The Cambridge History of Spanish Literature

This first comprehensive history of Spanish literature to be published in English since the 1970s brings together experts from the USA, the United Kingdom, and Spain. Together, the essays cover the full range of Spanish poetry, prose, and theatre from the early Middle Ages to the present day. The classics of the canon of eleven centuries of Spanish literature are covered, from Berceo, Cervantes and Calderón to García Lorca and Martín Gaite, but attention is also paid to lesser-known writers and works. The chapters chart a wide range of literary periods and movements. The volume concludes with a consideration of the influences of film and new media on modern Spanish literature. This invaluable book contains an introduction, more than fifty substantial chapters, a chronology (covering key events in history, literature, and art), a bibliography, and a comprehensive index for easy reference.

The Cambridge History of Spanish Literature

Edited by
David T. Gies

PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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© Cambridge University Press 2004

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2004

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

Typeface Sabon 10/12 pt. System LATEX 2_e [TB]

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data
The Cambridge history of Spanish literature / edited by David T. Gies.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0 521 80618 6 (hardback)
1. Spanish literature – History and criticism. I. Gies, David Thatcher.
PQ6033.C36 2004
860.9 – dc22 2004045601

ISBN 0 521 80618 6 hardback

The publisher has used its best endeavors to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press. However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate.

Contents

Notes on contributors

Joaquín Álvarez Barrientos is a member of Spain’s National Scientific Research Council (CSIC), and former head of its Department of Spanish Literature (Madrid). He has taught in several European and North American universities, and serves on the editorial board of numerous journals and societies dealing with Spanish eighteenth- and nineteenth-century literature. Among his many publications are La novela del siglo XVIII (1991), La República de las letras en la España del siglo XVIII (1995), Ilustración y Neoclasicismo en las letras españolas (2004), and El hombre de letras en el siglo XVIII español (2004).

Andrew A. Anderson is Professor of Spanish at the University of Virginia. His publications include Lorca’s Late Poetry: A Critical Study (1990), García Lorca: “La zapatera prodigiosa” (1991), América en un poeta. Los viajes de Federico García Lorca al Nuevo Mundo (ed., 1999), García Lorca: “Yerma” (2003), six editions of García Lorca’s poetry, theatre, prose, and correspondence (including Epistolario completo [1997], coedited with Christopher Maurer), as well as more than fifty articles on a variety of topics in modern Spanish literature. He has also compiled the bi-annual bibliography for the Boletín de la Fundación Federico García Lorca since 1987.

Andrew M. Beresford is Lecturer in Hispanic Language and Literature at the University of Durham, UK, where he specializes in hagiography, gender studies, and popular traditions. His publications include studies of Gonzalo de Berceo, the legend of Saint Mary of Egypt, Celestina, cancionero poetry, and the body-and-soul debate. He is one of the senior editors of Papers of the Medieval Hispanic Research Seminar and has served as a member of several other editorial boards. He is currently in the process of completing projects on the Castilian reworking of the  Legenda aurea and the sonnets of the Marqués de Santillana.

Enric Bou is Professor of Hispanic Studies at Brown University, where he specializes in Spanish and Catalan contemporary literature. His publications include Papers privats. Assaig sobre les formes literàries autobiogràfiques (1993), Pintura en el aire. Arte y literatura en la modernidad hispánica (2001), and two editions of letters by Pedro Salinas, Cartas de viaje (1996) and Cartas a Katherine Whitmore (1932–1947) (2002). He is the editor of the Nou Diccionari 62 de la Literatura Catalana (2000) and has recently published a general anthology of visual poetry, La crisis de la palabra. La Poesía Visual: un discurso poético alternativo (2003).

James Burke is Professor of Spanish at the University of Toronto. He has written four books, the most recent of which are Desire Against the Law (1998) and Vision, the Gaze and the Function of the Senses in “Celestina” (2000), and in addition has published some fifty scholarly articles. He has held a number of administrative posts at Toronto, Department Chair 1983–1993, and has served on several editorial boards. He has been a frequent referee for scholarly journals, and is an Honorary Associate of the Hispanic Society of America.

