Abortion, 84
Accounts, 95, 96
Actium, 148
Actors, 48, 162
Ummidia Quadratilla's troupe of mime actors, 134
Actresses, 49, 53, 55, 56, 115
Admirers, 55
Adolescence, 61, 66, 69
Beauty, 178
Escapades, 77
Girls, 12, 16, 46
Adornment, 6, 90, 124
Males, implications of, 122
Adultery, 34, 47, 48, 49–50, 85, 162, 172
Adventus, 168
Advisors, 18
Aeneas, 9, 155
Aeneid, 155
Affection, 77
Age differences, 76
Agrarian origins, 95
Agrippa, 151
Agrippina the younger, 158–161
As co-ruler, 159
As patron to Cologne, 160
Augusta, 159
Awareness of legacy of family, 158
Education and literary background, 158
Financial matters, 160
Interest in foreign affairs, 160
Memoir of, 158
Murder, 160
Physical attractiveness, 158
Portraits, 161
Agrippina the elder, 156–158, 160
Heroism of, 157
Urn of Agrippina’s ashes 157
Agrippinas, 77, 143, 156, 164, 165
Aldobrandini Wedding Painting, 75
Alexandria, 79
Aline, 80
Allegorical figures, 111
Alliances, 37, 56, 164
Political, 72, 77
Altar, 69
Altar of Cominia Tyche, 79
Altar of Julia Secunda and Cornelia Tyche, 89
Altar of Minucia Suavis, 69–70
Alumnae, 64
Amazons, 14, 15
Ambassadors, 10
Ambition, overarching, 143
Ametrion, 88
Amoral creatures, 6
Amphitheater, 53
Amphorae, 100
Ancestors, 32, 128
Andromache, 120, 121
Animals, 12
Sacrifice of, 167, 170
Portents of the future, 167
Antoninus Pius, 20, 36, 62, 165
Antony, Mark, 146–148
Aphrodisias, Turkey, 18, 19
Aphrodite, 125
Apollonios, 79, 80
Appearances, 112
Appius Claudius, 26
Apprentices, 107, 137
Apuleius, 118
Ara Pacis, 34, 35, 37, 39, 151, 156
Arch of the Sergii, 37
Arch of Trajan at Benevento, 39
Aristocratic, 94
Family, 46, 59, 63, 77
Lineages, 149
Married women, 10
Women, 49
Army, 8, 36, 40, 42
Women who traveled with, 131–132
Artisans, 22, 24, 84
Artistry, 112–113
Athena, 14
Atrium, 61, 62, 95, 96, 97, 100
Attack, 88
Attire, sumptuous, 57
Augustales, 27, 148
Augustus, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 60, 94, 146, 147, 148, 156
Augustan peace, 36
Court of, 149
Death of, 34, 151, 154
Funeral pyre, 154
His heirs, 142, 149
Poets, 177
Aurelia Philematium, 82
Aurelius, Marcus, 36, 165
Authority, 13, 14
Auxiliaries, 40
Babies, 36, 39, 41, 64, 66, 72–73, 96
Delivery of, 107
Feeding of, 107
Babysitters, 109
Bakeries, 101
Banquets, 54, 55, 56, 129
Barbarians, 106, 161
Bathhouse, village, 88, 128
Bathing, 110
Baths, 100, 109, 110, 112–113, 130
Battles, women in 161
Beards, 122
Beauty, 176
Female, 112–113
Fumigation, 115
Ideology of, 115
Regimen, 48, 112
Bedrooms, 48
Behavior
Norms of, 142
Wayward, 49
Benefactor, 22
Bequests, 128
Biographical narrative, 109
Birth rate, 52
Birthdays, 71
Invitation, 130
Parties, 129
Board games, 134
Bohemian set, 55
Boudicca, 161
Boys, 16, 177
Bride, 46, 59, 60, 64, 66, 168, 176
Bridal coiffure, 74
Bridal costume, 74
Bridal finery, 127
Bridal trousseau, 117, 125
Britain, 161
Britons, 160
Bronze mask from Serre di Rapolano, 41
Bureaucracy, 34, 40
Business, 83, 94
Assistants in, 140
Small, 137
Transactions, 140
Bust, 81, 121
Portrait, 51, 89
Butcher, 82, 136
Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, Q., 47
Caligula, 36, 157, 159
Calpurnia, 63, 64, 77
Cameo, 155, 159
Cancelleria Reliefs, 15
Frieze B, 168
Cappadocia, Turkey, 81
Careers in professions, 24
Carousing, 53, 55
Carpentum, 32–33, 152, 157
Carriage, 62, 145
Carthage, 122
Carvilius Ruga, Sp., 47
Cash transfers, 88
Cassius Dio, 161
Cato, 32
Catullus, 53, 54, 55
Cavalry, 41
Censor, 47
Ceres, 76
Cerinthus, 71
Character, 79
Charitable system, 38
Chastity, 31, 59, 74, 83, 172, 173
Childbirth, 34, 86, 167, 176, 177
Childcare, 107
Childhood, 46, 59, 69, 107
Diseases of, 84
Childlessness, 52
Childminders, 107
