Aachen, Charlemagne’s palace church at, 366
Abasgi, 491, 497
abortions, Procopius’ Secret History portraying Theodora as having, 435
Abraha, 502, 515, 517
Abraham of Kashkar, 259
Abu Karib, 500, 502
Acacian Schism, 224–225, 269–270
The Account of the Disputation of the Priest, 406
acculturation of barbarian tribes, 452, 458–459
Achaemenids, 478 (see also entries at Persian)
Achilles, statue in Augoustaion of Justinian dressed as, 66
Adarbigana (Media Atropatene), 135
administration, see government administration and bureaucracy
admissionalis, 66
adscripticii (coloni adscripticii), 38, 191
adultery, see gender roles
Aelia Eudocia, 64, 381, 439, 440, 441, 463
Aelia Eudoxia, 441
Aelia Galla Placidia, 441
Aeneas of Gaza, 317, 323
Aetius, 454, 456
Aetius, Cistern of, 62, 68
Africa, see North Africa
Agapetus (deacon of St. Sophia)
imperial ideology, 195
life, career, and works, xix, 382, 392
popularity of, 394
Agapias, 323, 335
Agapitus (Pope), 79, 232, 246, 277–279
Agapius of Hierapolis, 135
Agathias
earthquake of 557, 71
Evagrius unable to access Histories of, 392
Franks, 459
hippodrome games, 65
historians’ reliance on, 394
law and legal practice, 177, 183
life, career, and works, xix, 382, 386–390, 391
Menander Protector continuing Histories of, 391
Michael (archangel), powers of image of, 310
pagan intellectuals and Athenian school, suppression of, 333
Persia and Persians, 319, 320, 477, 478
philosophers’ flight to Persia, 319, 320
philosophy, knowledge of, 335
popularity of, 394
Smyrna, benefactor of public convenience in, 387
Uranius, irritation at, 323, 378
war and military, 115, 117
Age of Justinian, 3–5 (see also more specific topics)
economic contours of, see economic contours of Age of Justinian
geopolitical contours of, 10–13, 30
intellectual contours of, see intellectual contours of Age of Justinian
overextension of empire’s resources via wars, 54–55, 116, 118, 454
popes, list of, 268
religious contours of, see religious contours of Age of Justinian
agentes in rebus, 41
Agila, 464
Agilulf, 367
agoras, see entries at forum
agrarian production, 30–32
peasant classes, 38
plague’s effect on rural population and, 118
taxation of, 47
war’s effect on rural population and, 126–128
Ahudemmeh, 260
Akathistos Hymnattributed to Romanos the Melode, 393
Akoimetoi, monastery of, 378
Akoimetoi monks (“sleepless monks”), 224–225, 229, 232, 276, 278
al-ridda (“ridda” wars), 526, 533
Alamanni, 462, 464 (see also barbarians and barbarian kingdoms)
Alans, 455(see also barbarians and barbarian kingdoms)
Alaric II, 93, 459
Albinus, 274
Alboin, 469, 473
Alexanderof Aphrodisias, 316
Alexander “the Scissors,” 454
Alexandria, 99, 135
anti-Chalcedonian community, seeEgyptian anti-Chalcedonian community
Christological controversies, Alexandrine tradition in, 218–219
Jewish communityof, 411
philosophical school
different approach compared to Athens, 324
importance of, 317,320
political pressures on pagan philosophers, 329, 331, 334
Amalasuintha, 276, 428, 442, 462,463, 464
Amazons, 427, 437
Amida, 126
Ammianus Marcellinus
imperial ideology, 187,192–193
towns and cities, 92
Ammonius Hermeiou, 318–319
Alexandrian and Athenian schools of thoughtcompared, 324–326
Damascius as pupilof, 319
rapprochement with Christian establishment, 318, 329
Zachariah Scholasticus as pupil of, 323
amulets, 306, 311
anagogy, 296
Anastasia, church of (Constantinople), 79
Anastasius I (emperor)
Acacian Schism,269, 270
art and architecture, 368
Chalcedonian controversy, 225, 227, 228, 241,244
death of, 5
law, 164
patrimonium established under, 45
Persian wars, 481
Anastasius of Sinai,409
Anatolia (Asia Minor), 30, 93 (see also more specific areas)
Anatolius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 221
angelic liturgy, mystical connection of earthly liturgy to, 295, 296
Angles, 468
Anicia Juliana,439–440
Dioscurides’ Demateria medica (On Medical Matters), patronage of, 377, 390
St. Polyeuktos, patronage of, 64, 75,364–365, 389, 439–440
annona, 119, 120
Antaiopolis, 438
Anthemius of Tralles, 363, 364, 388
Anthimus of Constantinople, 246, 247, 278, 279
anti-Chalcedonians, 239–241 (see alsoChristological controversies; Three Chapters Controversy)
architecture of, 256
communities outside empire, 243, 248–251,257–260
Constantinople, Second Councilof (Fifth Ecumenical Council), 234
divisions amongst, 252–254
Edict on Heretics to conversations of 532, 244–246
Egypt,see Egyptian anti-Chalcedonian community
empire, relationship to, 261–262
formative period, 222–224
identity, anti-Chalcedonianism as form of,254–257, 261–262
JustinI’s efforts hardening position of, 227, 241–244
literature of, 256, 257
lowest point of, 247
manuscripts, 257
map ofspread in East, 249
Maurice’persecution of, 54
Miaphysitism as alternative term for, 264
missionaryactivity and expansion of Christianity, 240, 248–251, 491
modern communities, 262
Monophysite terminology, 24, 223
mosaics, 256
negotiations between Justinian and, 6, 8, 15, 229–230, 244–246, 247–248
philosophy, 335
separate hierarchy, creation of, 227, 247
foundations of new ecclesiastical structure, 251–252
John of Tella, 232, 245
missionary activities on fringes of empire, 248–251
Syria, see Syrian anti-Chalcedonian community
terminology for, 6, 8, 15
Theodora’s anti-Chalcedonian background, 229
Trisagion (Thrice Holy) hymn, 224
Antioch
architectural restoration of, 355
Christological controversies, Antiochene tradition in, 218–219
earthquakes at Apamea and Antioch, 95, 99, 128, 355
Persian invasions, effect of, 487, 489, 519
plague in, 135, 138
porticoed thoroughfares of, 103
size and population of ancient city, difficulty in determining, 99
villages of, 101
war and military, 126, 128
Antonina (wife of Belisarius), 386
Apamea, 95, 101, 103, 109, 246
Aphrodisias, 94, 105, 106, 323
Aphrodito, Theodora as special patron of, 438
aphthartodocetism, 8, 252–254, 261
Apion, 120
apocalypticism
Byzantine-Persian conflicts, 523
Islam, rise of, 523–524
apocrisarius (papal legate to emperor)
Agapetus’ appointment of Pelagius as, 279
Ostrogothic Italy, lack of position under rule of, 269
reconquest of Italy, position following, 286
Stephen as, 280
Apollinarius of Alexandria, 252
Apollinarius of Laodicea, 218
Apollo, statue of (Constantinople), 65
apologetical Jewish texts, 406
Apostoleion (Church of the Holy Apostles), Constantinople, 63, 77, 79, 359
apotropaic use of images, 310
Aqueduct of Valens, 64
Aquila, 405, 409, 417
Aquileia, 285
Aquileian Schism, 234
Arabia (see also Islam, rise of )
anti-Chalcedonianism, 243, 248
Byzantine conflicts and relations with, 12, 13–14, 124, 411, 498–500, 501–503
commerce and trade in, 501–503, 517–519
henotheism, 522
map, 514
monotheism indigenous to, 516, 522–523
Persian-Byzantine relationship, effect of, 513–521
plague, 519
polytheism/paganism, 522
social stratification, lack of, 520
Aratius, 496
Arator, 379
arbitration, 180
Arcadius, 64, 65, 76, 441, 477, 480
Archelaus, 120
archiferecites, 414
archisynagogos, 414
architecture (see also art)
Aachen, Charlemagne’s palace church at, 366
anti-Chalcedonian community in Syria, 256
churches as primary public construction in sixth century cities, 89, 93, 98, 106, 107
Hagia Sophia, see Hagia Sophia
imitations, influences, and iterations, 361, 362, 365–366
imperial ideology as supported by, see imperial ideology
Justinian’s architectural patronage, 355–361
non-Roman responses to imperial architecture, 366–369
San Vitale, Ravenna, 365–366
Sts. Sergius and Bacchus, Constantinople, see Sts. Sergius and Bacchus
successors of Justinian, 369–370
synagogues, 415–418
archons, 414
Arethas (Harith), 248
Arians and Arianism
barbarian kingdoms, 11, 15, 456
early Christological controvery, viewed as, 215–218
Vandal kingdom, 7, 456
Visigoths, 15
war and military, 116, 129
Western Church’s relationship with Eastern Church and empire, 273, 276, 277
Aristotle
Ammonius’ commentaries on, 318
Asclepius of Tralles on, 320
Christian vs. pagan study of, 317
comparison of Alexandrian vs. Athenian schools of thought, 324–326
contemporary trends and debates regarding, 324–328
cultural significance of, 333–336
John Philoponus’ commentaries on and critiques of, 320–321, 323, 326–328
later anonymous commentaries on, 322
Olympiodorus of Alexandria’s commentaries, 321
Sergius of Ras Ayin’s translations, 322
significance of commentaries on, 317
Simplicius of Cilicia’s commentaries on, 320
wealth of sixth-century commentaries on, 316
Zacharias Scholasticus’ study of, 323
Armenia
anti-Chalcedonianism, 243, 260–261
caution in use of term, 496
Christophoros (Armenian catholicos) consecrating Syrian anti- Chalcedonian bishop, 260
frontier areas of empire, attempts to control, 493–498
Persian-Roman relationship, 480, 489
philosophical tradition, 322
precise relationship to empire, difficulty in determining, 490
Roman colonization, resistance to, 498
Zoroastrianism, resistance to, 497
arms factories ( fabricae), 45, 119
army, see military organization; war
Arsacids, 478, 513 (see also entries at Persia)
art, 185–187 (see also specific objects and locations)
architecture, see architecture
classical themes, 351, 370, 416
coins, 350
elite tastes and luxury objects, 349–351
classical themes, 351
portraits, trends set by, 348–349
types of objects, 349–351
icons, see icons
imperial ideology as supported by, see imperial ideology
ivory carving, 349
liturgical vessels, 351 (see also Riha Paten)
manuscripts, see manuscripts
Medieval period, inception of, 344
mosaics, see mosaics
mummy portraits and other funerary paintings, 353
non-Roman responses to imperial art, 366–369
portraits, 348–349
religion and art, see religious contours of Age of Justinian
silk and other textiles, 349, 369
silver, see silverwork
successors of Justinian, 369–370
synagogue decoration, 415
Artabanes, 74
Artemius, 307
asceticism
Christian piety and practice, 291
Islam, rise of, 524
Asclepius, Cilician shrine of, 307
Asclepius of Tralles, 319, 320
Asia Minor (Anatolia), 30, 93 (see also more specific areas)
Askoum, 78
Aspar, Cistern of, 68
Aswan, 250
At Your Mystical Supper Holy Thursday koinonikon, 292–297
Athalaric, 462
Athanagild, 464, 465
Athanasius and Zacchaeus, disputation between, 409
Athanasius, Patriarch of Alexandria, 217, 218, 223
Athens, school of philosophy at (see also Neoplatonism and Neoplatonic school)
different approach compared to Alexandria, 324
number of active members, 339
political pressures on, 329–333
suppression of pagan intellectuals, 317, 319, 320, 329–333, 376
Attila the Hun, 455
Audoin, 469, 473
Augoustaion, Constantinople, 65–66
Augoustaion, equestrian statue of Justinian in, 66, 114, 203–205, 345, 346, 367
Augustine of Hippo, 334
Augustus Caesar
continuation of monarchy begun by, 3
imperial ideology, 188, 189, 190, 196, 197, 198
law, 168, 169
Ausonius of Bordeaux, 102
Avars, 9–10, 12, 54, 79, 470–471, 472 (see also Balkans)
Avesta, 521
Avigad, Nachman, 96
Avitus of Vienne, 456
Axumites (Ethiopia)
anti-Chalcedonianism, 244
Himyarite wars, 244, 408, 409, 411, 492, 501–502, 515, 517
Roman alliance with, 491
silk trade, 501–502
Babylonian Talmud or Bavli, 402, 405, 411, 521
Bacchus (saint), importation to Constantinople of cult of, 306
Baetica, 464, 465
Baian, 471
Balash, 483
Balkans
Avars, 9–10, 12, 54, 79, 470–471, 472
conflicts in, 9–10, 12, 54, 124
Constantinopolitan refugees, 75
geography and economics of, 30
Justiniana Prima, 90, 92, 93, 268, 355, 356
papal reassertion of authority over Illyrian province, 277, 281
Slavs, 9–10, 12, 54, 124, 469–470, 471
towns and cities, 93
barbarians and barbarian kingdoms, 448–454, 471–473 (see also specific kingdoms and ethnic groups)
acculturation or romanization, modern concept of, 452
art and architecture of empire, non-Roman responses to, 366–369
Christian and Roman nature of, 458–459
Church, cooperation with, 456
decadence of later culture, 19th century view of, 452
ethnic origins of, 455–457
“Germanic” kingdoms and peoples, concept of, 448–454, 458
identity, formation of, 455–457
invasions into empire, effect of, 10–13
Islam, rise of, 465
Justinian’s policies and actions regarding, effects of, 448–454, 459–466, 471–473
languages, lack of preservation of, 452
law collections compiled by kings of, 163, 520
Lazi and Lazica, 121, 486, 488, 489, 498, 513
maps, 450, 460, 467
minority of population, barbarians as, 456
non-barbarian population’s loyalty to rulers of, 457–458
northern barbarians outside the empire, 467, 466–471
the “other,” viewed as, 449
Procopius on, see Procopius of Caesarea
ritual and ceremonial of empire adopted by, 367
Roman aristocracy, cooperation with, 456
Roman army’s barbarian soldiers, 453–454
creation of demand for, 472
discipline issues, 453, 454
fifth century barbarian kings formerly Roman generals, 454
Roman polity, significance of concept of, 449–452
Roman vs. “Germanic” culture, 448–454, 458–459
romanization or acculturation, 452, 458–459
taxation by empire, 454, 459–462
towns and cities affected by, 92
vulnerability of, 465
Barberini ivory, 65, 345, 346, 349, 367
Baron, Salo Wittmayer, 401
Basil of Caesarea, 376
baths, public, 66, 68, 103