Juan Cano Ballesta is Commonwealth Professor of Spanish (Emeritus) at the University of Virginia. As a literary scholar and historian he has published numerous articles and book reviews in journals in the USA and Europe. His books include La poesía de Miguel Hernández (1978), La poesía española entre pureza y revolución (1994), Literatura y tecnología: Las letras españolas ante la revolución industrial 1900–1933 (1999), Las estrategias de la imaginación. Utopías literarias y retórica política bajo el franquismo (1994), Poesía española reciente (1980–2000) (2001), plus critical editions of Larra and Miguel Hernández. In 2003 he published La mentira de las letras: Crítica cinematográfica de Juan Gil-Albert en la revista Romance.

Richard A. Cardwell is Professor of Modern Spanish Literatures, Emeritus, at the University of Nottingham, UK. He has written over one hundred articles and some twenty books and editions on writers of the period 1800–1936. A number of his studies have questioned the viability of the concept of two opposed finisecular generations – modernismo versus noventayocho – arguments which will appear in definitive form in his forthcoming study of the Symbolist-Decadence in Spain. He was elected to the Real Academia de Buenas Letras de Sevilla in 1986 and serves on the editorial board of a number of journals. He presently teaches part-time in Nottingham.

Guillermo Carnero is Professor of Spanish Literature at the University of Alicante, Spain. As a poet and scholar he has received the Spanish National Prize for Criticism, the National Prize for Literature, and the Fastenrath Prize of the Spanish Royal Academy. An expert on Spanish and comparative literature of the modern period (eighteenth through twentieth centuries), he has published editions of the works of García Malo, Jovellanos, Luzán, Martínez Colomer, Montengón, Zavala y Zamora, Espronceda, and others. He coordinated volumes 6, 7, and 8 of the Historia de la literatura española (1995–1996).

Lou Charnon-Deutsch is Professor of Spanish and Women’s Studies at Stony Brook University. Her recent books include Narratives of Desire: Nineteenth-Century Spanish Fiction by Women (1994), Culture and Gender in Nineteenth-Century Spain (co-edited with Jo Labanyi, 1995), Fictions of the Feminine in Nineteenth-Century Spanish Press (2000), and The Spanish Gypsy, History of a European Obsession (2004). She serves on the editorial board of Revista de Estudios Hispánicos and Letras Femeninas and is American Editor of the Journal of Hispanic Research.

Jorge Checa is Professor of Spanish at the University of California, Santa Barbara. A Golden Age specialist also interested in medieval and contemporary literature, his publications include Gracián y la imaginación arquitectónica (1986), the anthology Barroco esencial (1992), and Experiencia y representación en el Siglo de Oro (1998). He has written a number of articles about Gracián, Cervantes, Lope de Vega, Calderón de la Barca, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, and Francisco Delicado (among other authors), in which he explores issues related to ideology, culture, and textual representation in the Hispanic world during the early modern period.

Anthony J. Close is Reader in Spanish at the University of Cambridge, UK. He is the author of The Romantic Approach to “Don Quixote” (1978), Don Quixote (1990), and Cervantes and the Comic Mind of his Age (2000), and some forty articles on Cervantes, Spanish Golden Age literature, the history of Cervantine criticism, and literary theory. He is a member of three editorial boards and of the Junta Directiva of the Asociación Internacional del Siglo de Oro.

John Dagenais is Professor of Spanish at the University of California, Los Angeles. His publications include The Ethics of Reading in Manuscript Culture: Glossing the “Libro de buen amor” (1994) and a special issue of the Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies, co-edited with Margaret Greer: “Decolonizing the Middle Ages” (2000). He has published articles, translations, and reviews on medieval Catalan, Castilian, Galician-Portuguese, and Occitan literature. Current projects include a translation of the fifteenth-century Spill by Jame Roig and a VR reconstruction of the Romanesque cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. He has served on the editorial board of Viator since 1999.