Children, 9, 16, 26, 27, 38, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47, 49, 52, 64, 84, 95, 99, 167
Birth of
Death of, 109, 110
Education of, 145
Elite Roman, 107
Newborns, 88
Playing and riding in carts, 111
Raising of, 106
Seven-month child, 86
Swaddled, 108
Chlamys, 170
Cicero, 55, 56, 72–73, 101, 144, 145, 146
Decapitated head of, 148
Circus Maximus in Rome, 172
Cities, early Italian, 58
Citizenship, 3, 9, 10, 22, 24, 38, 47, 51, 132, 164, 165
Citizen-soldiers, 52
City, 71
Endowments and building projects, 171
Improvements, 171
Civic magistrate, 22
Civil war, 34, 55, 146, 147
Claudia Severa, 129, 130
Claudius, 36, 48, 154, 159
Death of, 160
Clay Lamp, 7
Cleopatra VII, 148
Clients, 22
Clodia, 18, 54, 55
Clodius, 146
Clothing, 3–4, 79, 99, 112–113, 126
Coan silk, 4
Cohabitation, 59
Coins and Coinage, 164, 165
Bronze sestertius, 167
Reverse
Goddess, 164
Personifications, 164, 165, 166
Of Felicitas, 169
Type, 166
Cologne, 108, 160
Column of Trajan, Rome, 42, 43
Combs, 74
Ivory, 120
Commemoration, 80, 83, 84
Companionship, 77
Confarreatio, 74
Conquest, 10
Constantine, 34, 147
Mother of, 146
Consuls, 30
Contraception, 84
Contracts, written, 74
Contubernia, 72
Conubium, 46
Coriolanus, M., 30
Cornelia, 64, 143–146
Bronze statue of, 146
Children, 144–145
Correspondence, 145
Cosmopolitan upbringing, 145
Daughter of Scipio Africanus, 143
Early widowhood of, 144
Education, 145
Eloquence of, 145
Marriage of, 144
Model for matrons, 146
Mother of the Gracchi, 143
Traditional matron, 145
Wealth of, 144
Wife of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, 143
Cornelia Tyche, 91
Correspondence, 96
Corruption, 48
Of youth, 98
Cosmetics, 7, 48, 112–113, 114, 115
As a fraud, 115
Chatelaines, 116, 117
Compacts, 6, 8, 117
Amber, 6
Shell, 6, 7
Containers, 7
Eye shadow, 115
Face cream, 115
Foundation, 115
Medicinal purposes, 114
Recipes for, 112–113
Animal fats, 119
Lead sulphide, 114
Lizard, 114
Rouge, 115
Costumes, 5, 112–113
Couch, 80
Courtesans, 53, 54
Courtyard, 130
Crassus, 55
Crepereia Tryphaena, 61
Crescent-shaped drops, 91
Crescent-shaped pendant, 124
Creusa, 9
Croatia, Coast of, 37
Cultivation, 111, 124
of the mind, 122
Cults, 17, 142
Administration of, 17
Elite personnel, 167
Foundation stories, 180
Imperial, 154
Of neighborhoods, 170
Of the state, 167
Of Venus, 172
Of Venus Obsequens, 172, 173
Temple of, 172
Of Venus Verticordia, 173, 176
Rites, 180
Statues, bathing and adorning of, 175
Women’s cults, 166
Culture, cosmopolitan, 133
Cultus, 111
Cup, tin, 101
Cupid, 174, 177
Curators, 94
Curio, 146
Curling irons, 119
Cybele, 155
Cymbals, 174
Cytheris, 56
Dacia, 38, 40, 42, 43
Dancers, 57, 174
Daughters, 49, 88
Adult, 80
Aristocratic, 71
Death, 13, 49, 66, 68
Of a maiden, 66
Premature, 60, 65
Statistics of, 84
Deceit, 121
Deductio in domum mariti, 75
Demeanor, 62
Demimonde, 54, 176
Demo, 91
Dependence, 49, 83
Economic dependence, 65
Deportment, 172
Devotion, 63, 79
Dextrarum iunctio, 71
Diana, 89, 153, 176, 178, 179
As a hunting goddess, 177
As a healer, 178
Diana Nemorensis, 177, 178
Resistance to gender and mature sexuality, 178
Dignity, 62
Discipline, 43
Distaffs, 75
Diva, 154–155, 156
Divus Augustus, 154
Divorce, 2, 13, 46, 47, 49, 50
Doctors, 95
Dolabella, 72
Dole, 22
Dolls, 61–62, 73
Rag dolls, 61
Domestic economy, 39
Domestic staff, 137
Domestic work, 94, 106
Domesticity, 60, 95, 166, 180
Domitia, 162
Domitian, 15, 36, 51, 162
Affair with Julia, 162
As a seducer, 162
Domus, 62
Doorways, 60
Dowager, 180
Dowry, 47, 74, 124
Dress, 32
Dressers, 94
Drinking, 55
Drinking party, 58
Drusus, 149
Dynasty, 36, 156, 164
Eagle, 156
Eastern, 58
Education, 59, 88
Literary education, 62
Egypt, 79
Cults,