Bavarians, 462
Bavli (Babylonian Talmud), 402, 405, 411, 521
Beirut, law school at, 172
Belisarius
Antonina (wife of Belisarius), 386
barbarian soldiers, discipline of, 453
Carthage, taking of, 98
daughter of, 435
Huns, 60, 453, 463
loyalty of soldiers to, 454
military effectiveness, 121, 123, 124
Nika riots, 7
origins of, 74
Ostrogothic Italy, reconquest of, 463
Persia and Persian wars, 487, 489
Pope Silverius exiled by, 280
Procopius of Caesarea and, 87, 115, 385, 387
royal ambitions, rumors of, 454
Vandals, victory over, 7, 11
Benedict I (pope), 286
Benedict (saint), founding of Monte Cassino by, 20
Berbers, 12, 121, 124, 127, 411, 449, 465
Beroea, 489
Beth Alpha Synagogue mosaics, 406, 416
Bethlehem, Church of Nativity in, 302, 358, 358
biblical narrative and pious practices, 292
divine liturgy, 292–297
pilgrimage and eulogiai, 303, 304
Romanos the Melode, hymns of, 297–300
Shrine of Holy Sion representing Jerusalem, 310
bishops
judicial and legal roles of, 178, 179
towns and cities, role in, 90, 92, 93, 102, 107
visitors to Constantinople, control of, 73
Western bishops, civic role of, 268
Blachernai palace complex, Constantinople, 61, 79, 301
Black Death (second pandemic of medieval period) (see also plague)
denials as to diagnosis as bubonic plague, 148–151
minimalist approach to effect of, 155
relevance to first or Justinianic plague pandemic, 146–148
Blemmyes, 491
Blessing Christ icon, Monastery of St. Catherine, Mt. Sinai, 352
Blue and Green circus factions, Constantinople, 60, 65, 71–72, 104, 381, 408
Boethius, 19, 274, 322, 462
Boniface I, 275
books, see literature and literary culture; manuscripts
Bosporus, 61
Bovis, forum of, 64
Britain, 92, 138, 468
Brown, Peter, 89, 107, 109, 520, 524
bubonic plague (Yersinia pestis) (see also plague)
denials of diagnosis of first pandemic as, 146, 148–151
diagnosis of first pandemic as, 144–146
DNA samples of, 148
pneumonic form of, 148, 150
bucellarii, 117
Bulgars, 78, 470, 471
bureaucracy, see government administration and bureaucracy
Burgundians, 456, 459 (see also barbarians and barbarian kingdoms)
“burial shroud” speech of Theodora (Procopius), 429–430
“Burnt Column,” 65
Bury, J. B., 376
Busta Gallorum, 122, 448, 453
Byzantium, creation of, 4
Caesarea Palestinae
ancient cities, compared to, 89
Byzantine Esplanade, 105
governance of, 107, 109
hinterlands, 100
prosperity or decline of sixth century cities, 91, 96
public buildings and infrastructure, 103, 104, 105, 107
sixth-century view of, 91
Caesarius of Arles, 456
calendars
annual calendars observed in empire, 77
Passover/Easter, date of celebration of, 407, 423
Callinicum, 256, 488, 499, 515
Calliopus, 120
camels and warfare, 124
Cameron, Alan, 369, 389
Cameron, Averil, 389, 430
Camouliana icon, 353, 369
Capitol or Kapitolion, Constantinople, 64
Carthage, 98, 456, 463
Carthago Spartaria (Cartagena), 465
Carus, 480
Cassiodorus
art and architecture,390
barbarians, writings on, xix, 452, 457
civil administration of Ostrogothickingdom, involvement in, 456
Constantinople, 75
gathering and codification of knowledge,19
letterrequesting Justinian not invade Italy, 278
life, career, and works, xix
literature and literary culture, 368
Pope Agapetus and, 277
catenae,20, 404
Cathegus, 75
catholicism, seeChalcedonianism
Caucasus, 491, 493–498 (see also more specific regions)
Cavallo, Gulielmo, 377
cavalry
Ghassanid, 500
Persian, 486
Roman,117, 122
ceramic distribution, evidence provided by,35–36
cereals and grain as trade commodity, 31, 35,38
ceremonies, see ritual, ceremonial, andprocession
Chalcedon, Council of (see alsoChristological controversies)
Armenianrejection of, 260
calling of council andformula created at, 221–222
communities taking shape in response to, 14
Henotikon requiring no insistence on either acceptance or rejection of, 224–225
Justin I’s attempts to impose, 227,241–244
Justinian’s attempts toclear Nestorian taint, 231–233
Marcian’s and Leo I’s attempts toimpose, 222–224
Nestorian taint, 222,223, 225, 226, 228, 230
Chalcedonianism
conversations of 532, 229–230
Franks, 11, 15, 459
Georgia, Church of, 261
neo-Chalcedonians and Severus of Antioch,225–227
Persia, 257–260
Chalke Gate, Constantinople, 114, 432
Chalke palace or“brazen house,” Constantinople, 66, 344, 345, 39
Charlemagne, 12, 366, 466
chastity, see gender roles
Cherubic Hymn or Cherubikon, 295
Chilbudios, 470
Chosroes, see entries at Khusro
Christianity, see religious contours of Age of Justinian
Christological controversies, 14–17, 215, 235–236 (see also anti-Chalcedonians; Chalcedon, Council of; Chalcedonianism)
Alexandrine tradition, formulation of, 218–219
Antiochene tradition, formulation of, 218–219
Arian controversy, 215–218
chronology, 216
Constantinople, Second Council of (Fifth Ecumenical Council), 8, 230, 234–235
conversations of 532, 229–230, 244–246
Cyril of Alexandria and cyrillian thought
Chalcedonians vs. anti- Chalcedonians in terms of positions on, 222
condemnation of Theodore of Mopsuestia and Three Chapters Controversy, 233
controversies of 431 and Union of433, 218–219
conversations of 532 230
death, controversies following, 219–221
intellectual world affected by controversy, 235
neo-Chalcedonians and Severus of Antioch, 225–227
division of Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches, 215, 223, 234, 235–236
Edict on Heretics, 244–246
emperor’s power to determine doctrine, see imperial ideology
Eutyches, controversy set off by, 219–221
Formula of Union, 219, 220
Henotikon, 224–225
humanity of Jesus, 215–218
“hypostasis,” use of, 222, 231, 234
incarnation of Christ, concept of, 215–218
intellectual world affected by, 235–236
John’s Gospel, influence of, 217, 218
Justinian’s role and intentions, 227–229, 244–246, 254
Leontius of Jerusalem, proposal by, 230–231
“mingling” of human and divine natures in Christ, 220
neo-Chalcedonianism and Severus of Antioch, 225–227
one-nature vs. two-nature formulas, inception of, 218–219
origenism, 233
Rome and papacy, role of
Acacian Schism, 224–225, 269–270
arrangements with Justinian prior to Constantinople II, 231–233
Constantinople, Second Council of (Fifth Ecumenical Council), 234–235
Cyril, support for, 219
Henotikon and Acacian Schism, 224–225
Hormisdas’ demand for “correction” of erring Churches, 227, 228
Justinian’s need for support of Rome, 229
Leo I and Tome, 221, 225, 246
Union of May 519, 270–272
Scythian monks, formulations of, 227–229, 231, 242, 272
Theodora, role of, 227, 229, 248
Theopaschite Formula, 226, 228, 231, 242, 272–273, 275, 278
theotokos, Mary as, 218, 220, 235, 299
Three Chapters, see Three Chapters controversy
unity of Church
Justinian’s chief motive as, 228
neo-Chalcedonianism, 225–227
possibly chimerical notion of, 239–241
Christophoros (Armenian catholicos), 260
chronologies
Christological controversies, 216
important dates, table of, xxiii
plague pandemic, 134–139
Chrysostom, see John Chrysostom
Chrysotriklinos mosaic of Christ, 346, 369
churches
Aachen, Charlemagne’s palace church at, 366
Bethlehem, Church of Nativity in, 302, 358, 358
Constantinople
Anastasia, church of, 79
Apostoleion (Church of the Holy Apostles), 63, 77, 79, 359
Hagia Sophia, see Hagia Sophia
Honoratae district, church built by Anicia Juliana in, 439
Michael (Archangel), churches dedicated to, 357
saint’s shrines, churches built as, 306
Sts. Cosmas and Damian, 306–308
St. Diomedes, 301
St. Eirene, 61, 79
St. Euphemia, 439
Sts. Peter and Paul, 79, 361
St. Plato, 301
St. Polyeuktos, 64, 75, 364, 389, 439–440
Sts. Sergius and Bacchus, see Sts. Sergius and Bacchus
Theodora, Church of, 79
Theotokos, Church of, 297
Virgin, Church of (Blachernae palace complex), 61, 301
Jerusalem churches, 106, 358
Nea (“New Church”), Jerusalem, 358
primary public construction in sixth century cities, 89, 93, 98, 106, 107
San Marco, Venice, 361
San Vitale, Ravenna
Aachen, Charlemagne’s palace church at, 366
architecture of, 365–366
mosaics of, 99, 346–348
St. Irene at Sykai, 79
St. John, Ephesus, 359, 359, 360
churches as primary form of public construction, 89, 93, 98, 106, 107
circuses and circus games
Blue and Green circus factions, Constantinople, 60, 65, 71–72, 104, 381, 408
hippodrome, Constantinople, 65, 381
towns and cities of sixth century, 104
cisterns, Constantinople, 62, 68
cities, see towns and cities
Civitas Mediomatricorum (Metz), 93
clarissimi, 39–41
classical themes in Byzantine art, 351, 370, 416
Claudius, 207
climate as cause of plague, 152–153
close-kin marriages in Mesopotamia, 500
Clovis, 11, 15, 456, 459, 462
Codex Argenteus, 452
Codex Justinianus, 6, 161, 162–165, 171, 199
Codex Repetitae Praelectionis (second edition of Codex Justinianus), 164, 166, 199
Codex Theodosianus, see Theodosian Code
codificationof knowledge, 18–20, 520–521
codification ofreligious texts, 521
Cohn, Samuel K., 148
coinage
artworks, understood as, 350
gender roles, 428
mints, 45
plague, effects of, 155
state economy, role in, 37
unity of empire, reinforcing, 34
Colchis (Lazica), 121, 486, 488, 489, 498, 513
coloni adscripticii, 38, 191
coloni liberi, 38
columns, Constantinople
Augoustaion, 66
“Burnt Column,” 65
forum of Arcadius, historiated column of, 64
Marcian, column of, 64
comes comitates, 93, 108
comitatenses, 117, 119
commerce and trade, 31, 34–38
Arabia, 501–503, 517–519
ceramic distribution, evidence provided by,35–36
Constantinople, 69–70
grain and cereals, xxxii, 31, 35, 38
Islam, rise of, 513, 517–519
oil, xxxii, 31, 35, 36, 38
ores, xxxii, 32–33
Persian empire, 484, 501–503
silk trade and relationship with SouthernArabia, 501–503
timber, xxxii, 32–33
wine, xxxii, 35, 36
consistorium, 39, 41
Constantine the Great
Anicia Juliana’s descent from, 439,440
“Burnt Column,” 65
forum of, 65
Helena(mother), 368, 440
Jerusalem, churches of,106
mausoleum of, 63, 368
military organization established by, 117
Persian wars, 479
relative peace of reign, 457
Rome, basilicas of, 106
Constantinople,21–23 (see also specific features and locations, e.g.Augousteion)
book dealers in, 378
book production in, 378
churches of, see churches
civic administration, 68
civic order and crime control, 71–72
description of Justinian’s return to city,559, 60–67, 76
distribution ofpopulation within city, 74
earthquakes, 60,61, 70–71
educational center, as, 323, 380
fire dangers, 70
food supply, 69–70
government of, 68
harbors and waterways, 61, 69–70
imperial nature and function of, 67
Jews living in, 410
Latin-speaking population, 75
layout of, 60–67
literati
attractions for, 381
circles of, 389, 390
government administration andbureaucracy, positions in, 381–382, 385
map of, 62
medical care in, 71
military’s relationship to, 67
plague in, 135, 138
population of, 67, 72–73, 74, 76
restoration and rebuilding, 79
ritual and ceremonial in, 76–80
society and cultures of, 73–76
urban violence, 71–72
walls of, 61, 381
waterbodies surrounding, 61
water suppply, 62,64, 68–69
Constantinople, First Council of, 218
Constantinople, Second Council of (Fifth Ecumenical Council), 8,230, 234–235, 285
Constantius I, 329, 479
Constantius II, 63
constitutiones
Deo Auctore, 167, 200
Summa, 161–162
Tanta, 167, 201
consulship, 77
Convent of Repentance, Constantinople, 432
conversations of532, 229–230, 244–246
Corippus
accession of Justin II, 442, 472
funeral of Justinian, 77, 349, 369
life, career, and works, xix, 74, 383, 389, 390,391
speeches, literature beginning as,379
corpus iuris civilis (corpus of civil law),19, 161, 198–202, 520
Cosmas and Damian, therapeuticcult of, 306–308, 311
Cosmas Indicopleustes, xx, 394,501
Cotrigur Huns, see Cutrigur Huns
councils, ecclesiastical
Chalcedon, see Chalcedon, Council of Constantinople I, 218
Constantinople II, 8, 230, 234–235,285
Ephesus, Councils of, 219, 220, 255,260
Nicaea, 217, 218, 224
Count Marcellinus, see Marcellinus Comes
courts, see judicial system; law
Crimea, 491
Crone, Patricia,518
culture, see intellectual contours of Age of Justinian; social class and culture
curatores, 40
curiales, 40
Cutrigur Huns, 60, 78, 470, 471
Cyril of Alexandria, see Christological controversies
Cyril of Scythopolis, xx, 308, 358, 408
Cyrus, School ofNisibis, 259
Dagisthaeus, Bathsof, 68
Damascius, 318, 319
Alexandrian and Athenian schools of thoughtcompared, 324
flight from Alexandria toAthens, 329
Jews, information about, 407
land linked to, loss of, 333
leadership of Athens school, 330
possible conversion of Ammonius to Christianity,318
refuge at Persian court, 330
Damascus, 500
Damian, patriarch of Alexandria, 252, 254
Damnazes, 497
Damocharis, 389
Daniel, Roman Empireas beast in book of, 419
Daphne, 102, 410
dates,see chronologies, and entries at time
Datius of Milan,281, 285
David as Orpheus, Gaza synagogue, 416
DavidPlate, 352, 370
David the Invincible, 322, 324–326,334
Decius, 331
defensores civitatis, 50,176
defensores ecclesiae, 179
Demetrius (saint),311
Demiurge, 325
demographics, see population
Demosthenes (Praetorian Prefect), 168
Deo Auctore (constitutio), 167, 200
Dhu Nuwas (YusufAsh’ar or Asar), 411, 414, 502, 515
Di Segni, Leah,106
dialyseis, 180
Dictatum de Consiliaris (Instructions for Consuls), 172
