Index

Aachen 96, 128, 137, 145, 343, 425

   and the Carolingian political tradition 274, 275, 278, 279

   Carolingian royal chapel at 141, 142

   Charlemagne receives tribute at 234

   fiscal complex 337

   see also Charlemagne; Lotharingia

Abodrites 232

   campaign against (892) 221

Adalbero, bishop of Augsburg 225

Adalbero, duke of Carinthia 202, 363, 372, 379

Adalbero, bishop of Laon 228

Adalbero, bishop of Würtzburg 371

Adalbero II, count of Ebersberg 375

Adalbert Babenberger 114

Adalbert, count of Ballenstedt 364

Adalbert, archbishop of Bremen 385

Adalbert of St Maximin, archbishop of Magdeburg 340

   continues Regino of Prüm’s Chronicon 290

   mission to the Russians 276

Adalbert, archbishop of Mainz 380

Adalbert, duke of Upper Lotharingia 364

Adalbert, enemy of Thietmar of Merseburg 323

Adalbold, bishop of Utrecht 366

Adam of Bremen 118, 140, 340, 451

Adela, wife of count Balderich 142, 143, 355, 356

Adela, wife of Dedi of Lower Lusitania 356

Adelaide, margravine of Turin 384

Adhemar of Chabannes 75, 227

adventus regis 190, 201

Æthelred II ‘the Unready’, English king 75, 290

Æthelstan, English king: victory at Brunanburh 288

Agapetus II, pope 349

Agilolfing family: dukes of Bavaria 285

   strained relations with Carolingians 259

Agnes of Poitou, empress, wife of Henry III 144, 299, 369, 385

Aibling 227

Aimo, leader of a gang of robbers 57

Airlie, Stuart 224

Aistulf, Lombard king 232, 242

Alan of Tewkesbury 171, 172, 176

Albert, bishop of Liège 66

Alemannia: see Swabia

Alexander II, pope 150, 151, 162

Alexander III, pope 204

   and the Becket dispute 174, 176, 177, 180, 186

Alfonso II, king of Asturias: sends Charlemagne trophies after the capture of Lisbon 240

Alfred, king of Wessex 5, 15, 140, 280

   ‘Alfredian’ charters 297

   and the dating of the Life of Alfred 10–11

   and taxation 445

   translation programme 298

   and the unification of England 287

Alfred ‘the Ætheling’ 290

Algazi, Gadi 115

Allstedt, Ottonian royal palace 141, 142

Alpert of Metz 146, 366, 367, 398

Alsace 286

Althoff, Gerd 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 130, 144, 178, 184, 203, 361

Alton 48

Americas, discovery of 22

Andernach, battle of (876) 234

Anderson, Benedict 299

Anderson, Perry 35, 389

Angevin empire: and capitals 440

   composite 427, 457

   exceptionally rich accounts of assemblies 200

   and France 450

   geographically mobile elite 450

   reactions against papal jurisdiction 430

   size of kingdom 402

   style of kingship: idea of ‘advanced government’ 455, 457

     and the absence of the king 457

     and administrative practice 186, 395

     comparison with Germany 390

     itinerant representatives 425

     judicial practice 392, 394, 397, 423, 424, 426, 429, 430, 441, 442, 444

     privileges and mandates 415, 418, 421, 422

   and succession 290, 447

   and taxation 445, 446

   use of ritual 131

   see also Anglo-Norman dynasty; England

Anglo-Norman dynasty: and assemblies 196, 200, 209

   and capitals 440

   conquest 15, 83, 85

   found new form of state 435, 436, 439

   regional diversity 427

   and royal justice 441, 442

   and shires 437

   succession crises 290

   and taxation 445, 446

   writs 422

   see also England; Normans

Anglo-Saxon England

   and assemblies 196, 209

   attitude to foreign customs 144, 298–9

   and charter witness-lists 196

   and the church 346, 347, 348

   and crime 443

   and economic growth 304

   and feudalism 303, 308

   influence of Carolingian state tradition 280, 304

     coinage 280, 290

     law-codes 280, 292, 293

     weights and measures 280

   and itinerant kingship 295

   ‘maximalist’ view of Old English state 186–7, 286, 290, 292

   monasteries 346, 347

   and regional power-bases 288

   regnal ethnicity and terminology 297

   and royal titulature 297

   smooth transitions through breaks in the political succession 290

   and sources 294

   state formation: and shires 437

     comparison with Ottonian Germany 284–99

     and unification 296, 304

   taxation 444

   unlikely target for the Franks 265

   see also bishops; charters; England; historiography; shires; Wessex

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 12, 38, 42, 50, 287, 289, 290, 295

Anjou 457

Annals of Fulda 217, 223, 225, 248, 401

   Mainz continuator 224, 231

   Regensburg continuator 217, 219, 227

Anno, archbishop of Cologne 162, 331, 333, 369

Anouilh, Jean 167

Ansegis 292

Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury 66, 99, 181, 202

Anselm II, bishop of Lucca 156, 385

Aosta, bishopric 340

apanages (of Capetian kings’ sons) 285, 448

Appelt, Heinrich 415, 421, 431

Aquitaine 207, 227, 230, 249, 270, 299, 307, 427

   see also Angevin empire

Ariano 205

Aribo, archbishop of Mainz 372

aristocracy: see elite

Arles 450

army: fighting-men without land benefices 237, 239, 266

   vassals with land benefices 238

   warbands led by ecclesiastics 238–9, 343, 344, 348

   warbands led by lay elite 239

   geographical or ethnic names 258

   under the Merovingians 257

   recruitment of the Carolingian army 243

     and the general summons of free men 245, 256, 257, 260, 262

     in the capitularies 256

     and ‘Freienpolitik’ 262

     small freeman unlikely to have been backbone of Carolingian army 244–6

     mobilisation of slaves and unfree 246

     for offensive or defensive warfare 259

   expense of military service 244

   rewards 239

     and the circulation of goods 240, 266

   ‘profit-and-loss’ assessment of warfare 243, 266

   difficulty of raising armies from the end of Charlemagne’s reign 251

   see also assemblies; bishops; Carolingian empire; elite; gift; liberi homines; plunder; tribute

