Italicized numbers refer to dates or to pages on which figures appear.
Academy. See R.A.B.A.S.F.; Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, Paris; Royal Academy of San Carlos, Valencia; and Royal Academy, Spanish
Acuña, Cosme de, 166
Adán, Juan, 48, 49
Adornistas, 178. See also Gómez; Japelli; Mata Duque; and Pérez
Advertisements for Goya’s prints, 81, 91, 98–99
See also Diario de Madrid advertisement
Aesthetics, 10, 11, 13, 128. See also entries throughout index
Alba, dukes of, 45, 112
Alba, duchess of, 56, 218
Alberti, Leon Battista, 24–25, 39
Alcalá Flecha, Roberto, 112
Alegre, Manuel, 84
work: Portrait of Jusepe de Ribera, 84, 85
d’Alembert, Jean le Rond, 124, 126
Almodovar, duke of, 37, 126
Ametller, Blas, 86
Anatomy. See R.A.B.A.S.F.
Andioc, Réné, 118
Andrés, Juan, 126
Aparacio, José, 51
Aquiles, Guilio de, 160
Arali, Joaquín, 48
Aranjuez
Royal Palace of, 29. See also royal palaces, Spanish
Casa del Labrador, 166–167
San Pascual, 95
Architectonic style, 37
Aristotle, 44, 124, 125, 126
Arnal, Pedro de, 112
Arteaga, Esteban de, 4, 30, 44, 221
Ascargorta, Manuel, 109
Azaola, Gregorio González, 113–115, 118, 135
Azara, José Nicolás de, 23, 30, 89
Bacon, Sir Francis, 124, 137
Bakhtin, Mikhail, 15, 179–184, 186, 188, 195
Barcelón, Juan, 88
Bareau, Juliet Wilson, 10
Baretti, Joseph, 21
Barsanti, Nicolás, 88
Batoni, Pompeo, 194, 205
Baudelaire, Charles, 4, 195, 196–197, 198
Bayeu, Francisco, 22–23, 37, 48, 78–81, 89, 94, 95–96, 168, 227
work: The Virgin, Saint Joseph, and the Child, 94
Bayeu, Josefa, 22, 95
Bayeu, Ramón, 37, 94–95, 166, 168, 215, 216
work: St. John the Baptist, 93, 94
Beauty, ideal. See imitation, selective
Bédat, Claude, 23, 42
Bella, Stefano della, 101
Bergamesco, il, 160, 162
Blindness. See perception; and senses and sense organs
Body
Enlightenment attitudes toward beauty of “man,” 22–24
deformation of, in Los Caprichos, 12, 14, 17, 20, 59, 71–72, 154–156, 181
expressive character of. See expression
figure studies of (academies), 47, 48, 55, 174, 205
in French art, 202–203
human and animal, 142, 176, 181
inversions of, 144–154, 181
and Neoclassicism, 14
See also caricature; grotesque; imitation, selective; naturalism; physiognomy; and R.A.B.A.S.F.
Bonaparte, Joseph, 116–117
Bonnet, Charles, 137
Bosarte, Isidro, 50
Bosch, Hieronymus, 75–76, 140, 143, 160, 176–177, 180, 185, 190
Boulanger, Louis, 194
Bourbon royal family
in France, 166
in Spain, 164, 168
See also Charles III; Charles IV; Ferdinand VII; Gabriel, Infante Don; and Philip V
Boydell, John, 203
Bozal, Valeriano, 10
Bruegel, Pieter, the Elder, 140–141, 143, 180, 185
Brutesco, 158, 160, 174. See also grotesque
Buffon, count of, 127, 144, 224
Bunbury, Henry, 116
Burke, Edmund, 190
Cabrera, Ramón, 45
Cadalso, José de, 6, 112
Cádiz, Santa Cueva, 78
Callot, Jacques, 101, 185, 195, 196
Camarón, José, 84, 166, 213
Cameron, Charles, 164
Camper, Peter, 49, 72
Campos, Ramón, 127
Cano, Benito, 83
Capricho
and Bosch, 76
and caricature, 70
in Diario de Madrid advertisement for Los Caprichos, 100
eighteenth-century definitions of, 55, 100
and grotesque, 158, 162, 164, 174
in Horace, 178
as name of country house of duke and duchess of Osuna, 109
references by Goya to, 54, 55, 70, 100, 101, 102, 103, 108
and Tiepolo, 95
Captions of Los Caprichos, 9, 190–192
Carderera, Valentín, 4, 56, 63, 103, 110, 193–194
Caricature, 66–71
in captions of Album B drawings, 17–20, 59
in eighteenth-century Britain, 18–19
in eighteenth-century France, 20
and “eternal comic,” 196, 199
Goya’s art of the 1790s and, 12, 14, 18–20, 70–71, 110
in Italy, 19
and physiognomy, 14, 66, 71, 106
See also Baudelaire; fantasy; Fielding; Hogarth; and satire
Carletti, Giovanni, 164
Carmen Saiz, María del, 28
Carnicero, Antonio, 84
Carnicero, Isidro, 49
Carnival. See grotesque