Philip Deacon is Reader in Hispanic Studies at the University of Sheffield, UK. His published research centers on the intellectual and cultural history of eighteenth-century Spain, principally in the fields of drama, the erotic, ideological conflict, and the essay-press. Recent publications have focused on the aesthetic beliefs, social significance, and reception of the writers Nicolás and Leandro Fernández de Moratín, including a study and edition of Leandro Moratín’s El sí de las niñas, republished in 2001.

Nigel Dennis is Professor of Spanish at the University of St Andrews, UK. His publications include José Bergamín: A Critical Introduction 1920–1936 (1986), Studies on Ramón Gómez de la Serna (ed., 1988), and editions of work by Ernesto Giménez Caballero (Visitas literarias de España, 1995) and Ramón Gaya (Obra completa IV, 2000). He has published extensively on twentieth-century writers and prepared special issues of journals such as Revista de Occidente (1995) and Romance Quarterly (1999). He has been Director of the Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos (1992–1996) and has served as President of the Canadian Association of Hispanists (1990–1992).

Victor F. Dixon is Fellow Emeritus of Trinity College, Dublin, whose Chair of Spanish he held from 1974 to 1999. His publications include critical editions of three plays by Lope de Vega: El sufrimiento premiado (1967), El perro del hortelano(1981), and Fuente Ovejuna (1989), plus verse translations of the last two. He has written many reviews and over fifty journal articles on Spanish theatre; of these, apart from nine on Antonio Buero Vallejo, the vast majority relate to Lope. He has also directed and acted in some twenty Spanish plays.

Marvin D’Lugo is Professor of Spanish and Adjunct Professor of Screen Studies at Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, where he teaches courses on Spanish and Latin American cinemas. His publications include The Films of Carlos Saura. The Practice of Seeing (1991), Guide to the Cinema of Spain (1997), and a special issue of the journal Post-Script: Essays in Film and the Humanities on “Recent Spanish Cinema in Global Contexts” (2002), in addition to more than one hundred essays and reviews. He has served as a member of several editorial boards for journals, most recently Secuencias: Revista de Historia del Cine.

Dru Dougherty is Professor of Spanish Literature at the University of California, Berkeley. He co-directs a research project that is unearthing the stage history of Madrid’s theatre from 1918 to 1936. Two volumes have appeared: La escena madrileña entre 1918 y 1926: Análisis y documentación (1990) and La escena madrileña entre 1926 y 1931: Un lustro de transición (1997), both co-authored with María Francisca Vilches. Dougherty’s other major research project involves the works of Ramón del Valle-Inclán. His four books on this author include Guía para caminantes en Santa Fe de Tierra Firme: Estudio sistémico de “Tirano Banderas” (1999) and Palimpsestos al cubo: Prácticas discursivas de Valle-Inclán (2003).

Brad Epps is Professor of Romance Languages and Literatures and of the Committee on Degrees in Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies at Harvard University. He has published over fifty articles on literature, film, and art from Spain, Latin America, Catalonia, and France. He is the author of Significant Violence: Oppression and Resistance in the Narratives of Juan Goytisolo (1996) and co-editor of two forthcoming collections of essays: Spain Beyond Spain: Modernity, Literary History, and National Identity and Passing Lines: Immigration and (Homo)sexuality. He is also working on two book-length projects: Daring to Write and Barcelona and Beyond.

Sharon G. Feldman is Associate Professor of Spanish at the University of Richmond, Virginia. She is the author of Allegories of Dissent (1998; Spain, 2002), thirty articles and essays on Spanish and Catalan theatre and performance, as well as several play translations. She has held visiting appointments at the Universidade de Santiago de Compostela and the Institut del Teatre de la Diputació de Barcelona (including a Fulbright Senior Lectureship), and is a member of the executive board of the North American Catalan Society. Her forthcoming book on the contemporary Barcelona stage is entitled In the Eye of the Storm.