Arnold, bishop of Cologne 422

Arnold, archbishop of Trier 430

Arnold, bishop of Worms 332

Arnulf of Carinthia, East Frankish king and emperor 218, 219

   his election as king 297

   hegemonial position 248

   concubines 218

   family relationship with the elder Conrad 220

   gifts of land to his wife Uota 220, 221, 222

   attacked indirectly by the accusation of adultery against his wife Uota 225

   illness 225, 226–7

   Italian campaign (896) 225, 226

   requires swearing of an oath of loyalty 225

   insecure position 225

   given a dodgy drink at his imperial coronation 228

   see also Carolingian dynasty

Arnulf, duke of Bavaria 288

Arnulf, bishop of Halberstadt 313, 363, 368

Arthur of Brittany 448

Asselt, Vikings’ camp 231

assemblies 142, 143–4, 184, 185, 193–209, 381, 392

   across Europe 209–10, 454

   and armies 198

   breaking up for consultations 204

   and capitularies 196, 200

   and charters 195

   and church councils 201–2

   and colloquium familiare 185, 204

   and constitutional history 195

   and crown-wearing 196–7, 206

   and the ‘Marchfield’ 197, 258

   frequency 195

   general assemblies vs assemblies ‘by invitation’ 198

   and the ‘feudal revolution’ 301

   held by people other than kings 198, 207, 402

   and honour and status 393

   issues treated 204

     diplomacy 205–6

     legislation 205

     military campaigns 204, 206

     privileges for individual beneficiaries 205

     settlement of disputes 206

   and law-codes 196

   and narrative sources 196, 200

   participation 198

   period in which the concept applies 194–5, 208–9

   and the ‘public’ or political community 207–8, 453

   and regional ‘catchment areas’ 199, 207, 400

   and ‘secret’ meetings 184, 204

   style of interaction 199

   as staged occasions 201

   terminology 195

   see also charters; church councils; historiography; privileges; ritual

Asser 11, 140

   and the dating of the Life of Alfred 11

Astronomer, biographer of Louis the Pious 247

Attigny 159

Attila 121

Auden, W. H. 3

Auer, L. 344

Augsburg 155, 164

   bishopric 331

Augustine of Hippo, Saint 71, 168

Austrasia, Austrasians

   aristocracy: revolt against tax-inspector Parthenius 399

     complain about the peace between Sigebert and Guntramn 235

     magnate families divide the gains of Frankish conquest 244

Austria 289, 393, 405

Avars 102

   and the Franks

     attack by the Franks 251, 252, 253, 263, 265, 266

     Frankish missionary activity 264

     ruler’s hoard plundered by Frankish kings 233, 236, 265

   sacral nature of kingship 233

Avranches, ‘concordat’ of 187, 189

Azelin, son of Baldwin of Flanders 333

Azelin, bishop of Hildesheim 341

Baaken, G. 322, 323

Babenberger family 452

Bachrach, Bernard 258

Bagehot, Walter 127

baillages 437, 438

Balderich, frontier commander, fails against Bulgar army (827) 253

Balderich, count 142, 143, 355, 366, 367, 398

Baldwin of Flanders 333, 386

Bali, kingdom of, and use of ritual 131, 145, 294

Baluze, Etienne 260

Bamberg 384

   bishopric 331, 335, 336, 337

Bamberg Apocalypse 93

Bamburgh 287

Barcelona 207

   sacked by the Franks (801) 234

Bardo, bishop of Metz 331

Barlow, Frank 187, 189

Barraclough, Geoffrey 6, 27, 29, 104, 389, 433, 435

Bartlett, Robert 6, 29, 30, 36

Basel 404

Basil II, Byzantine emperor 136

Basques: pay tribute to Franks 231

   unreliable allies to the Franks 265

   at war with the Franks 251

Battle, royal abbey of 181

Bavaria, Bavarians 103, 104, 207, 222, 274, 285, 289, 364, 365, 400, 403

   and Arnulf 226, 297

   attending Frankish assemblies 199

   bishops 330, 341, 345

   gains of Frankish conquest distributed among Austrasian magnate families 244

   participation in Frankish army 259

   revolt of 1055 363

Bayley, C. C. 410

Beatrix of Tuscany 383, 385

Beaupré, abbey 426

Becket, Thomas 121, 168, 202

   the Becket dispute 167–90, 203, 204, 441

     and problems of source criticism 171

   early career 173

   resigns the chancellorship 173

   at the Council of Northampton (1164) 199, 202, 206

   his exile 175

   returns to England 177

   refuses to accept counsel 185

   see also Henry II of England; Louis VII; Northampton, Council of

Bede 87, 287, 298

Benedict V, pope 164

Benedict VIII, pope 340

Benedict IX, pope 164

Benevento: Frankish expedition against (866) 245, 246

   pays tribute to Franks 232

   at war with Franks 251

Berengar I, king of Italy 226

Berengar II, king of Italy 286, 408

Bern 51, 53

Bernard, king of Italy, rebellion of 817 255

Bernardus filius Bernardi 239

Bernard Billung 162

Bernard of Clairvaux 99

Bernard, count 364

Bernard, margrave of the Nordmark 369

Bernard, margrave of the Ostmark 363

Bernard of Septimania 224, 225, 239

Bertha of Turin, empress, wife of Henry IV 385

Berthold of Reichenau 156

Berthold, archbishop of Salzburg 370

Berthold, Swabian magnate 382, 383

Berthold of Zähringen 46, 393

Besançon 156

   assembly at (1157) 202, 408, 409, 430

Beumann, H. 130

Billung family 316, 322, 323, 332, 343

bishoprics, as administrative units 438

bishops, and aristocratic kin-groups 331

   comparison across Europe 346

   deposition 335, 347

   ‘desacralisation’ of the bishop 369

   as instruments of royal government 325, 337

     and servitia (large renders of food and drink) 338, 344, 345, 348

     and duties of hospitality (gistum) 344, 345, 348

     and the supply of troops 343, 344, 348

   as intellectuals 345–6

   relatives of the royal house 332

   rights of mint and market 346

   role as intermediaries in cases of deditio 382, 384

   situation not dissimilar to that of lay nobility 334, 339

   see also England, Anglo-Saxon; Italy; Ottonian dynasty; Salian dynasty

     violence; West Francia

Bismarck, Otto von 147

Bisson, Thomas N. 63, 72–3, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 85, 86, 114, 198, 201

Bloch, Marc 20, 92, 114

Bloch, Maurice 139

Bohemia, Bohemians 232, 252, 260, 405

   kings dominated by Ottonians 289

Bois, Guy 27, 82

Boleslaw I Chrobry, king of Poland 400

boni homines 301

Boniface, margrave of Tuscany 60

Bonnassie, Pierre 87

Boretius, Alfred 260, 261

Bornscheuer, Lothar 98

Boserup, Ester 403

Boshof, Egon 373

Bosl, Karl 435

Bourdieu, Pierre 119

Bournazel, Eric 27

Brabant 48

Brackmann, Albert 434

Bracton, Henry de 428

Brecht, Berthold 71

Bremen, archbishopric 334, 345, 393

Bretons: see Brittany

Brioude 241

Brittany, Bretons 249

   common political culture with the Franks 247

   Frankish campaigns against 251, 252

   leaders’ arms sent to Charlemagne 234

   rulers maintain clientele among immediate Frankish neighbours 247

   taken as slaves 233

   tribute to Frankish kings 200, 231, 232, 242, 263

Brixen 221, 223, 341

   bishopric 340

Brooke, Christopher 90

Broszat, Martin 35

Brown, E. A. R. 19, 20

Brühl, Carlrichard 11, 97, 196

Brunanburh, battle of (937) 288, 296

Brunner, Otto 27, 29, 115, 258, 358, 398

Bruno, bishop of Augsburg 369

Bruno, archbishop of Cologne 333, 345

Bruno, leader of Ekbert of Meissen’s supporters 364

Bruno, bishop of Merseburg 401

Bruno the Saxon 385

Bruno, bishop of Würzburg 328, 333

Brunonid family 341

Brunswick 403

Buc, Philippe 178, 229

Buchan, John 16

Buganda, kingdom of, and use of ritual 135

Bührer-Thierry, Geneviève 224

Bulgars, at war with Franks 251, 253

Burchard, bishop of Halberstadt 336, 370

Burchard, bishop of Lausanne 370

Burchard, duke of Swabia 288

Burchard, Swabian count 364

Burchard I, bishop of Worms 340, 359

Burchard, relative of Uota? 222

Burgundy, Burgundians 7, 149, 305, 340, 414, 415, 418, 427

   and the church 346, 348

   rulers dominated by Saxon kings 274, 275

butter, as characteristic of northern Europe 209

   see also olive oil

Byrhtferth of Ramsey 11

Byzantine empire 82, 300

   embassies to 275

   imperialism and foreign policy 247, 264

   military clashes with the Franks 251, 252

   and ritual 203

   see also Italy

Cadalus, schism of 364

Cambrai 138, 390

   bishopric 417

Campbell, James 85, 132, 284, 291, 292, 294

Canossa 147, 148, 156–7, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 384

   layout of the fortress 156

   modern perception of Henry IV’s actions at 147

   as turning-point for medieval kingship 148–9, 165

   see also excommunication; Gregory VII; Henry IV; penance

Canterbury, archbishopric, rights of 176, 188, 418

   Christ Church 190, 418

   Henry II’s penance at 177, 189, 190

capellani, royal: under the Ottonians and Salians 330, 344, 346

Capetian dynasty 84, 208, 291

   baillages 437, 438

   and the church 345

   and the end of Carolingian rule in West Francia (987) 270, 279

   and the formation of the state 436

   power-zone 453, 457

   royal domain 414

   successions 448

   see also apanages

capitularies 292, 293, 341

Carinthia 289

Carolingian dynasty 102, 270, 271

   political memorialisation 272

   political tradition 271

   and public penance 384

   seen as more advanced and civilised than the Merovingians 245, 246

   state tradition 279, 292, 341, 421

     ‘maximalist’ view on the basis of capitularies 293

     and public order 301, 310

   strained relations with Agilolfings 259

   style of kingship 405

   see also Carolingian empire; East Francia; hunting; kingship; lordship

   Ottonian dynasty; queens; West Francia

Carolingian empire 11, 65, 94

   before 800, army takes the field virtually every year 252

     fighting usually carried out in enemy territory 252

   from 800, shift to defensive posture 252, 254, 261, 262

     and the threat of invasion 251

   end of expansion 251

     as a conscious decision 263

     difficulties in raising armies 255

     distinction between ‘legitimate’ and ‘illegitimate’ expansion? 263

     difficulties of having a Christian empire? 264

     due to Byzantine-style foreign policy? 264

     fatal structural consequences 266

     fewer military opportunities entail fiercer internal competition 266

   and the protection of the papacy 350

   wealth obtained in Avar war 265

   see also army; assemblies; Carolingian dynasty; Francia; Franks; Italy

     plunder; Saxons; tribute

Catalonia 8, 80, 81, 82, 87, 120, 305, 446, 452

Cellarius, Christopher: see Keller, Christopher

Celts 82

Cerdician family 296, 444

Charlemagne, Frankish king and emperor 48, 53, 63, 78, 86, 137, 226, 243, 245, 246, 265, 270, 289