Carracci, Anibale, 66, 139
Carrete Parrondo, Juan, 10
Castello, Fabrizio. See Granello
Castillo, José del, 37, 215
prints after his own designs, 94
prints for sale by royal chalcography, 93
and Retratros de Españoles Ilustres, 84
and the royal tapestry factory, 168
sketches after Giordano for reproductive prints, 88, 89
work:
decorations for Salón Pompeyano at the Escorial, 164, 165, 174
Castro, Felipe de, 24, 49
Catholic church, 125. See also Inquisition
Cayetano Soler, Miguel, 168–170
Ceán Bermúdez, Juan Agustín, 86
on Bayeu, Francisco, 94
on caricature, 67–68
on Goya’s art
Los Caprichos, 112–113
drawing after Vélazquez, Las Meninas, 93
Saints Justa and Rufina, 28, 206
on Granello, Niccolò, 160, 162, 178
on grotesque, 163–164, 228
and capricho 174
and Mengs, 28, 48
and Neoclassicism, 113
on printmaking and the R.A.B.A.S.F., 86
on Ribera, 45, 48
on Tiepolo, Giambattista, 95, 101
as translator of Milizia, 24
Chapman, Jake and Dinos, 199, 225
Charles III
and excavations at Pompeii and Herculaneum, 164
in Goya’s Count of Floridablanca, 128, 130
and Mengs, 22, 29, 36, 37
as patron of tapestries, 168
and printmaking, 82
See also Bourbon royal family
Charles IV
classical taste at court of, 166–167, 168–170
marries Maria Luisa of Parma, 136
names Goya first court painter, 78
as patron of Casita del Príncipe, Escorial, 165
as patron of tapestries, 39
as possible target in Los Caprichos, 4
See also Bourbon royal family
Charles V (also known as Charles I), 160
Classical sculpture, 36, 49, 55, 104
Goya and, 49–50
Laocoön, 49, 55
plaster casts of, 24, 50
See also R.A.B.A.S.F.; Goya, works, Italian notebook
Clavijo, Count of, 50
Coderch, Anna Maria, 11
Commentaries, manuscript, on Los Caprichos, 8, 9, 15, 108, 118–119, 122, 131, 150, 156, 192
Ayala commentary, 118, 143, 151, 192
Biblioteca Nacional commentary, 120, 131–132, 151, 224
Prado commentary, 118, 131, 132, 134, 140, 151, 182–183, 185, 192
Company for the engraving of paintings in the royal palaces, 88–89
Condillac, Etienne Bonnot, Abbé de
on education, 136
and Goya, Caprichos 8, Los Chinchillas, 130–131
and hierarchy of the senses, 141, 224
knowledge of, in Spain, 126–127, 221
and sensationalism, 44, 124–125
Cortés, Géronimo, 60
Courbet, Gustave, 197
Cruz y Cano y Olmedilla, Juan, 214
Cruzado, Alfonso, 214
Cunego, Domenico, 27
Dalí, Salvador, 225
David, Jacques-Louis, 45
work: Andromache Mourning Hector, 51
Delacroix, Eugène, 194, 201
work: Faust dans l’air, 194, 195
Descartes, Réné, 126
Diario de Madrid advertisement for Los Caprichos, 1, 2, 8, 14, 78, 81, 98–105, 108, 156, 178
generalizing tone of, 114, 118
and Horace, 178
originality discussed in, 178
and Romanticism, 105
echoed by Redon, 198
and satire, 156
and selective imitation, 175
See also advertisements for Goya’s prints
Diderot, Denis, 124
Domus Aurea, 158, 162, 164, 172
Dreams and dreaming, 105, 188–190, 196, 198. See also grotesque
Dupuis, Nicolas-Gabriel, 86
Dürer, Albrecht, 94
Education, 136–137. See also Condillac; Godoy; Jovellanos; Locke; R.A.B.A.S.F.; and themes of Los Caprichos
Engraving. See printmaking
Enlightenment, 15, 22, 60, 125, 128–130, 142
educational reform and. See education
epistemology, 122, 178, 186. See also sensationalism
Goya’s art and, 4–10, 12, 15, 103, 105, 112, 179, 182
printmaking and, 83, 130
See also Floridablanca
Epistemology. See Enlightenment; and sensationalism
Ensor, James, 198
work: Demons Taunting Me, 231
Escorial, Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo of the
Casita de Príncipe (or de Abajo), 165–166
Casita del Infante (or de Arriba), 165–166
Goya’s tapestry cartoons for, 164
grotesque decoration in, 160–163, 166, 170, 174
Ponz calls for reproduction of works in, 88, 215
Salón Pompeyano in, 164, 165, 174. See also Castillo