Derek Flitter is Head of the Department of Hispanic Studies at the University of Birmingham, UK. His publications include Spanish Romantic Literary Theory and Criticism (1992), Teoría y crítica del romanticismo español (1995), and the jointly authored Don Alvaro et le drame romantique espagnol (2003). His latest study, Spanish Romanticism and the Uses of History: Ideology and the Historical Imagination, is to appear in 2004. He is a contributor to the forthcoming Blackwell Companion to European Romanticism and to Continuum’s Byron in Europe volume, and is currently completing the volume on Romanticism for Palgrave’s European Culture and Society series.

Mary Malcom Gaylord is Sosland Family Professor of Romance Languages and Literatures at Harvard University. She is author of The Historical Prose of Fernando de Herrera and editor of “Frames for Reading: Cervantes Studies in Honor of Peter N. Dunn,” a special issue of the  Bulletin of the Cervantes Society of America. She has published numerous essays on poetry and poetics, including studies of San Juan de la Cruz, Cervantes, Lope de Vega, Góngora, and the traditional lyric. Her current work focuses on New World resonances in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century representations of the poetic voice.

E. Michael Gerli is Commonwealth Professor of Spanish at the University of Virginia. He is a medievalist and early Modernist whose publications include eleven authored or edited books, including Refiguring Authority: Reading, Writing, and Rewriting in Cervantes (1995), Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia (2003), and over 150 articles and book reviews. He is a member of the editorial boards of several leading journals and presses of the profession, including the Hispanic Review, and the University of North Carolina Studies in Romance Languages and Literatures. Professor Gerli has held grants and fellowships for research from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Council of Learned Societies, and other agencies and foundations.

David T. Gies is Commonwealth Professor of Spanish at the University of Virginia. He has published twelve books and critical editions, including The Cambridge Companion to Modern Spanish Culture (1999), Theatre and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Spain (1988), The Theatre in Nineteenth-Century Spain (1994), Nicolás Fernández de Moratín (1979), and Agustín Durán (1975). Author of more than eighty articles and one hundred book reviews, he also edits DIECIOCHO and has been awarded numerous grants from agencies such as the Guggenheim Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Philosophical Society, and the Spanish Ministry of Culture. He serves on the Editorial Board of the Bulletin of Spanish Studies, Hecho Teatral, Cuadernos Dieciochistas, and Rilce.

Margaret R. Greer is Professor of Spanish and Chair of the Department of Romance Studies, Duke University. Her publications include: María de Zayas Tells Baroque Tales of Love and the Cruelty of Men (2000), The Play of Power: Mythological Court Dramas of Pedro Calderón de la Barca (1991), editions of Calderón de la Barca’s plays Basta callar (2000) and La estatua de Prometeo (1986), and Decolonizing the Middle Ages (2000), edited with John Dagenais. Current book projects include Approaches to Teaching Spanish Golden Age Drama (with Laura Bass) and a book on early modern Spanish tragedy.

Martha Halsey is Professor of Spanish, Emerita, at Pennsylvania State University, where she has organized several international theatre symposia. In 1983 she was named Visiting Olive B. O’Connor Professor of Literature at Colgate University. Her publications include editions of plays by Buero Vallejo, Martín Recuerda, and Rodríguez Méndez, and (with P. Zatlin) The Contemporary Spanish Theater: A Collection of Critical Essays (1988) and Entre Actos: Diálogos sobre teatro español entre siglos (1999). She is the author of From Dictatorship to Democracy: The Recent Plays of Buero Vallejo (1994). From 1992 to 1998 she edited the journal, Estreno. She is an Honorary Fellow of The Hispanic Society of America.

