Aachen, Hans von 72
absolutism, Danish 9, 344–9, 362–4, 382
Academy of Letters 339
Act of Settlement (1701) 280
Addison, Joseph 284
Adolf Frederick, King of Prussia 322, 323, 327
coronation 328
death 338
defence of Louise Ulrica 332–3
and Louise Ulrica’s plots 330–1
Adolphus, Duke of Strelitz 369
Adolphus, son of George III and Queen Charlotte 369, 376
Age of Liberty (Frihetstiden) 9, 326–7, 328, 340
Agen, Bishop of 94
Agliè, Filippo d’ 16
Agnès, Abbess of Chelles 94
Alberoni, Guilio 158, 162–5, 167, 170
Albertines 252–5, 258–9
Alekseevna, Ekaterina see Catherine I
Alençon, Mlle d’ 21
Alexander VIII, Pope 87
Alexis (Aleksei) I Mikhailovich, Tsar of Russia 133, 146
Alexis, Petrovitch 135, 136, 137, 141, 142–3, 149
Alfonso VI, King of Portugal 23
Althann, Count 123
Althann, Countess 116–17
Alvensleben, Hanoverian minister 378
Amalie Wilhelmina, Empress 233
American War of Independence 359
Amigoni, Santiago 178
Anna Amalia, Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Weimar 379
Anna Amalia, sister of Frederick II, the Great, and of Louise Ulrica 322, 323
Anna Ivanova, Empress of Russia 132, 136–7, 138, 139, 149
Anna Leopoldovna, Russian princess 361
Anna of the Tyrol, Archduchess 72
Anna Sophia Charlotte, Dowager Duchess of Saxony-Eisenach 313
Anna Sophie, mother of Augustus I 259, 262, 263
Annals of the Holy Roman Empire 389
Anne, Queen of Great Britain 276, 284, 286, 292
Anne-Marie-Louise, duchesse de Montpensier 21
Anne-Marie of Orléans, wife of Vittorio Amedeo II 34–5, 36–7, 38–9, 40–1
Anne of Austria 19, 21, 78–9
Antoine, Prince of Monaco 165
Anton Ulrich, Duke, grandson of Anton Ulrich of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 361
Anton Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 111, 233
Aosta, Carlo Emanuele, duca d’ see Carlo Emanuele III
Aosta, Vittorio Amedeo Teodora, duc d’ 44
Argenson, Marc-Pierre de Voyer, comte d’ 205, 207–8
Arpajon, duchesse d’ 85
Arsen’eva, Dari’a and Varvara 135
Athélie (1690) 86
Aubigné, Françoise d’ see Maintenon, Françoise d’Aubigné, Marquise de
Aubigné, Théodore Agrippa d’ 79
August II, ‘the Strong’, King of Poland (Friedrich August I) 280
becomes Elector of Saxony 255–6
becomes King of Poland 256–8
marriage to Christiane Eberhardine 255
and Catholicism 252, 262–3
August III, King of Poland (Friedrich August II) 256
becomes King of Poland 265
children 265–8, 269–70
claim on Imperial crown 265
his conversion to Catholicism 10, 252, 263
August Wilhelm, Prince of Prussia 309, 313, 330, 332–3, 334, 335
Auguste Elisabeth, daughter of Marie Auguste von Thurn und Taxis 245
Augustus, son of George III and Queen Charlotte 369, 392, 393, 394
Aumale, Mlle d’ 94
Aviano, Marco d’ 113
Baden-Durlach, Carl Willhelm von, Margrave 229, 233–4
Baden-Durlach, Freidrich Magnus von, Margrave 233
Baden-Durlach, Johanne Elisabethe von 7, 13, 221
late pregnancy 239
marriage to Eberhaud Ludwig 229–30
political involvement 232
response to husband’s bigamous marriage 232–3, 234–6
resumption of role of consort 238
wealth 245
Balbien, Nanon 83
Balk, Matrena 141
ballet de la cour 10, 24
Banks, Joseph 374
Bárbara of Braganza see María Bárbara of Braganza
Baroque Court (German) 225–7
its expectations of consorts 227–9
Bartenstein, Johann Christoph 122, 123, 124
Basedow, Johann Bernard 390
Baudéan, Suzanne de 79
Beaumont, Mme LePrince de 385
Beauvilliers family 88
Bellenden, Mary 290
Belsunce, abbé de 94
Bergholz, Friedrich 131, 149
Bernstorff, J. B. 381
Bernstorff, J. H. E., Count 352, 354, 361
Berta, Francesco 45
Berwick, duc-maréchal de 92
Béthune, duchesse de 193
Betrachtungen über die Wahrheiten der Religion (1768) (Considerations on the Principal Truths of Religion) (1770) 383
Bibliothèque des Sciences at des Beaux Arts 385
Blanckmeister, Franz 265
Boileau, Nicolas 85
Bonnet, Charles 385
Borgia, Lucrezia 116
Bose, Hans Balthasar von 259, 261
Bossuet, Jaques Bénigne 88
Boufflers, Louis François, Duc de 96
Boufflers, Maréchale de 191
Bourbon, duc de (M. le Duc) 187
death 199
influence over Marie Leszczyńska’s household 191–8
and marriage arrangements for Louis XV 188–90
plot against Fleury 198–9
Bourbon-Vendôme, Elisabeth de 17, 19–20, 21
Bourbon-Vendôme, François de 17
Bourgogne, duchesse de 88, 89, 197
Bourgogne, Louis, duc de 87, 92, 96
Braem, Corfitz 59–60
Brahe, Erik 331
Brahe, Per 59
Brancas, marquis de 90
Brandenburg-Schwedt, Henriette Marie von 236–7, 313
Breteuil, baron de, French ambassador 336–7
Breuer, Johan George 67, 68
Brunswick, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of 382–3, 392–3
Burney, Charles 374
Busshe, M de 377
Campillo, José del 158
Campredon, Jean-Jacques 140–1
Cap Party 9, 327, 328–9, 335, 336–8
Carignan, princesse de 198–201, 212
Carignano, Tommaso Francesco, principe di 43
Carl Alexander, Duke 221, 238–42
Carl August, Duke 379
Carl Eugen, son of Marie Auguste von Thurn und Taxis 244–5
Carlo Emanuele II, Duke of Savoy 19
court of 23–6
death 26, 32–3
mistresses 24–6
negotiations for first marriage 19–20
negotiations for second marriage 21–3
Carlo Emanuele III, King of Sardinia 41, 44–5
Carmelite Order 121
Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Queen of Great Britain 4, 5, 8, 11, 13, 276–7, 347, 389
background 277–83
becomes Princess of Wales 285
becomes Queen 291–6
children 284, 290
coronation 292–3
and court life, revival of 293–4
and the infidelity of George II 7, 290–1
integration into English court 286–7
intellect and cultural interests 285, 295
and Protestantism 10, 286
relationship with George I 287–90
relationship with George II 4, 283–5
residences 289–90