works by Bosch in, 75, 76
See also Royal palaces, Spanish
Esteve, Agustín, 84
Eximeno, Antonio, 137, 221
Expression, 14, 21, 24–28, 61
Goya’s art and, 28–58 passim
and physiognomy, 59, 60–61
Fantastic, the (literary mode), 186–188, 196. See also dreams and dreaming; Jackson; and Todorov
Fantastic satire. See satire
Fantasy
and caricature, 69–71
in Diario de Madrid advertisement for Los Caprichos, 103, 185–186
in Goya’s art of the 1790s, 58, 109, 186
and observation, 11–12, 14, 56, 105–106, 108
and satire, 102, 104–105, 108, 114, 136, 178
and uncommissioned art, 55
See also capricho; invention; satire; and visión
Feijoo, 60
Ferdinand VII, 167. See also Bourbon royal family
Ferrer, Joaquín, 109
Ferro, Gregorio, 20
Fielding, Henry, 66–67
Florence
Palazzo Vecchio, 159
Uffizi, 159
Floridablanca, Count of, 50, 84, 88, 89
See also Goya, works, portraits, Count of Floridablanca
Follage, 158. See also grotesque
Fontaine, Pierre. See Percier
Foranda, Valentín de, 127
Gabriel, Infante Don, 165. See also Bourbon royal family
Gassier, Pierre, and Juliet Wilson, 8
Gautier, Théophile, 195–196
Gay, Peter, 124
Ghezzi, Pierleone, 66
Ghirlandaio, Domenico, 158
Giaquinto, Corrado, 22
Gillray, James, 116, 141, 196
Ginés, José, 210
Giordano, Luca, 88, 89, 115
Girodet, Anne-Louis, 167
Glendinning, Nigel, 10, 199–200
Godoy, Manuel, 117
on Los Caprichos, 84–85, 94
on company for the engraving of paintings in the royal palaces, 89
interest in educational reform, 137
in Napoleon y Godoy, 117
as owner of Los Caprichos, 111–112
as patron of Goya, 111
as possible target in Los Caprichos, 4, 118
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 127
Gómez, Vincente, 166, 168, 178
work: ceiling of entry hall, Casita del Principe, Escorial, 166, 167
Gómez de la Navia, José, 86
González Velázquez, Antonio, 166
González Velázquez, Isidro, 166
González Vélazquez, Zacarías, 50, 166, 167, 213
Gothic novel, 181, 196
Goya, Francisco
1812 inventory of possessions of, 95
1792–93 illness and deafness of, 19, 20, 54, 58, 77, 78, 96, 168, 227
and Spanish court, 78, 80–81, 98, 110, 166, 168–170. See also Royal Tapestry Factory of Santa Bárbara
travels in Italy by, 19
and uncommissioned works, 55–56, 77–81, 168
works:
paintings
religious paintings, 28, 31, 36, 56, 57, 78
Crucifixion, 28–36, 31
Death of Saint Joseph, 37–39, 38, 49
Miracle of Saint Anthony of Padua, 78, 168, 210
Saint Bernardine of Siena Preaching before Alfonso of Aragón, 34, 36–37
Saint Francis Borgia at the Deathbed of an Impenitent, 40–43, 41, 48, 55, 58, 71, 109, 176
Saint Francis Borgia Taking Leave of his Family, 207
Saints Justa and Rufina, 28, 29, 51–52
Saints Justa and Rufina, oil sketch for, 28
Taking of Christ, 78, 79
history paintings
Hannibal the Conqueror, Viewing Italy from the Alps for the First Time, 173
portraits, 8, 56, 61–63, 78, 97, 137, 170
Count of Floridablanca, 128–130, 129
Duchess of Osuna, 62, 63, 109
Family of Charles IV, 170
Francisco de Saavedra, 8
Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, 6, 8, 78, 97
Juan Antonio Meléndez Valdés, 8
Leandro Fernández de Moratín, 8
tapestry cartoons, 28, 39, 56, 57, 58
Blind Guitarist, 94, 219
Blind Man’s Bluff, 219
Summer, 39–40, 39, 61, 106, 168
Wounded Mason, 207
other decorative paintings
witchcraft paintings for dukes of Osuna, 109
“black” paintings, 80, 229
cabinet paintings, 54, 55, 77–78, 100
Yard with Lunatics, 52–56, 53 58, 70, 71, 77, 182
genre paintings
Clothed Maja, 110
ivory miniatures, 207
Naked Maja, 110
drawings
Italian notebook, 49, 148
after Farnese Hercules, 49, 51
Mascarón, 173–174, 173
after Torso Belvedere, 49
individual drawings and studies
Academy, 24, 55
Choleric Temperament, 72
De Todo, 138, 140
portraits for Ceán Bermúdez, Diccionario histórico, 97, 98, 112
Luis de Vargas, 97