Michael Iarocci is Assistant Professor of Spanish at the University of California – Berkeley. He is the author of Enrique Gil y la genealogía de la lírica moderna (1999), and he has published scholarly articles on numerous modern Spanish writers (José Cadalso, Mariano José de Larra, Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Benito Pérez Galdós, José María de Pereda, Federico García Lorca). He has served on the editorial board of Bucknell University Press, and he is on the advisory board of Scripta Humanistica. He is currently finishing a book-length study of Romantic writing in Spain and its relationship to the idea of the modern.

Susan Kirkpatrick is Professor of Spanish Literature at the University of California, San Diego. She is the author of Larra: El inextricable laberinto de un liberal romántico (1979), Las Románticas: Women Writers and Subjectivity in Spain, 1835–1850 (1989), Mujer, modernismo y vanguardia en Espana (1898–1931) (2003), and editor of Antología poética de escritoras del diecinueve (1992). She has also published over fifty articles in scholarly journals and has served on the Executive Council of the MLA (1993–1996).

C. A. Longhurst is Professor Emeritus of the University of Leeds, UK; previously he was Professor of Spanish at the University of Exeter. He has held visiting appointments at the universities of Salamanca, Virginia, and Glasgow, and is currently Visiting Professor at King’s College London. He is General Editor of the Bulletin of Spanish Studies. He is the author of Las novelas históricas de Pío Baroja (1974), as well as editions and critical studies of Baroja’s El mundo es ansí (1977), Unamuno’s San Manuel Bueno, mártir / La novela de don Sandalio (1984), La tía Tula (1987), and Abel Sánchez (1995), and Miró’s Nuestro Padre San Daniel / El obispo leproso (1994).

José-Carlos Mainer is Professor of Spanish Literature at the University of Zaragoza, Spain. His published books include the anthology Falange y literatura (1971) and critical editions of works by Valera, Galdós, Baroja, Basterra, and Martín-Santos. He is the author of La Edad de Plata (1902–1939) (1975, 1982), La doma de la Quimera. Ensayos sobre nacionalismo y cultura en España (1988), La corona hecha trizas (1930–1960) (1989), De posguerra (1995), and La filología en el purgatorio. Los estudios literarios en 1950 (2003), in addition to dozens of articles and book reviews.

Gregorio C. Martín is Professor of Hispanic Studies at Duquesne University and Editor of Crítica Hispánica. His publications include Hacia una revisión crítica de la biografía de Larra (1975), Lope de Vega’s Las hazañas del Segundo David (co-edited with Juan Bautista Avalle-Arce, 1985), and articles on the work of Larra, Jesús Fernández Santos, Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio, and Carlos Rojas.

Susan Martin-Márquez specializes in modern Peninsular literary narrative, film, and cultural studies. Her book Feminist Discourse and Spanish Cinema: Sight Unseen was published in 1999 by Oxford University Press, and she is currently working on an international collaborative oral history of cinema-going in 1940s and 1950s Spain, which analyzes the mechanisms of memory and the “performance” and practice of everyday life under Francoism. She is also completing a book, Disorientations: Spanish Colonialism in Africa and the Cultural Mapping of Identity, which scrutinizes the role played by Africa in the reconsolidation of Spanish national identities in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Maria Rosa Menocal is the R. Selden Rose Professor of Spanish and Portuguese at Yale University where she is also Director of Special Programs in the Humanities and of the Whitney Humanities Center. Her books include The Arabic Role in Medieval Literary History: A Forgotten Heritage; Writing in Dante’s Cult of Truth: From Borges to Boccacio; Shards of Love: Exile and the Origins of the Lyric; The Literature of Al-Andalus in The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature series (co-edited); and, most recently, The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Christians and Jews Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain. She is currently working on a project for Yale University Press entitled Mosques, Churches, and Synagogues: Images of the Shared Cultures of Medieval Spain.

