THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF

RUSSIA

This first volume of the Cambridge History of Russia covers the period from early (‘Kievan’) Rus’ to the start of Peter the Great’s reign in 1689. It surveys the development of Russia through the Mongol invasions to the expansion of the Muscovite state in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and deals with political, social, economic and cultural issues under the Riurikid and early Romanov rulers. The volume is organised on a primarily chronological basis, but a number of general themes are also addressed, including the bases of political legitimacy; law and society; the interactions of Russians and non-Russians; and the relationship of the state with the Orthodox Church. The international team of authors incorporates the latest Russian and Western scholarship and offers an authoritative new account of the formative ‘pre-Petrine’ period of Russian history, before the process of Europeanisation had made a significant impact on society and culture.

MAUREEN PERRIE is Emeritus Professor of Russian History at the University of Birmingham. She has published extensively on Russian history from the sixteenth to the twentieth century. Her publications include Pretenders and Popular Monarchism in Early Modern Russia: The False Tsars of the Time of Troubles (1995) and The Cult of Ivan the Terrible in Stalin’s Russia (2001).

THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF

RUSSIA

This is a definitive new history of Russia from early Rus’ to the successor states that emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Volume I encompasses developments before the reign of Peter I; volume II covers the ‘imperial era’, from Peter’s time to the fall of the monarchy in March 1917; and volume III continues the story through to the end of the twentieth century. At the core of all three volumes are the Russians, the lands which they have inhabited and the polities that ruled them while other peoples and territories have also been given generous coverage for the periods when they came under Riurikid, Romanov and Soviet rule. The distinct voices of individual contributors provide a multitude of perspectives on Russia’s diverse and controversial millennial history.

Volumes in the series

Volume I
From Early Rus’ to 1 689
Edited by Maureen Perrie

Volume II
Imperial Russia, 1 689–1 917
Edited by Dominic Lieven

Volume III
The Twentieth Century
Edited by Ronald Grigor Suny

THE CAMBRIDGE
HISTORY OF

RUSSIA

VOLUME I

From Early Rus’ to 1689

Edited by

MAUREEN PERRIE

University of Birmingham

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo

Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521812276

© Cambridge University Press 2006

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2006

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

ISBN-13 978-0-521-81227-6 hardback
ISBN -10 0-521-81227-5 hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Contents

Plates

Maps

Figures

Genealogical tables

Notes on contributors

SERGEI BOGATYREV is Lecturer in Early Russian History in the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (University College London) and Docent of Early Russian Culture at the University of Helsinki. He is the author of The Sovereign and His Counsellors: Ritualised Consultations in Muscovite Political Culture, 1350s–1570s (2000), and the editor and co-author of Russia Takes Shape. Patterns of Integration from the Middle Ages to the Present (2004).

ROBERT O. CRUMMEY is Emeritus Professor of History at the University of California, Davis, and author of The Old Believers and the World of Antichrist: The Vyg Community and the Russian State, 1694–1855 (1970), Aristocrats and Servitors: The Boyar Elite in Russia, 1613–1689 (1983) and The Formation of Muscovy, 1304–1613 (1987).

BRIAN DAVIES is Associate Professor of History at the University of Texas at San Antonio and the author of State Power and Community in Early Modern Russia: The Case of Kozlov, 1635–1649 (2004).

MARTIN DIMNIK is Senior Fellow and President Emeritus, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, Toronto, and Professor of Medieval History, University of Toronto. He is the author of Mikhail, Prince of Chernigov and Grand Prince of Kiev, 1224–1246 (1981), The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1054–1146 (1994), and The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1146–1246 (2003).

MICHAEL S. FLIER is Oleksandr Potebnja Professor of Ukrainian Philology at Harvard University. He is co-editor with Henrik Birnbaum of Medieval Russian Culture (1984); with Daniel Rowland of Medieval Russian Culture, II (1994); and with Henning Andersen of Francis J. Whitfield’s Old Church Slavic Reader (2004).

SIMON FRANKLIN is Professor of Slavonic Studies at the University of Cambridge and author of The Emergence of Rus 750–1200 (with Jonathan Shepard, 1996) and Writing, Society and Culture in Early Rus c. 950–1300 (2002).

RICHARD HELLIE is Thomas E. Donnelly Professor of Russian History, The University of Chicago, and the author of Enserfment and Military Change in Muscovy (1971), Slavery in Russia 1450–1725 (1982) and The Economy and Material Culture of Russia 1600–1725 (1999).

LINDSEY HUGHES is Professor of Russian History in the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, and the author of Sophia Regent of Russia 1657–1704 (1990), Russia in the Age of Peter the Great (1998) and Peter the Great: A Biography (2002).