sheets of caricature heads (attributed to Goya in G-W), 211
Sketch for Capricho, 6, 229
studies for prints by professional printmakers, 216
albums of drawings, 56, 80
Album A, 56–58, 96
A [j], 56, 57
Album B, 17, 58–59, 61, 70, 73, 96, 148
sheet 19, 133
sheet 58, 17, 19, 64, 66, 70, 72
sheet 59, 145, 146, 148
sheet 63, 17, 65, 143, 144
Sueños, 70, 72, 96, 102, 188
Sueño 1, 68, 69, 188
sketch for Sueño 1, 69, 70, 105
Sueño 11, 147
Sueño 21, 133
Sueño 25, 144
Sueño 27, 73, 74
Sueño, De la mentira y ynconstancia, 218
Sueño, Este es un hombre q.e p.r q.e le digeron . . . , 149–150
Sueño, La enfermedad de la razon, 155
Sueño 6, 152–153, 153
Sueño (G-W 626), 154
prints
early prints
Blind Guitarrist, 94
Flight into Egypt, 94
Garroted Man, 94
after Velázquez, 30, 62, 89–93, 98
Un enano (Sebastián de Morra), 91
San Francisco de Paula, 92, 94, 96
San Isidro, 94
Los Caprichos
plate 1, Fran.co de Goya y Lucientes Pintor, 11, 13, 14, 105, 188
plate 2, El si pronuncian y la mano alargan Al primer que llega, 6, 7, 12, 112
plate 3, Que biene el Coco, 62, 72–76, 135, 189
plate 5, Tal para qual, 105, 112, 118, 119, 190, 191
plate 6, Nadie se conoce, 182–184, 183
plate 7, Ni asi la distingue, 105, 131–134, 132, 144, 147
plate 7, working proof, 134
plate 8, Que sela llevaron, 190, 191
plate 9, Tantalo, 117
plate 13, Estan calientes, 65, 142, 144, 148, 182
plate 14, Que sacrificio!, 71–72, 71, 105, 106, 197
plate 17, Bien tirade está, 56
plate 21, Qual la descanonan!, 72, 73, 110
plate 23, Aquellos polbos, 110
plate 24, Nohubo remedio, 110, 111, 181
plate 26, Ya tienen asiento, 113, 224
plate 29, Esto si que es leer, 109, 120, 121, 134
plate 30, Porque esconderlos?, 63–65, 64, 113
plate 34, Las rinde el Sueño, 189
plates 37–42 (“ass” sequence), 180
plate 40, De que mal morira? 74
plate 43, El sueño de la razon produce monstruos, 1, 3, 11, 70, 105, 117, 154–155, 189
plate 48, Soplones, 150, 151, 182
plate 49, Duendecitos, 114, 192, 193
plate 50, Los Chinchillas, 121–122, 123, 130–131, 141–143, 153, 155–156, 182
plate 51, Se repulen, 107–108, 107
plate 52, Lo que puede un Sastre!, 116, 134, 135, 147
plate 53, Que pico de Oro, 139, 140
plate 54, El Vergonzoso, 148–149, 149 182
plate 55, Hasta la muerte, 105–106, 106, 107, 109, 113
plate 56, Subir y bajar, 112
plate 57, La filiacion, 145, 147, 148, 182, 183
plate 59, Y aun no se van!, 114
plate 63, Miren que grabes!, 176, 177, 191
plate 64, Buen Viage, 175, 185
plate 65, Donde va mama?, 174–176, 187
plate 66, Allá vá eso, 194
plate 69, Sopla, 150–151, 152, 182
plate 72, No te escaparás, 114, 117
plate 75, No hay nadie nos desate? 74–76, 75
plate 78, Despacha, que dispiertan, 189
Los desastres de la guerra, 1–2, 4, 80
plate 28, Populacho, 229
plate 39, Grande hazaña! Contra muertos!, 2, 5
Los disparates, 80
La tauromaquia, 80, 91
See also references to Goya throughout index
Goya, Javier, 4, 58, 80–81
Granada. Apartments of Charles V in the Alhambra, 160
Granello, Niccolò, and Fabrizio Castello, 160, 162, 163, 174, 178
work: ceiling of chapter hall, Escorial, 163
Gravelot and Cochin, 219
Greco, El, 78
Greek art, 23, 26, 170. See also classical sculpture
Grotesque, 10, 15, 190
and alienation, 182, 184–185
and body in Los Caprichos, 178, 180, 182, 196–197, 228. See also body
and capricho. See capricho, and grotesque
and Los Caprichos, 157, 174–179, 180–181, 186
and carnival, 15, 180, 182
communal nature of, 180
and dreams, 189
in the eighteenth century, 15, 157–158, 162–173, 181–182
etymology and origins of, 158, 160–162, 164, 185
and graphic art, 185
and “grotesque realism,” 180
and imitation, 171–172
and laughter, 184
and madness, 182
and Mannerism, 158–162, 178
and masks, 182–183
and Neoclassicism, 14, 163, 176, 180
and oxymoron, 189
reproductive prints of, 163–164, 178
and Romanticism, 181–184