   and Aachen 274

   and the Avar expeditions 234

   collects antiquissima et barbarissima carmina 247

   his diet 117

   distribution of treasure 236

   and the divisio regni of 806 254

   and government 280

   imperial coronation 262, 263, 265

   legislating at assemblies 205

   mobilisation of armies 251, 252, 255

     and his ‘Freienpolitik’ 262

   as model for later kings 272–3, 279

     canonisation as saint 272, 279

     linked with the crusades 272, 451

     and Ottonian histories 277

     Slavic word for ‘king’ (kral) based on his name 273

     his tomb opened by Otto III in 1000 279

     and twelfth-century French kings 272, 279

     under the French revolution 280

   political crisis after the death of leading members of the Frankish aristocracy 266

   and Pippin the Hunchback’s rebellion 240

   receiving and giving war trophies 234, 240, 241

   and the securing of borders 254

   and Spain 249, 259, 260

   his will 236

   see also Aachen; Carolingian dynasty; Carolingian empire

Charles, king of Neustria, son of Charlemagne: campaigns against the Slavs 252

Charles Martel, Frankish ruler 252

   see also Carolingian dynasty

Charles the Bald, Frankish king and emperor 80, 82, 249

   annual gifts to vassals? 237

   and the assembly at Pîtres (864) 200

   and bishops 346, 349

   collects thesauri on his Italian expedition (875) 234

   criticised for setting himself apart from his followers 401

   and legislating at assemblies 205

   measures against the Vikings 261

   motives for trying to obtain the imperial title in 875 249

   receives trophies taken from the Vikings 234

   see also Carolingian dynasty

Charles III the Fat, Frankish king 74, 225

   Carolingian kingdoms reunited under him 248

   dies of a stroke? 227

   succession 405

   and the Vikings 231, 242

   see also Carolingian dynasty

Charles the Straightforward (or ‘the Simple’), West Frankish king (898–923) 226, 233

   see also Carolingian dynasty

Charles VI, king of France 447

Charles the Good of Flanders 227

Charles of Lorraine 47, 138

charters, at church councils 195

   of donation 315

   and formulae 321, 322

   as a source for early medieval kingship 275, 294, 295, 297, 321, 322

   survival in different regions 305, 306

   and witness-lists 195

Châtelet prison 51

Chaudhuri, K. N. 21, 25, 34

Chiavenna, countship 416

Chiemsee 422

Childebert, Frankish king 257

Chilperic, Frankish king (561–84) 52, 53

China: T’ang 135

   and use of ritual 203

Chur, bishopric 340, 341

church, councils 195, 201

   putting in place wider norms of acceptable conduct in the absence of kings 79–81

   see also bishoprics; bishops; Ottonian dynasty; papacy; parish

   Salian dynasty

Cicero 410

Cistercians, General Chapter 69

Clarendon, council at palace of 174, 181, 185, 186, 187, 188, 208, 392

clothing 65–6, 144

   crusaders’ 65

   elite 118

   pilgrims’ 65

   penitents’, sackcloth/hairshirt, with bare feet 160, 170, 180, 381

     worn by bishops 160

     worn by monks 160

     demanded by bishops of their enemies 162

Clovis, Frankish king, and the vase of Soissons 235

Cnut, English king 140, 287, 290, 304, 400, 418

   style of rule in England and Scandinavia 427

Cobb, Richard 13

Cologne 93, 278, 371, 425, 450

   archbishopric 331, 333, 334, 341, 390

Como, bishopric 417, 423

Conrad I, East Frankish king (d. 918) 219, 274, 297, 349, 382

Conrad II, king of Germany 149, 202, 291, 319

   and bishops 331, 332, 369

   and conflicts with / between aristocrats 359, 363, 366, 369, 372, 379, 382

Conrad III 392, 396, 409, 416, 417, 430

   in conflict with Lothar III 384

Conrad, duke of Bavaria 369, 373, 376, 379

Conrad of Beichlingen 60

Conrad, duke of Lotharingia, son-in-law of Otto I 128

Conrad, duke of Luxemburg 162

Conrad, archbishop of Mainz 204

Conrad, bishop of Utrecht 370

Conrad the Younger 364, 381

Conradine family 313

   see also Uota

Constance 160

Constantine I, Roman emperor 21, 157

Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos, Byzantine emperor 135

Constantinople, fall of 22

consuetudo 77

coronation: see ordines

Corsica, Frankish expedition against (825) 245, 246

Corvey, abbey 93, 315, 319, 337, 340, 398

   chronographer 56

Cosmas of Prague 209

Coterel gang 55

court jesters 133

Crescentius, Roman rebel against Otto III 161

crime, highway robbery 38–71, 357

     and the circulation of stolen goods 62

     and the feeling of insecurity 69–71

     high-status robbers 52, 55–60, 357

     and toll-taking 46, 49, 58, 59, 65, 71, 75

     and feud 58, 75–6

     and simony 46

     measures against 60–7

     in the medieval vocabulary 46–7

     modern understanding of 49–50

     professional robbers 52

     robbers and hermits 54

   and ‘private’ justice 301

   and ‘public order’ 76, 310, 362, 365, 443

   see also clothing; feud; feudalism; forest; kingship; latro; latrocinium; pilgrims; punishment; travel; violence; weapons

Cromwell, Thomas 189

crown, symbolic role in the transfer of power under the Ottonians 290

   see also assemblies; kingship

crusaders, oath 69

   see also Charlemagne; clothing

crusades 272

Cumberland 290

Cunigunde, empress, wife of Henry II of Germany 291, 385

Dagobert I, Frankish king 236

Danegeld 249

Danes, and the Franks, share common political culture with the Franks 247

     Frankish failure on border 245, 265

     and Frankish missionary activity 264

     at war with Franks 251

   succession politics 289

   see also Vikings

Daniel, prophecy of 20

Dannenbauer, H. 256, 322

Darwinism 37

Davis, Natalie Zemon 13

De Gaulle, Charles 104

Dedi of Lower Lusitania, rebel against Henry IV 160, 356, 364, 365, 383

deditio 160, 165, 175, 190, 381

   see also bishops; kingship; peace-making; women, royal

defensio patriae 245, 260, 261

Deotrich, priest 220

Dhondt, J. 76

Dhuoda 314

Dien, A. E. 32

Diepold, count 369

Dietrich, margrave 140

Dietrich of Katlenburg 364

Dietrich I, bishop of Metz 349, 351

Dietrich of Münster 369

Dietrich, bishop of Naumburg-Zeitz 370

Dietrich, count of Osterland 363

Dijon 456

Diocletian, Roman emperor 21

diplomas: see privileges

Dirlmeier, Ulf 446

Dodico, lordship 316

dog-carrying, as a punishment 134, 135, 392, 426

Domesday Book 7, 293

Dopsch, Alfons 26

Dornberg, Ottonian royal palace 141, 142

Dortmund 128

Douzy, Council of 238

Dover 122

dress: see clothing

Droysen, Gustav 10

Duby, Georges 87, 115, 243, 245, 246

Dudo of St-Quentin 44, 96

Dümmler, Ernst 218, 224

Dungal 242

Dungern, Otto von 434

Durand, bishop of Liège 331

Durham 290

Durliat, Jean 26

Eadhelm, abbot of Thetford 16

Ealdred, archbishop of York 57

Early Medieval Europe 27

East Anglia 15, 288, 289

East Francia 83, 105

   bishops 349

   comparison with West Francia 248

   and claim to hegemony in Europe 407

   less interventionist rulership than in rest of Frankish kingdoms 280, 311, 342, 399