Digest Pandects, 6, 161, 166–168,170, 199–200, 406
dioceses, 44
Diocletian, 164,189, 192, 196, 206, 501
Diodore of Tarsus, 219, 248, 258
Diogenes of Phoenicia, 320, 330
Dioscorus (deacon and Roman legate), 270
Dioscorus (patriarch of Alexandria), 220, 221,223, 230
Dioscurides, 377, 389
diptychs, Acacian Schism, and Union of 519, 269, 270, 271, 272
discipline of Roman troops, 122, 453, 454
disease, see entries at medicine; plague
Disputation of Gregentius and Herbanus, 409
Disputation on Religion, 409
divorce, see gender roles
domus divinae,40
Dorotheus of Thessalonika, 121, 271, 496
Downey, Glanville, 376
Duncan, Christopher J., 148
Dura Europus synagogue, 425
Durliat, Jean, 154–155
Dyophysite doctrine, 257–260 (see also Chalcedonianism; Nestorians and Nestorianism)
early medieval pandemic (EMP), see plague
earthquakes
Anthemius of Tralles’ artificial earthquake, 388
Apamea and Antioch, 95, 99, 128, 355
Constantinople, 60, 61, 70–71
Laodicea, 408
liturgical processions associated with, 301
plague caused by, 152
Easter Chronicle (Paschal Chronicle), xxi, 135
Easter/Passover, date of celebration of, 407, 423
economic contours of Age of Justinian, 13–14, 28 (see also commerce and trade)
agragian production, 30–32
Arabia and rise of Islam, 13–14, 518,529
different levels of, 35, 36
governmental constraints imposed by,28–29
natural resources and raw materials, 32–33
overextension of empire’s resources via wars, 54–55, 116, 118, 454
physical resources and infrastructure, 28–34
plague, effect of, 156
transportation, 33–34
war, infastructure and resources for, 115–121
Edessa, 95, 107, 242
Edict on Heretics, 244–246
Edictum Perpetuum, 166
Edom as Jewish metaphor for Roman empire, 418
education and educational system, 20–21
Britain, 468
centers of learning, 380 (see also Alexandria; Athens)
law education
Institutes designed for legal students, 170
Julian’s advice on study of law, 172
schools for (Beirut, Constantinople, Rome), 171–176
Zacharius Scholasticus’ description of, 172
literati or erudite persons, background of, 380–381
Nisibis, anti-Chalcedonian School of, 258
pagan intellectuals, suppression of, 317, 319, 320, 329–333, 376
philosophy, 317
Tiberias as seat of Jewish learning, 411
Egeria, 302
Egypt (see also Alexandria)
Aphrodito, Theodora as special patron of, 438
Oxyrynchus, 181
Philae, temple of Isis on island of, 250
towns and cities, 93
Egyptian anti-Chalcedonian community
Edict on Heretics, 244–245
foundations of ecclesiastical structure, 251–252
identity, anti-Chalcedonianism as form of, 254–257, 261–262
Justin I, treatment under, 241–242
lowest point of, 247
schism with Syrian community, 252, 254
elders or presbyters as Jewish leaders, 414
Elias (philosopher), 320, 322, 324–326, 334
Ella Asbeha, 502
Emilia, 125, 126
emotion, women’s supposed lack of control over, 435
EMP (early medieval pandemic), see plague
emphyteutic leases, 40–41
encaustic method of painting, 353
entertainment, places of, 104
Ephesus
equestrian statues imported to Constantinople from, 66
John the Evangelist’s shrine at, 305
prosperity of city in sixth century, 94
St. John (church), 359, 359, 359
Ephesus, Councils of, 219, 220, 255, 260
Ephrem of Amid, 244, 247
Ephrem the Syrian, 256
Epictetus, 320
Epidaurus, 307
Epiphania (Hama), 96
Epitome Juliani, 172
equestrian statue of Justinian in Augoustaion, 66, 114, 203–205, 345, 346, 367
Esau as Jewish metaphor for Roman empire, 418
Eternal Peace of 532, 478, 488
Ethiopia, see Axumites
ethnic identity
anti-Chalcedonianism as form of, 254–257
barbarians and barbarian kingdoms, 455–457
Eudocia, 64, 381, 439, 440, 441, 463
Eudoxia, 441
Eulamius (Eulalius) of Phrygia, 320, 330
eulogiai and tactile piety, 302–305, 310, 311
eunuchs, 64, 428
Euphrasius family, as diplomats, 481
Eusebius, 432
Eutocius of Ascalon, 320
Eutyches and Eutychianism, 220, 221, 230, 246, 248, 255
Eutychianus the Younger, 388
Eutychius, patriarch of Constantinople
changes to divine liturgy made by, 292–297
concern for liturgical texts and practice, 294
deposition of, 287
rain, liturgical procession for, 301
Vigilius’ letter to, 283
Evagrius Scholasticus (Evagrius of Antioch), xx, 142, 154, 179, 391
Evangelos, 100
exarchs, creation of, 9
excubitores, 67
fabricae (imperial arms factories), 45, 119
Facundus of Hermiane, 281
family, importance of (see also gender roles)
head of household as main point of reference, 430, 437, 438
legal requirements, 437, 438
religious literature reinforcing social conventions regarding, 442
Roman social conventions, 430
women’s patronage inscriptions, 439, 440, 441
federates, 117, 455 (see also specific federates)
Felix (pope), 269, 275
females and femaleness, see gender roles; women
Ferrandus, 281
festivals, see ritual, ceremonial, and procession
Fifth Ecumenical Council (Second Council of Constantinople), 8, 230, 234–235, 285
fire in Constantinople, 70
fiscal resources, administration of, 41–48
Fisher, Elizabeth, 430
Fladerer, Ludwig, 325
Flavian, 220, 221
Flavius Entolius, 105
Flavius Petrus Sabbatius, 5 (see also Justinian)
Flavius Strategius, 105
Fliehburgen (refuges for rural populations), 90, 92
Florentinus, 99
food supply
army provisioning and pay, 119, 120
bread as basic foodstuff, 30
commerce and trade in the empire generally, 31, 34–38
Constantinople, 69–70
plague and, 152
war’s effect on, 125, 126
foreign officials and potentates, entertainment of, 78
Formula of Union, 219, 220
fortifications
Long Walls, 50, 60
towns and cities, 103
fortune or tyche of emperor, 211
forum of Trajan in Rome, Forum of Theodosius (Constantinople) built in imitation of, 65
forums and agoras of towns and cities in sixth century, 103
forums, Constantinople
Arcadius, 64
Bovis, 64
Constantine (“The Forum”), 65
Marcian, 64
Theodosius (Forum Tauri), 65, 70
Fourth Ecumenical Council, see Chalcedon, Council of
Franks, 10, 11
art and architecture, 366
Avar expedition against, 471
Britain, connections with, 468
Chalcedonianism (catholicism) of, 11, 15, 459
Clovis, 11, 15, 456, 459, 462
cooperation with Church and civil elites, 456
Justinian’s reign, history of Franks during, 459–462
Ostrogothic kingdom, invasion of, 463, 464
settlement on Roman soil, 456
Frisians, 468
Fulgentius of Ruspe, 276
funerary paintings, 353
Gabriel (city prefect), 389
Gaianus and Gaianites, 75, 252–254
Gaius, 170
Galen, 322
Galla Placidia, 441
Garsoïan, Nina, 478, 497
Gate of Charisius, 60, 64
Gaza, 135, 323, 416
Geiseric, 456, 462
Gelasius, 269
Gelimer, 116, 123, 449, 452, 472
gender roles, 427–428 (see also men and maleness; women)
changes in, 442–444
Church and Christianity, 431, 441–442, 443, 444
ecclesiastical hierarcy, 442
emotion, women’s lack of control over, 435
eunuchs, 428
exclusion of women from later Byzantine world, 444
family’s role in, see family, importance of
historical value of analyzing, 428–430
“honorary men,” women becoming, 442
Justinian’s lack of manliness in Secret History (Procopius), 433–436
law and legal practice, 436–438
marriage, adultery, chastity, and divorce
Christianity, impact of, 431, 441–442
law, 437–438
Procopius’ portrayal of imperial couple in Secret History, 434
patronage
Anicia Juliana, 439–440
changes in, 443
male vs. female patterns, 438–441
Procopius’ Buildings, 431
Theodora, 431–433, 438, 440
politics, governance and leadership, 428, 435, 438, 442–444
“pollution,” male and female, 441
power relationships explicated by, 428
Procopius of Caesarea, 427–428, 431–433
History of the Wars and Buildings, 431–433
ideal imperial bride and Christian values, 427–428, 434
rhetorical use of gender roles by, 429–430
Roman social conventions, adherence to, 430
Secret History, 432, 433–436
Theodora, portrayal of, see subhead “Theodora,” this entry
public sphere of men vs. private sphere of women, 435, 436, 438
Roman elite social class, values of, 430–431
saints and sainthood, 442
Secret History, 432, 433–436
sex distinguished from gender, 427
Theodora
“burial shroud” speech, rhetorical purpose of, 429–430
History of the Wars and Buildings, 431–433
patronage of, 431–433, 438
public life lead by, 438
Secret History, 433–436
Virgin Mary, 444
virtues defined according to, 430, 431, 436, 442
war and fighting, 427
genital ailments, male, 307
geography (see also maps)
distribution of Jews in empire, 410
geopolitical contours of Age of Justinian, 10–13, 30
plague pandemic, 136, 134–139, 149
George of Pisidia, 353, 369, 370
Georgia, Chalcedonian Church of, 261
Gepids, 468–469, 470, 471, 473 (see also barbarians and barbarian kingdoms)
Gerasa ( Jerash), 96, 406
“Germani,” ancient meaning of, 458
“Germanic” kingdoms and peoples, 448–454, 458 (see also barbarians and barbarian kingdoms, and specific kingdoms and ethnic groups)
Germanus, 120, 122
Ghassanids, 248, 499, 500, 515
Gibbon, Edward, 161
Gibichung dynasty, 456
Gildas, 92, 468
gloriosus and gloriossisimus ranks, 40
gold, mining and trade in, 33, 501, 518
Golden Gate, Constantinople, 61, 64, 66, 301
Golden Horn, 61
Gontharis, 455
Goths, see barbarians and barbarian kingdoms, and also specific types of Goths (e.g., Visigoths)
Gourgenes, 478, 491, 497
government administration and bureaucracy, 21–23, 28, 41–48
Constantinople, 68
different levels of, 43–44
economic constraints, 28–29
fiscal administration, 42, 41–48
imperial estates, 40–41
imperial household, see household, imperial
Justinian’s reform of, 48–55
literati holding positions in, 381–382, 385
map of governmental and administrative divisions, xxxiv
organizational charts, 42, 46
towns and cities, governance of, 107–109
grain and cereals as trade commodity, xxxii, 31, 35, 38
Great Entrance, 293, 301
Great Lavra monastery, 308
Greek language, 22, 73–76
Green and Blue circus factions, Constantinople, 60, 65, 71–72, 104, 381, 408
Gregoria, 173
Gregory I (the Great) (pope), 98, 234, 286, 287
Gregory of Antioch, 179, 391
Gregory of Nazianzus, 376
Gregory of Tours, 108, 145
Grepes, king of the Heruli, 78
Grod, 491
Gubazes, 498
guerilla warfare, 124
Gundobad, 459
hadith literature, 524
Hadot, Ilsetraut, 325
Hadrian, 105, 163, 166, 419, 420
Hagia Sophia, 361, 362–365
Agatheon and, 66
building of, 7, 79
damaged in earthquake of 557, 61
dedication of, 364
imitations of, 365–366
interior illustrations,
Justinian’s role in design of, 364
liturgical processions, 301
Nika revolt, damaged during, 362
rededication of, 79
silk sanctuary furnishings, 349, 369
Solomon, comparison to Temple of, 365
Sts. Sergius and Bacchus (church) compared, 362, 363, 364
hagiography, 442
Hama (Epiphania), 96
Harith (Arethas), 248
al-Harith ibn Jabala, 499–500, 502, 515
Harris, William, 380
Harrison, R. Martin, 365
Hawting, G., 523
hazzanim (cantor-poets), 418–420
health, see entries at medicine; plague
Heather, Peter, 380
Helena
mausoleum of, 368
patronage by, 440
helmet plaque of Agilulf, 367
henotheism, 522
Henotikon, 224–225, 269
Hephthalite Huns, 482
Heraclius, 16
art and architecture, 393
Jews and Judaism, 402, 408
literature and literary culture, 369
Persian wars, 490
Hercules and the Nemean lion, plate depicting, 351
Hercules, David presented as Christian form of, 370
hermeneutical questions and presuppositions, 324–328
Hermes of Phoenicia, 320, 330
Herminafrid, 462
Hermogenes, 174
Herodotus, 114
Heruli or Heruls
concerns raised by, 468
Constantinople, 78
far-flung diplomatic connections of, 467
Roman army, barbarian soldiers of, 453, 454
uprising of, 464
Hesychius, 19
Hierocles, 324–326
Hilderic, 462
Hildigis, 470
Himyarites
Axumites (Ethiopia), war with, 244, 408, 409, 411, 492, 501–502, 515, 517
Dhu Nuwas (Yusuf Ash’ar or Asar), 411, 414, 502, 515
internal wars, 502
silk trade, 501–502
Himyarites (Yemen)
anti-Chalcedonian community, 244
Islam, rise of, 515, 517, 526
Jews and Judaism, 408, 409, 411, 414
Persian-Roman relationship, 492
hippodrome, Constantinople, 65, 381
hippodromes in sixth century towns and cities, 104
“historicization” of liturgy, 295
history and historiography (see also periodization)
Classical and Byzantine writing of, 18
gender roles, historical value of analyzing, 428–430
Islam, problems of perception in understanding rise of, 510–513
“salvation-historical” approach to rise of Islam, 511
Holy Apostles, Church of the (Apostoleion), Constantinople, 63, 77, 79, 359
Holy, Holy, Holy (Trisagion or Thrice Holy) hymn, 224, 296
Holy Sion, Shrine of, 309
Homer, Odyssey, 89
Honoratae district of Constantinople, church built by Anicia Juliana in, 439
Honoré, Tony, 167
Honorius, 65, 368
Horden, Peregrine, 100
Hormisdas (palace), 73, 79, 362
Hormisdas (pope)
Acacian Schism, 269, 270
Albinus and Boethius, execution of, 274
Christological controversies, 227, 228, 232
Silverius (pope), son of Hormisdas, 279
Theopaschite Formula, rejection of, 272, 273
Union of 519, 270, 272, 273, 278
Hormizd IV (Persian king), 489
household, imperial, 45
description of Justinian’s return to Constantinople, 559, 64, 66
organizational chart, 46
Huneric, 456
Huns, 470
Atilla, 455
barbarian peoples, effect on movement of, 455
Bulgars, 470, 471
Constantinople threatened by, 60, 78
Cutrigurs, 60, 78, 470, 471
Hephthalites, 482
Persian-Roman relationship, 482