and selective imitation, 172, 175–176, 178
subversive character of, 180, 181
and Surrealism, 184
and viewer, 184, 185
See also Bakhtin; body; brutesco; follage; grutesco; Kayser; satire; and literature
Grutesco, 158, 160, 174. See also grotesque
Guercino, 94
Guevarra, Felipe de, 172
Harris, Tomás, 80
Helman, Edith, 5–8, 112
Hennequin, Emile, 198
Herculaneum, 164
Hervás y Panduro, Lorenzo, 22, 127, 141, 144, 221, 224
History painting, 36
Hoffmann, E.T.A., 187, 195, 196
Hogarth, 19, 116, 141, 196
work: Caricatures and Caricaturas, 65, 66–67
Horace, 176–178, 179, 185
Hugo, Victor, 194
Huysmans, Karl-Joris, 197
Ibarra, Joaquín, 83
Imagination. See fantasy
Imitation, 103. See also naturalism
Imitation, selective, 14, 21, 25, 30, 37, 48, 49, 55, 104
in Diario de Madrid advertisement for Los Caprichos, 50, 104
in Goya’s art, 40–42, 58
and ugliness, 176–178
See also grotesque
Inquisition, 6, 109–111, 125
Invention
and classicism, 52
in Diario de Madrid advertisement for Los Caprichos, 104
in Goya’s letter to Iriarte, 77
and grotesque, 179
in printmaking, 94
and uncommissioned art, 55, 70
See also fantasy
Iriarte, Bernardo de, 50
and education reform in the R.A.B.A.S.F., 48
letters from Goya to, 54–55, 77–78, 100, 101
as owner of Mengs, Self-Portrait, 87
Iriarte, Tomás de, 177–178
Isla, Padre (José Francisco de), 6
Ivins, William, 82
Jackson, Rosemary, 15, 188, 189, 190, 195, 196
Japelli, Luis, 168
Jesuits, 221
Jomtob, Nathaniel. See Puigblanch, Antonio
Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchor de
as adviser to R.A.B.A.S.F., 42
on beauty of “man,” 22, 23
and Los Caprichos, 5, 7, 105, 112, 122
and Condillac, 137
on education and sensationalism, 137
and Locke, 137
oration at 1781 prize-giving ceremony of R.A.S.A.S.F., 23, 215
See also Goya, works, portraits, Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos
Kayser, Wolfgang, 184–185, 186, 195
Klinger, Max, 197
work: Into the Gutter, 198
Knudsen, Vibike Vibolt, 10
Language and Los Caprichos, 107–108, 174, 190–193
See also Captions of Los Caprichos; and literature
Laughter, 113. See also grotesque
Lavater, Johann Caspar, 59–60, 72
Le Brun, 25, 26, 27, 49, 72
Lefort, Paul, 115–116
Leonardo da Vinci
and expression, 24–25, 26, 39, 61, 67
grotesque heads by, 19, 66
translated by Rejón de Silva, 26
Lippi, Filippo, 158
Literature
“autor” used as term for “artist,” 70, 88, 102
eighteenth-century, and Goya’s art, 5–8, 9–10, 122, 156, 192
literary references in Diario de Madrid advertisement for Los Caprichos, 101–102
seventeenth-century Spanish, and grotesque, 180
Locke, John
and sensationalism, 14, 44, 124–125, 128
on education, 136–137
knowledge of, in Spain, 126
López, Tomás, 214
López Enguídanos, José, 48, 50
work: plate from Cartilla de principios de dibujo, 47, 48
López Rey, José, 4–5, 59, 60
Lucás Velázquez, Eugenio, 230
Luzán y Martínez, José, 115
Madrazo, José, 51
Madrid
Casón del Buen Retiro, 88
Royal Palace of, 22, 26, 27, 36, 50, 95. See also royal palaces, Spanish
San Antonio de la Florida, 168, 170, 210
San Francisco el Grande, 36
Maea, José, 84
Maella, Mariano Salvador, 37, 50, 94, 167, 168–170, 213, 227
Magritte, Réné, 225
Maistre, Joseph de, 116
Majas, 56
Manet, Edouard, 197
Mannerism. See grotesque
Mantegna, Andrea, 94
María Luisa of Parma (wife of Charles IV), 4, 39, 118, 136
Marmontel, Jean-François, 141
Martí Mora, Francisco de Paula, 25
Martínez, Francisco, 26, 100, 174
Martínez, Sebastián, 19, 116
Masks (also mascarón), 145–148, 174, 182–183. See also grotesque
Mata Duque, Juan de, 168
Matheron Laurent, 201, 229, 230
Maupertius, Pierre Louis Moreau de, 136
Mayner, Alessandro, 160
Meléndez Valdés, Juan Antonio, 6, 7, 112, 122, 137
See also Goya, works, portraits, Juan Antonio Meléndez Valdés
Mengs, Anton Raphael, 27