Of Isis, 125
Old Kingdom Egypt, 125
Elegies, 53
Elite, 34, 38, 51, 56, 59, 65, 72, 74
Families, 49
Girls, 46, 62, 158
Men, 49, 94, 126, 169
Romans, 77
Women, 85, 145, 146
Youth, 145
Emotions, 8, 65–69, 80, 82
Emperor, 34, 36, 38
Empire, 28, 34, 36, 40, 47
Spectacle of, 160
Empowerment, 112–113
Encaustic, 116
Enemies, 41
Enslavement, 53
Entertainers, 57, 94
Entertaining, among women, 129
Entertainment, 55, 171
Ephesus, 104, 106
Terrace Houses, 104
Epitaph, 8–9, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 77, 89, 137
Equestrian order, 16, 37, 52, 121
Equestrians, 52, 53, 72, 148
Eroticism, 68
Attraction and seduction, 172
Erotion, 66, 68
Estates, 23, 49, 52
Management of, 79
Ethnic origins, 107
Etruscans, 28, 57, 58
Art, 57
Captors, 18
Princesses, 58
Rulers, 58
Eutychis, 88
Everyday ware, 101
Exercise, light, 86
Exile, 34, 41, 50, 53
Exploitation, 65
Extravagance, 112
Fabrics, 7
Familia, 49
Families, 26, 42, 43, 49
Family business, 137
Family councils, 49, 50
Family portrait gallery, 21
Farmers
Daughters of, 72
Tenant farmers, 107
Fat, 76
Fate
Personifications of, 111
Fathers, 38, 39, 49, 51, 80, 88, 109
Absence of, 111
Faustina, 20, 62, 90, 166
Younger Faustina, 165, 167
Title of Augusta, 165
Title of Mater Castrorum, 165
Favorinus of Arles, 107
Fayum, Egypt, 79, 150
Female body, 39
Fertile, 36
Repulsion of, 115
Feminine arts, 7, 20
Femininity, 36
Fertility, 12, 74, 84
Tokens, 125
Festivals/processions, 171
Fidelity, 83
Finery, 112
Fire, 76
Flavians, 36, 162
Extramarital affairs, 162
Illicit sexual activity, 162
Portraiture
Coins, 162
Marble, 162
Flowers, 175
Myrtle boughs, 176
Myrtle wreaths, 176
Foodstuffs, 79, 95
Footwear
Leather sandal, 131, 132
Maker’s name, 132
Forbearance, 68
Foreigners, 11, 41
Forts, 129
Fortuna, 89, 95
Fortuna Virilis, 176
Fortune, 48
Forum, 33, 53
Of Trajan, 42
Foster-children, 64, 68
Foster-daughter, 64
Fountain of Herodes Atticus, 21
France, southern, 172
Freckles, 114
Freeborn girls, 107
Freeborn women, 52
Freedmen, 22, 24–28, 52, 72, 82, 148, 179
Freedom, 48, 78
Freedwomen, 51, 106, 107, 112–113, 137, 168
Frontier zones, 40
Frontiers, 94
Northern, 165
Fulvia, 146
Cross-dressing, 148
Domination of husband as magistrate, 147
Reputation of bloodthirsty female general, 148
Fundanus, 68
Funerals
Funerary altar, 29, 69, 89
Funerary altar of Aelia Procula, 179
Funerary altar of Julia Victorina, 67
Funerary epitaphs, 8–9
Funerary monuments, 66, 109
Funerary regalia, 127
Funerary relief, 26, 84, 113, 122, 171
From Palmyra, 127
Funerary Relief of a Priestess and Military Commander, 171
Funerary Relief of Flavia Augustina at York, 132
Funerary Relief of Lucius Aurelius Hermia and his wife, Aurelia Philematium, 83
Funerary stele, 86
Funerary Stele of the Wetnurse, 108
Imperial funerals, 156
Furniture, 96, 100, 101, 104
Armchairs and footstools, 136
Gaia, 75
Galen, 12, 23
Games, 57
Gardeners, 94
Garments, 19, 32, 36
Gate of Plancia Magna, 23
Gauls, 31
Gellius, 47
Gemma Claudia,
Gemstone, 155
Gender, 95
Gentility, 64
Germanicus, 52, 156
Germany, 165
Gestures, 62, 82, 139
Gifts, 54
Gilding, 174
Girls, 61, 62, 64, 66, 73, 176, 179
Chaperoned, 71
Died before her time, 61, 178
In transition, 68
Working, 133
Gladiators, 48, 49, 50
Glory
Female, 112
Goddess, 36, 89
City goddesses, 38, 39
Gods, 32
Household gods (Lares), 170
Variety of, 166
Gold, 32, 98
Gold jewelry, 33, 116, 174
Governesses, 106
Governor, 72
Of provinces
Wives of, 133–134
Official visits of, 134
Grand dames, 55
Grandchild, 73
Graves, 125
Great Britain, 165
Greece, 3, 14, 15, 21, 29, 37, 57, 58, 83, 106, 122
Cities, 21
Cults of Artemis, 177
Greek art, 15
Greek east, 37
Greek language, 23, 125, 145