Roman army, barbarian soldiers of, 453, 454
Sabirs, 471, 496
Slavs, alliances with, 469
Utigurs, 470, 471
hymns
At Your Mystical Supper Holy Thursday koinonikon (communion chant), introduction of, 292–297
Cherubic Hymn or Cherubikon, 295
Christian hymns as source material about Jews and Judaism, 409
Jewish hymnody, 418
Romanos the Melode’s compositions, see Romanos the Melode
Trisagion (Thrice Holy) hymn, 224, 296
Hypatia (philosopher), 329, 332
Hypatius (general), 487
“hypostasis” and Christological controversies, 222, 231, 234
Iamblichus, 326
Ibas of Edessa, 24, 219, 220, 221, 223, 230, 232, 233, 234, 248, 258, 280 (see also Three Chapters controversy)
Iberia, 478, 491, 496, 497
iconoclasm, 352, 408, 416
icons, 352–354, 369
Blessing Christ icon, Monastery of St. Catherine, Mt. Sinai, 352
Camouliana icon, 353, 369
image-related piety, 310–311
illustres, 39–41
Illyria, see Balkans; Justiniana Prima
image piety, 310–311
imperial estates, 40–41
imperial household, 45
description of Justinian’s return to Constantinople, 559, 64, 66
organizational chart, 46
imperial ideology, 21–23
art and architecture as medium of, 343–344
Christianity’s role in, 343, 344–348
continuation under successors of Justinian, 369–370
Justinian’s rivalry with Anicia Juliana, 364–365
non-Roman responses to, 366–369
portraits and ublic response to imperial image, 348–349
doctrine, power of emperor to determine
Arian controversy, precedent set by, 218
Justinian’s insistence on, 8, 271, 272, 281
Marcian and Leo I’s attempts to enforce Council of Chalcedon, 222–224
Marcian’s calling of Council of Chalcedon, 221–222
Western independence regarding, see popes and papal relationship with empire and Eastern Church
gender role subversion used to attack Justinian and Theodora in Procopius’ Secret History, 433–436
governmental reforms, ideology behind, 49, 51
innovation and change vs. tradition, 185–187, 201
law as medium of, 185–187, 203–205
Ammianus Marcellinus’ conception of Roman continuity, 187, 192–193
authority of emperor over law, 168–170, 176, 190, 198–202
contemporary controversy over Justinian’s use of, 185–187, 203–205
God’s divine support of emperor, 186, 191, 200–201, 202
John Lydus’ conception of Justinianic renovatio, 187, 192, 193–198, 202, 203, 204
legacy of Roman empire, 188–191
tyranny distinguished from lawful rule, 195–198, 206
Menander Rhetor’s formula for imperial praise, Procopius’ inversion of, 433–434
papal independence from, 268–270
religious aspects of, 21–23, 186
art and architecture, 343, 344–346
doctrinal authority of emperor, see subhead “doctrine, power of emperor to determine,” this entry
law and God’s divine support of emperor, 186, 191, 200–201, 202
republican origins of empire, 190
ritual and ceremonial, function of, 76–80
Romanization, process of, 188
tyche or fortune of emperor, 211
incorruptibility of Christ’s body, doctrine of (aphthartodocetism), 8, 252–254, 261
incubation, 307
Innocentius of Maroneia, 245
Institutes, 6, 19, 161, 170
intellectual contours of Age of Justinian, 17
Christological controversies affecting, 235–236
codification of knowledge, 18–20, 520–521
education, see education and educational system
gathering and codification of knowledge, 18–20
intensification of Christian influence, 17–18
Islam’s rise and influence of Byzantine-Persian relationship, 516–517, 520–521
literature, see literature and literary culture
pagan intellectuals, suppression of, 317, 319, 320, 329–333, 376
philosophy, see philosophy
regional mobility, 317, 320
Iotabe, island of, 407, 411, 501
iron ore, mining, 32–33
irregular or guerilla warfare, 124
Isidore of Alexandria, 319, 329
Isidore of Gaza, 320, 330
Isidore of Miletus, 363, 364
Isidore of Seville, 20
Islam, rise of, 510, 521–526 (see also Arabia; Muhammad the Prophet; Qu’ran)
anti-Chalcedonian Christian community and, 255, 523
barbarian kingdoms, 465
codification of knowledge and emphasis on “people of the book,” 520–521
commerce and trade, 513, 517–519
economic contours of Age of Justinian, 13–14, 518, 529
geopolitical contours of Age of Justinian, 13
intellectual life, effect of Byzantine-Persian conflicts on, 516–517, 520–521
law and legal practice, 520
map of Arabian penninsula and adjacent areas, 514
“people of the book,” 521
Persian-Byzantine relationship, effect of, 513–521, 523
political effects of Byzantine-Persian conflicts, 516
problems of perception in understanding, 510–513
religious background, 15, 16, 521–526
anti-Chalcedonian Christian community, 255, 523
apocalypticism, 523–524
Byzantine/Persian relationship, effects of, 513, 516
Christianity, influence of, 522
henotheism, 522
Judaism, influence of, 522
monotheism indigenous to Arabia, 516, 522–523
piety, 520, 524–525
polytheism/paganism, 517, 522, 523
prophecy, 525–526
universal rule, concept of, 517
Western tendency to discount religious character of events, 512
Zoroastrianism, 513, 516, 519, 523
“salvation-historical” approach to, 511
social/cultural aspects of Byzantine/Persian conflict, 513, 517, 519–520
source materials, 511
sudden and decisive break with past, viewed as, 511
towns and cities, 110, 518, 529
universal rule, concept of, 517
Visigothic kingdom, collapse of, 466
Western writing about, 511
Italy, see Ostrogoths, and see also specific cities
ivory carving, 349
Jacob and Esau as parable of Jews and empire, 418
Jacob Baradaeus, 232, 248–251, 252, 260
Jacob of Serug, 242, 243, 256
Jacobites, 232, 252 (see also Syrian anti-Chalcedonian community)
Jafnids, 499–500, 502, 515, 516
Jerash (Gerasa), 96, 406
Jerusalem
churches of, 106, 358
fortifications, 96
Jews living in, 411
Madaba mosaic map, 96
pilgrimages to, 302–305
porticoed thoroughfares, 102, 103
Jews and Judaism, 16, 401–403, 420–422 (see also synagogues and synagogue life)
archaeological discoveries, value of, 406
attitudes of Christians towards, 16, 407, 408, 409
attitudes toward Christianity and empire, 406, 418–420
Christian source material, 407–409
Constantinople, 74
diaspora communities, origins of, 411
distinctiveness, presence or lack of, 406, 425
formulae of abjuration or renunciation, 409
geographic distribution, 410, 412
hazzanim (cantor-poets), 418–420
Heraclius, 402, 408, 420
Himyarites, 244, 408, 409, 411, 414, 492
Islam, influence on, 522
languages used by, 403, 417, 421, 425
law
empire’s legal texts as source material for Jewish history, 407, 408
Jewish legal texts, 405
restrictive laws regarding Jews, 420
liturgy of synagogue, 405, 416–418, 419
map, 412
Najran, massacre of, 244
non-Jewish source material, 407
organization and leadership of Jewish communities, 414–415
Passover/Easter, date of celebration of, 407, 423
periodization of Jewish history, 401–403
philosophical schools, involvement in, 322, 407
political and military involvement, 411
population in empire, 410
Qur’an referring to, 516
rabbinic Judaism, concept of, 401–403
religious texts, 402, 404, 405
source material regarding, 401, 403–409
tefillin, public wearing of, 425
John I (pope), 79, 274–275
John II (pope), 232, 275, 276
John III (pope), 286
John of Alexandria, 252
John I, Patriarch of Antioch, 219
John II, Patriarch of Antioch, 241
John the Capadocian
governmental reforms of Justinian, role in, 49, 54
law reform and codification, 163, 169
origins of, 74
public post, curtailment or cessation of, 51
removal from power, 51
war, resources and infrastructure of conducting, 116, 120
John Chrysostom
angelic liturgy, mystical connection of earthly liturgy to, 295
gender roles, 427
Jews and Judaism, 408
Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, 293
John I, patriarch of Constantinople, 270, 271
John III Scholasticus, patriarch of Constantinople, 295
John of Ephesus
anti-Chalcedonian communities, 251
conversion of non-believers to Christianity by, 15
Eutychius’ liturgical changes, objections to, 292, 293
Jews, information about, 408
plague, 141, 144, 151, 154
John the Evangelist
Christological controversies and Gospel of John, 217, 218
shrine at Ephesus, 305
John the Grammarian, See John Philoponus
John Lydus ( John the Lydian)
Agapias as teacher of, 323, 335
anti-Cappadocian remarks of, 75
gathering and codification of knowledge, 18
imperial ideology, 187, 192, 193–198, 202, 203, 204
Latin, use of, 74
life, career, and works, xx, 382, 384–385, 387, 389, 394
origins of, 74
public post, curtailment or cessation of, 38, 51
rioting and violence in Constantinople, 72
John Malalas
Arabian tribes, empire’s relationship with, 499
Athenian school, closing of, 331
Jews, information about, 408
life, career, and works, xx, 393
origins of, 74
popularity of, 394
rioting and violence in Constantinople, 72
Tzath (Lazi king), 497
widely-held beliefs, writings as representative of, 18
John of Nikiou, xx
John Philoponus ( John the Grammarian), xx, 320–321
Ammonius’ commentaries, 319, 321
anti-Chalcedonianism, 335
Aristotle, commentaries on and critiques of, 320–321, 323, 326–328
comparison of Alexandrian vs. Athenian schools of thought, 324–326
life, career, and works, xx
neo-Chalcedonians and Severus of Antioch, 226
Proclus, criticism of, 326, 328, 334
rebuttal of pagan positions by Christian philosophers, 323
tritheism, 254
John, Archbishop and Patriarch of Old Rome, 178
John of Scythopolis, 226, 228, 324
John of Tella
anti-Chalcedonian communities, 242, 243, 245, 247, 250, 260
Christological controversies, 229, 232
refuge in empire, 493
John Troglita, 122
John Tzibus, 498
John Zonaras, 376, 394
Jones, A. H. M., 108
Jordanes, 390, 469
Joshua the Stylite, see Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite
Jovian, 480
judicial system, 176–182 (see also law)
arbitration, 180
delegation of imperial authority to judge for specific case, 177
ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 178–180
episcopal courts, 107
extra-judicial options, 180–182
localized or regional courts and legal jurisdictions, 42, 50, 176–178
military courts, 42
oath, swearing of, 180
particular courts for special classes of people or types of cases, 177
“private” negotiations, 181
provincial governors’ courts, 177
public spectacle, legal trials as, 178
torture, use of, 177
women, 179, 181
Julian (emperor), 480, 503
Julian of Halicarnassus and Julianites, 252–254, 256, 261
Julian (law professor), 172
Julian (missionary to Nobatae), 250
Julius Paulus, 165
Junillus Africanus, xxi, 19, 21, 259, 390
Justin I
anti-Chalcedonian communities, 241–244
Christological controversies,
Constantinople, 76
Justinian brought to Constantinople by, 5–6
law and legal practice, 164
minutiae of government, lack of interest in, 29
Persia and Persian wars, 478, 486–488
Justin II, 9–10
art and architecture, 387, 391
barbarians, 472
Christological controversies, 235
Etychius’ liturgical changes, 292
gender roles in time of, 442–443
Ghassanids, attempt to dispense with, 500
literary patronage, 359, 369
Persia and Persian wars, 479, 489, 503
taxation, heavy rates of, 54
Justin Martyr, 217
Justinian, 4, 5–9 (see also more specific topics)
aphthartodocetism, attraction to, 8, 254
architectural patronage of, 355–361
burial robe of, 349
Chalcedonian controversy, role and intentions regarding, 227–229, 244–246, 254
Constantinople, restoration and rebuilding of, 79
coronation of, 77
Cosmas and Damian (saints), therapeutic cult of, 306–308
death of, 8
equestrian statue in Augoustaion, 66, 114, 203–205, 345, 346, 367
funeral of, 77
Hagia Sophia, role in design of, 364
interest in governmental reform, 29, 49
law-making compared to war by, 113
life and reign, 5–9
literary patronage of, 376, 384, 385, 390, 394
return to Constantinople, 559, 60–67
sacred texts, as interpreter of, 8
successors of, 9–10
war, lack of direct involvement in, 113, 129
writings of, xxi
Justiniana Prima, 90, 92, 93, 268, 355, 356
Jutes, 468
Kaoses, brother of Khusro I, 483
Kapitolion or Capitol, Constantinople, 64
Kartir, 525
kathisma (imperial box), hippodrome, Constantinople, 65
Kavadh
Anastasius I, war with, 481
Armenians, struggles with, 496
death of, 488
Justin I and Justinian, dealings with, 487
reign of, 482, 483, 485, 486
Tzath and, 496
Khusro I
acknowledgment as king by Justinian, 488
adoption by Justin I, Kavadh’s proposal of, 487
annual procession marking defeat of, 302
campaigns of 540–562, 488–490
Eternal Peace of 532, 488
Lazica, Persian invasion of, 498
pagan philosophers of Athens at court of, 322, 330, 332, 333
reign of, 482, 483–486
towns and cities, 95, 99
war and military organization, 126
Khusro II
invasion of Roman empire after Maurice’s overthrow, 489
Islam, rise of, 515, 521, 528
Maurice’s support for, 477, 489
successors of Justinian dealing with, 9–10
Kinda, 515
knowledge, see education and educational system; intellectual contours of Age of Justinian
Korykos, 94, 101, 108
Lakhmids, 498–499, 502
Lammens, Henri, 518
landholding and landownership
Byzantine system of, 38–41
pagans, suppression of, 332
towns and cities, 88
countryside and town, connection between, 100–102
Korykos as example of small polis, 94
language and semiotics, 325
languages of the empire, 22
anti-Chalcedonianism as form of linguistic identity, 254–257
barbarian kingdoms, 452