Caroline Henrietta, Landgravine of Hesse-Darmstadt 379
Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark-Norway 373, 380
affair with Johann Friedrich Streunsee 7, 350, 351–3, 355, 359, 363, 381–2
background 350
divorce 353
marriage 349
political involvement 9, 351–4, 362–3
Carove, Carlo and Giovanni 64, 67
Carvajal, José de 158, 175, 176
Castellamonte, Amadeo di 24
Castellamonte, Carlo di 43
Catalina Michaela, Infanta 33
Catherine I, Empress of Russia 10, 14
appearance 147–9
children 135, 136–7, 138, 139, 149
coronation 139–41
and court ritual, participation in 138, 143–7
as Empress 149–50
family and background 131–3
honours and titles 138–9
instatement as tsaritsa 139
marriage to Peter I 136–8
painting of 147–9
qualities 143
relationship with Alexander Menshikov 136
relationship with Peter I 134–6, 140–1
relationship with William Mons 140–1
status 141–3, 144
Catherine II (the Great), Empress of Russia 132, 133, 335, 337, 361
Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England 72, 292
Catherine de’ Medici, Queen of France 78
Catholicism 10, 242, 244, 252, 256–9, 262–3, 268–71 see also pietas austriaca
Caylus, comte de 84
Celle, George Wilhelm, Duke of 280, 281
Chabod, Charles-Christian, comte de Saint-Maurice 33–4
Chabod, François-Thomas de, marquis de Saint-Maurice 33
Chalais, princesse de 193
Chambéry
château of 25–6
proposed university at 31
Chamillart, Joseph, Bishop of Senlis 93
Chamillart, Michel 89, 91–2, 93, 96
Chantal, Jeanne Françoise Frémiot de 121
Charles II, King of Spain 110–11, 155
Charles III, King of Spain 167, 170
Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine and of Bar 20–1
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 155
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 110–11, 243, 265
court ritual 117–18, 119
familial devotion 15
fidelity 116–17
lack of male heir 114
political involvement of women during reign of 123–7
spirituality 122
Charles X see Karl X Gustav, King of Sweden
Charles XI see Karl XI, King of Sweden
Charles XII see Karl XII, King of Sweden
Charles-Amédée of Savoy 17
Charles of Austria, Archduke 281
Charles, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 369, 375–8, 379–80, 394–5
Charles of Lorraine, Prince 20–1
Charlotte, daughter of Charles of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 369
Charlotte Felicitas, Duchess of Modena 124
Charlotte (Sophia) of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of Great Britain 4, 11, 13
and the Bavarian War of Succession 378–9
brothers 375–9
and Caroline Matilda’s scandal 381–2
children 6, 368, 369
and Christian Gellert 383–4
dynastic connections 373
and the French Revolution 391
and Hanoverian improvements 388
intellectual activities 373–4, 379
and Johann Frederick William Jerusalem 382–3
life at Kew 386–8
love of dogs 376–7
nieces 368–9, 391
relationship with Georg Christoph Lichtenberg 386
relationship with Jean André DeLuc 388–91
and the Republic of Letters 392, 393
Charlotte, Princess Royal, Queen of Württemburg 368
Charlottenburg Palace 306, 313
Châteauroux, duchesse de 204–6
Chaulnes, duc de 86–7
Chauveau, Evrard 64
Chevreuse family 88
Chiaveri, Gaetano 268
Choiseul, duc de 337–8
Christian VI, King of Denmark-Norway 347
Christian VII, King of Denmark-Norway 9, 350, 380
attempted coup by Johann Friedrich Streunsee 351–3, 355
mental illness and inability to rule 350–1, 360, 362–3
Christian August of Saxony-Zeitz, Bishop of Raab 256–7, 259
Christian Ernst, Margrave 255, 258–9
his heir, Georg Wilhelm 259
Christian Heinrich, brother of George I 281
Christina, Queen of Sweden 56, 57–8, 69–70, 71–2, 73, 172, 340
Christine Charlotte of East Frisia 226
Christine Eberhardine, Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, Electress of Saxony and Queen of Poland 4, 252
becomes Electress of Saxony 255–6
birth of son Frederick August II 256
finances 261
lifestyle 261
and Lutheranism 10, 252, 262–5
marriage to Friedrich August I (August II) 255, 260–1
as ‘pillar of prayer’ 264–5
refusal to be crowned as Queen of Poland 258–9
residences 260
resting place 271
Clagny, château of 83
Claperède, David 385
Claretta, Gaudenzio 22
Claudia Felicitas, Empress 33
Clélie 79
Clement XI, Pope 97, 98
Clementine, niece of Eleonore of Pfalz-Neuburg 125
Clermont, Marie-Anne, Mlle de 191, 197, 204
Collegio dei Nobili (Turin) 29, 31
Collyer, Joseph 381
Collyer, Maria 381
Condé family 97
Conseil de Conscience 93
Considerations on the Principal Truths of Religion (1770) (Betrachtungen über die Wahrheiten der Religion) (1768) 383
Contemplation de la Nature 385
Conti family 97
Cooper, Alexander 71
Cosimo III de’ Medici, grand Duke of Tuscany 20
Counter-Reformation 118, 120
Court Party 329, 332, 336
Courtanvaux, Marquis de 187
Coxe, William 164
Craggs, James (the younger) 284
Cramer, J. A. 384
Dahlberg, Eric 66
Dalin, Olof von 340
Dalrymple, Sir John, 1st Earl of Stair 77
Damenstift 121
Dangeuil, M, mâitre d’hotel of Louis XV 330
Danish army 348
Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksiken (Dictionary of Danish Women’s Biographies) 346
Death of Abel 381
Deism 392
DeLuc, Jean André 373, 380, 388–91
Den danske Kvindes Historie (History of the Danish Woman) 346
Des Marais, Godet, Bishop of Chartres 82, 93
Des Ursins, Anne-Marie de la Tremoille, princesse 39–40, 79
appointment as Camarera Mayore and political ambitions 90
dismissal by Elisabeth Farnese 163, 164
influence on the government of Philip V 160–3, 165, 168, 178
letters from Madame de Maintenon to 96, 99
Desmaretz, Nicolas 93, 96
Diane de Poitiers 78