   multi-regnal 400

   no longer ruled by Carolingians after 911 270

   only Frankish kingdom after 843 with opportunities for expansion 248

   under the Ottonians 280

   and the papacy 350, 407

   rulers’ financial resources 399

   see also Carolingian dynasty; Francia; Germany; Ottonian dynasty; Saxony

   West Francia

Eberhard of Franconia 134, 139, 141, 426

Eberhard, archbishop of Salzburg 422

Eberhard, count of Spanheim 370

Eberhard, archbishop of Trier 162

Eberhard, son of Ulrich of Ebersberg 375

Eddington, Paul 4

Edgar, king of Wessex 45, 287, 289, 293, 304, 445

Edith, queen, wife of Otto I 140

Edmund, English king 287, 290

Edward the Elder, English king 288

Edward the Confessor, English king 57, 290

Edward I, king of England, and royal justice 50, 68, 441

Edward III, king of England 447

Edward, Anglo-Saxon accused of following Danish fashion 144, 298

Edwin, English earl 54

Egbert 93

Egeno, latro? 46

Egeno II, count of Conradsburg 364

Egfrid 239

Egilbert, bishop of Freising 369

Einhard 117, 137, 247, 251, 265, 272, 273, 277

Eirik Bloodaxe 287

Ekbert II, margrave of Meissen 364, 365, 370, 373, 380, 384

Ekkehard of Aura 45

Ekkehard II, margrave of Meissen, 363, 368

Ekkehard of St Gall 124

Eliot, Thomas Stearns 167

elite, lay 96–9

   changes in domination over time 125–6

   diet 117

   dress 118

   dumping of old and disabled members in monasteries 116–17, 123

   Frankish nobility main beneficiaries of distribution of plunder 236

     passing gifts on to their followings 237–8

   impact on the organisation of space 118–19

   internationality 449

     links of kinship across political frontiers 450

   origin myths 120–1

   physical markers 116–17

   place in the historiography 94

   relationships between members of 90–1, 111–12

   speech as a social marker 119–20

   unable to conceal or disguise high social status 121–2

   see also army; Germany; kingship; kinship; lordship; peasants; violence

Ellinrat, Arnulf’s concubine 219

Ellinrat, Arnulf’s daughter? 219

Emma, wife of West Frankish king Lothar: accused of adultery and poisoning 227–8

Emma, wife of Louis the German: dies of a stroke 226

   link to the Welf family 220

Emo of Bloemhof 67

encellulement 72, 303

Engelbert, archbishop of Cologne 65

Engels, Friedrich 35

Engels, Odilo 371

Engelschalk, count, abducts Arnulf’s daughter 219

Engilmar, bishop of Passau 220, 221

England, and constitutional history 194

   conversion of 5

   Elizabethan England 134, 135

   and the ‘feudal revolution’ 83, 85–6, 87

   origins of the modern state 5–6

   shift from assemblies to proto-parliamentary system 194

   surviving court records 40

   twelfth-century attitude to Celtic peoples 12

   unified political culture 452

   see also Angevin empire; Anglo-Norman dynasty; Anglo-Saxon England

Erchanger, Swabian magnate 382, 383

Erdmann, C. 346

Erempert, Bavarian count 225

Ergolding, royal estate 225

Eric of Friuli, margrave, dies 266

   leads Avar expedition 234

Erluin, bishop of Cambrai 333

Ermold the Black 234, 242, 252

Ernst, count, stepson of Conrad II 319, 373, 375, 381, 386

Esch, Arnold 51

Escorial 440

Eskil, bishop of Lund 59

ethnicity 100–6

   in the early middle ages 102–4

   in the high middle ages, relationship with modern states 104

   and high social and political status 103–4

   and historiography:

     different European historiographical traditions 104–6

     growth of the subject 100

     ideology 106–7

     ‘Vienna school’ 100, 103

   methodological problems in the study of 101–2

   names as ethnic markers 103

   and nationality 299

   and race 100, 101

   state formation and the development of a regnal ethnicity 296

ethnogenesis, Ethnogenese 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106

Eucharist, at assemblies 201

Eugenius III, pope 424

‘European history’, vagueness of the term 28–30

European Science Foundation 5, 27, 436

excommunication 158

   see also Gregory VII; Henry IV; penance; ritual

exile 182, 366

Fécamp 58

Fermo 153

feud 207, 314, 322, 358, 362, 397, 426, 430

   and royal authority 398

   as rule-bound process 359, 365, 398

   under the Salians 356, 357

   see peace-making; violence

feudalism, dominance of French model 80, 81–3

   ‘feudal anarchy’ 73, 77

   ‘feudal revolution’, ‘mutation féodale’ 72, 80, 81, 83, 86, 303, 305

   feudal hierarchy 394

   historiography 8–9, 19–20, 35

   and ‘private’ justice 301, 303

   and source-materials 307

   use of the word 20, 30, 32, 33, 37

   see also fortifications; historiography; lordship; Peace of God movement

    seigneurie banale; serfs; violence

Fichtenau, Heinrich 56, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 130, 141, 142, 245, 246, 297, 318, 399

Flanders 207, 230, 415, 446, 452

Fleckenstein, Josef 330, 333

Flodoard 58

Fluchtburg 84, 141, 143

Föhring, Carolingian royal estate 221, 223

Folcuin of Schwalenburg 398

Folmar of Trier 66

Folville gang 55

Forchheim 164

forest 53–4, 60–1

forgery 25, 340, 418

formularies 257

fortifications, and feudalism 303, 305, 308, 321, 322

Fossier, Robert 27

France, and assemblies 453

   and ‘centralisation’ 457

   contacts with England 450

   style of kingship:compared to Germany 390

     and capitals 440

     and royal justice 397, 413

     and royal officials 439

     privilege to mandate ratio 415

     succession 447

     and taxation 446

   see also Capetian dynasty; Francia; West Francia

Francia, Franks 87, 140, 291

   sharing a common political culture with their neighbours 247

   Frankish imperialism 247, 265

     and conquest 252, 264

     and tribute-taking 264

   Franks as Vikings 247

   ‘war-weary’ in the ninth century? 255, 263

   see also army; Carolingian dynasty; Carolingian empire; East Francia

    plunder; tribute; West Francia

Franco, bishop of Worms 332

Franconia 286, 289, 307, 314

   bishops 341, 344

Francus homo, Franci homines: see liberi homines

Frankfurt, Carolingian royal chapel at 141, 142

Franklin, O. 396

Fredegar 235, 246, 259

   continuator 242

Frederick I Barbarossa, king of Germany, emperor 60, 84, 173, 195, 202, 205, 208, 387, 390–2, 400, 402, 430

   absences from Germany 457

   and bishops 353

   election 393

   and Hadrian IV 409, 430

   income 446

   and Italy 407, 427

   and the modernisation paradigm 413, 427, 435

   style of kingship 390, 397, 401, 410, 429

     chancery 439

     charters 414, 443

     mandates 420, 422

     privileges 415, 416, 418

     royal justice and the settlement of disputes 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 404, 409, 417, 422, 423, 424, 425, 427, 430, 434