Constantinople, langauges spoken in, 73–76
Jews, languages used by, 403, 417, 421, 425
law and legal practice, bilingual nature of, 168, 172
Laodicea, 408
Latin language, 22, 73–76
Laurentian schism, 456
law, 6, 161–162, 182
advisors and assessors, 170
ancient jurisprudence added to imperial legislation in second edition of Codex, 165
arbitration, 180
barbarian kings, law collections compiled by orders of, 163, 520
bilingual nature of legal practice, 168, 172
Christianization of, 163, 167–168, 180
Christological controversies’ effect on intellectual world, 236
citations, rules regarding, 190
Codex Justinianus, 6, 161, 162–165, 171, 199
Codex Repetitae Praelectionis (second edition of Codex Justinianus), 164, 166, 199
conventions used to refer to legal documents, 206
corpus iuris civilis (corpus of civil law), 19, 161, 198–202, 520
courts, see judicial system
Digest or Pandects, 6, 161, 166–168, 170, 199–200, 406
divine support for emperor in pursuit of, 186, 191, 200–201, 202
ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 178–180
education in
Institutes designed for legal students, 170
Julian’s advice on study of law, 172
schools for (Beirut, Constantinople, Rome), 171–176
Zacharius Scholasticus’ description of, 172
extra-judicial options, 180–182
gathering and codification of knowledge, 18–20
gender roles, 436–438
imperial ideology and, see imperial ideology
importance of Justinianic reforms and codifications to, 161–162
initial compilation of Codex Justinianus, 162–165
Institutes, 6, 19, 161, 170
interpretation and jurisprudence, 173–174
Islam, rise of, 520
Jews and Judaism
empire’s legal texts as source material for, 407, 408
Jewish legal texts, 405
restrictive laws regarding, 420
literature and literary culture, lawyers’ involvement in, 378, 382, 389
new laws, necessity of, 174–175, 201
Novels, 164, 201
Persian law codes, 520
practice of, 171–176
“private” negotiations, 181
purpose and method of codifications, 163
Quinquaginta Decisiones (Fifty Decisions), 165
republican origins of, 190
resolving disputes, 171–176
schools for (Beirut, Constantinople, Rome), 171–176 (see also subhead “education in,” this entry)
sexual behavior, 437
Theodosius II, Code of, see Theodosian Code
torture, use of, 177
transmission to provinces, 164
war compared to law-making by Justinian, 113
women’s legal status, restrictions, and protections, 179, 181, 436–438
Lazi and Lazica, 121, 486, 488, 489, 498, 513
Lemerle, Paul, 376
Leo I (emperor), 51, 61, 116, 164, 224
Leo V (emperor), 175
Leo I (pope), 221, 225, 246, 269, 278
Leontius of Jerusalem, 230–231, 232
Levant, 30, 93, 519 (see also more specific regions)
libellus and Union of 519, 270–272, 278
Liber pontificalis (Book of the Pontiffs), 275
Liberius, 456, 464
libertas Gothorum, 457
liberty vs. tyranny, 195–198, 206
Licinia Eudoxia, 439
Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G., 108, 109
limitanei, 41, 117, 119
literacy rates in Byzantium, 378, 379
literature and literary culture, 376–377
anti-Chalcedonian community in Syria, 256, 257
circles of literati in Constantinople, 389, 390
family backgrounds of authors, 382
hagiography, 442
imperial bureaucracy, involvement of literati in, 381–382, 385
Justinian’s literary patronage, 376, 384, 385, 390, 394
lawyers’ involvement in, 378, 382, 389
literati or erudite persons, life lead by, 379–382
luxury objects, books as, 377–379
patronage, 382–392
production and consumption of books, 377–379
public readings and recitals, 378–379, 383
slow dissemination of, 392
speeches, literature beginning as, 379
successors of Justinian, patronage by, 391–392
unsponsored literature, 392–395
Little Entrance, 301
liturgical vessels
artworks, viewed as, 351
Riha Paten, 295, 309, 352
liturgy (see also hymns)
angelic liturgy, mystical connection of earthly liturgy to, 295, 296
biblical narrative and pious practices, closer correspondence between, see biblical narrative and pious practices
ceremonies and processions in the urban landscape, 77, 300–302
Christian self-understanding emerging from, 291, 292, 294, 296
divine liturgy, changes to, 292–297
Great Entrance, 293, 301
Little Entrance, 301
night vigil services and hymns of Romanos the Melode, 297–300
performance, divine liturgy as, 294
synagogue, 405, 416–418, 419
Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, 293
livestock, 32, 34, 70
Livy, 190
Lombards
Charlemagne’s conquest of, 466
foreign dignitaries entertained at Constantinople, 79
Gepids, 469, 471, 473
helmet plaque of Agilulf, 367
invasion of Italy by, 9–10, 12, 54, 464, 465, 469
North Italian schism, 286
Roman army, barbarian soldiers of, 453, 454
Long Walls
restoration after earthquake of 557, 60
unified command of, 50
Longinus (city prefect, Constantinople), 68
Longinus (missionary to Nobatae), 250
Lüling, G., 523
Luxenberg, C., 523
luxury objects
Arabian and Near Eastern trade in, 501, 517, 518
art and elite tastes, 349–351
classical themes, 351
portraits, trends set by, 348–349
types of objects, 349–351
books, 377–379
northern barbarians outside the empire, gifts given to, 466
Lydus, see John Lydus
macellum, Constantinople, 70
Madaba map of Jerusalem, 96
Magianism, see Zoroastrianism
magical objects, texts, and practices, 305
magister militum, 117, 499
magister officiorum, 41, 66
magistrianoi, 64
magnificus rank, 40
mail service (public post), curtailment or cessation of, 38, 51
Malalas, see John Malalas
maleness, concept of, see gender roles; men and maleness
Manichaeanism, 259, 525
manuscripts, 348, 350 (see also literature and literary culture)
anti-Chalcedonian community in Syria, 257
Constantinopolitan book dealers, 378
Jewish Aquila translation of Bible,
production and consumption of books, 377–379
Rabbula Gospels, 257
Rossano Gospels, 348, 350
maps (see also geography)
anti-Chalcedonianism’s spread in East, 259
Arabian penninsula and adjacent areas, 514
barbarian kingdoms and tribes, 450, 460, 467
Constantinople in Justinian’s time, 62
extent of empire in 565, xxviii
frontier between Persia and empire,
governmental and administrative divisions of empire, xxxiv
Jerusalem in the sixth century, mosaic, 96
Jews in Justinian’s empire, 412
Justiniana Prima, 356
Madaba map of Jerusalem, 96
plague, possible routes of, 136
resources, production, and trade in empire, xxxii
Sasanid Iran, 484
Mar Aba, 258
Mar Zutra, 414
Marcellinus Comes (Count Marcellinus)
African refugees in Constantinople, 75
life, career, and works, xxi
literary patronage of, 384, 385, 390, 394
widely-held beliefs, writings as representative of, 18
Marcian, 39, 64, 221–224
Marcianus, Patriarch of Palestine, and Marcianus, abbot, 224
Marcus Aurelius, 188
Marib, 502
Marinus of Neapolis, 319, 329, 407
Marius, 196, 208
marriage (see also family, importance of; gender roles)
close-kin marriages in Mesopotamia, 500
massacres, 126, 244
Maurice, 9–10
annual procession marking defeat of Khusro I, 301
anti-Chalcedonians, persecution of, 54
Balkans, 12
Ghassanids, attempt to dispense with, 500
Gregory the Great and, 287
literary patronage by, 391, 392, 394
Persia and Persian wars, 477, 489
mausoleums, 63, 77, 368
Maximian (Archbishop)
ivory throne of, 349
San Vitale mosaics, 346–348
Maximilla (Montanist), 525
Maximus the Confessor, 324
Mazdakite movement, 483, 484, 486, 520
McCormick, Michael, 156
Mecca, 516, 517, 518, 522
medallions
Justinian, gold medallion of, 65, 344, 346
synagogue, gold ex voto from,
Theudebert, 366
Media Atropatene (Adarbigana), 135
medical care in Constantinople, 71
medical cures
icons as source of, 310–311
saints’ shrines as source of, 305, 306–308
medical knowledge, fashionability of, 377
Medieval period, beginnings of, 4
art and architecture, 344
Pirenne, Henri, and Pirenne thesis, 13–14, 156
Medina (Yathrib), 516, 523
Mehmet II, 359
men and maleness (see also gender roles)
“honorary men,” women becoming, 442
Justinian’s lack of manliness in Secret History (Procopius), 433–436
normative legal gender, 436
public vs. private sphere, 435, 436, 438
St. Artemios as patron saint of male genital ailments, 307
virtues associated with, 430, 431, 436, 442
Menander of Laodicea, 89, 103
Menander Protector
barbarians, 471, 472
law and legal practice, 171
life, career, and works, xxi, 382
war, 113, 489
Menander Rhetor, 390, 429, 433–434
Menas (patriarch of Constantinople)
anti-Chalcedonian communities, 246
religious processions, relics carried in, 79
Western Church and empire, relationship between, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282
Menas (saint), 305
Mercurius (later Pope John II), 275 (see also John II)
Merovingians, see Clovis; Franks
Mese (“Middle Street”), Constantinople, 64, 65, 66, 77, 79
Mesopotamia, close-kin marriages in, 500
metal ores as natural resource and trade commodity, xxxii, 32–33
Metz (Civitas Mediomatricorum), 93
Miaphysites as term for anti- Chalcedonians, 264 (see also anti-Chalcedonians)
Michael (Archangel)
Constantinopolitan churches of, 357
image of, powers attributed to, 310
ivory panel depicting, 349–350, 352
middle ages, see Medieval period
midrash, 404
Milan, 126, 285
military action, see war
military architecture of Justinian, 357
military effectiveness, determining, 121–125
military expansion of empire/reconquests (see also Ostrogoths; Vandals)
governmental reforms following, 49
long-term effects of, 54–55, 116, 118
military organization, 117
arms factories (fabricae), 45, 119
barbarian soldiers, see barbarians and barbarian kingdoms
chart of, 46
conscripts vs. volunteers, 118
discipline of Roman troops, 122, 453, 454
disposal of resources, 117
emperor as commander-in-chief, 67, 113
map of strategic arrangements, xxxvi
paperwork and records required by, 119
Persian army, 486
plague, effect of, 118, 155
provisioning and pay, 119, 120
reforms of, 50
size of armies, 117
military triumphs, 78
mining
Arabia, 518
Byzantine empire, xxxii, 32–33
mints, 45
Mishnah, 402, 521
missionary activity and expansion of Christianity, 240, 248–251, 491–493
Mocius, Cistern of, 68
Modestinus, 173
Mohammed, see Muhammad the Prophet
monarchy, Roman hostility towards, 190
monks and monasticism
anti-Chalcedonian rallying of monks, 255
Benedict’s founding of Monte Cassino, 20
book production, 378
“Brother George the Scribe,” portrait of,
Constantinopolitan refugees, 73
education, role in, 21
judicial and legal roles of, 179
Persian Nestorians, 259
ruralization of western Roman empire, 102
Monophysites as term for anti-Chalcedonians, 24, 223 (see also anti-Chalcedonians)
monotheism indigenous to Arabia, 516, 522–523
Mons Lactarius, 122
Montanists, 525
Monte Cassino, founding of, 20
Moors, see Berbers
mosaics
anti-Chalcedonian community in Syria, 256
Chalke palace mosaic of Justinian and Theodora triumphing over the Vandals and Ostrogoths, 344
Chrysotriklinos mosaic of Christ, 346, 369
Madaba map of Jerusalem, 96
San Vitale, Ravenna, emperor and empress processions, 99, 346–348
synagogues decorated with, 415
Transfiguration, Monastery of St. Catherine, Mt. Sinai, 354
Mount Izla, 259
Muhammad the Prophet
apocalypticism, 524
birth of, 510
paganism as background to career of, 522
rival prophets, 526
trader background, 518
traditional biography of, 523
mummy portraits and other funerary paintings, 353
al-Mundhir ibn al-Harith, 498–499, 502, 515
Muslama (Musaylima), 526
Muslims, see Islam, rise of
Myra, 135
mysticism, 295
Najran, massacre of, 244
Naples, 126, 128, 138, 454, 463
Napoleon, Justinian compared to, 4
Narses (Armenian leader), 496
Narses (general), 7, 74, 122, 129, 453, 464
Nasara, 516
Nasrids, 515, 516
nationalist concepts and Western writing about Islam, 512
natural resources, 32–33
Nea (“New Church”), Jerusalem, 358
Negev, 518
neo-Chalcedonianism and Severus of Antioch, 225–227
Neoplatonism and Neoplatonic school (see also Athens, school of philosophy at)
Christian appropriation of, 323
different approaches in Alexandria vs. Athens, 324
John Philoponus’ commentaries on and critiques of, 320–321
Marinus as head of school, 319
Olympiodorus of Alexandria, 321
private nature of, 320
regional mobility of philosophers, 317
suppression of, 317, 319, 320, 376
Nephalius and neo-Chalcedonianism, 225–227, 230
Nero, 207
Nestorius and Nestorians
agreement between Chalcedonians and anti-Chalcedonians on condemnation of, 248
Antiochene sympathy with, 220
Chalcedon, Nestorian taint on, 222, 223, 225, 226, 228, 230
Justinian’s attempts to clear Nestorian taint from Chalcedon, 231–233
neo-Chalcedonians, 225, 226
original formulations of Nestorius, 219
Persian Nestorians and anti-Chalcedonians, 243, 257–260
strategic use of concept, 257
Theodoret and Ibas required to condemn, 221
“New Justinians,” 170
Nicaea, Council of, 217, 218, 224
Nicholas of Sion, 302, 309–310
night vigil services and hymns of Romanos the Melode, 297–300
Nika revolt, 7
Agatheon and, 66
architectural restorations following, 355
chanting during, 7, 381
excubitores, role of, 67
fire Constantinople riots70
Hagia Sophia damaged during, 362
palace water supply, 69
rebuilding of Constantinople following, 80
riots and civic disorder caused by, 71–72
social classes, effect on, 39