Dictionary of Danish Women’s Biographies (Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksiken) 346
Diet, Swedish (Riksdag)
of 1751 329
of 1755 330, 332–3
of 1761 335
of 1765 335–7
of 1768 337–8
Dodington, George Bubb 167
Dolgorukii, Prince Vasiliis 142
Dominican Order 121
Döring, Johann Philipp, vicar of Torgau 263–4
Dreux, Emmanuel-Filibert of Savoy, comte de 32, 35
Drottningholm Palace 59–60, 62, 63, 74, 334
Dzìkow Confederation 265
Eberhard III, children of 225
Eberhard Ludwig, Duke 221, 226, 227, 228
bigamous relationship with Christian Wilhelmina von Grävenitz 225, 230–3, 234–9
death 239
debts 245
marriage to Johanne Elisabethe von Baden Durlach 229–30
reconciliation with Johanne Elisabethe von Baden Durlach 234, 238
Eberhardine Louise, sister of Eberhard Ludwig 229
Edict of Nantes 84
Egmont, comtesse d’ 193
Ehrenstrahl, David Klöcker 64, 67–9
El Duende Crítico (The Critical Goblin) 173
Eleanore Le Erdmuth Luise, mother of Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 277
Eleanore Magdalene, third Empress of Leopold I 10, 34
Eleanore Maria Josefa, Archduchess 21
Eleonore of Pfalz-Neuburg, Empress 110, 115, 233
death and funeral 120
dynastic ambitions 112
her daughters and succession 126
fertility 113
fidelity 115
as regent 123–5
religion 119–22
Elisabeth Christine, Queen of Prussia 300–1, 303, 354, 384
activity during the Seven Years War 309–12
at the court of Berlin 307–14
early years of marriage to Frederick II 304–5
Enlightenment and her role 315
lack of authority 313–14
loyalty to Frederick II 315
and religion 307–8
undermining of her position 6, 315–16
Elisabeth-Marguérite (Mlle d’Alençon), Abbess of Remiremont 21
Elisabeth, Tsarina 323, 335
Elisabeth Christine of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, Empress 6, 110, 112
character 113
conversion to Catholicism 111–12, 113, 122
and court culture, participation in 5, 11, 118–19
fertility 113
fidelity 115–17
political influence 8, 122–7
Elizabeth Petrovna, Empress of Russia 132, 138
Elizabeth Sophie, third wife of Christian Ernst of Bayreuth 228–9
Emmanuel-Filibert of Savoy, comte de Dreux 32, 35
Enlightenment 11–12, 305–7, 315, 316–17
English 374–5
German 382
Protestant 380
Ensenada, Zenón de Somodevilla, Marquis of 14, 158, 172, 173, 175, 176–7
Entrétiens, Drames, et Contes Moraux à L’usage des Femmes (1801) 385
Eperon, duchesse d’ (duchesse d’Antin) 193
Erdmuthe Sophie, Duchess of Saxony 255
Ernest, brother of Queen Charlotte 369, 375, 376
Ernest, Duke of Cumberland 368, 369, 392, 393, 394–5
as King of Hanover 368
Ernst August, Duke of York and Albany 281
Ernst August, Elector of Hanover 278, 280
Estate of peasants in Swedish Diet 329, 331
Esther (1688) 86
Estrades, Madame d’ 208
Estrées, César d’, Bishop of Laon 19, 23, 31
Estrées, Gabrielle d’ 78
Estrées, Maréchal d’ 90
Etampes, Duchesse d’ 78
Eugène, Prince 112
Eugénie et ses élèves (1787) 385
Euler, Leonhard 389
Euphrosyne, Maria 63
Farinelli, Carlo 159
Farnese, Elizabeth 7, 14, 155
and the arts 171–2, 177–9
her children 6, 167, 170
influence over Philip V 7, 165–7
interest in foreign affairs 170–1
introduction and marriage to Philip V (and Italian ambitions) 162–4
and the Palace of Riofrió 176
personality 164–5
political influence 156–7, 158, 164–5, 167, 168–70
relationship with María Bárbara of Braganza and Ferdinand VI 174–6
relationship with step-sons 172–3
as a widow 175–6
as wife and mother 164–7
Fauconberg, Lord 22
Fedor, Tsar of Russia 133
Felipe V, King of Spain see Philip V, King of Spain
Fénelon, François de Salignac de la Mothe 85, 87–8, 99
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor 119
Ferdinand VI, King of Spain 155, 156, 165–7, 172, 173
becomes king 173–7
decline and death 179
and the arts 177–8
Ferdinand, Prince, brother of Frederick II 313
Fersen, leader of the Estate of nobles 330–1
Fiholn manor, Västmanland, Sweden 73–4
Filiberto, Emanuele 20
Flavacourt, marquise de 204, 205
Fleming, Herman 59
Fleury, André Hercule de, Bishop 88, 96, 189–90, 191, 193
his influence over Marie Leszczynska 200, 204, 205, 206–7
plot against 198–9
Fleury, Duchesse de 204, 206
Fontanges, Mlle de 80
Forstner, Georg Friedrich von 235
Francesco, Duke of Parma 162, 170
Francesco, Maurizio, Cardinal 43
Francesco, Tommaso, principe di Carignano 43
Francis Stephen of Lorraine 13, 107, 123
François I, King of France 78
François IV, Duc de la Rochefoucauld 32, 79
Françoise de Lorraine, Dowager Duchess de Vendôme 22
Françoise-Madeleine, first wife of Carlo Emanuele II 20, 21
Frederica Louise (Friederike Luise), Margravine of Ansbach 300, 303, 323
Frederica, Queen of Hanover 368, 369, 391, 394–5
Frederica of Prussia, Duchess of York 391
Frederick I, King of Prussia 280, 300, 305, 315
Frederick II, the Great, King of Prussia 300, 302, 303, 354, 378
attendance at court events 5, 308, 309, 312–13
attitude to court life 316
early years of marriage to Elisabeth Christine 304–5
‘Enlightened’ kingship and Court life 11, 304–5, 315, 316–17
invasion of Silesia 115
and Juliana Marie 360–1
political involvement with his sister Louisa Ulrica 312, 322, 329, 331–2, 333, 334–5, 336–7
and the Seven Years War 270, 375
Frederick V, King of Denmark-Norway 9, 347
and the arts 381
character 347
government 348, 351
marriage to Juliana Marie 354–5
Frederick VI see Frederick, Crown Prince of Denmark
Frederick, Bishop of Osnabrück 369
Frederick, Crown Prince of Denmark (Frederick VI) 353, 355, 360–1, 362, 363–4
Frederick, Duke of York 377, 392
Frederick Ludwig, son of Eberhard Ludwig and Johanne Elisabethe von Baden-Durlach 230