Stephen Miller is Professor of Hispanic Studies at Texas A&M University. He has written El mundo de Galdós (1983), and edited (with Janet Pérez) Critical Studies on Gonzalo Torrente Ballester (1989) and (with Brian Dendle) Critical Studies on Armando Palacio Valdés (1993). In 2001 he published Galdós gráfico (1861–1907): orígenes, técnicas y límites del socio-mimetismo, as well as edited and introduced in facsimile volumes the five known Galdosian sketch books: Gran teatro de la pescadería, Las Canarias, Atlas zoológico, Album arquitectónico, and Album marítimo. He is currently developing a theory of composition and reading for nineteenth-century illustrated narrative.

José María Naharro-Calderón is Associate Professor of Spanish at the University of Maryland and Profesor Asociado at the Universidad de Alcalá. His publications include Juan Ramón Jiménez (1987), El exilio de las Españas de 1939 en las Américas: ?Adónde fue la canción? (1991), Entre el exilio y el interior: El “entresiglo” y Juan Ramón Jiménez (1994), Los exilios de las Españas de 1939: Por sendas de la memoria (1999), Manuscrit corbeau (1998) and Manuscrito cuervo (1999) and editions of Max Aub’s. He has recently completed Sangrías españolas y terapias de Vichy: De los campos de concentración a las vueltas de exilio and critical editions of Aub’s El Rapto de Europa and Campo francés.

María Ángeles Naval is Professor of Spanish Literature at the University of Zaragoza, Spain. A specialist in the poetry of nineteenth-century Spain, she has written El sentimiento apócrifo, Luis Ram de Viu (1864–1906): Vida y obra de un poeta de la Restauración (1995) and La novela de Vértice. La novela del Sábado (2001). She edited Flores de muerto by Ram de Viu and Recuerdos del tiempo viejo by José Zorrilla. Coordinator of the collective volume Cultura burguesa y letras provincianas (1993), she has also written on José Cadalso, Bécquer, Valle-Inclán, and R. J. Sender, and has published the letters of Luis Cernuda to Gerardo Diego. She is Editor of the contemporary poetry magazine, Poesía en el Campus.

Nelson R. Orringer is Professor Emeritus of Spanish and Comparative Literature at the University of Connecticut (Storrs). Among his seven book-length critical studies are Ortega y sus fuentes germánicas (1979) and Unamuno y los protestantes liberales (1985). He has edited a special issue of the journal Bulletin of Spanish Studies (2002) on Hispanic Modernism; published the annotated English translation of Zubiri’s Estructura dinámica de la realidad (2003); annotated critical editions of Francisco Ayala’s two Caribbean novels; and authored 135 articles. He has served on six editorial boards and the Board of Directors of the Xavier Zubiri Foundation of North America.

Janet Perez is Paul Whitfield Horn Professor of Romance Languages and Qualia Chair of Spanish at Texas Tech University. She has authored books on José Ortega y Gasset, Ana María Matute, Miguel Delibes, Gonzalo Torrente Ballester, Camilo José Cela, contemporary Spanish women narrators, contemporary Spanish women poets, and edited or co-edited several essay collections and reference works. She has published more than 225 studies on contemporary Spanish poetry, drama, essays and novels, and more than 300 contributions to reference works. With past or present service on dozens of editorial boards, she is presently Editor of Hispania.

Joan Ramon Resina is Professor of Romance Studies and Comparative Literature at Cornell University. He is the author of La búsqueda del Grial (1988), Un sueño de piedra: Ensayos sobre la literatura del modernismo europeo (1990), Los usos del clásico (1991), and El cadáver en la cocina. La novela policiaca en la cultura del desencanto (1997). He has edited Mythopoesis: Literatura, totalidad, ideología (1992), El aeroplano y la estrella: el movimiento vanguardista en los Países Catalanes (1904–1936) (1997), Disremembering the Dictatorship: The Politics of Memory since the Spanish Transition to Democracy (2000), Iberian Cities (2001), and After-Images of the City (2003). He has published nearly one hundred essays and has won the Fullbright Fellowship and the Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship. He is the Editor of Diacritics.