Nisibis, 21, 480
Nisibis, anti-Chalcedonian School of, 258
Nobatae, see Nubians
North Africa (see also Axumites; Egypt; Vandals; specific cities)
Berbers, 12, 121, 124, 127, 411, 449, 465
Constantinople, North African community in, 74, 390
Notitia, 74
Novels, 164, 201
Nubians (Nobatae)
anti-Chalcedonian mission to, 250, 491
expansion of empire’s influence via missions to, 491
Obolensky, Dimitri, 16
Odoacer, 268, 347, 455, 457
offerings at saint’s shrines, 308
oil as trade commodity, xxxii, 31, 35, 36, 38
Olybrius, 75, 439
Olympiodorus of Alexandria, 321, 324–326, 334
ores as natural resource and trade commodity, xxxii, 32–33
Orestes, prefect of Egypt, 329
Origen, 233, 334
Ostrogoths (see also Theoderic)
Amalasuintha, 276, 428, 442, 462, 463, 464
Christological controversies affected by invasions of, 232
Frankish invasion, 463, 464
gathering and codification of knowledge under, 19
imperial imagery, non-Roman response to, 368–369
libertas Gothorum, 457
middle Danube region and, 468
reconquest of Italy, 10, 11, 463–464
Amalasuintha, murder of, 276
Chalke mosaic, 344
imperial ideology, victory over Ostrogoths as support of, 194
instability of Byzantine regime following, 466
Jewish resistance to, 405
Roman Church, effect on, 276–277
Roman aristocracy, cooperation with, 456
Roman Church and, see popes and papal relationship with empire and Eastern Church
San Vitale mosaics, 346–348
settlement on Roman soil, 456
succession conflicts following death of Theoderic, 462, 463–464
towns and cities, 93, 97–98, 99, 103, 104
overextension of empire’s resources, 54–55, 116, 118, 454
Oxyrynchus, 181
paganism, see polytheism/paganism
palace of Justinian, Constantinople, 66–67
palatine organization (imperial household), 45
description of Justinian’s return to Constantinople, 559, 64, 66
organizational chart, 46
Palestinian Talmud or Yerushalmi, 402, 405
Pallas, buried statue of, 65
Palmyra, 487, 499
Pamprepius, 329
Pandects (Digest), 6, 161, 166–168, 170, 199–200, 406
Panopieis, 88, 101
papacy, see popes and papal relationship with empire and Eastern Church
Parthian Arsacids, 478, 513 (see also entries at Persia)
Paschal Chronicle (Easter Chronicle), xxi, 135
Passover/Easter, date of celebration of, 407, 423
Patricia, governor of Antaiopolis, 438
patrimonium, 45
patronage
Anicia Juliana, 439–440
Dioscurides’ De materia medica, patronage of, 377, 390
St. Polyeuktos, patronage of, 64, 75, 364–365, 389, 439–440
architecture, Justinian’s patronage of, 355–361
gender and, see gender roles
literature and literary culture, 382–392
towns and cities, loss of patronage of urban elites in, 93, 104
women as patrons, 438–441
Paul of Antioch, 242, 252
Paul of Callinicus, 256, 257
Paul the Deacon, 145
Paul, bishop of Edessa, 242
Paul disciple of Mar Aba (School of Nisibis), 259
Paul Melanos, Patriarch of Antioch, 252
Paul the Persian, 259, 322
Paul of Samosata, 217
Paul the Silentiary, xxi
background and career, 389
encomium on rededication of Hagia Sohpia, 79
Hagia Sophia discussed by, 364
Paul of Tabennisi, 247, 253
Paula (pilgrim), 302
Paulus, bishop of Aquileia, 286
Pausanias, 88
Pbow, abbot of, 247
peasant classes, 38, 47
Pelagius I
acceptance of Three Chapters condemnation and reassertion of papal authority following, 282, 284–285, 286
apocrisarius, role as, 279, 280
arrest in monastery, 284
election as pope, Justinian’s support for, 284
Eutychius, relics sent to, 287
Ferrandus, advice on Three Chapters controversy sought from, 281
North Italian Schism, 285–286
war and military, 126
Pelagius II, 286, 287
Pelusium, plague first breaking out at, 135, 153
“people of the book,” 521
periodization (see also Medieval period, beginnings of)
Jewish history, 401–403
Pirenne, Henri, and Pirenne thesis, 13–14, 156
Principate vs. Dominate periods of Roman Empire, 188
time period of Age of Justinian, 3–5
Peroz, 482
Persian anti-Chalcedonian Christians, 243, 244, 257–260
Persian Chalcedonianism or Dyophysitism, 257–260
Persian Church, independence of, 480, 492
Persian court of Khusro, pagan philosophers taking refuge at, 319, 320, 330, 332
Persian empire in sixth century, 484, 482–486
Persian law codes, 520
Persian-Roman relationship, 477–479, 503
common Christian bonds with frontier peoples, Roman exploitation, 491–493, 497, 500
Eternal Peace of 532, 478, 488
frontier peoples, dealings with, 478, 490–500
Justin I, 478
Justin II, 479, 489, 503
Justinian’s policy regarding, 482, 503
Justinian’s sources of information about, 481
missionary activity and expansion of Christianity, 491–493
mistrust and emnity beneath diplomatic relations, 477–478
payments to Persians
Eternal Peace of 532, 488
Justinian’s aims regarding, 482
Kavadh’s wars aimed at, 481
Khusro I’s demands for, 489
peace treaty of 562, 79, 489
predecessors of Justin I and Justinian, 479–482
southern Arabian trade, 501–503
successors of Justinian, 9–10, 479, 489
Persian wars
Endless/Eternal Peace of 532, 116, 478, 488
enslavement and deportation of war captives, 126
geopolitical contours of Age of Justinian, 10
Islam’s rise, effect of Persian-Byzantine relationship on, 513–521, 523
Jewish involvement in, 411
Justin I, 486–488
Justin II, 479, 489, 503
Justinian’s Persian conflicts, 7, 8, 486–488
Justinian’s policy regarding, 482, 503
peace treaty of 562, 489
plague, effect of, 135
predecessors of Justin I and Justinian, 479–482
publicity given to Roman victories, 482
siege warfare important in, 124
successors of Justinian, 9–10, 479, 489
towns and cities affected by, 95, 96, 99
Peter of Antioch, 252, 254
Peter of Arzanene, 481
Peter of Callinicus, 252
Peter the Patrician
background and career, 390
dependence of imperial government on bureaucratic experts, 41, 54
description of Justinian’s return to Constantinople, 559, 64, 66
gathering and codification of knowledge, 19
life, career, and works, xxii
origins of, 74
Persian wars, 490
Petra, 96, 108, 498
Petrus Sabbatius, 5
(see also Justinian)
Phantasiasts, Julianists known as, 253
Philadelphion, 64
Philae, temple of Isis on island of, 250
Philip and Theodosius, dialogue of, 409
Philippikos, 369
Philippson, Alfred, 152
Philoponus, see John Philoponus
philosophy, 316–318
Alexandrian school of, see Alexandria
Christian vs. pagan involvement in, 317
Ammonius Hermeiou’s rapprochement with Christian establishment, 318
cultural significance of pagan philosophy, 333–336
Neoplatonism, Christian appropriation of, 323
political pressure on philosophers, 329–333
rebuttal of pagan positions by Christian philosophers, 323
suppression of pagan intellectuals, 317, 319, 320, 329–333
commentaries, significance of, 317, 324, 327
contemporary trends and controversies, 324–328
cultural significance of, 333–336
educational system, 317
hermeneutical questions and presuppositions, 324–328
Jewish and Samaritan involvement in philosophical schools, 322, 407
Neoplatonism, see Neoplatonism and Neoplatonic school
political pressure on philosophers, 329–333
prosopography of sixth-century philosophers, 318–324
Philoxenus, bishop of Mabbog, 241, 242, 253, 256, 257, 261
Phocas, 3, 490
Photius, xxii, 319, 322
phrontistes, 414
Piacenza Pilgrim, xxii, 101, 303, 304
Picenum, 125, 126
piety and religious practice, 291–292
biblical narrative and pious practices, closer correspondence between, see biblical narrative and pious practices
eulogia and tactile piety, 302–305, 310, 311
icons and image piety, 310–311
Islam, rise of, 520, 524–525
liturgical practice, see liturgy
pilgrimage, 302–305
Pilate in Rossano Gospels, 348, 350
pilgrimage as pious practice, 302–305
Pirenne, Henri, and Pirenne thesis, 13–14, 156
piyyutim, 404, 418
Placidia (mother of Anicia Juliana), 439
plague (first or Justinianic pandemic), 8, 14, 134
animals affected by, 142
Arabia and Near East, 519
Black Death (second pandemic of medieval period), See Black Death
bubonic plague (Yersinia pestis), diagnosis as, 144–146
(see also bubonic plague)
causes of, 152–153
chronology of, 134–139
Constantinople, 71
denials of diagnosis as bubonic plague, 146, 148–151
descriptions of, 139–143
diagnosis or identification of, 143–146
DNA samples of, 148, 150
economic countours of Age of Justinian, 54
end of, 138
Evagrius Scholasticus’ personal experience of, 142, 154, 391
flea as vector of, 150
geography of, 136, 134–139, 149
historical usefulness of, 156
impact of, 153–156
later waves of, 138
map of possible routes of, 136
milder versions of, 151
military manpower affected by, 118
more than one disease involved in, 150
mortality rates, 149
origins of, 135, 141, 153
pandemics of, 146–148
pnneumonic plague, 148, 150
population
cause of plague, demographics as, 152
effect of plague on population, 118, 153–156, 519
rapid spread of, 149
relativistic theory as to nature of, 143–144, 151
rodent mortality issues, 138
routes of spread of, 136, 134–139, 149
Scythopolis, 97
seasonality of, 149
second pandemic, See Black Death
significance of diagnosis controversy, 151
third, modern (19th century) pandemic, 146–151
typhus, 150
unprecedented nature of, 135
Plato
Christian vs. pagan study of, 317
comparison of Alexandrian vs. Athenian schools of thought, 324–326
contemporary trends and debates regarding, 324–328
cultural significance of, 333–336
Damascius’ exegesis of, 319
John Philoponus on, 326
literature and literary culture, 376
Olympiodorus of Alexandria’s teaching of, 321
significance of commentaries on, 317
Socratic dialogue, 317, 323
wealth of sixth-century commentaries on, 316
Plutarch of Athens, 318, 329
pnneumonic plague, 148, 150
polemical writings
Christian texts as Jewish source material, 408
Jewish texts, 406
politics (see also government administration and bureaucracy)
anti-Chalcedonianism as form of political identity, 254–257, 261–262
gender roles and, 428, 435, 438, 442–444
geopolitical contours of Age of Justinian, 10–13, 30
Islam, effect of Byzantine-Persian conflicts on rise of, 516
Jewish involvement in, 411
philosophy and politics, 329–333
Western church-state relationships, see popes and papal relationship with empire and Eastern Church
“pollution,” male and female, 441
polytheism/paganism, 15
art and architecture, 353
confiscation of pagan property, 332, 334
general suppression of pagan practices, 7, 15, 17, 332, 517
incubation (sleeping at shrine), 307
intellectual paganism, 15
Islam, rise of, 517, 522, 523
Life of Nicholas of Sion showing pagan/Christian tensions and interface, 309, 310
literature and literary culture, 376
pagan intellectuals, suppression of, 317, 319, 320, 329–333
peasant paganism, 15
philosophy, see philosophy
Pontius Pilate in Rossano Gospels, 348, 350
popes and papal relationship with empire and Eastern Church, 267, 287 (see also names of individual popes)
Acacian Schism, 224–225, 269–270
barbarian elites, ecclesiastical cooperation with, 456
Christological controversies, Rome’s role in, see Christological controversies
Constantinople, Second Council of (Fifth Ecumenical Council), 234–235, 285
doctrinal independence from emperor
Ostrogothic rule of Italy leading to, 269–270
Pelagius’ assertion of, 285
reconquest of Italy and Three Chapters controversy, period following, 286–287
Theopaschite formula, 272, 278
Three Chapters controversy, consequences of, 281, 285, 286–287
Union of 519
effect of, 271
Western condemnation of Justinian’s caesaropapism, 233
foreign dignitaries entertained at Constantinople, 79
imperial permission for pope to be consecrated, 286
John I and Theoderic’s mission to Constantinople, 274–275
Justinian’s accession, effect of, 275–276
list of popes in Age of Justinian, 268
North Italian schism, 285–286
political relationship of church with Italian kings
Agapetus’ negotiations with Justinian, 277–279
independence from emperor’s control and reliance on local rulers, 268–270
Roman senatorial involvement with Eastern policy and execution of Albinus and Boethius, 274, 462
Union of 519
effect of, 273–274
reconquest of Ostrogothic Italy by Justinian
Agapetus’ negotiations with Justinian, 277–279
effect of, 276–277
Silverius’ reception of imperial army into Rome, 279
Roman aristocracy, balance of power with, see Roman aristocracy
Rome as city, papal control of, 98
success/lack of success in appealing to emperor, 286
Theopaschite Formula, 226, 228, 231, 242, 272–273, 275, 278
Three Chapters controversy, Western perspective on, see Three Chapters controversy
Union of May 519
events leading to, 270–272
political relationship of church with Italian kings, effect on, 273–274
Western relationship with Constantinople, papal monopolization of, 268
population
Arabia and rise of Islam, 518
barbarians as minority population in barbarian kingdoms, 456
Constantinople, 67, 72–73, 74, 76
Jews in empire, 139–143, 410
plague
cause of plague, demographics as, 152
effect of plague on population, 118, 153–156, 519
towns and cities, 88, 92
war’s effect on, 126–128
Porphyreon, 100, 101
Porphyry, 322
portraits
bust of noblewoman, 348
mummy portraits and other funerary paintings, 353
significance of, 348
postal service, curtailment or cessation of, 38, 51
Praechter, Karl, 324
praepositus sacri cubiculi, 45
Praetor of the People (Plebs), 70, 177