Frederick, Prince of Wales, father of George III 350
Frederick William I, King in Prussia 236, 300, 303, 304–5, 316, 322–3
Frederick William II, King of Prussia 300, 392–4
Frederick William III, King of Prussia 300, 392
marriage to Luise (Louisa) 303, 368, 369, 391
Frederick William, the Great Elector see Friedrich Wilhelm, the Great Elector
Fredrik III, King of Denmark 58
Freemasonry 391, 392
French Revolution 391
Friederike Luise (Frederica Louise), Margravine of Ansbach 300, 303, 323
Friedrich III of Brandenburg, Elector 277–8, 280, 281 see also Frederick I, King in Prussia
Friedrich August I, Elector of Saxony see August II, King of Poland
Friedrich August II see August III, King of Poland
Friedrich Carl, Regent, son of Eberhard III 226–7
Friedrich Christian, son of Maria Josepha and August III 266–8, 269, 270
disability 266, 268
Friedrich Eugen, son of Marie Auguste von Thurn und Taxis 244
Freidrich Ludwig, son of Eberhard Ludwig 236–7
Friedrich Wilhelm, the Great Elector 277, 314–15
Friedrich the Wise 252
Frihetstiden (Age of Liberty) 9, 326–7, 328, 340
Frondes 97
Gabriele of Savoy 26
Gay, John 284, 286
Genlis, Mme de 385
George I, King of Great Britain and Ireland 7
coronation 285–6
his court 5, 277, 286–7
death 291
relationship with George II and Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 287–90, 291
George II, King of Great Britain and Ireland 4, 5
becomes king 291–5
children 284, 290, 347
coronation 292–3
integration into English court 286–7
mistresses 7, 290–1
relationship with Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 276–7, 283–5
relationship with George I 287–90
search for a wife 281–3
George III, King of Great Britain and Ireland 368–9
and Caroline Matilda, his sister 354
Charlotte’s political influence 377–8
and the marriage of Charlotte’s brothers 375–6
political idealism 388
relationship with Georg Christoph Lichtenberg 386
and the Seven Years War 375
as ‘True Defender of Faith’ 392–3
George IV, King of Great Britain 368
George, brother of Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 375
George Louis, Elector of Hanover 111, 112
George Wilhelm, Duke of Celle 280, 281
Gergy, Jean-Baptiste-Joséph Languet de 93
German principalities, status and structure of in seventeenth century 223–4
‘Gesellschaft der Sklavinnen Oder Leibeigen Mariens’ 120
Gessner, Salomon 381
Geyling von Altheim, Leopold Ludwig 235
Giacinto, Francesco, Duke 43
Giaquinto, Corrado 178
Giordano, Luca 178
Giovinazzo, Duque de 33
Giudice, Francesco del, Cardinal and Inquisitor General 162–3
Glapion, Madame de 91, 95
Gobelina, abbé 85
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 379
Goldene Spiegel, Der (The Golden Mirror) (1773) 385–6
Goldner, Christian Erdmann 265
Golitsyna, Anastasia Petrovna, Princess 141–3, 144
Gómez-Centurión, Carlos 169
Gontaut, Duchesse de 197, 204
Gonzaga, Eleanora, second wife of Emperor Ferdinand II 32
Gonzaga-Nevers, Eleanora, third wife of Emperor Ferdinand II 21, 32
Goodericke, Sir John, English ambassador 336
Gournay, Amelot, Marquis de 98
Grävenitz, Christina Wilhelmina von 221
bigamous marriage to Eberhard Ludwig 230–3
decline and fall from grace 237–9
remarriage and return to favour 234–6
in role of consort 236–7
Gravenitz, Friedrich Wilhelm von 230, 236–7, 239
Gripsholm, palace at 62, 63, 68
Grund, George 137
Gsell, Georg 147
Guarini, Guarino 28–9, 31, 44
Guelph dynasty 223
Guidobono brothers, Domenico and Bartholomeo 43
Günther, Johann Christian 120
Gusmão, Luísa de 23
Gustav I Vasa, King of Sweden 63
Gustav II Adolf, King of Sweden 69, 71–2
Gustav III, King of Sweden 4, 326, 337–8, 340, 349
Guyon, Jeanne Marie de la Mothe 88
Gyllenstierna, Carl, Count 61, 63
Halifax, Lord 284
Halley, Edmund 295
Hard, Johann Ludwig von 331
Hardenberg family 377
Hat (Hatter) Party 9, 327–9, 331, 332, 333–8
and the arts 339
leader of 326
Haussonville, Comte d’ 39
Havrincourt, Marquis d’ 327–8, 329–31, 332–3, 334, 335
Hedwig Eleonora, Queen of Sweden 6, 14, 56–74, 233
as builder 62–9
as collector of objets d’art 69–74
as dowager 58–62
paintings of 68–9
political ambition 8
residences 62
Hedwig Elizabeth, sister of Eleonore of Pfalz-Neuburg 124, 125
Hedwig Sophia, granddaughter of Hedwig Eleonora 68
Heinrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt 313
Heinrich, Prince, brother of Frederick II the Great 313, 317
Hénault, President 203, 207–8
Henri II, King of France 78
Henri IV, King of France 16, 17, 78, 79
Henri of Savoy-Nemours, Archbishop of Reims 17
Henrichetta Adelaïda, sister of Carlo Emanuele II 32
Henriette-Marie of Great Britain 19
Hermann, Father Anton 268–9
Herrnals, ‘Calvary’ at 119
Hesse-Kassel, Landgrave Carl of 233
History of the Danish Woman (Den danske Kvindes Historie) (1917) 346
Hjärne, Urban 69
H⊘egh-Guldberg, Ove 357–60, 363
Hofkirche (Court Church), Dresden 268, 271
Hohenzollern, Hedwig Sophie von 226
Holstein, Karl Friedrich, Duke of 139, 149
Holy Roman Empire, women’s position in 225
Holy Shroud 28, 41
Honourable Mirror of Youth, The (1717) 146
Horn, Gustav Jakob von 331
Howard, Henrietta 7, 290–1
Huescar, Fernando de Silva Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of 175
Huguenots 11, 84, 89
hunting 24
Illuminati Order 391
Innocent XII, Pope 87
Irby, William, Lord Boston 387
Isabel Luisa Josefa, Infanta 34–6
Isabella, Empress, wife of Charles V 155
Ivan VI, Tsar of Russia 361
Ivan, brother of Peter I 134
Jacobinism 391, 392
Jagellonica, Katarina 63
James I and VI of England and Scotland 278
James II and VII of England and Scotland 38, 85
Jan (John) III Sobieski, King of Poland 256