Greek names, 14
Heritage, 104
Inscriptions, 108, 167
Literature, 107
Literary forms, 53
Women of, 3
Grief, 64, 73
Gridiron, 100
Grocer (Greengrocer), 138, 139
Hawking wares, 140
Grooming, 112, 163
Guardians, 13, 52, 71, 72, 150, 168
Gulf of Leon, 91
Hadrian, 21, 36, 164
Hadrian's Wall, 129
Hair, 5, 16, 20, 25, 61, 89, 118, 177
Coiffures, 119, 172, 173
Crests, 121
Crowns, 121, 165
Dyeing of, 119
False braid of ponytail, 119
Hairdressers, 119
Hairnet, 73
Hairpieces, 119
Headgear, 121
Lock of, 16
Pins, 122
Jet pins, 119
Sensuous, 121
Styles, 5, 20, 25, 90
Boyish styles, 67
Tiaras, 121
Tiers, 121
Turbans, 117, 121
Folded, 128
Hands, right, 75
Hauteur, 110
Head coverings, 5
Head of Auburn Hair, 119
Heads wrapped, 42
Healing, 178
Hearth, 100
Heirlooms, 128
Emotional appeal of, 128
Heirs, 8–9, 36, 47, 49, 164
Helle, 117
Hellenic culture, 21
Hellenic traditions, 135
Hellenic world, 156
Hellenism, 122
Hellespont, 117
Helmet, 41
Herculaneum, 103
Hermione Grammatike, 62, 135
Herodes Atticus, 20, 21
Hetairai, 56
Hippalos, 88
Holidays, 180
Home consumption, 47
Home industry, 115
Homosexual coupling, 49
Honey, 68
Honor, 51, 58
Honors and titles, 18, 38
Horace, 114
Hostessing, 129, 134
House
Crowded, 95
Of a commanding officer, 130
Pompeian, 100
Upper floors, 96
House of the Casti Amanti, 56
House of the Menander, 97
Household, 12, 49, 62, 94–95, 101, 132
Affairs, 62
Economy, 88
Elite, 110
Imperial, 94, 101
Management of, 59, 77, 95, 145
Slaves, 83
Staff of, 94, 96, 97, 130
Housekeeper, 95
Housestead fort, 130, 131
Housewives, 59
Husbands, 9, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 55, 56, 62, 69, 73
Selection of, 71
Poisoning of, 114
Ideal, 60
Ideological cultural apparatus, 6
Ideological tools, 112–113
Immorality, 48, 53
Imperatrix, 158
Imperial
Ceremony, 154–155, 156
Court, 179
Court artists, 151
family, 34, 35, 36
As a model,
Freedmen,
Household, 101
Ideology, 166
Pageantry, 155
Purse, 160
Women, 142, 164
As political pawns, 164–66
Charges of sexual misdeeds, 164
Of the second century, 164
Religious affairs, 166
Scandals, 164
Incense, 176
Incest, 162
Incompetence, 12
Industry, 59
Infamis, 49
Infants (see Babies), 66
abandoned, 64
Inscriptions, 64, 67, 70, 79, 84, 118, 171
Greek, 127
Latin, 137
Insulae, 102, 103
Intellectual pretensions, 48
Intellectuals, 53, 144
Intelligence, 64, 124
Intermediaries, 30, 46
Invective, 13, 48
Isis, 175
Istanbul, 34
Italic civilizations, 58
Ivory
Carvings, 106
Relief, 105
Jewelry, 7, 48, 91, 112–113, 124, 175
Earrings with pendant balls, 127
Emeralds, 48
Found in tombs, 124
Necklace, 124
Pearls, 48
Eastern, 68
Jeweler, 94
Jewish revolt, 79
Julia Augusta, 154
Julia, daughter of Augustus, 34, 53, 60, 85, 148, 156
Julia Domna, 129
Julia Secunda, 91
Julia Titi, 162–164
Julia Victorina
Altar of, 66
Julian laws, 50, 51, 52
Julio-Claudian dynasty, 36, 156, 164
Portrait sculpture, 161, 167
Julius Caesar, 30, 34, 146, 149, 156
Julius Secundus, 90
Jurists, 128
Juvenal, 8, 48, 50, 112–113, 120
Keys, 47, 95
Kings, 168, 177
Kinship, 166
Kisses, 54
Kitchen, 94, 100, 130
Roman, 99
Kitchenware, 50
Kline, 81
Kline monument, 83
Kline sculpture, 81, 90
La Marsa, 122
Labor, 59, 94
Division of, 136
Laborers, 22
Lake Nemi, 176
Land, granting of, 132
Latin, 21, 23, 40
Laudatio Turiae, 8
Lavatories, 64
Law, 22, 34, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 62
Courts of, 53, 78
Common, 72
Julian, 50, 51, 52
Status quo, 180
Sumptuary laws of the second century B.C.E., 144
Learning, 48, 135
Practical application of, 136
Legacies, 128
Legal capacity to marry, 2
Legal identity, 22
Legal jurisdiction, 46
Legionaries, 40
Leiden, 103
Leisure, 57, 77, 86
Lesbians, 14
Letters, 77, 78, 130