career and influence in Spain, 22–23, 26, 44, 50, 179
on expression, 26–27
and Goya, 22–23, 28–37, 42, 207
on grotesque decoration, 170–171, 172
on human body, 23
Milizia’s treatise on, 24
and Neoplatonism, 52
and Raphael, 36, 66
and Ribera, 48
and Salvador Carmona, 86–87
on selective imitation, 30, 37, 42
and Tiepolo, 95
and Velázquez, 30
works:
Adoration of the Shepherds, 35, 36
Annunciation, 37
Crucifixion, 29–30, 32
Descent from the Cross, 30, 32, 89
drawings after Raphael, School of Athens, 27
Self-Portrait (print after). See Salvador Carmona, Manuel
See also Charles III; and R.A.B.A.S.F.
Michelangelo Buonarroti, 194
Milizia, Francesco, 24, 67, 113
Mirri, Luigi, 164
Monsters. See body, deformation of, in Los Caprichos; and grotesque, and body in Los Caprichos
Montfort, Manuel, 83–84, 87
Moratín, Leandro Fernández de, 6, 105, 112, 122
as possible author of Diario de Madrid advertisement, 99, 216
as possible author of Prado manuscript commentaries, 118
trip to London by, 18, 116
See also Goya, works, portraits, Leandro Fernández de Moratín
Moratín, Nicolás, 6
Moreno, José, 84
Motte, Charles, 194
Muñarriz, José, 52
Murillo, Bartolomé Esteban, 47, 52, 215
Naturalism, in Goya’s art, 11, 36–37, 40–42, 43, 45, 52, 55–58, 69, 103, 210
Napoleon y Goya (anonymous print), 117
Neoclassicism, 14, 21, 28, 54, 113
and classical sculpture, 49
and David’s Spanish pupils, 51–52
and exemplum virtutis, 45
and expression, 26
and Horace, 177
and Los Caprichos, 12, 182
and printmaking, 82
and selective imitation, 104, 178
in Spain, 67–69, 115
See also grotesque; Mengs; and R.A.B.A.S.F.
Newton, Sir Isaac, 124, 126, 127
Observation. See fantasy; and naturalism
Ortíz y Sanz, José, 50, 84, 172
Osuna, duke and duchess of, 40, 62, 100, 108–109, 114
See also Goya, works, portraits, Duchess of Osuna
Oxymoron. See grotesque
Pacheco, Francisco, 226
Palomino, Antonio, 4
on beauty of “man,” 23–24
on capricho, 100
on expression, 60–61
on grotesque, 160, 162
on physiognomy, 60
Práctica de la pintura by, in Goya’s Count of Floridablanca, 130
on Ribera, 45–47
Palomino, Juan Bernabé, 86
Pardo, Royal Palace of the, 39. See also royal palaces, Spanish
Paret y Alcázar, Luis, 27, 48, 94
Patronage. See Goya, and uncommissioned works
Perception, 11–12, 120–156 passim
article in Encyclopédie on, 222
and epistemology, 186
lack of, 76
uncertainty of, 187–188, 194–195
See also Enlightenment; fantastic; fantasy; sensationalism; senses and sense
organs; and themes of Los Caprichos
Percier, Charles, and Pierre Fontaine, 167
work: Gabinete del Platino, Casa del Labrador, Aranjuez, 169
Pérez, Mariano, 168
Pérez Sánchez, Alfonso E., 9
Philip II, 75, 160
Philip V, 160. See also Bourbon royal family
Physiognomy, 14, 59–66, 97
animal, 72–76, 110
See also body; caricature; expression; Lavater; Palomino; and Porta
Pinturicchio, 158
Piranesi, Giambattista, 101
Pliny the Elder, 61
Poe, Edgar Allan, 195
Pompeii, 164
Pompeiian style, 167
Ponz, Antonio, 50
on Bosch, 76
on capricho and grotesque, 174
on grotesque decoration in the Escorial, 162–163
Mengs’s letter on royal collection to, 26, 48
and Neoclassicism, 163
on original printmaking, 94
on reproductive printmaking, 88, 89, 101, 215
and R.A.B.A.S.F., 42
on tapestry cartoons, 168
as translator of Guevara’s Comentario de la pintura, 172
Porta, Giambattista della, 60, 72
Preciado de la Vega, Francisco, 26
Prieto, Tomás Francisco, 72, 86
Printmaking, 14
and Count of Floridablanca, 83, 84
original, in Spain, 94–95
place of Los Caprichos in history of, 1
and print market, in Spain, 82–85
reproductive, 21, 24, 27, 87–89, 95
satiric, lack of, in Spain, 113
See also company for the engraving of paintings in the royal palaces; grotesque; R.A.B.A.S.F.; and satire
Puigblanch, Antonio, 109–110
Quevedo, Franciso de, 70
R.A.B.A.S.F.