praetorian prefectures, 43, 49
prefect of the city, Constantinople, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71–72
presbyters as Jewish leaders, 414
Priscian
gathering and codification of knowledge, 19
North African community in Constantinople, 74, 390
refuge at Persian court, 320, 330
surviving works of, 336
Priscilla (Montanist), 525
private fisc (res privata), 40, 44, 45
processions, see ritual, ceremonial, and procession
Proclus
differences between Alexandrian and Athenian schools of thought, 324, 325
John Philoponus’ criticism of, 326, 328
leadership of Athens school, 329
students of, 318, 319, 323, 335
Procopius of Caesarea
African refugees in Constantinople, 75
Arabian tribes, empire’s relationship with, 499, 502
architectural patronage of Justinian, 355–361, 364
background and career, 382, 385–386, 387, 391
barbarian kingdoms
art and architecture, 366, 367
crises of, 463, 464, 465
criticism of Justinian regarding, 471
northern barbarians, 468, 469
Roman vs. “Germanic” culture, 448, 449, 453
Belisarius and, 87, 115, 385, 387
Britain, 468
Christological controversies, role of Theodora and Justinian in, 227, 229
Cosmas and Damian, therapeutic cult of, 306–308
educational system, debates on, 21
equestrian statue of Justinian in Augoustaion, 203–205, 345
Evagrius’ use of History of, 392
gender roles as defined by, see gender roles
historians’ reliance on, 394
Iberians, 497
imperial ideology, 185, 187, 193, 197, 203–205
intensification of Christian influence, 18
Jews, information about, 407, 411
law and legal practice, 170, 203–205
life, career, and works, xxii
origins of, 74
Persia and Persian wars, 478, 487
personal identification with native city, 87, 89
plague, 134, 139, 154
popularity of, 394
public post, curtailment or cessation of, 38, 51
rioting and violence in Constantinople, 72
Samaritan revolt and Caesarean farmlands, 100
silk trade, 349, 502
towns and cities described by, 89, 90, 96, 97, 98, 99, 103, 109
Tzani, 498
war and military, 114, 116, 117, 121, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129
Procopius of Gaza, 20
Proculus, imperial quaestor, 487
prophecy, concept of, 525–526
prostitutes
Convent of Repentance for shelter of, 432
Theodora portrayed as former prostitute, 434
women working as, 438
protektores domestiki, 64, 66
Pseudo-Athanasius, 218, 219, 524
Pseudo-Dionysios the Areopagite, 235, 295, 323
Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite
life, career, and works, xxii
towns and cities, 95, 107
war, 115, 120
Pseudo-Methodius, 524
public baths, 66, 68, 103
public buildings and infrastructure of towns and cities, 102–107, 357
public post, curtailment or cessation of, 38, 51
public readings and recitals, 378–379, 383
Pulcheria, 61, 221
Purcell, Nicholas, 100
Qillir, Eleazar, 404, 418, 419
quaesitor of Constantinople, 73, 177
quaestor sacri palatii, 42, 166
quaestura exercitus, 50, 120
Quinquaginta Decisiones (Fifty Decisions), 165
Qur’an
apocalypticism, 524
“people of the book,” 521
piety, 525
religious groups referred to by, 516
social egalitatianism of, 520, 524
Western attitudes towards, 511
Quraysh, 516, 518
rabbinic Judaism, concept of, 401–403
rabbis, 415
Rabbula Gospels, 257
racial concepts and Western writing about Islam, 512
Raetia, 93
rain, liturgical procession in prayer for, 301
Ravenna, 99
book production in, 378
plague in, 138
San Vitale, see San Vitale, Ravenna
raw materials, 32–33
Reccared, 15
relics and reliquaries
Andrew, Luke, and Timothy, 79
Constantinopolitan churches built as saint’s shrines, 306
eulogia and tactile piety, 302–305, 310, 311
Pelagius I (pope), relics sent to Eutychius by, 287
pubic hair of St. Cosmas, 308
religious processions, relics carried in, 79
religious contours of Age of Justinian, 4, 14–17, 291–292
anti-Chalcedonians, see anti-Chalcedonians
art and architecture (see also specific churches)
imperial ideology and, 343, 344–348, 369–370
Justinian’s architectural patronage, 357–361
liturgical vessels, 351
silk church furnishings, 349
successors of Justinian, 369–370
ceremonies and processions, see ritual, ceremonial, and procession
Chalcedonianism (catholicism), see Chalcedonianism
Christologies, see Christological controversies
codification of religious texts, 521
common Christian bonds with frontier peoples, Roman exploitation of, 491–493, 497, 500
division of Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches, 215, 223, 234, 235–236
eulogia and tactile piety, 302–305, 310, 311
foreign policy and doctrinal difference, 491
gender roles and Christianity, 431, 441–442, 443, 444
icons and image piety, 310–311
imperial ideology, 21–23, 186
art and architecture, 343, 344–346
doctrine, power of emperor to determine, see imperial ideology
law and God’s divine support of emperor, 186, 191, 200–201, 202
intensification of Christian influence, 17–18
Islam, see Islam, rise of
Judaism, see Jews and Judaism; synagogues and synagogue life
judicial system, involvement of Church and ecclesiastical figures in, 178–180
law
Christianization of, 163, 167–168, 180
divine support of emperor, 186, 191, 200–201, 202
life of Justinian, 6
liturgical practice, see liturgy
missionary activity and expansion of Christianity, 240, 248–251, 491–493
papacy and Roman Church, see popes and papal relationship with empire and Eastern Church
philosophy, Christian vs. pagan involvement in, see philosophy
piety, see piety and religious practice
pilgrimage, 302–305
routinization of Christian practice, 291
universal rule, concept of, 517
Remigius of Reims, 456
res privata (private fisc), 40, 44, 45
Resh Pirka, 414
Revel-Neher, Elisabeth, 425
Rhesion Gate, Constantinople (Yeni Levelvihane Kapisi), 71
“ridda” wars (al-ridda), 526, 533
Riha Paten, 295, 309, 352
ritual, ceremonial, and procession, 21
barbarian imitations of Roman practices, 367
Constantinople and imperial court, 76–80
description of Justinian’s return to Constantinople, 559, 60–67, 76
Jerusalem processions, 96
military triumphs, 78
roads and streets, 33–34
infrastructure of empire, 33–34
Mese (“Middle Street”), Constantinople, 64, 65, 66, 77, 79
porticoed thoroughfares, 102, 103
Strata Diocletiana, 500
towns and cities, 102, 103
“Robber Synod,” 220
Roman aristocracy
balance of power with clergy, 269, 274
barbarian elites, cooperation with, 456
foreign policy involvement and execution of Albinus and Boethius, 274, 462
gender roles, 430–431
letter requesting Justinian not invade Italy, 278
Ostrogothic kingdom, succession conflicts in, 462
papal control of Rome following decline of, 98
rebellion of Athanagild in Visigothic Spain, 464
senate, end of, 97, 98, 102, 463
union with East favored by, 270
Roman Church, see popes and papal relationship with empire and Eastern Church
Roman Empire
collapse of authority and breakup of, 10–14
continued used of term by eastern empire, 23
imperial ideology and Roman law, 188–191
Jewish metaphors for, 418, 419
Principate vs. Dominate periods, 188
relationship of Age of Justinian to, 3–4
republican origins of, 190
romanization, process of, 188, 452, 458–459
Romano-Persian relationship, see Persian-Roman relationship
Romanos the Melode
Akathistos Hymn, 393
ecclesiastical employment of, 382
innovative work of, 393
Jews and Judaism, 409
life, career, and works, xxii, 297, 393
night vigil services, 297–300
oral delivery as first mode of, 379
popularity of, 394
Virgin Mary, association with, 393
Romanus (Roman dux), 501
Rome
book production in, 378
decline of, 97–98
Ostrogothic kingdom, reconquest of, 463
papal control of, 98
plague in, 135, 138
sacks by Visigoths and Vandals, 463
senatorial/aristocratic classes, see Roman aristocracy
sieges of, 97–98, 126, 128, 463
Romulus, 196
Romulus Augustus, 4
Rossano Gospels, 348, 350
routinization of Christian practice, 291
Rufinus, 389
Rufinus family, as diplomats, 481
Sabas (saint), 308
Sabir Huns, 471, 496
sacrae largitiones (sacred largesses), 44, 45, 50, 53
Saffrey, Henri, 334
sages as Jewish leaders, 415
saints, cult of, 305–310 (see also specific name for individual saints (e.g. Thecla), and see entries at San or St. for churches named after saints)
gender roles, 442
medical cures sought at saints’ shrines, 305, 306–308
pilgrimages to saints’ shrines, 305
votive offerings at saint’s shrines, 308
Sajah (prophetess), 526
Salîhids, 499
Sallares, Robert, 149
“salvation-historical” approach to rise of Islam, 511
Samaritans, 410
Jafnid assistance in crushing uprising of, 500
philosophical schools, involvement in, 322, 407
San Marco, Venice (church), 361
San Vitale, Ravenna (church)
Aachen, Charlemagne’s palace church at, 366
architecture of, 365–366
mosaics of, 99, 346–348
Saradi, Helen, 90
Sardis, 94, 96, 103, 406
Sarris, Peter, 155
Sasan (founder of Sasanids), 478
Sasanids and Sasanian Persian empire, see entries at Persian
Satala, 496
Saxons, 462, 468
Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan, 515
Scetis (Wadi al-Natrun), 253, 257, 259
scholae palatinae, 41, 64, 67
School of Alexandria, see Alexandria
School of Athens, see Athens, school of philosophy at
School of Nisibis, 258
schools generally, see education and educational system
Scott, Susan, 148
Scythia, 93
Scythian monks, Christological formulations of, 231, 242, 272
Scythopolis-Beth Shean, 97, 103, 104
Sea of Marmara, 60, 61
Sebeos, 524
Seleucia, 305, 307, 489
Selymbria, 60
semiotics, 325
senatorial classes
elements of, 39–41
Justinian’s entry into Constantinople, 559, 64
Romans, see Roman aristocracy
Septimus Severus (emperor), 480
Sergiopolis, 500
Sergius of Antioch, 252
Sergius the interpreter, 388
Sergius of Ras Ayin, 322
Sergius (saint), 306, 500
(see also Sts. Sergius and Bacchus)
Severus of Antioch
anti-Chalcedonian communities, 241, 242, 245, 246, 250
Armenian condemnations of, 261
Christological controversies, 225–227, 230, 232, 241
death of, 247
divisions amongst anti-Chalcedonians, 252–254
Jews and Judaism, 408
law and legal practice, 172, 179
writings of, 256
Severus of Arles, 108
sex (see also gender roles; prostitution)
Christianity and expectations of sexual behavior, 431, 441–442
distinguished from gender, 427
law and sexual behavior, 437–438
prostitutes, Convent of Repentance for, 432
Shrewsbury, J. F. D., 148, 151
Shrine of Holy Sion, 309
sickness, see entries at medicine; plague
Sidonius Apollinaris, 102
siege warfare, 123–124, 126, 128
Sigibert, 471
silk and silk trade, 349, 369, 501–503
Silko, 491
silver, mining and trade in, 33, 501
Silverius, 279, 280
silverwork
classical themes, 351, 370
David Plate, 352, 370
Justin II and Sophia, silver cross of, 369
liturgical vessels as artworks, 351
Riha Paten, 295, 309, 352
Simeon ben Megas, 404
Simeon of Bet Arsham, 243, 257
Simon, Robert, 518
Simplicius of Cilicia
Athenian School as represented by, 324
Jews, information about, 407
John Philoponus, rebuttal of, 326, 327
life, career, and works, 319
refuge at Persian court, 330
students, existence of, 320
Sittas, 121, 481, 496
Slavs, 9–10, 12, 54, 124, 469–470, 471
(see also Balkans)
“sleepless monks” (Akoimetoi monks), 224–225, 229, 232, 276, 278
Smyrna, 387
social class and culture, 38–41
anti-Chalcedonianism as form of social or cultural identity, 254–257
Arabia, lack of social stratification in, 520
art, elite tastes in, see art
Constantinople, 73–76
diverse nature of, 34, 73–76
gender roles according to Roman social elite, 430–431
Islam’s rise and social/cultural aspects of Byzantine/Persian conflict, 513, 517, 519–520
peasant classes, 38, 47
senatorial classes
elements of, 39–41
Justinian’s entry into Constantinople, 559, 64
Romans, see Roman aristocracy
towns and cities, see towns and cities
Socratic dialogue, 317, 323
Sogdia, 501, 503
Solomon, Byzantine architecture compared to Temple of, 365
Solomon (general), 122
Solon of Athens, 109
Sophia (empress), 442–443
Sophronius, patriarch of Jerusalem, 307
spectabiles, 39–41
speeches, literature beginning as, 379
spies, imperial, 41
St. Catherine, Mt. Sinai, monastery of, 352
Blessing Christ icon, 352
Justinian’s architectural patronage of, 357
Transfiguration mosaic, 354
Sts. Cosmas and Damian (church), Constantinople, 306–308
St. Diomedes (church), Constantinople, 301
St. Eirene (church), Constantinople, 61, 79
St. Euphemia (church), Constantinople, 439
St. Irene at Sykai (church), 79
St. John (church), Ephesus, 359, 359, 360
St Michael Archangel, Constantinopolitan churches of, 357
Sts. Peter and Paul (church), Constantinople, 79, 361
St. Plato (church), Constantinople, 301
St. Polyeuktos (church), Constantinople, 64, 75, 364, 389, 439–440
Sts. Sergius and Bacchus (church), 61, 79, 350, 361–362
Hagia Sophia compared, 362, 363, 364
importation of cults of saints, 306
Justinian’s inscription at, 440
San Vitale, Ravenna compared, 365–366
Stalin, Justinian compared to, 4
Stephanus, 19
Stephen of Aila, 358
Stephen (deacon and apocrisarius), 280, 281
stipendium, 119
stone, 32–33
Stontzas, 455
Strata Diocletiana, 500
Strategikon (Treatise on Strategy), xix, 115
Strategion, Constantinople, 70
streets, see roads and streets
the Suda, xxii, 319, 322, 330, 409
Suebi, 455, 464 (see also barbarians and barbarian kingdoms)