Wadda C. Ríos-Font is Associate Professor of Spanish at Brown University. She is the author of two books, Rewriting Melodrama: The Hidden Paradigm in Modern Spanish Theater (1997) and The Canon and the Archive: Configuring Literature in Modern Spain (2004). She has also published and lectured extensively on nineteenth- and twentieth-century Spanish novels, theatre, and literary historiography, as well as on issues of gender, canonicity, and cultural history. Her current research concentrates on the relationships between the literary/intellectual and the juridical, legislative, and journalistic fields in modern Spain.

Jeremy Robbins is Forbes Professor of Spanish and Head of Hispanic Studies at the University of Edinburgh. He has published Love Poetry of the Literary Academies in the Reigns of Philip IV and Charles II and The Challenges of Uncertainty: An Introduction to Seventeenth-Century Spanish Literature, as well as numerous articles on the literature, art, and thought of Golden Age Spain. He has recently completed a study of the impact of skepticism on early modern Spain, entitled Arts of Perception: The Epistemological Mentality of the Spanish Baroque 1580–1720. He is currently working on a study of Golden Age prose fiction.

Evangelina Rodríguez Cuadros is Professor of Spanish Literature at the University of Valencia, Spain. She is the author of more than one hundred studies of Spanish Golden Age literature, among them Calderón y la obra corta dramática del siglo XVII (1983), and critical editions of Calderón’s plays Los cabellos de Absalón (1989) and La vida es sueño (1997), as well as his Entremeses, jácaras y mojigangas (1983). Her study La técnica del actor en el Barroco: Hipótesis y documentos (1998) won the Estudios Teatrales “Leandro Fernández de Moratín” Prize in 1999. In 2001 she published the monograph, Calderón.

Nil Santiáñez teaches Spanish and Literary Theory at Saint Louis University. His publications include Ángel Ganivet, escritor modernista. Teoría y novela en el fin de siglo español (1994), De la luna a Mecanópolis. Antología de la ciencia ficción española (1832–1913) (1995), Ángel Ganivet: Una bibliografía anotada (1996), and Investigaciones literarias. Modernidad, historia de la literatura y modernismos (2002), as well as numerous articles on nineteenth- and twentieth-century Spanish and European literature. He has also edited works by Gonzalo Torrente Ballester, Ángel Ganivet, Rosalía de Castro, and Enrique Gaspar.

Charlotte D. Stern is Charles A. Dana Professor, Emerita, at Randolph-Macon Woman’s College. Her publications include The Medieval Theater in Castile (1996) and more than one hundred articles and reviews on medieval and sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spanish literature with emphasis on the theatre. She served on the Editorial Board of the Journal of Hispanic Philology (1979–1992) and was Book Review Editor of the Bulletin of the Comediantes (1977–1998).

Harriet S. Turner is Professor of Hispanic Studies and Director of International Affairs at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Her publications include Niebla (co-edited with R. Gullón, 1965), Galdós: “Fortunata y Jacinta” (1992), Textos y contextos de Galdós (co-edited with J. Kronik, 1994), a special issue of the journal Letras Peninsulares on the poetics of Realism (2000), and the recent Cambridge Companion to The Spanish Novel (2003), co-edited with A. López de Martínez, in addition to more than fifty articles and reviews. She has served as President of the International Association of Galdós Scholars (1985–1988), as a member of several editorial boards, including the Nebraska Press, and as director of several international symposia and conferences.

Michael Ugarte is Professor of Spanish Literature at the University of Missouri-Columbia. He has published three books in the field of Peninsular Spanish literature and culture: Trilogy of Treason: An Intertextual Study of Juan Goytisolo (1982), Shifting Ground: Spanish Civil War Exile Literature (1989) completed with the help of a Guggenheim Fellowship, and Madrid 1900 (1996).