Jansenism 97–8, 122
Jerusalem, Johann Frederick Wilhelm 382–3
Johann III, King of Sweden 63
Johann Friedrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Asbach 277
Johann Georg III, Elector of Saxony 256
Johann Georg IV, Elector of Saxony 255, 277
Johann Georg, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach 277
Johanne Elisabethe von Baden-Durlach see Baden-Durlach, Johanne Elisabethe von
John (Jan) III Sobieski, King of Poland 256
John V 175
John William, Elector Palatine 124
Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor 110, 123, 232, 233, 265
death 110, 115
familial devotion 115
fidelity 116
marriage negotiations 111–13
Juel, Just 137, 138
Juliana Maria, Queen of Denmark-Norway 6, 349–50, 353, 354, 373
maternal ambition 9, 355–9, 362–4
and Ove H⊘egh-Guldberg, shared regime 357–60, 363
political influence 354–5, 360–1, 362
Juvarra, Filippo 41–4, 171
Kameke, Frau von 307
Karl VI see Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
Karl X Gustav, King of Sweden 56, 64
coronation and marriage 57–8
death 58
tapestry collection 73
Karl XI, King of Sweden 56, 58–9, 73
celebrations for marriage 59, 61
paintings of 67–8
Karl XII, King of Sweden 56
death 74, 326
military campaigns 57, 137, 186–7, 257–8
as prospective husband 229
Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein 139, 149
Karl Peter Ulrik, Duke see Peter III, Tsar of Russia
Karlberg Palace 62, 63
Katsch, Frau von 307
Keene, Benjamin 164, 176–7, 180
Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb 381, 385
Knigge, Baron
Knights of the Golden Fleece 119
Königsmark, Maria Aurora von 256
Kunigunde, Theresia, Electress 226
L’Homme Machine (1749) 383
La Beaumelle, Angliviel de 79
La Chaise, Père 88, 93, 94, 97
La Fayette, Comtesse de 31–2
La Fite, Daniel de 385
La Fite, Marie Elisabeth de 373, 380, 381, 383, 384, 385–6, 389
La Gardie, Magnus Gabriel de 58, 63
La Gardie, Maria Euphrosyne de 68
La Granja de San Ildefonso 171–2, 173, 176, 178
La Luzerne, French ambassador 368
La Mettrie, Julien Offray de 383
La Mothe, Comte de 206
La Motte-Houdancourt, maréchale 80
La Porte de La Meilleraye, Armande-Félicité, marquise de Nesle 193
La Roche, Abbot of Cherbourg 94
La Roche, Sophie von 385
La Rochefoucauld, François IV, duc de 32, 79
La Tour, Maurice Quentin de 209
La Tournelle, marquise de (duchesse de Châteauroux) 204–6
La Tremoille, abbé de 97
La Tremoille, Anne-Marie de see Des Ursins, Anne Marie de la Tremoille, princesse des
La Vallière, Louise de 83
La Vrillière, Louis II Phélypeaux, marquis de 89
Lamberg, Count Ferdinand von 233
Lamberg, Count Johann Philip von 116
Lavater, Johann Kaspar 384, 387
Lavy, Lorenzo 44
Law of Indigenous Rights (1776) 359
Le Camus, Etienne, Bishop of Grenoble 31
le paquet d’Espagne 90
Le Roman Comique 79
Le Tellier, Père 97
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 112, 285, 300, 389
Leitner, Hildegarde 121
Lely, Sir Peter 64
Lemke, Johan Philip 66
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor 110, 227
death 116
marriage alliances for his children 110–13
pactum mutuae successionis 129–7
Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau 388, 390
Lepautre, Jean 68
Less, Gottfried 384
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim 382
Leszczyńska see Marie Leszczyńska, Queen of France; Stanislas Leszczyński
Letters on the Religious Education of Infancy 393
Lettres Physiques et Morales sur L’Histoire de la Terre et l’Homme (1778) 389
Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph 380, 386
Linnaeus, Carl (Carl von Linné) 340
Liselotte, sister-in-law of Louis XIV, duchesse d’Orléans=MADAME 82, 84, 87, 89
Lopukhina, Evdokia 134, 137
Louis II Phélypeaux, marquis de la Vrillière 89
Louis XIII, King of France 16, 78
Louis XIV, King of France 6
advice to Philip V 159, 160
and Marie-Adélaïde’s letters 39
marriage to Françoise d’Aubigné, marquise de Maintenon 77–9, 82–99
and marriage negotiations for Carlo Emanuele II 20–2
and marriage negotiations for Vittorio Amadeo II 35–7
nervous breakdown 91
mistresses 80–2
political relationship with Maria Giovanna Battista 32–3
Louis XV, King of France 44, 79
marriage to Marie Leszczyńska 191
mistresses 198, 203–6
and the plot against Fleury 198–200
potential brides 188–91
Louis, brother of Frederick William III 369
Louis, duc de Bourgogne 87, 92, 96
Louis, duc d’Orléans 187–8, 190
Louis-George-Simpert of Baden 187
Louis, the Grand Dauphin (Monseigneur) 85, 96, 99
Louisa, Queen of Denmark-Norway 6, 9, 347, 362–3
Louisa, Queen of Prussia see Luise, Queen of Prussia
Louisa Ulrica (Luise Ulrike), Queen of Prussia 14, 312
ambitions 9, 327–8, 341
background 322–3
character 322, 323, 332
coronation 328
failed royal coup 330–2
foreign political involvement 333–8
internal political involvement 4, 328–33
last years 340–1
patroness of the arts and science 11, 339–40
Louise Amalie, sister of Elisabeth Christine of Prussia 309, 314
Louise Augusta, Princess, daughter of Caroline Matilda of Denmark-Norway 353, 355, 362
Louise Dorothea of Saxe-Gotha, Princess 389
Louise-Félicité, duchesse d’Agenois 202
Louise Henriette, consort of the Great Elector 307
Louville, Charles-Auguste d’Allonville, Marquis de 90
Louvois, François Michel le Tellier, Marquis de 86
Ludwig Eugen, son of Marie Auguste von Thurn und Taxis 227, 244
Luis I, King of Spain 44, 165–7, 172, 173, 188
Luis, son of Elizabeth Farnese 167, 175
Luísa Francisca de Gusmão (de Guzmán), Queen of Portugal 19
Luise (Louisa), Queen of Prussia 300, 317–8, 368, 369, 391, 392
as mother 302, 303–9