advisors to, 26, 42, 52, 172, 215
anatomy in curriculum of, 24, 48–49
and classical sculpture, 49, 50–51, 52
and drawing schools, 130
educational debates within, 20, 27, 138–139
Goya and, 12–14, 20, 28, 54, 77–78, 80, 94
1792 report on education to, 50, 55, 138–139
influence of Mengs on, 37, 49, 52
influence of Raphael on, 27
library of, 21, 25, 27, 49, 59, 172
and Neoclassicism, See Neoclassicism
officials of, 26, 54, 83, 128–130
orations at prize-giving ceremonies of, 13, 21, 23, 52, 59, 143
1772, 42, 44, 176–177
1781, 23
1787, 37
1790, 82
1796, 52
1799, 45
1802, 52
1832, 4
print collection, 21
and printmaking, 86–87
proceedings of
1790, 21
1799, 48
1832, 86
student competitions in, 49, 50
Rabelais, François, 180
Raphael, 12, 162
and expression, 27–28
and grotesque decoration, 158–159, 164, 166
and physiognomy, 66, 67
See also Mengs
Redon, Odilon 197–198
work: The Sad Marsh Flower, from Homage to Goya, 197, 198
Rejón de Silva, Diego Antonio, 50
on caricature, 67
on expression, 26, 40
and Raphael, 27
on selective imitation, 49, 104
as translator of Alberti and Leonardo, 24
Rembrandt van Rijn, 58, 113
Retratos de Españoles Ilustres, 84
See also Alegre
Ribera, Jusepe de, 45–48, 94, 115
work: Martyrdom of St. Bartholomew, 45, 46
See also Alegre
Ribera, Juan Antonio, 51
Ripa, Cesare, 219
Roca, Count de la, 50
Rococo, 171
Romanticism and Goya’s art, 9–15, 16, 58, 108, 193–197, 201. See also Baudelaire; Delacroix; Gautier; and grotesque
Rome. Vatican loggie, 158–159, 163–164
Rops, Feliciens, 198
Rosa, Salvador, 94
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 126, 137
Rowlandson, Thomas, 141, 196
Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, Paris, 25, 45
Royal Academy of San Carlos, Valencia, 24, 42
Royal Academy, Spanish, 11, 55, 60, 67, 100–101, 170
Royal Asturian Institute, 22, 137
Royal chalcography, 80–81, 83–85, 88, 93, 100–101, 109, 110
Royal collection, Spanish, 21, 164, 190. See also Mengs, on royal collection
Royal palaces, Spanish, 51, 88, 168. See also Aranuez; Escorial; Madrid; and Pardo
Royal press, 83
Royal Tapestry Factory of Santa Bárbara, 22, 36, 39, 94, 166–170
Saavedra, Francisco de. See Goya, works, portraits, Francisco de Saavedra
Sabatini, Francisco, 39
Salas, Gregorio de, 37
Salesa, Benaventura, 89
Salvador Carmona, Antonio, 86
Salvador Carmona, Luis, 86
Salvador Carmona, Manuel
on anatomy, 48
and the R.A.B.A.S.F., 27, 86–87
and reproductive printmaking, 84, 88, 89, 92
work: after Mengs, Self-Portrait, 87
Sancha, Antonio, 83
Sante Bartoli, Pietro de, 164
work: plate II, Picturae antiquae, 159
Santiago, Elena, 10
Satire
in British prints, 115–116, 192
cultural specificity of, in Los Caprichos, 3
in Diario de Madrid advertisement, 101–102, 103
fantastic, 192
in Goya’s art of the 1790s, 11, 105–106, 108, 109, 112, 113–114
and the grotesque, 178
open-ended nature of, in Los Caprichos, 192–193
veiled nature of, in Los Caprichos, 103, 114
See also caricature; and fantasy
Sayre, Eleanor A., 8–9
Selma, Fernando, 50, 86
Sensationalism, 14–15, 44–45, 52, 123
and Los Caprichos, 187–188
and educational reform, 137
and the fantastic, 186