   see also Landpeace

Frederick II, king of Germany, emperor 148, 397, 435, 443

Frederick of Arnsberg 370

Frederick, archbishop of Cologne 370

Frederick of Goseck 60

Frederick, archbishop of Mainz 128, 336

Frederick of Putelendorf 365

Frederick, cardinal, brother of Godfrey the Bearded 373

Frederick II, duke of Swabia, in conflict with Lothar III 384

Freising, bishopric 221, 223, 341, 393

Fréteval 186

Fréteval, battle of (1194) 440

Freytag, Hans-Joachim 343

Fried, Johannes 90, 112

friendship, political 274, 275, 288

   see also Henry I of Germany; kingship

Frisia, Frisians 289

   benefices formerly held by Rorich tranferred to Gottfried 231

   hoards plundered by Frankish kings 233

   plunder taken from Vikings (885) 235

   temple treasures plundered 233

   tribute to Franks 231

Fry, Christopher 167

Fuhrmann, Horst 116

Fulda, abbey 93, 199, 315, 337

   as place of assembly 380, 384

Galbert of Bruges 227

Gallus Anonymus 209

Gandersheim 221

Ganshof, François-Louis 255

Gascony 452

   and plundering for horses 234

Gaul: see Francia

Geary, Patrick 91, 103, 120, 137

Gebhard III, bishop of Regensburg 332, 369, 381

Gebhard IV, bishop of Regensburg 370

Geertz, Clifford 131, 145, 294

Gelasius 408

Gelnhausen 206

Genet, Jean-Philippe 436

Geneva 421

Geoffrey, count of Anjou 124, 427

Georgi, W. 285

Gerald, count 239

Gerald of Wales 451

Gerard of Augsburg 141, 143

Gerard of Aurillac 314

   as pope Sylvester II 349

Gerard, bishop of Cambrai 78, 80, 81, 138, 333, 351, 369

Gerard II, bishop of Cambrai 163

Gerard of Galera 57

Gerard La Pucelle 450

Gerhard, Dietrich 27, 29

Germany

   and church policy under Ottonians and Salians 325–54

     and abbots 330, 332, 336–7

     grants of immunity 342, 353

     grants of land 326, 337

     grants of rights 337

     grants of whole counties 339–42

     Reichskirchensystem 325, 348

     and royal approval of episcopal elections 328

     and synods 348

   and claim to hegemony and Europe 407

   geographically mobile elite 450

   kingship and statehood 411

     and absence of the ruler 457

     administrative divisions, counties 289, 438

     and countships 438

     and troop-raising 289

     dukedoms 438

     margravates 438

     and capitals 440

     comparison with Anglo-Saxon England 284–99

     divisions of kingdom between kings’ sons 286

     and the elite, honour and status 392, 426, 430

     ‘kingly’ status of princes 405–6

     no opposition between imperial and regional aristocracies 313

     polyethnic imperial elite 400

     royal justice and style of rulership 413–31, 443

     privilege to mandate ratio 415

     collective element in political justice 394, 423

     no systematic delegated jurisdiction 395–8

     tolerance for rebels 401

     size of the kingdom 402, 452, 457

     of princely territories 452

     state formation beginning in the ninth century 285

     no common language 297

     as conglomeration of ethnically defined regions 289

     no development of a common identity 296–7, 299

     Sonderweg 388, 429, 430, 432–58

     sources of income 446

     and succession 291, 447

     excluding ‘foreigners’ 291

     and the territorialisation of lordship 339

     ‘virtual statelessness’ 279, 280, 293, 310–13, 341

     virtually no legislation north of the Alps 399

     and the surviving sources 292

     see also Frederick I Barbarossa; mandates; privileges

   and the papacy 327, 349–50, 454

     protection of the papacy 407

     and papal depositions 349

   shift from assemblies to proto-parliamentary system 194

   social and economic life under the Ottonians 300

     and the apparent lack of social conflict 308, 323

     gang warfare 322

     a booming economy? 320

     and the ‘feudal revolution’ 83–4, 87

     relationships within the ‘political community’ 310

     between ‘elite’ and ‘base’ 318

     between different strata of the aristocracy 313–15

     between aristocracy and rural population 315

     and social change 309

     social differentiation among rural population 316, 317

   and the sources 294, 316

   see also bishops; East Francia; Ottonian dynasty; privileges; Salian dynasty

     Saxony

Gero, archbishop of Cologne 334

Gero, archbishop of Magdeburg 162, 369

Gero, margrave 162, 368

Gerold of Bavaria 266

Gertrude, Saxon margravine 356

Gervase of Tillbury 450

Giesebrecht, Wilhelm von 147, 325, 433

gift, internal tribute exacted by Carolingian kings referred to as dona 242

   see also army; plunder; tribute

Gilbert Foliot, bishop of Hereford, then of London 171, 173, 183, 185

Gilbert of Mons 43

Gillingham, John 12, 399, 456

Ginzberg, Carlo 112

Gisela, empress, wife of Conrad II 375, 385

Giselbert of Lotharingia 288

   in rebellion against Otto I 139

Glanvill, Ranulf de 423

Glenville, Peter 167

Godafrid, Danish king 252

Godebold, bishop of Utrecht 371

Godesberg, gift of land at 221

Godfrey, archbishop of Milan 151

Godfrey (Gottfried) the Bearded, duke of Lotharingia, margrave of Tuscany 152, 162, 362, 364, 365, 373, 378, 379, 381, 383, 385, 386

Godfrey (Gottfried) IV, duke of Lower Lotharingia 364

Görich, Knut 279

Goslar 14, 147, 345, 370, 419

‘Gothic’ 21

Gottfried, Viking leader, marries Carolingian wife (Gisela) 231

Gozwin, count 371

Gozwin, count of Heinsberg 418

Graman, accused of poisoning Arnulf 227

‘Gregorian’, art 93

   revolution 83

Gregory I the Great, pope 298

Gregory V, pope 349

Gregory VI, pope 164

Gregory VII, pope 46, 293, 328

   and Henry IV 153, 154, 297

     no attempt to notify the imperial court of his election 152

     at Canossa 147, 156, 157

     and the German princes 156

     little initial contact with Saxons in revolt against Henry IV 150

     his need for a compromise 163–4

     use of intermediaries 204

   and lay investiture 165–6

Gregory of Tours 87, 235, 237, 239, 246, 399

Grenoble, bishopric 340

Grierson, Philip 246

Grundherrschaft 88, 306

   see also historiography

Grundmann, Herbert 56

Guibert of Nogent 46

guilds 67

Gundechar, bishop of Eichstätt 331, 335

Gunther, bishop of Bamberg 369

Guntramn, Frankish king 235

Gunzelin, margrave of Meissen 319, 362, 379

Habermas, Jürgen 133, 207

Hadrian IV, pope 408

Hadumar of Genoa, killed in 806 266

Haimerad, Saint: as ‘protest-saint’ 323

Hákon, King of Norway 14

Halberstadt, bishopric 334, 336

Haldór Laxness 14

Hamburg, sacked by Horic 235

   bishopric 345

Hamezo, ‘anti-bishop’ of Halberstadt 370

Hampshire 47

Hanawalt, Barbara 56

Hansen, V. 32

Hardacnut, English king 290

Harold I, English king 290

Hartkirchen 220

Hartwig, count of Friesach 363

Harzburg, castle-chapel destroyed by Saxons 153, 355, 357

Hastings 5

Hatto, archbishop of Mainz 114, 221, 222, 225

   good relations with Uota 222, 223

Hauck, A. 335

Helmbrecht 62

Helmold of Bosau 451

Heloise 99

Hemuza, vassal of Henry of Walbeck 313

Henry I, king of England 10, 42, 70, 86, 148, 173

   and royal justice 441

   succession 448

Henry II, king of England 16, 52, 53, 62, 99, 145, 148, 390, 400, 402, 427, 446

   rule in Aquitaine 407, 427

   and assemblies 195, 199, 205, 208

   and Becket 173–90, 441

     at the Council of Northampton 178, 202, 206

     peace-agreements with pope Alexander III 177

     and penance 177, 180, 189–90

   chancery 439

   charters 414

   and ‘common law’ 396, 428

   income 446

   rebellion led by his wife and sons 189

   and royal justice 441

Henry III, king of England 47, 447

   dispute over his coronation 177, 189

Henry VI, king of England 447

Henry VIII, king of England 189

Henry I ‘the Fowler’, king of Germany 90, 96, 129, 141, 143, 286

   attacks Slavs for tribute 249

   and bishops 326, 337

   breaks with Carolingian tradition 280

     refuses to be anointed 274

     and political ‘friendships’ with magnates 274, 288

   see also Ottonian dynasty

Henry II, king of Germany, emperor 74, 87, 98, 138, 170, 286, 291, 319, 343, 345, 359