Alison P. Weber is Associate Professor of Spanish at the University of Virginia. Her publications include a special issue on feminist topics for the Journal of Hispanic Philology (1989); Teresa of Avila and the Rhetoric of Femininity (1990); For the Hour of Recreation by María de San José (2002); a forthcoming edition of Approaches to Teaching the Spanish Mystics; and numerous articles on religious culture and the literature of early modern Spain. She serves on the advisory board of the Women’s Studies in Religion Program at Harvard Divinity School and is a member of the editorial board for the journal Cervantes.

Julian Weiss is Reader in Medieval and Early Modern Spanish in the Department of Spanish and Spanish American Studies, King’s College London, UK. His research interests span the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and his publications include numerous studies on early poetic theory and the lyric, such as The Poet’s Art: Literary Theory in Castile c. 1400–60 (1990) and Poetry at Court in Trastamaran Spain (co-edited with E. Michael Gerli, 1998). He is currently co-editing (with Antonio Cortijo) the commentary on Juan de Mena by the Renaissance humanist Hernán Nuñez.

Acknowledgments

It has become a cliché in publishing to thank one’s colleagues and students for their ideas, support, and advice during the long gestation period that precedes the publication of a book. Clichés are always based in some truth, however, and, in my own case, that truth includes dozens of extraordinary colleagues and students who have made this book possible. The creation of any book is in many ways a collaborative process; the creation of a literary history is by definition collaborative, for it draws on the expertise of some of the best scholars currently writing on a broad range of topics across generations. It is therefore appropriate and with sincere gratitude that I recognize the work of all of the contributors to this book, and thank them for their dedication, knowledge, and willingness to have their words questioned, edited, shortened, expanded, eliminated, rearranged, or otherwise challenged. This book is theirs.

   I would be remiss were I to fail to thank my friends and colleagues in the Department of Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese at the University of Virginia who answered queries, listened patiently to my ideas and concerns, and offered helpful correctives when needed. They are an exceptionally supportive and wise group of people, and I am grateful for their contributions and input.

   Several colleagues and students pitched in to translate chapters of this book which were originally written in Spanish; in particular I am grateful to Philip Deacon, Alvin Sherman, Jr., Matthieu Raillard, Matthew J. Marr, Arantxa Ascunce, Edward Gurski and Celeste Delgado-Librera. Matthieu Raillard worked quickly and with exceptional skill to build the Chronology.

   I have had the great good fortune to work with Linda Bree, my editor at Cambridge University Press, on several projects. Her patient coaxing, inspired questions, and subtle reading of this book have been extremely helpful, and as the editor/author relationship deepened gradually into genuine friendship, I have come to realize that I am blessed to be able to work with one of the great editors of our time. In addition, my deepest gratitude to Leigh Mueller, whose copy-editing expertise saved us from incoherence more times than I would like to admit.

   Finally, I wish to thank Janna, who is learning more about Spanish literature and culture than perhaps she ever thought she wanted to, but whose charm, cheerfulness, support, and love make even the darkest moments of scholarly activity manageable and even, in weird and wonderful ways, fun.

Note on cover illustration

Joaquín Sorolla’s extraordinary painting Cosiendo la vela (“Sewing the Sail”) was painted in Valencia in 1896 and exhibited shortly thereafter in Paris, Munich, Vienna, and Madrid. It is now housed in Venice. The play of light and shade, color and texture, depth and shimmering surfaces might be taken as a metaphor for the creation of literary history, an art form which demands that various individuals stitch together seemingly unrelated pieces of fabric in order to produce a coherent, useful, and multi-faceted cloth. We contemplate the painting awed by the artist’s skill, his ability to draw us in with perspective, shape, the suggestion of movement, and the calm of eternity (what Unamuno might have said to be “history” and “intrahistory” combined). I thought this painting was particularly appropriate to grace the cover of this book, and I am grateful to the curators of the Museo d’Arte Moderna-Ca Pesaro for permission to use it.

DTG

Chronology

P: Painting     F: Film     M: Music     S: Sculpture