Sulla, 196, 208
Summa (constitutio), 161–162
suqs, 103
Sura, 500
Sykai, 61
Sykeon, 135
Symeon (Armenian leader), 496
Symeon the Elder Stylite, 302, 310
Symeon the Younger Stylite, 310
Symmachus (father-in-law of Boethius), 75, 274, 462
Symmachus (pope), 269
synagogues and synagogue life, 415–418
archaeological evidence, value of, 406
Beth Alpha Synagogue mosaics, 406, 416
Dura Europus synagogue, 425
Gaza synagogue, 416
Gerasa ( Jerash), synagogue of, 406
Laodicea synagogues destroyed by earthquakes, 408
liturgy of synagogue, 405, 416–418, 419
organization and leadership, 414–415
Sardis, synagogue of, 406
use of human figures as decoration, 416
Syria II, monks of, 246
Syria, towns and cities of, 95
Syrian anti-Chalcedonian community
Edict on Heretics, 244–245
foundations of ecclesiastical structure, 251–252
identity, anti-Chalcedonianism as form of, 254–257, 261–262
Jacobites, known as, 252
Justin I, treatment under, 241–242
literature of, 256, 257
lowest point of, 247
manuscripts, 257
schism with Egyptian community, 252, 254
Syrianus, 324
tactile piety, 302–305, 310, 311
Taft, Robert, 293
Takrit, 260
talmud, 405
Babylonian Talmud or Bavli, 402, 405, 411, 521
Palestinian Talmud or Yerushalmi, 402, 405
tanistry, 462
Tannaitic Age, 402
Tanta (constitutio), 167, 201
targum, 405
Tarquins, 190
Tauresium, birthplace of Justinian, 5
taxation
barbarian kingdoms, attempts to tax, 454, 459–462
Byzantine system, 35, 37, 43, 44, 46, 48
Persian system, 485
tefillin, public wearing of, 425
textiles, 349, 369
theaters, 104
Thecla (saint), 305, 306, 307
Theodahad, 277, 278, 462, 463
Theoderic
Albinus and Boethius, execution of, 274, 462
art and architecture, 347, 368–369
death of, 462
embassy of 525/526 to Constantinople, 274–275
far-flung diplomatic connections of, 467
foundation of Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy by, 456
Hormisdas’ consultation with, 273
independence of Roman church from Eastern empire, 268
Liberius serving under, 464
literature and literary culture, 390
mausoleum in Ravenna, 368–369
Odoacer’s kingdom taken over by, 455
peacefulness of reign of, 457
title used by, 455
towns and cities, 99
Visigothic throne taken by, 464
Theodora, Church of (Constantinople), 79
Theodora (empress), 5
actress, circus, or prostitute background, 5, 104, 381, 386, 434
Aphrodito, as special patron of, 438
“burial shroud” speech (Procopius), 429–430
Chalcedonian controversy, role and intentions regarding, 227, 229, 248
coronation as Augusta, 77
death of, 8, 63
foreign officials and potentates, entertainment of, 78
funeral of, 77
gender roles, explicating, see gender roles
legal advice of, 170
political role of, 5, 212
portraits of, 346–348
Procopius’ treatment of, 435
profectio to hot springs at Pythia, 76
refugee monks, shelter for, 73
San Vitale mosaic of Theodora and attendants in procession, 346–348
tomb of, 63
Theodora (philosopher), 320
Theodore of Alexandria, 252
Theodore Askidas, 233
Theodore of Bostra, 248–251
Theodore of Mopsuestia, 24, 219, 230, 232–233, 235, 248, 257, 258, 280 (see also Three Chapters controversy)
Theodore (saint), 306
Theodore of Tarsus, 14
Theodoret of Cyrrhus, 24, 220, 221, 223, 230, 232, 233, 234, 248, 258, 280 (see also Three Chapters controversy)
Theodorus (bishop), 75
Theodorus the decurion, 389
Theodosian Code, 162, 164
Christological controversies, 236
imperial ideology, 209
Islam, rise of, 520
Jews and Judaism, 420
Theodosius I (the Great)
Anicia Juliana and women’s patronage, 439, 440, 441
Constantinople, 65, 76
Jews and Judaism, 420
relative peace of reign, 457
war, 114
Theodosius II (see also Theodosian Code)
Aelia Eudocia (wife and empress), 64, 439, 440, 441
death of, 221
Dioscorus, support for, 220
Jews, 405, 406
Notitia in reign of, 74
Persian king as guardian of, 477, 480
Persian wars, 481
university of Constantinople founded by, 380
walls of Constantinople, 381
Theodosius of Alexandria, 246, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252–254
Theodosius of Antioch, 75, 232
Theodosius, son of emperor Maurice, 392
Theodosius and Philip, dialogue of, 409
Theopaschite Formula (Unus de Trinitate crucifixus, or “one of the Trinity was crucified”), 226, 228, 231, 242, 272–273, 275, 278
Theophanes, 501
Theophanes Confessor, xxiii, 301
Theophylact Simocatta, xxiii, 18
“theory of the two swords,” 269
Theotokos, Church of (Constantinople), 297
theotokos, Mary as, 218, 220, 235, 299
Thessaloniki, 138
Theudebert I, 366, 462
Theudis, 464
Thomas of Dara, 260
Thomas, School of Nisibis, 259
Thrasamund, 99, 459
Three Chapters controversy (see also Ibas of Edessa; Theodore of Mopsuestia; Theodoret of Cyrrhus)
condemnation of, 232–233, 234–235, 248
Justinian’s efforts to achieve religious unity, 8
origins of term, 24
San Vitale mosaics, 347
Vigilius and, see Vigilius
Western perspective on, 129, 279–280
doctrinal authority, issues of, 281, 285, 286–287
initial Roman position, 280–282
North Italian schism, 285–286
Pelagius’ acceptance of condemnation, repercussions of, 282, 284–285
Vigilius’ surrender to imperial will, 282–284
Thrice Holy (Trisagion) hymn, 224, 296
Thucydides, 114, 187, 385, 429
Thuringians, 462
Tiberias as seat of Jewish learning, 411, 414
Tiberius I, 196, 197, 198, 489
Tiberius II Constantine, 9–10, 54, 387, 392
Tibur, 126
Tiburtine Sibyl, 524
timber as natural resource and trade commodity, xxxii, 32–33
time charts, see chronologies
time of celebration of Easter/Passover, 407, 423
time, ritual and ceremonial indicating passage of, 77
Timothy Aelurus (Timothy the “Cat”), patriarch of Alexandria, 256, 261
Timothy and Aquila, disputation between, 409
Timothy IV, Patriarch of Alexandria, 241, 244, 253
Toldoth Yeshu, 406
Tome of Leo, 221, 225, 230, 246
Torre de Palma, 102
torture, judicial use of, 177
Totila, 104, 123, 131, 281, 282, 348, 379, 448, 452, 453, 463, 464
towns and cities, 87–89 (see also specific locations)
ancient type, comparison with, 88, 89–90
architectural patronage of Justinian, 357
baths, public, 66, 68, 103
bishops, role of, 90, 92, 93, 102, 107
characterstics of, 88, 89
churches as primary public construction in, 89, 93, 98, 106, 107
countryside, connection to, 88, 100–102
fortifications, 103
governance of, 107–109
Islam, rise of, 110, 518, 529
landholding and landownership, 88
countryside and town, connection between, 100–102
Korykos as example of small polis, 94
liturgical processions making use of urban landscape, 77, 300–302
major cities, 97–100
patronage of urban elites, loss of, 93, 104
personal identification with native city, 87, 89, 95
population of, 88, 92
prosperity or decline of, 52–53, 90–97
public buildings and infrastructure, 102–107, 357
refuges for rural populations (Fliehburgen), shrinking to, 90, 92
ruralization of western Roman empire, 90–97, 102
social class and culture
ancient cities, comparison of sixth century cities with, 90
Korykos as example of small polis, 94
patronage of urban elites, loss of, 93, 104
Roman senatorial elite, end of, 97, 98, 102, 463
urban elites, 88, 107–109
streets and thoroughfares, 102, 103
suqs, 103
villages related to, 101
villas, 102
war’s effect on, 125, 128
trade, see commerce and trade
trade guilds, Constantinople, 64
Trajan, 480
Trajan’s Forum in Rome, Forum of Theodosius built in imitation of, 65
Transfiguration of Christ mosaic, Monastery of St. Catherine, Mt. Sinai, 354
transportation, 33–34
Treatise on Strategy (Strategikon), xix, 115
Tribonian, 167, 168, 170, 199, 390
Tricamarum, 465
Trisagion (Thrice Holy) hymn, 224, 296
tritheism, 254
triumphator, 66
triumphs, military, 78
Troy, statue of Apollo in Constantinople from, 65
Turks, 12, 467, 471, 489, 503
Tuscany, 125, 126
Twelve Tables, 165
Twigg, Graham, 148
tyche or fortune of emperor, 211
typhus, 150
typology, 296, 297, 310
tyranny distinguished from lawful rule, 195–198, 206
Tzani, 491, 496, 498
Tzath, 486, 491, 496
Union of May 519
events leading to, 270–272
political relationship of Roman Church with Italian kings, effect on, 273–274
universal rule, concept of, 517
Unus de Trinitate crucifixus (“one of the Trinity was crucified”) formula (Theopaschite Formula), 226, 228, 231, 242, 272–273, 275, 278
Uranius, 323, 378
urban environments, see towns and cities
urinary retention, Cosmas and Damian healing case of, 308
Utigur Huns, 470, 471
Vaga, 90
Valens, Aqueduct of, 64
Valentinian III, 164
Vandals
Arianism of, 7, 456
Carthage, 99
Constantinople, African refugees in, 75
geopolitical contours of empire, 10, 11, 12
reconquest of Vandal kingdom in Africa, 7
Chalke mosaic, 344
economy of empire, effect on, 36, 37
geopolitical contours of empire, 10, 11, 12
imperial ideology, victory over Vandals as support of, 194
infrastructure of war, 116
instability of Byzantine regime following, 465
Rome, sack of, 463
settlement on Roman soil, 455
succession conflicts, 462
Vasiliev, Alexander, 242
Venethi, Slavs known as, 469
Verona, 138
Verrycken, Koenraad, 325
Vespasian, 89
Victor of Tunnuna, 74, 75, 390
Victor of Vita, 456
Vigilius
abduction to Sicily, 281
art and architecture, 347
Christological controversies, 233, 234
Constantinople, visit to, 79, 282–284
election of, 280
literature and literary culture, 379
supposed murder by Pelagius, 285
Three Chapters controversy
abduction of Vigilius to Sicily, 281
Constantinople, surrender to imperial will in, 282–284
initial responses while in Italy, 281
Vikan, Gary, 304
villages, 101
villas, 102
Virgin, Church of (Blachernae palace complex, Constantinople), 61, 301
Virgin Mary
gender roles and, 444
Roman the Melode’s On Mary at the Cross, 298–300
theotokos, Mary as, 218, 220, 235, 299
virtues and gender roles, 430, 431, 436, 442
Visigoths, 10
Alaric II, 459
Arianism of, 10, 15
cooperation with Church and civil elites, 456
Frankish defeat of, 15, 464–465
Islam, rise of, 466
reconquest of part of Mediterranean coast from, 11
Rome, sack of, 463
settlement on Roman soil, 455
towns and cities, 93, 108
Vitalian, 227, 228, 242
Vitigis, 279
Vivarium founded by Cassiodorus, 390
votive offerings at saint’s shrines, 308
Vouillé, battle of, 464
Wacho, 473
Wadi al-Natrun (Scetis), 253, 257, 259
walls, fortified
Long Walls, 50, 60
towns and cities, 103
war (see also entries at military; specific campaigns and enemies, e.g. Persian wars)
barbarian soldiers in Roman army, see barbarians and barbarian kingdoms
discipline of Roman troops, 122, 453, 454
expansionist wars, see military expansion of empire/reconquests
gender roles, 427
impact on non-combatants, 125–129
infrastructure and resources, 115–121
irregular or guerilla warfare, 124
Jewish involvement in, 411
Justinian’s comparison of law-making to, 113
Justinian’s lack of direct involvement in, 113, 129
military effectiveness, determining, 121–125
paperwork and records required by, 119
Persian army, 486
pitched battles, role of, 122
siege warfare, 123–124, 126, 128
size of armies, 117
sources on sixth century practices, 114
strain on resources created by, 54–55, 116, 118, 454
towns and cities, effect on, 125, 128
water bodies surrounding Constantinople, 61
water supply
Caesarea Palestinae, 92
Constantinople, 62, 64, 68–69
Justinian’s architectural patronage, 357
Nika revolt, 69
Ostrogothic Italy, destruction of water supplies in reconquest of, 463
water, transportation by, 34
Watt, William Montgomery, 518
Watts, Edward, 332
Western Church, see popes and papal relationship with empire and Eastern Church
White, Evylyn, 253
Whittow, Mark, 109
widows and the law, 437
Wilson, Nigel, 327
wine as trade commodity, xxxii, 35, 36
Witigis, 463, 466, 472
women (see also gender roles, and names of specific women)
Amazons, 427, 437
arbitrators, 181
Athens school of philosophy, association with, 320
emotional control, beliefs regarding, 435
exclusion of women from later Byzantine stage, 444
head of household, categorization in relation to, 430
“honorary men,” women becoming, 442
legal status, restrictions, and protections, 179, 181, 436–438
Mazdakite movement, 483
patronage by, 438–441
public vs. private sphere, 435, 436, 438
virtues associated with, 430, 431, 436, 442
widows and the law, 437
world chronicles, 18
Wulfila, 452
Yannai, 404, 418, 419
Yathrib (Medina), 516, 523
Yazdgerd I, 477, 480, 481
Yazdgushnasp, 78, 477, 482
Yehudah, 404
Yemen, see Himyarites
Yersinia pestis, see bubonic plague
Yose ben Yose, 419
Yusuf Asar or Ash’ar (Dhu Nuwas), 411, 414, 502, 515
Zabergan, 470
Zacchaeus and Athanasius, disputation between, 409
Zacharias Scholasticus (Zacharias of Mytilene)
Jews, information about, 408
law and legal practice, 172, 179
Life of Severus, 172
philosophy, 317, 318, 323
Zamanarzos, 78
Zand, 521
Zaradushtakan, see Mazdakite movement
Zeller, Eduard, 316–318
Zeno, 164, 224, 269, 319, 329
Zeuxippos, Baths of, 66, 68
Zich (Isdigousnas), 78
Zoïlus, patriarch of Alexandria, 247, 281
Zora, 135
Zoroastrianism
anti-Chalcedonian community, 258, 259
Armenian and Iberian resistance to, 489, 497
compilation of Avesta and Zand, 521
Islam, rise of, 513, 516, 519, 523
Mazdakite movement as threat to, 483
social caste structure of, 519
Zoticus,384
Zurvanite Zoroastrians, 523