   and abbots 337

   and aristocratic conflicts 357, 366, 367, 379, 397, 398

   and bishops 327, 328, 331, 335, 336, 337, 339, 340, 341, 344, 349, 352, 368

   childless 291

   and conflicts with lay aristocrats 373, 382

   and penance 159

   see also bishops; violence, political

Henry III, king of Germany, emperor 144, 150, 226, 299, 364, 407

   and bishops 328, 331, 345, 369

   and conflicts between lay aristocrats 357, 369, 372

   and conflicts with lay aristocrats 373, 382, 383, 385

   as crown prince 379

   establishes Henry IV as his successor 376

   intervention in papal affairs 151, 164, 349

   and penance 159, 384

   see also bishops; Salian dynasty; violence, political

Henry IV, king of Germany, emperor 46, 54, 84, 199, 205, 364, 435

   and bishops 153, 349, 352, 369, 370

   and conflicts with lay aristocrats 373, 374, 378, 385, 386, 387

   criticised for his treatment of magnates 401

   and deditio 160, 383, 384

   and pope Gregory VII 152, 155

     excommunicated 154, 374

     tries to have Gregory excommunicated 154, 349

     at Canossa 147–56, 159–66

   made king 376

   minority 151–2, 364, 369, 385

   and the murder of count Sigehard of Burghausen 356

   regions under his control 149

   and the Saxons 149–50, 152, 153, 154, 159, 188, 205, 355, 393

   titulature 297

   use of intermediaries 204

   see also bishops; Salian dynasty; violence, political

Henry V, king of Germany, emperor 45, 60, 74, 365

   ‘absolutist tendencies’ 394, 401

   and bishops 352, 353, 370

   and conflicts with lay aristocrats 373, 374, 380, 384, 387

   and deditio 384

   and taxation 399

   see also bishops; Salian dynasty; violence, political

Henry VI, king of Germany, emperor 14, 423, 435, 440

Henry (VII) of Germany 435, 443

Henry, bishop of Augsburg 369

Henry Babenberger 393

Henry I, duke of Bavaria, in rebellion against his older brother Otto I 139, 312

Henry, cardinal and papal legate 59

Henry the Fat, count of Northeim and Frisia 371

Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony and Bavaria 206, 393, 403, 405, 434, 446

Henry I of Limburg 384

Henry, count palatine of Lotharingia 369

Henry of Orta 417

Henry II the Quarrelsome, duke of Bavaria 336

Henry Raspe II, count of Gudensberg

Henry of Schweinfurt, margrave 373

Henry of Walbeck 313

Henry, bishop of Winchester 175

Henry, bishop of Würzburg 336

Herbert Losinga, bishop of Norwich 163

Heribert, archbishop of Cologne 291

Herimann, archbishop of Cologne 328

Hermann, bishop of Bamberg 153

Hermann Billung 137, 140

Hermann, margrave of Meissen 139, 362, 368, 379, 397

Hermann of Reichenau 217, 225, 230, 373, 376, 382

Hermann of Salm 365

Hermann I, duke of Swabia 288

Hermann II, duke of Swabia 286, 368

Hermann of Werl 369

Herold, archbishop of Salzburg 335, 350

Hersfeld 315

Hessen 332

Hezilo, bishop of Hildesheim 336

Hibernicus Exul 242

Hilary, bishop of Chichester 171, 181

Hildebald, bishop of Worms 332, 340

Hildegard, daughter of Louis the Younger 221

Hildesheim 162, 279

   bishopric 341, 345

Hildiward, bishop of Halberstadt 334

Hilduin, abbot of Saint-Denis 238

Hilmerad, Saint 146

Hilwartshausen 421

Hincmar, bishop of Laon 238

Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims 144, 197, 198, 200, 237, 238, 239, 242, 249, 273

Hirsch, H. 434

historiography

   neglect of assemblies 142, 143, 194

   and the attribution of policy to either a ruler or his entourage 269

   and the central middle ages 435–7

   and the comparative approach 6, 33–7, 130, 285, 300, 411, 436, 450

   and constitutional or institutional history 193, 438, 454

   and conventional political history 193

   English 6–7, 8, 9, 15, 88, 294

     and editions of narrative texts 12

     and the ‘Manchester school’ 14

     ‘maximalist’ view of state power 7, 16, 294

     perspective on crime 40

     preference for archival evidence 9–10, 13, 47, 294

     privileging discovery of ‘facts’ over original thinking 13

     and regional history 15–16

     and source criticism of narrative texts 12

     and the teaching of history 6–7, 10, 13, 17, 23

     ‘tradition’ vs ‘survival’ of sources 10

     see also England

   French 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 26–7

     the Annales school 87

     extension of French model to European dimensions 80, 81

     the mutation of the year 1000 79, 81, 301, 305, 306

     and regional history 87–8

   geographical determinism 287

   German 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14–15, 88, 294

     and charters 295

     on crime 41

     and the ‘feudal revolution’ 84

     terminology 307

     Herrschaft 306

     Villikation 316

     and the ‘Freiburg school’ 305

     and libri memoriales 91

     nominalist approach 438

     state development and the modernisation paradigm 413, 432–5, 447

     and constitutional history 194, 284, 354, 435

     and the development of ‘territorial’ states 434

     and feudal relationships 434

     and the Ottonians 306

   Reichskirchensystem 325, 354

   and the role of political ‘friendships’ 288

   Icelandic 14

   Indian 31–2

   Italian 9, 12, 88

     and the ‘feudal revolution’ 301, 306

   internationality and national boundaries 5, 7, 8

   literary theory and the relationship between text and reality 96–9

   Marxist 32, 34, 35–6, 37, 112

   and medieval power relationships 111–12

   and the modernisation paradigm for the evolution of European states 388, 413–14

     ignoring the costs of ‘progress’ 455

   and national narratives 6–7, 14–15, 132

   and the origins of modern European states 5

   and the projection of bourgeois conventions into medieval social practices 218

   and ritual 129–30, 168–9

   and social anthropology 95–6

   and sources 294

     different types in different regions 7–8, 10, 86, 87

   Spanish 88

     and the ‘feudal revolution’ 301

   and unification processes 296

   see also elite; encellulement; ethnicity; European history; feudalism; Germany; incastellamento; microhistory; periodisation

Hobsbawm, Eric 55

Hodgson, Marshall G. S. 36

Hohenaltheim 349

Hohenstaufen: see Staufen

Holy Lance, symbolic role in the transfer of power under the Ottonians 290

Homburg, battle of (1075) 383

Honorius II, antipope then bishop of Parma 162

Horic, Danish king 235

Hötersleben, meeting of the Saxon aristocracy at (1073) 150

Housman, A. E. 104

Hoyer of Mansfeld 365

Höxter 398

Hrodgaud, uprising in Lombardy (776) 244

Hugbert (D Arn. 143) 221

Hugh Capet 122

Hugh, abbot of Cluny 385

Hugh of Die, supporter of Gregory VII 165

Hugh of Le Puiset 46

Hugh of Lusignan 314

Hugh, bishop of Nevers 163

Hugh of Tours 253

Hugh of Verden 430

Hugo, son of Lothar II, fate of his followers after his rebellion and death (885) 239