Lex Oppia, 32
Liberal arts, 111
Libraries, Latin and Greek, 42
Licinia Flavilla, 171
Lineage, 128
Literacy, 59, 96
Literary persona, 72
Literature, 63, 64
Livia, 34, 36, 53, 60, 77, 94, 101, 143, 148–156, 158
As a patron, 152, 153
As a sponsor, 152
Building projects, 152
Deification of, 152
Diva Augusta, 154
Hairstyle, 163
Marriage to Octavian in, 28 B.C.E., 149
Religious roles, 152
Priesthoods, 152
Statues of, 150
Widowhood, 154
Grief, 154
Livy, 10, 28, 32, 58, 112
Local elites, 17
Governing, 37
London, 115, 161
Looms, 73, 97, 99
Love, 63
Love affairs, 53, 71
Lover, 50, 54, 55
Locked out, 78
Lower social orders, 8, 59, 69, 77, 102, 106, 137
Lucretia, 58, 59
Lucretius, 115
Lunar crescent fertility symbol, 125, 127
Lutatia Lupata, 64–65
Lutatia Severa, 59, 64
Lute, 64, 65
Luxury, 4, 7, 23, 59, 64, 94, 111, 114
Luxury services, 95
Lyre, 63
Magic, 114
Magistrates, 27, 33, 80, 171
Magistrates’ parade, 33
Maidens, 176
Maids, 94
Makeover
Transformative powers of, 112–113
Make-up (see Cosmetics)
Male
Body of, 112
World of adventure, 179
Management, 88
Mantle, 62
Manufacturing, 94
Manus, 46
Markets (taverns), 132, 140
Market women, 49
Scenes of, 140
Marriage, 2, 9–12, 13, 26, 34, 36, 40, 43, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 56, 59, 66, 71, 73, 146, 176, 177, 178
Bed, 176
Couples, 57
Died unmarried, 66
First in Rome, 2, 48
Laws, 52, 152
Laws, Augustan, 26, 162
Married couples, 76
Married women, 53
Martial, 14, 47, 66, 68, 112–113
Masculinity, 13, 14, 15, 16, 54
Traits, 13
Masks, Amazon, 41
Masseuses, 94
Mater patriae, 154
Maternal sentiment, 65
Matriarch, 152
Matriarchal society, 57
Matrona, 49
Matrona docta, 48, 136
Matronae, 46
Matronae Doctae (learned women), 135
Matrons, 13, 33, 36, 54, 56, 58, 59, 62, 72, 84, 95, 102, 112–113, 168, 176, 177
Affluent, 107
Aristocratic,
As poisoners, 142
As schemers, 142
As ungovernable, 142
At the toilette, 113
Powerful, 143
Virtue of, 173
Wealthy and idle, 107
Meals, 57
Medicine
Authorities, 12
Herbal remedies, 114
Memory, 128
Men, 49, 170, 177
Mentally ill, 178
Menu, 101
Merchants
Local, 132
Itinerant, 130
Meretrix Augusta, 48
Mérida, Spain, 65
Messalina, 48
Middle-aged women, 13
Midwives, 86
Touch of, 86
Mildenhall Treasure, 100
Military, 30, 32, 41, 80, 84, 94, 105
Action, 106, 172
Adventure, 179
Campaigns in Germany, 156
Camps on the frontier, 129
Commanders, 94
Conquests of foreign people, 161
Culture, 133
Defeat, 32
Gear, 122
Glory, 179
Legions, 172
Tribune, 171
Triumph, 112, 172
Veterans, 85
Mincia Marcella Fundani f (ilia), 68, 69, 125
Minucia Suavis
Altar of, 69
Mirror, silver, 117, 118
Miscarriage, 85
Misogyny, 47
Mistresses, 55, 56
Models, 143
Modesty, 3, 19, 32, 62, 68, 77, 83, 121, 176
Mola salsa, 170
Money, 34
Monkeys, 139
Monument, 73
State, 106
Morality, 2, 8, 18, 30, 32, 34, 53, 54, 107, 162
Moral authority, 30, 43
Moral code, 34, 112
Moral inspiration, 18
Moralists, 49, 59
Moralizing texts, 8
Legislation, 53
Reform of, 51, 146, 152
Rehabilitation, 172
Traditional moral values, 172
Mortality, 80
Mother, 62, 88, 90, 176
Mother-in-law, 76
Motherhood, 31, 36, 38, 39, 46, 83, 106, 164
Movement, 57
Mummy, 16, 17, 116
Portraits, 91, 115, 126, 127, 135
Painted, Egyptian, 126
Remains, 91
Mummy of Hermione Grammatike, 136
Colored glass in imitation of gemstones, 126
Gold Wreaths, 127
Mummy portrait of Demo’s daughter in Egypt, 125
Muse, 111
Music, 64, 174
Musonius Rufus, 77
Mythology, 7, 117
Classical, 100
Conflicts of, 41
Figures, 136
Founding myths, 52, 76, 142, 155
Of Phrixus and Helle, 118
Portrait, 177, 178–79
Subjects, 109
Naevoleia Tyche, 27
Naming, 88
Nannies, 106
Naples, 73, 98, 103, 173
Negotium, 78
Nemi, 177, 178