political influence 303, 393–4
Luise Ulrike, Queen of Prussia see Louisa Ulrica, Queen of Prussia
Luther, Martin 252, 264
Lutheranism 252–5, 256, 258–9, 262–5
Luxembourg, François Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville, maréchal de 86
Luynes, Cardinal de 206
Luynes, duchesse de 197, 204, 206, 208
Luynes, Jeanne-Baptiste d’Albret de, Contessa di Verrua 44
Macanaz, Melchor de 158
Madrid, Royal Palace in 171, 175
Magalotti, Lorenzo 60–1
Magdalene Sybille, Duchess, mother of Duke Eberhard Ludwig 226, 240, 245
Magdalene Wilhelmina, sister of Duke Eberhard Ludwig 226, 229
Mailly, Louis, comte de 84
Mailly, (first) comtesse de 191, 197
Mailly, Françoise de, duchesse de Mazarin 197–8, 204
Mailly-Nesle, Louise-Julie de (second comtesse de Mailly, mistress of Louis XV) 198, 203–6
Maine, Louis Auguste, duc du 80, 85, 87, 91
Maintenon, Françoise d’Aubigné, marquise de 3, 13, 39, 191, 197
advancement of her relatives and friends 84–5
attendance at unofficial royal engagements 87
background 79–82
in disfavour (Quietist scandal) 88, 98
as family mediator 6, 95
marriage to Louis XIV 77, 82
and military matters, involvement with 86, 87, 89–90, 92–3, 95
as philanthropist 94–5
political influence 9, 77–9, 82–3, 90–3, 95–7, 98–9
prudence 94–5
quarters and household 83
religious influence 10–11, 83, 84, 87–8, 93–4, 98
and Saint-Cyr Finishing School 11, 83, 86–7, 88, 97, 99
and state affairs, involvement in 88–9
as surrogate mother 85
Makarov, Aleksei 136
Mallet, Paul-Henri 381
Mancini, Hortense, duchesse de Mazarin 25–6, 31
Mancini, Olympe 20
Mandel, Carl Christoffer 71
Man’s Destination (1748) 384
Mansart, Jules-Hardouin 83
Marguérite of Lorraine 20
Marguérite-Louise, wife of Cosimo III de’ Medici 20
Maria Amalia, daughter of Charles VI and Elizabeth Christine 115
Maria Amalia, daughter of Joseph I 111
Maria Anna, daughter of Leopold I 110
Maria Anna, sister of Eleonore of Pfalz-Neuburg 124
Maria Anna Victoria, Infanta 188–9
Maria Antonia of Bavaria 267–8, 270
María Antonia, daughter of Elizabeth Farnese 167, 175, 176
María Bárbara of Braganza 3, 6, 7, 14, 155
and the arts 177–9
death 179
political influence 9, 156–7, 174
Maria Eleonora, widow of Gustav II Adolf of Sweden 69, 71
Maria Elisabeth of Saxony 58
Maria Elizabeth, Archduchess 112
Maria Francisca Isabel (Marie-Françoise-Elisabeth), Queen of Portugal 12–13, 17, 39–40
death 37
marriage 23
marriage arrangements for her daughter 35–6
relationship with her sister Maria Giovanna Battista 17, 39–40
Maria Giovanna Battista (Marie-Jeanne-Baptiste), Duchess of Savoy-Nemours 3, 6, 10, 12–13, 16
architectural projects 17–41, 44
death 44–6
as dowager 37–6
and hunting 24
institutions created by 29–31
lovers 7, 33–4
marriage and early years 17–28
as regent 8, 26–34
renunciation 37
Maria Josepha, Electress of Saxony, Queen of Poland 6, 8, 111, 252
and Catholicism 10, 266, 268–9
children 265–8, 269–70
death 271
marriage to Friedrich August II (August III) 265–6
resting place 271
role in Seven Years War 270–1
Maria Theresa of Austria 13, 107, 115, 123
Marian cult 120, 122
Mariana of Pfalz-Neuburg, Dowager Queen of Spain 163
Marie-Adélaïde, daughter of Vittorio Amadeo II 39–40
Marie-Anne-Christine of Bavaria 80
Marie-Anne-Christine-Victoire of Bavaria 31
Marie Antoine, Archduchess, daughter of Leopold I 34
Marie Antoinette, Queen of France 186, 197
Marie-Christine of Bourbon and Savoy 16–17, 19, 20, 21, 41, 43, 45
Marie-Françoise-Elisabeth see Maria Francisca Isabel of Portugal
Marie-Jeanne-Baptiste see Maria Giovanna Battista of Savoy-Nemours
Marie Leszczyńska, Queen of France 3, 10, 13
background 186
characteristics 186–7
children 201–2, 209
correspondence with Fleury 201, 202, 204
in disfavour 200–1
expenditure 207
household members 191–8, 206–8
and the king’s mistresses 203–6
marriage to Louis XV 191
and the plot hatched with the duc de Bourbon and Mme de Prie 198–9
political and dynastic influence 9, 201–3
portraits of 209
potential husbands 187–91
reputation earned 209–13
Marie-Louise-Gabrielle of Savoy 39–40, 155, 162
her children 6, 165–7, 172, 173
death 161
domination of Philip V 160, 165
political influence 156–7
Marie Luisa Gabriella, daughter of Vittorio Amadeo II see Marie-Louise-Gabrielle of Savoy
Marie of Orléans-Longueville 17
Marie Sofie of Pfalz-Neuberg 34
Marie-Thérèse, Queen of France 79, 82
Marlborough, Duchess of 287
Marlborough, Duke of 284
Marly, château of 87, 90, 94
Mary II, Queen of Great Britain 72, 292
Mary of Modena 13, 85, 292
Masino, Carlo Francesco di Valperga, Conte di 34
Matignon, marquise de 193
Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de 339
Maurepas, comtesse de 197
Maurepas, Minister 204, 206
Max Emmanuel, Prince, son of Henriette Adelaide 35, 110–11
Maximilian II of Bavaria, Elector 124
Maximilian Wilhelm, brother of George I 262
Mazarin, Françoise de Mailly, duchesse de 197–8, 204
Mazarin, Hortense Mancini, duchesse de 25–6, 31
Mazarin, Jules, Cardinal 20, 25, 86
Menshikov, Alexander 131, 135, 136, 149, 150
Merck, J. H. 379
Mercure Danois 381
Mesmes di Marolles, Gabriella di, Contessa delle Lanze 25
Messias 381
Methuen, Paul 170–1
Meyer, Johan 68
Michaelis, J D 384
Millich, Nicolaes 64, 67
Miloslavskaia, Maria 133
Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, comte de 308
Miseroni, Ottavio 72
Modène, duc de, French ambassador 337
Moltke, Adam Gottlob, Lord Chamberlain 9, 348, 351, 354, 362
Monbijou Palace 313
Mons, Anna 134
Mons, William 140–1
Montchevreuil, Henri 85
Montchevreuil, Madame de 84–5
Montespan, Athénais, marquise de 80–2, 83
Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat 339
Montmorency-Bouteville, François Henri de, Maréchal de Luxembourg 86
Mornay-Montchevreuil, Henri Charles 85, 97
Morosini, Venetian ambassador 173
Möser, Justus 388
Mraz, Gerda 121
Muenter, Balthasar, pastor 381–2, 383, 384
Muratori, Lodovico 112
Murillo, Bartolome 172
Mursay, Henry Villette, marquis de 84
Mustapha, Aga 308
Nangis, marquis de 206
Nanteuil, Robert 29
Naryshkina, Natalia 133
Nattier, Jean-Marc 147–9, 209
Nattmossor see Cap Party
Nemours, Elisabeth de (Elisabeth de Vendôme) 17, 19–20, 21
Nesle, Armande-Félicité La Porte de La Meilleraye, marquise de 193
Neue Orientalische Reise (1647) 58
Neuffer, Philip Jacob 239
Nicole, Pierre 98
night-caps see Cap Party
Nine Years War (1688–97) 86
Noailles, Anne Jules, duc de 92, 94
Noailles, Duchesse de 79
Noailles family 88
Noailles, Louis-Antoine de, Cardinal-Archbishop 88, 93, 98
Northern Spectator, The 384
Northern War 257–8
Olearius, Adam 58
Olsuf’eva, Evva 147
Opalinska, Catherine 186
Oppenheimer, Joseph Süss 243
Order of the SS Annunziata 29
Order of St Catherine (Order of Liberation) 138–9
Order of the Visitation 121
Orléans, duchesse d’ 97
Orléans, Gaston d’ 20
Orléans, Philippe, duc d’ 85, 188
Örnehufvud, Olof Hansson 63
Oudenarde, battle of 92
Oxenstierna, Axel 63
Oxenstierna, Count Johann 73
Pacification Parliament 257, 265
Pacta Conventa 256, 257, 258, 259
Palazzo Madama 41, 43–4
Pálffy, Marianne 116, 124
partido español (Spanish Party) 172–3
Patiño, José 158, 172
Paul, Jean 369
Paul of Russia, Grand-Duke 312, 316
Pelham, Henry 295
Pescatori, Laura 159, 163, 173
Peter I, the Great, Tsar of Russia 4, 125, 131–4
art collection 146–7
creation of a new court calendar 10, 138
death 149
programme of Westernisation 141
relationship with Catherine 134–41
succession law 149
Peter II, Alekseevich 149
Peter III (Duke Karl Peter Ulrik), Tsar of Russia 149, 323, 335
Peter of Holstein 378
Pfalz-Neuburg, Philip, Wilhelm von, Elector Palatine 110–11
Philip II, King of Spain 155
Philip V, King of Spain 7, 39, 155, 156
abdication and resumption of throne 173
and the arts 177–8
children 172–3
consort’s domination of 159
correspondence with Mme de Maintenon 89–90, 94
death 173
depression 165
domestication of politics 168–70
Italian policy 170–1
personality 156, 159, 160, 165
war and policy reforms 158
Philip, Duke of Anjou 114 see also Philip V, King of Spain
Philip, Duke of Parma 167, 170
Philippe, duc d’Orléans 85, 188
Philippe, marquis de Villette 84
Phillippine Charlotte of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 323
Phull, Conrad Christoph von 235
pietas austriaca 10, 116, 119–22, 268–9
Pietism 229, 230, 259, 347, 382, 384
Plélo, comte de 202
Pléneuf, Jeanne Agnes Berthelot de see Prie, Jeanne Agnès Berthelot de Pléneuf, marquise de
Poland, civil war in 265
Polignac, Cardinal de 198
Pompadour, (Madame de), Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, marquise de 79, 201, 203, 205–6, 209, 315
Potter, John, Bishop of Oxford 292–3
Pragmatic Sanction 265
Praslin, duc de 336
Precht, Burchardt 68, 73
Prie, Jeanne Agnès Berthelot de Pléneuf, marquise de 193
influence over Marie Leszczyńska’s household 188, 189–90, 191–8
plot against Fleury 198–9
Prior, Matthew 99
Prokopovich, Feofan 136, 139, 150
Proyart, Abbé 187
Quietism 98
Quetist scandal 88
Raab, Bishop of 256–7, 259
Racine, Jean 85, 86
Ranft, Michael 262, 264
Rastrelli, Carlo 150
Rávago, Francisco 175
Reale, Madama see Maria Giovanna Battista of Savoy-Nemours
Reale, Palazzo 43
Reale, Piazza (Piazza S. Carlo) 41–3
Rébenec, French ambassador 39
Reichstag 32, 232
Remchingen, General Franz Joseph von 242–3
Republic of Letters 380
Reverdil, E. S. 381
Reversalien 242, 243
Richardson, Samuel 381
Richelieu, Armand Jean Duplessis, Cardinal, duc de 16, 79, 204
Riddarholmskyrkan (Riddarholm church), Royal Burial Church, Stockholm 59, 74
chandelier in 73
Riksdag (Diet) 326–7, 329, 330, 332–3, 335–8
Riquetti, Honoré Gabriel, comte de Mirabeau 308
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 385, 390
Royal Law (1665) (Denmark) 344, 355–7
Rubens, Peter Paul 68
Rudenschöld, Baron von 322
Rudolf II, Emperor of Austria 72
Rupelmonde, marquise de 193, 197
S. Brigida, church of, Turin 44
S. Carlo, church of, Turin 41
S. Carlo, Piazza (Piazza Reale), Turin 41–3
S. Christina, church of, Turin 41–3, 44
S. Lorenzo, church of, Turin 28
Sachsen, Moritz von (Maurice de Saxe) 256
Saint-Aignan, Duke of 165
Saint Catherine 142
Order of 138–9
Saint-Cyr Finishing School 11, 83, 86–7, 88, 97, 99
Saint-Denys, abbey of 86
Saint-Florentin, minister 207
Saint-Hermine, Louis Henri, comte de 84
Saint-Hermine, Marie Anne Françoise de 84
Saint-Maurice, Charles-Christian Chabod, comte de 33–4
Saint-Maurice, François-Thomas de Chabod, marquis de 33
Saint-Simon, duc de 40, 82, 93, 99, 165, 168, 186
Sainte-Chapelle, Chambéry 41
Salesian Order 121
Sales, François de 22–3, 121
Salm, Prince 112, 114, 123
Sancta Clara, Abraham à 120
Sanssouci, Palace of 306–7, 308, 313
women at 315
Saxe, Maurice de (Moritz von Sachsen) 256
Scarron, Mme see Maintenon, Françoise d’Aubigné, marquise de
Scarron, Paul 79–86
Schloß Hartenfels castle 260
Schlözer, August 390
Schönborn, Bishop Friedrich Carl von 238, 243
Schönhausen, Palace of 307–8, 313
Schütz, Johann Heinrich von 234, 235, 237
Scotti, Annibale 175, 178
Scudéry, Madeleine, de 79, 85
Seilern, Baron, Chancellor 126
Seven Years War 270, 313, 315
Sévigné, Madame de, marquise de 32, 77, 80, 85
Sheremetev, Boris 131, 134
Signac, Pierre 71
Signac, Paul 72