V. L. IANIN is an Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the author of Novgorod i Litva. Pogranichnye situatsii XIII–XV vekov [Novgorod and Lithuania. Frontier Situations in the 13th–15th centuries] (1998), U istokov novgorodskoi gosudarstvennosti [The Origins of Novgorod’s Statehood] (2001) and Novgorodskie posadniki [The Governors of Novgorod ] (2nd edn, 2003).

MICHAEL KHODARKOVSKY is a Professor of History at Loyola University, Chicago. He is the author of Where Two Worlds Met: The Russian State and the Kalmyk Nomads, 1600–1771 (1992) and of Russia’s Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500–1800(2002); and the editor, with Robert Geraci, of Of Religion and Empire: Missions, Conversion, and Tolerance in Tsarist Russia (2001).

NANCY SHIELDS KOLLMANN is William H. Bonsall Professor in History at Stanford University and the author of Kinship and Politics. The Making of the Muscovite Political System, 1345–1547 (1987) and By Honor Bound. State and Society in Early Modern Russia (1999).

JANET MARTIN is Professor of History at the University of Miami and author of Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and its Significance for Medieval Russia (1986, pb 2004) and Medieval Russia 980–1584 (1995).

DAVID B. MILLER is Emeritus Professor of Russian History at Roosevelt University, Chicago, and the author of The Velikie Minei Chetii and the Stepennaia Kniga of Metropolitan Makarii and the Origins of Russian National Consciousness (1979) and numerous articles on the history of Muscovite and Kievan Russia.

DONALD OSTROWSKI is Research Adviser in the Social Sciences and Lecturer in Extension Studies at Harvard University. He is the author of Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304–1589 (1998) and the editor and compiler of The Povest’ vremennykh let: an Interlinear Collation and Paradosis (2003).

A. P. PAVLOV is Senior Research Fellow in the Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, and the author of Gosudarev dvor i politicheskaia bor’ba pri Borise Godunove (1584–1605 gg.) [The Sovereign’s Court and Political Conflict under Boris Godunov, 1584–1605] (1992) and, with Maureen Perrie, Ivan the Terrible (2003).

MAUREEN PERRIE is Emeritus Professor of Russian History at the University of Birmingham and the author of Pretenders and Popular Monarchism in Early Modern Russia: The False Tsars of the Time of Troubles (1995) and, with Andrei Pavlov, Ivan the Terrible (2003).

MARSHALL POE writes for The Atlantic Monthly. He is the author of ‘A People Born to Slavery’: Russia in Early Modern European Ethnography, 1476–1748 (2000), The Russian Moment in World History (2003), and The Russian Elite in the Seventeenth Century (2 vols., 2004).

DENIS J. B. SHAW is Reader in Russian Geography at the University of Birmingham. He is the author of Russia in the Modern World (1999), of Landscape and Settlement in Romanov Russia, 1613–1917 (with Judith Pallot, 1990) and of articles and chapters on the historical geography of early modern Russia.

JONATHAN SHEPARD was formerly University Lecturer in Russian History at the University of Cambridge and is co-author (with Simon Franklin) of The Emergence of Rus 750–1200 (1996), and editor of The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire (2006, forthcoming).

Acknowledgements

I should like to thank all those individuals who have provided me with help and support in the preparation of this volume. I am particularly grateful to Simon Franklin for his advice on the earliest centuries, and for his comments on my draft translation of V. L. Ianin’s chapter on Novgorod. Denis Shaw was always willing to lend a sympathetic ear to my editorial grumblings about contributors who were less punctual and conscientious than he was.

The University of Birmingham has provided invaluable back-up throughout the project. I am especially indebted to Marea Arries and Tricia Carr of the Centre for Russian and East European Studies for secretarial assistance; and to Geoff Goode and Hugh Jenkins of the School of Social Sciences for IT support. Nigel Hardware of the Alexander Baykov Library has been unfailingly helpful. Thanks also to Anne Ankcorn and Kevin Burkhill of the School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences for drawing the maps for Chapters 2 and 25.

Note on dates and transliteration

The volume uses the simplified form of the Library of Congress system of transliteration; old orthography has been modernised. Some proper names have been anglicised rather than transliterated, especially in the case of rulers whose names are best known to non-specialists in this form, for example Tsars Michael, Alexis and Peter (rather than Mikhail, Aleksei and Petr) in the seventeenth century. Most Tatar and other Turkic names are given in anglicised (rather than Russified) forms.

Dates follow the Old Style (Julian) calendar. Years began on 1 September: where the month is not known, they are given in the form 1598/9.

Chronology

List of abbreviations