Nero, 36, 159, 160, 161, 162
Ascension in 54 C.E., 160
Claudius, adoption by, 159
Suicide, 162
Tutor of, 160
Nimes, France, 171
Nobility, 32
Notebooks, 96
Nurseries, 96
Staff of, 107
Nurses, 106
Wetnurses, 107, 109
Greek, 107
Nursing, 107, 109
Nutrix, 108
Occupations, 62, 64
Octavia, 60, 148, 150
Octavian, 30, 147, 148
Marriage to Livia, 149
Offerings, 142, 177, 179
Office, 34, 62
Officers, 80
Commanding, 130
Family of, 130
Serving abroad, 156
Wives of, 133
Offspring, 47, 49, 107
Older women, 14
Olympia, 20, 21
Oratorical skills, 62
Ostia, 102
Outposts, 144
Oven, 100
Ovid, 7, 10, 55, 112–113, 114, 118, 177
Paedogogi, 109
Pageantry, 31
Painting, erotic, 98
Painting from House of the Banker Caecilius Iucundus, 98
Painting of a Woman’s Toilette, 5
Palmyrene relief, 108, 127
Panel, Painted, 17
Papyrus, 130
scrolls, 79
Egyptian, 88
Parthian, 55
Parties, dinner, 55
Partners, 77
Passion, 54
Paterfamilias, 49, 95
Paterfamilias patriae, 51
Patria potestas, 49
Patriarchy, 6
Patrons, 18, 22, 149
Perfection, 176
Perfume jars, 7, 117
Perge, 21
Personification, 14, 35
Of fortune, 153
Pets, 68
Petronius, 27, 95
Philematium, 82
Philosophers, 77
Philosophy, 135
Physical longing, 78
Physicians, 86
Pimping, 50
Plancia Magna, 18, 21, 171
Plancina, 153–154
Treason trial of, 154
Plate, silver, 100
Plautus, 48
Playmates, 62
Pliny, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 77, 78, 85, 114
Elder, 112–113
Plotina, 21, 164
Plutarch, 144, 145, 147
Poetry, 135
Love, 51, 53, 71, 78
Poets, 66
Love lives of, 53
Mistresses of, 54
Poisons, 84
Polisher, 94
Political gear, 122
Political office, 112
Political order, 59
Politics, 94
Duties, 150
Power politics, 106
Women’s roles in, 142
Skill, 143
Dependence on the status of fathers/husbands, 142
Pompeii, 28, 56, 61, 96, 97, 98, 103, 175
Houses, 100, 104
Pomponia, 101
Populares, progressive party, 146
Portent, 144
Portraiture, 67, 90
Busts, 81, 121
Honorary type, 18
On coins or in marble, 166, 167
Painted, 136
Portrait from Antinoopolis, 116
Portrait of Demo and little girl, 90
Portrait of Julia Titi, 163
Portrait of Livia, 150
Portrait of Lutatia Lupata, 70
Portrait statue of Livia as Fortuna, 153
Potion, 176
Potter, 24
Poultry, 139
Powers of life and death, 22
Pozzuoli, Italy, 153, 173
Precious stones, 32
Pregnancy, 12, 72, 84–87
Pretensions, 129
Priapus, 174
Priestess, 22, 142, 166, 168, 173, 179
Of deified Augustus, 155
Of state cults, 142
Priesthoods, 170
Conjugal cooperation, 170
The flamen of Jupiter, 170
The flaminica, 180
Archaic customs of, 180
The flaminica Dialis, 74, 170, 180
High priests, 175
Interdependency, 170
Marital concord, 170
Flame-colored bridal veil, 170
The regina sacrorum, 170, 180
The rex sacrorum, 170
Princeps, 34
Prisoners, 41
Privacy, 95
Processions, 142, 179
Torchlit, 177
Procreation, 47
Prodigies, 172
Professionals, 84
Learned, 94
Professions, 94
Promiscuity, 53, 85
Propaganda, 14
Propertius, 4, 11, 53, 55, 98, 177
Property, 3, 49, 50, 52, 99
Proscription of, 43 B.C.E., 147
Prostitute, 4, 64, 102, 172, 176, 180
Protest, public, 52
Provinces, 38, 137, 171
Cities of, 153
Men from provinces in senate, 148
Ptolemy, King of Egypt, 146
Public art and architecture, 106
Public benefaction, 27
Public dignity, 58
Public life, 142
Public office, 27, 150
Public relations, 171
Public show, 52
Pudicitia, 48
Punic War, 32
Punishment, 49
Capital, 170
Purification, 176
Purple, 32
Purple tunics, 33
Quinta Claudia, 31, 33
Rabbits, 139
Rape, 58, 161
Rape of the Sabine Women, 9, 46
Relief panel, 11, 105
Reading, 109–110
Son, 109
Scenes of, 109, 110
Reclining, 55
Relief from the Church of S. Maria Saal, Austria, 133
Relief sculpture, 39, 135
From Italy, 137
Funerary, 109