Silva Alvarez de Toledo, Fernando de, Duke of Huescar 175
Simiane, Carlo Emanuele Filiberto di, Marchese di Pianezza 34
Sinz, Johann Gottlob 264
Skavronskii, Martha see Catherine I, Empress of Russia
Skelton, Bevil 38
Sloane, Sir Hans 283
Society of Jesus 118
Somodevilla, Zenón de, Marquis of Ensenada 14, 158, 172, 173, 175, 176–7
Sophia, Electress of Hanover 278, 280, 281, 283, 285, 291
Sophia, Regent of Russia 134, 312
Sophia Charlotte, Queen of Prussia 300, 304, 307
becomes queen consort 280
death 283
and husband’s infidelity 291
relationship with Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 279–80, 281
Sophia Magdelena, daughter of Louise of Denmark 349
Sophie Charlotte, Queen of Prussia see Sophia Charlotte, Queen of Prussia
Sophie Dorothea, Queen of Prussia 300, 302–4, 307, 313, 316, 322, 335
Sophie Luise, Duchess of Württemberg 255
Sophie, Margravine of Brandenburg-Schwedt 323
Sorrows of Sophia von Sternheim, The 385
Spalding, Johan Joachim 11, 384
Spanish royal politics, domestication of 167–70
Spener, Philip Jakob 259
SS. Sindone, chapel of, Turin 29
St Carlo Borromeo 41
St François de Sales 22–3
Staffhorst, Baron Johann Friedrich von 230
Stair, Sir John Dalrymple, first Earl of 77
Stadtschloß, Royal City Palace 306
Stanhope, General James 284
Stanislas Leszczyński 4, 13–14, 186–8, 190–1, 200–1, 202, 257, 265
Starhemberg, Hofkammerpräsident 123
Steenstrup, Johannes 346
Sternkreuzorden 120
Stockholm, Royal Palace at 62, 63
Storia Metallica della Real Casa di Savoia (1828) 45
Stradella, Alessandro 24
Struensee, Johann Friedrich 7, 9, 350, 351–3, 355–9, 362, 363
conversion to Christianity 381–3, 384
Stuart, James ‘III’ the Old Pretender 125
Stuarts, the
invasion of Scotland 92
Madame de Maintenon’s connection with 85–6
Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna 66
Summer Palace, St Petersburg 146–7
Sunderland, Earl of 284
Schwartz, Daniel 72
Swedish Countess, The 383
Sylvius, Johan 64
Tallard, Duchesse de 191–3
Tesauros, Emmanuele 64
Tessin, Carl Gustav, Count, Swedish ambassador 312, 326, 329, 339, 340
Tessin, Nicodemus (the elder) 63–6
Tessin, Nicodemus (the younger) 61, 64, 69, 73
Thaer, Albert 388
Theatrum Sabaudiae 29
Thérèse, of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, niece of Queen Charlotte 368–9
Thomas-Louis of Savoy, comte de Soissons 29
Thoughts on the Value of Feelings in Religion 384
Thurn und Taxis, Marie Auguste von 6, 8, 221, 239, 240–6
Thurn und Taxis, Prince of 368–9
Tigny, Louis d’Aubigné de 93
Tillotson, John 383
Tonnerre, duchesse de 204
Toqué, Louis 209
Torcy, Colbert de 90, 95
Treaty of Montmartre 21
Trecesson, Marie-Jeanne de, Marchesa di Cavour 25
Trianon, château of 87
Triumph of Catherine, The 147
Triumph of Minerva, The 147
Triumph of Russia, The 147
Ulrica Eleonora, granddaughter of Hedwig Eleonora 71
Ulrika Eleonora, consort of Karl XI 62, 68, 74
Ulriksdal Palace 69, 74
Unigenitus 98
Uppsala cathedral 73
Valentino, Castello di 43
Vallée, Jean de la 69
Valperga, Carlo Francesco di, Conte di Masino 34
Valsecchi, Franco 164
Van Loo, Louis-Michel 209
Vanbrugh, Sir John 284
Vasconcelos e Sousa, Luís de 23
Västerås, Bishop 331
Vauréal, Bishop of Rennes 164–5
Venaria Reale, Savoy 24
Vendôme, duc de 92
Vendôme, Elisabeth de (Elisabeth de Nemours) 17, 19–20, 21
Ventadour, duchesse de 96, 193, 197
Verney, Pâris du 198, 199
Villars, Claude Louis Hector, duc de (Marshal of France) 92–3, 94, 96, 99, 199
Villars, duchesse de 204, 208
Villars, maréchale de 193
Villars, marquis de 80
Villeroy, duc de 96, 99
Villette, Henry, marquis de Mursay 84
Villette, Marthe-Marguerite 84
Villette, Philippe, marquis de 84
Virgin, cult of the 120
Visconti, Primi 80–2
Vittoria Francesca, illegitimate daughter of Vittorio Amedeo II 44
Vittorio Amedeo I, Duke of Savoy 41, 43
Vittorio Amedeo II, King of Sardinia 23, 29, 33, 189, 190
detachment from Louis XIV 38–9
health 35
kingship 40–1, 44
marriage negotiations 34–7
Vittorio Amedeo Francesco see Vittorio Amedeo II 23, 29, 33
Vittorio Amedeo, Principe di Piemonte, son of Vittorio Amedeo II 40–1
Vittorio Amedeo Teodora, duc d’Aosta 44
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de 82–3, 339, 340, 389
Voyer, Marc-Pierre de, comte d’Argenson 187, 190–1
Voysin, Daniel 93, 96
Wagenheim, General 378
Wagner, Francis 120–1
Wall, Richard 175, 176–7
Walmoden, Amalie von 291
Walpole, Horatio 284
War of the Austria Succession, 1740–8 244
War of the Bavarian Succession, 1778–9 378
War of the Polish Succession, 1733–5 239
War of the Spanish Succession, 1701–13 89–90, 234
Warsaw Confederation 265
Werneck, Christoph Friedrich von 243–4
Whitelocke, Bulstrode 57
Whitworth, Charles 137, 138
Wieland, Christoph M 379, 385
Wilhelm Ludwig, Duke of Württemberg 226
Wilhelmina, Duchess of Orange 312, 392, 393
Wilhelmina, Margravine of Bayreuth 225–6, 323, 335
Wilhelmine Amalia of Braunschweig-Lüneburg 110, 111, 112–13, 268
burial of 120
and court culture 118
her daughters and succession 126–7
educational reforms 122
fertility 113–14
fidelity 115–17
involvement in political affairs 122–7
spirituality 10, 121–2
William III, King of Great Britain 280
William IV, King of Great Britain 368
Wittelsbach dynasty 223
Wittkopf, Rudolf 73
Wolff, Christian 305
Wortley Montagu, Lady Mary 118
Wrangel, Carl Gustaf 59
Wrangel, Erik von 331
Wratislaw, Count 123
Wunder, Heide 107
Würben, Count Franz Ferdinand von 234
Württemberg, position of in the Empire 223
Württemberg-Neuenstaat, Carl Rudolph von 242, 243
Württemberg-Neuenstaat, Friedrich von 227
Württemberg-Oels, Friedrich Carl von 243
Zimmerman, J. G. 384, 391