Hugo of Lotharingia, allies himself with the Vikings 247

Hungary, Hungarians, Magyars 82, 90, 106, 121, 249, 277, 296, 319, 320, 340, 373, 451

   kings dominated by Ottonians 289

hunting 140

Huxley, Aldous 16

Hyacinth Bobo, cardinal and papal legate (pope Celestine III) 59

Ibbo, man fined for non-performance of military service 257

Iceland 70

immunities 342, 353

incastellamento 72, 118, 303

Ingelheim 128, 278

intermediaries: see bishops; peace-making; peasants; women, royal

International Medieval Bibliography database 100

Investiture contest 326, 369, 400

   see also Gregory VII; kingship

Irminsul, burnt, and temple treasures plundered (772) 233

Isabeau of Bavaria 228

Isidore of Seville 129

Islamic conquest 121

Islamic states 300

   and use of ritual 203

   see also Spain

Isolde 114

Italy, Italians: and Frankish wars 251, 252, 265

   bishops 335, 343, 346, 347, 348, 353

   contrast with northern Europe 209

   corrupt character of highborn women (according to Liudprand of Cremona) 229

   Carolingian sub-kings 270

   and feudalism 303, 314

   under Ottonians and Salians 149, 150–1, 275, 278, 286, 293, 296, 327, 340, 343

   no peasant rebellions 125

   under the Staufen 407–9, 446, 451

     mandates and privileges 415, 418

   see also bishops; Byzantine empire; Frederick I Barbarossa

Jackman, Donald 220

Jacquerie 123

Jaspers, Karl 36, 37

Jerusalem, crusade following fall of 208

Jews, and slave ownership 319

Joanna, daughter of Henry II of England 208

Joel, twelfth-century aristocrat 114

John XII, pope 164, 275, 350

John XIII, pope 350

John ‘Lackland’, king of England 85, 434, 448

John of Gorze 169

John Philagathos 164

John, archbishop of Ravenna 238

John of Salisbury 99, 176, 185, 451

Johnson, D. G. 32

Joscelin, abbot of Bury St Edmunds 66

Judith, wife of Louis the Pious, accused of adultery 228, 230

Kaiserswerth 221, 345

Kalamazoo, international medieval conference at 24

Kantorowicz, Ernst 98, 128

Karlmann, father of Arnulf 225

   dies of a stroke 226

Keller, Christoph 21

Keller, Hagen 132

Kent 15, 287, 289

Kern, Fritz 91, 358, 374, 375

Keynes, J. M. 456

Kienast, Walther 105

kingship, available source-material obscures rulers’ own consciousness 281

   and the Carolingian political tradition

     Christian rulership 271

     crowning and anointing 271, 274

     dynastic 252

     itinerant 271, 295

     kings set apart from the rest of political society 271, 275

     state-tradition: adapted by Ottonians 279

     appropriated by Anglo-Saxon kings 280

     not perceived as important in medieval times 280

   change in the position of the ruler under the Salians 387

   ‘desacralisation’, and the Investiture Contest 369, 384, 400

   and the ‘feudal revolution’ 301

   itinerant rulership 440, 453

   and legitimation from the past 281

     and idea of continuity 281

   as social construct, in response to demand from political community 269, 396, 406–7, 428, 442

   statehood and the modernisation paradigm 432–55, 458

     and administrative units 437–9

     and capitals 440

     and criminal justice 443–4

     forced on by rulers’ absence 457

     and the ‘military revolution’ 449

     and office-holding 439

     ‘personal’ and ‘territorial’ types of state 448–9

     and royal justice 440–3

     as final court of appeal 441–3

     and size of kingdom 402, 452

     and sources of income 444–7

     plunder and tribute 444

     profits of justice 445

     taxation 444

     and succession 447–8

     elective kingship 447

     hereditary kingship 447

     and the division of kingdoms 447, 454

   and vengeance, under Ottonians and Salians 372

   viewed by contemporaries 409–11

   see also Angevin empire; Anglo-Norman dynasty; Anglo-Saxon England; Carolingian dynasty; Carolingian empire; East Francia; elite; feudalism; France; Germany; historiography; Ottonian dynasty; peace-making; Salian dynasty; violence; West Francia