Historical, 15
Panel, 105
Portrait, 65, 79
Relief of a butcher shop, 113
Relief of a greengrocer from Ostia, the port of Rome, 117, 138, 140
Design elements of, 118
Relief of a potter and his wife, 25
Relief of a saleswoman, 139
Relief of Lucius Vibius Felix, 51
Relief of the poultry vendor, 118
Religion, 13, 31, 142, 149, 179
Feast days, 167, 180
Inability of women to make sacrifices, 179
Intimacy of goddess and worshipper, 176
Making women visible in the public sphere, 166
Processions, 166
Religious calendar, 142, 167
Religious rites, 13
Sacred texts, 167
Sacrificial victims, 169
Storehouses, 169
Grain, 169
Vows, 167
Remarriage, 13, 46
Reproduction, 39, 176
Republic, 28, 30–34, 46, 58, 142, 156
Early, 152
Elite matrons of, 145
Late, 51, 53, 118
Spirit of, 148
Reputation, 17
Respectability, 94
Reverence, 83
Rhetoric, 47, 59
Rings, betrothal, 71
Rite, 180
Of initiation, 16
Ephebic rites, 177
Ritual, 74, 166–170
Absolution, 175
Purification, 173
Religious, 74
Robbery, 128
Roma, 14–15
Personification of, 14–15
Roman army, 42
Roman Egypt, 16, 74, 79, 91, 115, 125
Teachers in Roman Egypt, 135
Of Greek language and literature, 135
Roman Emperors, 21
Roman Forum, 11, 168, 170
Romance, 71
Romantic match, 71
Romantic trysts, 53
Romania, 38, 40
Romanization, 133
Rome, 28, 34, 35, 37, 39, 40, 69, 73, 90, 91, 176, 177
Early, 49, 58, 59
Founding, 28, 152
Golden age, 152
Markets and shops in, 135, 139
Romulus, 9
Romulus Augustulus, 34
Rooms, 95
Rural hinterlands, 40
Sabina, 21, 160, 164, 165
Sabina Augusta, 165
Sabine women, 58, 74, 76
Sabines, 9–12
Sacrosanctity, 150
Sales jobs, 94
Women, 137, 140
Difference between saleswomen and matrons, 140
Reputation to elite men, 140
Salons, 129
Salutatio, 95, 96, 160
Salvia Postuma Sergius, 37
Sanctuary of Diana at Nemi,
Leaving of models of body parts, 178
Sarcophagi, 57, 74, 103, 109, 110
Biographical, 111
Sarcophagus of M. Cornelius Statius, 109
Satire, 8–9, 14, 47, 48, 50, 135
Satyrs, 176
Scandal, 36, 59
Schoolmaster, 110
Schools, 107
Science, 114
Scribes, 96
Secret, 71
Self-improvement, 111, 176
Self-maintenance, 176
Seljuk, 105
Senate, 30, 35, 37, 148
Senatorial Order, 16, 37, 52, 121
Senators, 26, 52, 53
Wives of, 172
Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone Patre, 154
Seneca, 160
Sentiment, 76, 77
Septimius Severus, 129
Service quarters, 100
Servile workers, 107
Settlements, 131
Sex, extramarital, 53
Sexual partners, 49, 54, 176
Sexuality, 12, 13, 26, 57, 68, 172, 180
Regulation of, 173
Sexual domination, 74
Sexually insatiable women, 13
Sexual pleasure, 26
Shame, 49, 98
Shop, 24, 94, 136
Managing of, 136
Retail, 137
Take-out shop, 102
Shopkeepers, 72
Small, 22
Shopping, 95
Shows
Traveling, 132
Sibylline books, 167, 172
Sickness, 178
Silversmith, 94
Skills
Administrative and managerial, 46
Slaves, 14, 16, 22–24, 41, 48, 49, 59, 64, 82, 83, 88, 94, 95, 97, 103, 107, 124, 131, 137
Bred, 72
Children, 62, 107
Ethnic origins of, 106
Fugitive, 177
Girls, 49, 66, 107, 137
Labor, 13
Maids, 23, 106
Male, 72
Names of, 69
Staffs of, 109
Snails, 118
Snobbery, 26
Social identity, 66
Social indoctrination, 173
Social lives, 128
Social mobility, 27, 52
Social orders, 16
Social policies, 32
Social status, 16, 94, 106
Social work, 180
Socialites, 53
Solace, 179
Soldiers, 39, 40, 43, 47, 72, 80, 131
Eastern, 106
Forbidden to marry, 131
Sons, 39, 49
Sons-in-law, 73
Sophist, 107
Soranus, 12, 84, 86, 107
Spa, 176
Spain, 91
Speechwriting, 62
Spindle, 60, 75
Spinners, 97
Spinning, 94
Spouses, 76–83
Selection of, 49
Standards, 12–14, 17–18
Double, 49
State ceremony, 18
Statesmen, 177
Statius, 73
Statues, 33
Statue of a Priestess, 173
Statue of Cornelia, 147