in Goya’s 1792 report to the R.A.B.A.S.F., 50
opponents of, 125
See also Condillac; Locke; perception; senses and sense organs
Senses and sense organs in Los Caprichos, 14–15
hearing and ears, 121–156 passim
hierarchy of, 15, 127–128, 141–154
sight and eyes, 12, 15, 120–156 passim, 178, 188 See also visión
taste and mouths, 140–156 passim, 15, 181
touch, 224
See also perception; sensationalism; and themes in Los Caprichos
Sepúlveda, Pedro González de, 112
Seville Cathedral, 28
Signorelli, Luca, 158
Sigüneza, Fray José de, 49, 75–76, 174
on grotesque decoration, 160–162, 163–164, 170
Silva, Pedro de, 42, 49, 88, 128, 176–177
on Goya’s Saint Francis Borgia at the Deathbed of an Impenitent, 42–44, 48, 128
Sister arts, 101–102
Spectator. See viewer
Stoichita, Victor I., 11
Stuyck y Vandergoten, Livinio, 168
Sulzer, Johann Georg, 24
Supernatural. See fantasy
Surrealists, 156, 185. See also Dalí; Magritte
Symbolists, 16, 197–198. See also Redon
Teba, Count of, 52
Teniers, David, 190
Terreros y Pando, Esteban, 11, 60, 100, 170, 174, 186
Themes of Los Caprichos, 5–6, 122
asses, 73–74
clergy, 109, 134
education, 135–136, 140
Inquisition, 109
masquerade, 73, 188
nobility, 109, 122
perception, 12, 14–15, 76, 188. See also perception
prostitutes, 71, 131, 136
relations between the sexes, 118
vanitas, 184
witchcraft, 72, 112, 136, 150–154, 174
Tibaldi, Pellegrino, 160
Tiepolo, Domenico, 95, 96
Tiepolo, Giambattista, 95–96, 101
works:
frontispiece without lettering, Scherzi di fantasi, 95, 96
plate from Raccolta di Teste, 96, 97
Tiepolo, Lorenzo, 95
Todorov, Tzvetan, 15, 186–188, 195, 196
Toledo Cathedral, 78
Tomlinson, Janis A., 9
Torres y Villarroel, Diego de, 70
Udine, Giovanni da, 158–159, 160, 162
Valencia Cathedral, 40, 45
Valladolid, Convent of Santa Ana, 37–39
Vargas Ponce, José de, 82–83
Vasari, Giorgio, 159, 163, 178
Vega, Jesusa, 10, 92
Velázquez, Diego, 30, 31, 58, 62, 89–93, 207
works:
Crucifixion, 30, 33
Las Meninas, 93
See also Goya, works, early prints, after Velázquez
Verí, Tomás de, 206
Viewer
and Los Caprichos, 12, 14, 108, 185
Ceán Bermúdez on, 113
described as los inteligentes, 78–81, 100, 143, 178, 213
early reactions to Los Caprichos, 108–119
foreigners interested in Los Caprichos, 81, 115
and reader of Diario de Madrid advertisement, 101, 102, 104
in relation to depicted figures in Los Caprichos, 120, 134
responses to open-ended character of Los Caprichos, 118
and sensationalism, 44–45
types of viewers, 81–82
and uncommissioned work, 77
See also commentaries; grotesque; and Silva
Villanueva, Joaquín Lorenzo, 125
Villanueva, Juan de, 165–166
Villaverde, marquis of, 77–78
Visión, 11, 105, 186. See also fantasy; and senses and sense organs
Visionary. See fantasy
Vitruvius, 171–172, 179
Volpato, Giovanni, 89, 164
works:
frontispiece, Loggie de Rafaele nel Vaticano, 161
after Mengs, Descent from the Cross, 90
Ximénez, Andrés, 76
Watelet, Claude-Henri, 26
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 27, 171
Wilson-Bareau, Juliet. See Bareau, Juliet Wilson; and Gassier, Pierre, and Juliet Wilson
Wolf, Reva, 116
Zapater, Martín, 37, 213
Zeglirscosac, Fermín Eduardo, 25
Zevallos, Fernando de, 125