111 ILR 611 164

Qatar v. Bahrain (Jurisdiction and Admissibility), ICJ Reports (1994), p. 112; ILM (1994) 1461; 102 ILR 1 53, 112

R. v. Abassi (see Abassi)

R. (B. Children) v. Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005] 2 WLR 618 188, 235

R. v. Bouchereau, Case 30/77 [1977] ECR 1999 476, 485

R. v. Stock Exchange, ex parte Else (1982) Ltd [1993] 1 All ER 420 478

Radwan v. Radwan [1972] 3 All ER 1026; 55 ILR 579 125

Rainbow Warrior (New Zealand/France), 74 ILR 241 and 82 ILR 499 416, 418

Rasul v. Bush, 542 US __ (2004); ILM (2004) 1207 40

Rayner v. Department of Trade and Industry [1989] 3 All ER 523; 81 ILR 680 202

The Red Crusader, 1962, 35 ILR 485 320

Rehman [2003] 1 AC 153 240

Reparations for Injuries (Advisory Opinion), ICJ Reports (1949), p. 174; 16 ILR 318 58, 199

Right of Passage (Preliminary Objections), ICJ Reports (1957), p. 125; 24 ILR 840 456

Sabbatino, 35 ILR 1 162

MV Saiga (No. 2), ILM (1998) 360 and 1202; 120 ILR 143 320, 417, 443

Santa Elena v. Costa Rica, ILM (2000) 1317 186, 422

Sidhu v. British Airways [1997] 1 All ER 193 83

Soblen [1963] 1 QB 829; [1963] 2 QB 243 268

Soering (1989) 11 EHRR 439; ILM (1989) 1063; 98 ILR 270 49, 240, 266

South West Africa (Advisory Opinion), ICJ Reports (1950), p. 132; 17 ILR 47 32

South West Africa (Preliminary Objections), ICJ Reports (1962), p. 328; 37 ILR 3 440

South West Africa (Second Phase), ICJ Reports (1966), p. 6; 37 ILR 243 457

Sporrong and Lönnroth (1982) 5 EHRR 35; 68 ILR 86 186

Starrett Housing Corp. v. Iran, ILM (1984) 1090; 85 ILR 349 186

Tadić (Jurisdiction), 105 ILR 453 7, 254, 272, 413, 436

Tehran Hostages (US v. Iran), ICJ Reports (1980), p. 1; 61 ILR 502 414, 445

Temple of Preah Vihear (Preliminary Objections), ICJ Reports (1962), p. 6; 33 ILR 48 39

Timberlane, 549 F.2d 597 (1976); 66 ILR 270 48

Tinoco Claims Arbitration (United Kingdom v. Colombia) 2 AD 34 25

Trail Smelter, 9 AD 315 329, 344

Tunisia v. Libya, ICJ Reports (1985), p. 192; 84 ILR 419 462

US v. Alvarez-Machain, 504 US 655 (1992); 95 ILR 355; ILM (1992) 901 49

US v. France (Air Services) (1963), 38 ILR 182 350, 426, 439

US v. France (Air Services) (1978), 54 ILR 303 350, 426, 427

US v. Italy (Air Services), 45 ILR 393 350, 426

US Nationals in Morocco, ICJ Reports (1952), p. 176; 19 ILR 255 397

Vaassen-Gobbels v. Beamtenfonds Voor Het Mijnbedrijf, Case 61/65 [1966] ECR 261 477

Van Gend & Loos, Case 26/62 [1963] ECR 1 475

Volga (Russia v. Australia), 126 ILR 433 320

Wachauf, Case 5/88 [1989] ECR 2609 481

Walrave & Koch, Case 36/4 [1974] ECR 1405 475

Western Sahara (Advisory Opinion), ICJ Reports (1975), p. 12; 59 ILR 14 28, 38, 464

The Wimbledon, PCIJ, Ser. A, No. 1; 2 AD 99 363

Yeager v. Iran (1987) 17 Iran–US CTR 92; 82 ILR 178 413

GLOSSARY OF LEGAL TERMS

ABBREVIATIONS

Works cited in the footnotes

Other abbreviations