Statue of Helena, 147
Statues of Women, 19
Statuette of Venus with Priapus, 174
Status, 18, 32, 110
Distinctions, 52
Lower status of women, 129
Stele of Lutatia Lupata, 65
Stereotypes, 47
Busybody, 47
Female, 48
Insatiable Crone, 47
Spendthrift, 47
Stewards, 95
Stola, 3, 5, 62
Strategos, 79, 80
Stucco Reliefs from La Marsa, 123
Stylus, 96
Submissive females’ demeanor, 178
Suetonius, 52, 60
Suggestus, 160
Sulpicia, 53, 71
Sulpicia Lepidina, 129, 130
Superstitions, 86
Supplies, 95
Surgeons, 87
Sweetness, 68
Syria, 127, 165
Dura Europos, 96
Table leg from Colliton Park, 104
Table setting, 100
Tablets, 95–96, 130, 136
Wax, 95, 136
Wooden, 130
Tacitus, 107, 158, 160, 161
Talasio, 76
Tapestries, 96
Tavern, reconstructed, 102
Teachers, 95, 135, 136
Female, 109
Teenager, 69
Tellus, 36
Tellus Italia, 152
Temple of Vesta, 171
Terentia, 72
Terrace Houses in Ephesus, 104, 105, 106
Terracotta relief from the Tomb of Scribonia Attice, 87
Terracotta votive, 178
Textiles, 100, 177
The Golden Girl, 125, 126
Theater, 52
Threshold, 73, 76
Thrift, 59
Tiberius, 36, 149, 151, 154, 158
Claim to the succession, 158
Titus, 36, 162
Toddlers, 96, 110
Toga, 4
Togate, 4
Toilette, 112–113
Tomb, 177
façade, 136
Tombstone of Flavia Augustina of York, 47
Tombstones, 59
Torches, 75
Townhouses, 23, 55, 95, 103
Access to, 47
Towns, 40, 103, 171
Economy of, 132
Of Italy, 171
Trade, 24
Traders, 133
Trades, 137
Tradespeople, 24, 27
Trajan, 21, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 63, 105, 164
Army of, 106
Arch at Benevento, 38, 39
Column of, 40
Parthian wars, 106
Travel, 79
Trial, 50
Triclinium, 57
Trimalchio, 27
Tripod, 101
Triumphal arch, 105
Triumphal imagery, 105
Trophy of Trajan, Adamklissi, 43
Troops, 39, 40
Trousers, 41
Troy, 156
Tullia, 72, 89
Tunic, 62, 73, 74
Knots, 74
Turkey, 20, 104
Tutors, 109
Houses, 107
Ummidia Quadratilla, 134
Uncle, 71
Univira, 46, 145
Urban renewal, 34
Urn, ash, 60, 81
Vaginal speculum, 86
Valerius Maximus, 144
Values
Traditional, 180
Vanity, 48, 112
Vegetables, 138
Vehicles, 152
Veiling, 5, 74, 120, 173
Unveiled, 5, 74
Venus, 4, 6, 25, 75, 153, 177
And Mars, 155
Bathing, 7
Venus Felix, 177
Verginia, 26, 32, 59
Vespasian, 36
Return of, 168
Vestal Virgins, 9, 31, 74, 153, 168–170, 172, 180
Did not serve as models, 180
Dress and hair, 168
Keeping of the fire, 168
Liminal figures, 168
Military preparation, 170
Pollution of house, 170
Punishment, 169
Buried alive, 170
Sacred hearth, 168, 170
Generative power of, 168
Symbol of generation through fertility, 170
Temple of, 168
Vow of purity, 168, 169, 180
Vesuvius, 103
Veteran, 40
Conflict over land for, 148
Via di Diana, 102
Victory monument, 42
Viminal Hill, 82
Vindolanda, 129, 132
Virgil, 9
Virtue, 63
Wifely, 58
Votives, 178
Vulci, 57
Wagon, 109, 133
Covered, 133
Fitted with beds, 133
Miniature, 109
Warfare, 13
Warrior, 177
Water, 76
Waxed Tabula, 96
Weakness, 12
Wealth, 27, 31, 48, 49, 60, 95, 128
Of women
Display of, 144
Weavers, 99
Weaving, 94, 97, 100, 149
Wedding, 69, 73–76
Wedding finery, 68
Wedding plans, 66
Widows, 13, 46, 72
Wifely devotion, 81
Wigs, 112–113, 119, 123
Marble, 120
Wills, 24, 52
Wine, 47, 55
Wisdom, 68
Witchcraft, 87
Wives, 9, 11, 34, 47, 48, 50, 51
Adulterous, 48
Women, 133
Aging, 176
As monsters, 143
Badge of honor of, 112
Daily rounds, 33
of ill repute, 175
Quarters of, 96
Respectable, 175
Wool, 58, 60, 76
Wool-basket, 60
Wool spinning, 147
Woolweighers, 99
Woolworkers, 99
Woolworking, 59, 60, 73, 99
Work, 78
Women working outside the home, 137
Dealer in grains, 137
Mosaic worker, 137
Perfumer, 137
Work of art, 81, 90
Working-class quarters, 10
Workplaces, 100
Workshops, 26, 99
Worshipers, 142, 166
X-rays, 135