kinship, beginnings of patrilineal family structure 450

Kipling, Rudyard 104, 123

kiss of peace 177, 179, 182–3, 186, 188, 398

Knowles, David 175, 189

Koblenz 15

Koziol, Geoffrey 95, 170, 178

Kremsmünster 415

Kuhn, Thomas 13

Kuno of Beichlingen 365

Lambert of Watrelos 417, 419, 421, 426

Lambton, A. K. S. 32

Lampert of Hersfeld 46, 156, 356, 363, 364, 383, 385

Lancashire 290

Landelin, attacker of the archbishop of Tours (1075) 60

Landpeace (Landfriede) 360, 366, 367

   of Frederick I Barbarossa 399, 443

   see also Mainz, Landpeace

Latium 82, 87

latro, latrones 46, 48, 52, 56, 77

latrocinium 49, 56

Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel 112

Lech, battle of 136, 296, 312

Leeds, international medieval conference at 24

Lemarignier, Jean-François 84

Leo IX, pope 163

Leon-Castille, and the ‘feudal revolution’ 83

Lesum, lordship 316

Levillain, Léon 258

Leyser, Karl 16, 89, 117, 130, 140, 178, 194, 198, 284, 294, 328, 410, 424, 451

liberi homines: military service 245, 256, 260, 262

   as liberi regis 256, 322

   l. h. pauperes 245, 262, 267, 311

   see also army

libri memoriales 90

   see also memoria

Liège 371

   bishopric 390

Liemar, archbishop of Bremen 334

Lietbert, bishop of Cambrai 369

Lieu, S. N. C. 32

Limoges 279

Lincoln 196

Lincolnshire 290

Lippoldsberg 404

Lisbon, captured by Alfonso II of Asturias (798) 241

literacy 94, 95, 135

   and reference to written records of ritual 203

   use of the written word, in judgements 423

     symbolic 419

   see also orality

Liudolf of Swabia, son of Otto I 128, 286

Liudolfing family 284, 308, 320, 345

Liudprand of Cremona 137, 169, 228, 275, 277, 290, 345

Liudward of Vercelli, and sexual misconduct 224, 225

Liutfrid, executed under Conrad I 383

Lollards 115

Lombards, rulers’ hoards plundered by Frankish kings 233

   tribute to the Franks 231

     under the Merovingians 263

Lombardy 87, 414

   and Hrodgaud’s uprising 244

London 64, 177, 456

   diocese of 183

lordship 73

   and the bipartite estate structure 316–17, 320

   and feudalism 303

   see also feudalism; fortifications

Lorsch, abbey 139, 219

Lothar I, Frankish king and emperor, son of Louis the Pious 254, 260

Lothar, West Frankish king (941–986) 96

Lothar III (Lothar of Süpplingenburg), king of Germany, emperor 366, 384, 387

   and bishops 353

Lotharingia 106, 286, 289, 308, 322

   bishops 341, 343, 345, 355

   importance of control over the region 274, 278, 279, 286

   incorporated into Germany 407

   only territory besides West Francia still ruled by Carolingians after 888 270

   as patria 286

Louis the Pious, Frankish king and emperor 78, 86, 238, 241, 247, 270, 285

   and ‘Byzantine’ foreign policy 264

   Frankish expansion ends during his reign 251, 253

   fulfills the terms of Charlemagne’s will 236

   and government 280

   and legislating at assemblies 205

   and the mobilisation of armies 246, 251, 255

     and ‘Freienpolitik’ 262

   and penance 159, 267

   and the securing of borders 254

   his sons send an embassy to the Danes 235

   and Spain 234, 235, 249

   see also Carolingian dynasty

Louis the German 219, 226, 241, 247, 249, 285

   Bohemian leaders submit to him (845) 252

   distributes the bulk of his treasure in alms 236

   and government 280

   negotiates with Horic 235

   his sons ally themselves with Rastiz 247

   see also Carolingian dynasty; kingship

Louis the Younger, East Frankish king 219, 221, 227

Louis the Child, East Frankish king 218, 221, 222, 225, 230

   his ‘demotion’ of his mother Uota 222

   family relationship with the elder Conrad 220

Louis II, king of Italy 196, 242

Louis IV, West Frankish king, restored to full kingship by Otto I 278

Louis VI, king of France 208

Louis VII, king of France 205, 390, 397, 402, 448, 451

   attempts to reconcile Henry II and Becket 179, 182, 183, 184, 185

   income 446

   meeting at Soissons (1155) 208

Louis VIII, king of France 85

Louis IX, king of France 447

Louis XIV, king of France 440

Louis the Leaper, count of Thuringia 380

Louis of Provence 226

Louis, abbot of Saint-Denis, ransomed from Vikings (858) 249

Louis II, Landgrave of Thuringia 365, 402

Louis III, Landgrave of Thuringia 404

Loyn, Henry 194

Ludowing family 452

Ludwig, count of Loon 416

Luxemburger family 313, 332

   revolt 319

Maastricht 416

MacFarlane, Alan 112

Mâconnais 82

Madagascar, kingdom of, and use of symbolism 139

Magdeburg 137, 202

   archbishopric 276, 333, 336, 350, 352

Magnou-Nortier, Elisabeth 26

Magnus Billung 160, 383, 385

Magyars: see Hungary

Mainz 128, 204, 296

   archbishopric 222, 336, 341, 392

   council of (847) 229

   Landpeace (1235) 49, 397, 444

Maiolus, abbot of Cluny 59

Major, John 5

mallus publicus 301

mandates, as a form of royal legislation 420–3, 428, 443

   see also Frederick I Barbarossa; privileges

Manegoldus, miles imperatori 373

Mannheim, Karl 106

Mantua 163

Map, Walter 451, 454

Margaret of Anjou 228

Marmoutier, abbey 114

Marx, Karl 35, 37

Matfried of Orléans 253

Mathilda, mother of Otto I 128

Mathilda of Quedlinburg 333

Mathilda, margravine of Tuscany 156, 218, 384

Matthew, duke of Upper Lotharingia 390, 391

Mayer, Theodor 256, 295, 434, 449

Mayr-Harting, Henry 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 136

Meerssen 235, 260, 418, 425

Meginrat, Swabian hermit 54

Meinwerk, bishop of Paderborn 124, 142, 143–4, 340, 341, 342, 368

Meissen, bishopric 329, 343

   margraves of 397

Menfö, battle (1044) 159

memoria 80, 81, 153

   see also libri memoriales

Mercia 15, 288, 289, 304

   magnates attending West Saxon kings’ meetings near the Thames 199, 296

   tensions with Wessex 287

Merovingian dynasty 405

   and ‘free’ Franks 262

   seen as less advanced and civilised than the Carolingians 245, 246

   see also Carolingian dynasty; Francia; Franks; plunder; tribute

Merseburg 129, 145, 279, 319

   bishopric 329, 336, 345

   Ottonian royal palace at 141, 143, 343

Metz 319

   bishopric 331, 332

microhistory 112

‘middle ages’, ‘medieval’

   and extra-European history 31–3

   as unified period 23–4

   and unique problems of source criticism 24–5

   use of the term 20–1, 22–3, 30, 33, 37

   see also historiography; periodisation

Milan 150, 153, 166, 408

Minden 421

missi dominici 260, 262, 341

Mistul, Abodrite prince 140

Mitteis, Heinrich 91, 394, 434, 436

Montmirail 176, 179, 184, 185

Monumenta Germaniae Historica 4, 22

Moore, R. I. 37

Moravian empire (Great)

   and the Bohemians 252

   and the Franks:

     hoards plundered by Frankish kings 233

     plundered for horses 234

     tribute to the Franks 232

     rulers maintain clientele among immediate Frankish neighbours 247

     shares common political culture with the Franks 247

Morcar, English earl 54

Morgan, David 32

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 92

Mühlhausen 384

Mukhia, Harbans 32

Müller-Mertens, Eckhard 295, 419

Munich 4

Münster, bishopric 395, 422

Munz, P. 435

Murman, Breton leader 242

Murray, Alexander (Sandy) 6, 42

Mussolini, Benito 16

Nelson, Janet 140

Nicholas I, pope 238

Nicholas, bishop of Cambrai 390–2, 397, 399, 401, 404

Nicholas of Munkathvera 70

Nicholas Mystikos, patriarch of Constantinople 102

Nicholas, Hungarian with a career in England 450

Nierstein 222

Nijmegen 362, 378

Nîmes 140

Nithard, bishop of Liège 328

Nithard, cleric 220

nobles: see elite

Nominöe, Breton ruler 248

   tribute-payments to West Francia 249

Normandy 8, 38, 87, 207, 228, 402, 446, 452, 457

Normans, credited with exceptional administrative skills 439, 457

   kill count Robert (885) 239

   new forms of state in kingdoms of England and Sicily 435, 436, 455

   see also Anglo-Norman dynasty; Sicily

Northampton, Council of (1164) 121, 171, 174, 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 190, 199, 202, 206, 208, 392

Northumberland 290

Northumbria 15, 87, 289, 304

Norwegian-Icelandic kingdom 438

notaries 346

Notker, bishop of Liège 333

Notker the Stammerer 137, 237, 273

Novalese 279

oath of Beauvais 78, 79, 80, 81–3

oath-helpers, men and women 230

   at Uota’s trial 229–30

oaths, of loyalty, demanded by Arnulf 225

   and peace-making 362, 366

   see also oath-helpers; Peace of God movement,

Oberlahnstein 222

Oberndorf, gift of royal land at 221

Octavian of Monticelli (pope Victor IV) 450

Odo, abbot of Cluny 57, 314

Odo, West Frankish king (888–98) 140

Oexle, Otto Gerhard 101

Offa, Mercian king 241

Ohtric, capellanus, rejected for the bishopric of Magdeburg 333

olive oil: as characteristic of southern Europe 209

   see also butter

Oppenheim 155

orality 94, 95

   and recorded speech in documents 120

   see also literacy

Orderic Vitalis 10, 87, 295

ordines, coronation 311, 410

Orientalism 12, 35

Orléans 456

Ortenberg, V. 285

Ortlieb, bishop of Basel 404

Orwell, George 16

Ostfalia 315, 329

   see also Westfalia

Ötting 141, 142, 220, 227

Otto I, king of Germany, emperor 95, 96, 128, 137, 139, 140, 146, 164, 202, 269, 277, 278, 286, 291, 295, 324, 345, 426

   and bishops 327, 330, 334, 336, 337, 339, 350, 352

   and the Carolingian political tradition 274, 275, 280, 288

   crowned at Aachen 278

   and evidence for his own perception of his kingship 275–6

     through the prism of contemporary accounts 275

     of physical remains 276

   income 447

   intervenes in West Francia 278

   and Italy 408

   victory over the Magyars 296

   see also Lotharingia; Ottonian dynasty

Otto II, king of Germany, emperor 122, 286

   and bishops 339

Otto III, king of Germany, emperor 96, 161, 164, 343, 345

   and the appropriation of Carolingian tradition 279

   and bishops 331, 333, 344

   criticised for setting himself apart from his followers 401

   and the papacy 349

   and penance 159

   see also Ottonian dynasty

Otto IV, emperor 60, 67

   and taxation 399

Otto, brother of margrave William 364

Otto Frangipani 450

Otto of Freising 393, 409, 430, 447, 451

Otto of Northeim 153, 160, 162, 363, 364, 373, 379, 380, 383, 385

Otto of Wittelsbach 202

Ottonian dynasty 83, 270, 273

   and assemblies 196, 208

   and bishops 369, 429

   and the Carolingian political tradition 249, 273, 277, 278, 279

     little knowledge of Carolingian history in sources 135–7, 276, 290

     and West Frankish Carolingians 277, 278

     and continuity in tradition of government and institutions 279

   dominance over kings of Elbe Slavs, Poles, Bohemians, Hungarians 289

   as dukes of Saxony 273

   hegemony 248, 320

   and itinerant kingship 295, 343

   rulers’ financial resources 399

   symbolisation of kingship 128–46, 290

     sacerdotal kingship 327, 352

     ‘Christocentric’ or ‘Christomimetic’ 93, 98, 135, 136

     and conventions in the sources 139–40

     and iconography 93, 327

     and royal palaces 141–2

     and churches 141, 142–3

     and royal charters 141, 142

     and the non-elite 145–6

     common language of representation for rulers and non-rulers 137–9

   place in recent historiography 435

   titulature 278, 296

   see also assemblies; bishops; capellani; East Francia; Germany

    historiography; hunting; Liudolfing family; ritual; Salian dynasty; Saxony

Oxford Medieval Texts series 12

Oxford, University of 23

Paderborn 425

   bishopric 339, 341, 345

pagus, pagenses 84, 301

   and Frankish armies 258, 259

Pannonia 260

   devastated by Bulgars (827) 253

papacy, judicial practice 423, 424, 426, 429, 441, 442

     appelate jurisdiction 397, 430

     itinerant representatives 425, 427

     office-holders 439

     privileges and mandates 413, 414, 415, 418, 421, 422

   papal monarchy 395, 454, 455

parish, as administrative unit 438

Parkstein 369

Parthenius, tax-inspector 399

Paschasius Radbertus 224

Patarini (Patarene) movement 122, 150, 163

patricius Romanorum 151, 154

pauperes: see liberi homines pauperes