Portuguese: A Linguistic Introduction

Cambridge University Press
0521801265 - Portuguese: A Linguistic Introduction - by Milton M. Azevedo
Table of Contents

	List of maps	page xii
	List of tables and figure	xiii
	Acknowledgments	xv
	List of abbreviations and symbols	xvii
	Introduction	1
1	The Portuguese language in the world	5
	1.1 The growth of Portuguese	6
	1.1.1 Roman Hispania	6
	1.1.2 Visigothic Hispania	8
	1.1.3 Islamic Hispania	9
	1.2 The formation and expansion of Portuguese	10
	1.3 Portuguese pidgins and creoles: A thumbnail sketch	14
	1.4 The spread of Portuguese	15
	1.5 Immigrant communities	16
	1.6 Portuguese in Brazil	17
	1.7 The Community of Portuguese Language Countries	18
	1.8 Varieties of Portuguese	19
2	Sounds	24
	2.1 The representation of phones	24
	2.2 Articulatory phonetics	27
	2.2.1 Vowels, glides, and diphthongs	28
	2.2.2 Nasal vowels and diphthongs	32
	2.2.3 Consonants	32
	2.3 Phonology	35
	2.3.1 Phonological processes	36
	2.4 Portuguese phonemes	37
	2.4.1 Nasalization	37
	2.4.2 Stressed vowels	38
	2.4.3 Unstressed vowels	39
	2.4.3.1 Unstressed final position	39
	2.4.3.2 Pre-stressed position	40
	2.4.3.3 Post-stressed non-final position	41
	2.5 Comparison with English	43
	2.6 Syllables	47
	2.7 Resyllabification	49
	2.8 Other phonological processes	51
	2.9 Prosody: Stress, pitch, and rhythm	51
3	Words	55
	3.1 Words and morphemes	55
	3.1.1 Morphological variation: inflection	56
	3.2 Nouns and adjectives	56
	3.2.1 Gender	57
	3.2.2 Number: Plural of nouns and adjectives	60
	3.3 Determinants	63
	3.4 Personal pronouns	65
	3.5 Verbs	68
	3.5.1 Conjugations	69
	3.5.2 Regular verb formation	70
	3.5.2.1 Present tenses and the imperative	70
	3.5.2.2 Past tenses: Imperfect, preterit, and past perfect (pluperfect) indicative	71
	3.5.2.3 Future and conditional	72
	3.5.2.4 Past and future subjunctive	73
	3.5.3 Irregular verbs	73
	3.5.4 Perfect and continuous tenses	77
	3.5.5 Double participles	77
	3.5.6 Impersonal verbs	77
	3.6 Adverbs	77
	3.7 Connectors: Prepositions and conjunctions	83
	3.8 Word formation	86
	3.8.1 Derivation: Prefixes and suffixes	87
	3.8.2 Compounding	91
	3.8.2.1 Plural of compound nouns and adjectives	93
	3.8.3 Other word-formation processes	96
4	Sentences	99
	4.1 Syntactic devices	100
	4.1.1 Agreement	100
	4.1.2 Word order	101
	4.1.3 Grammatical words	101
	4.1.4 Inherent syntactic information	102
	4.1.5 Coordination and subordination	102
	4.2 Syntactic functions vs. semantic roles	102
	4.3 Sentence types	104
	4.4 Components of sentence structure	105
	4.4.1 Verb phrases	106
	4.4.2 Adverbial and prepositional phrases	106
	4.5 Subject and predicate	107
	4.5.1 Verb complements	108
	4.5.2 Clitics	109
	4.5.2.1 Position of me, te, se, nos (vos)	110
	4.5.2.2 Position of o, a, os, as	113
	4.5.2.3 The pronouns lhe, lhes	114
	4.5.2.4 Prepositional pronouns	114
	4.6 Reflexive constructions	116
	4.6.1 Reciprocity	117
	4.7 Null subjects	118
	4.8 Verb phrases with more than one verb	119
	4.8.1 The passive construction and other auxiliary + verb constructions	119
	4.8.2 Constructions with modals	121
	4.9 Actor indeterminacy	123
	4.10 Joining sentences: Coordination	125
	4.11 Joining sentences: Subordination	127
	4.11.1 Subordinate nominal clauses	127
	4.11.2 Subordinate relative (or adjective) clauses	128
	4.11.2.1 Restrictive vs. non-restrictive clauses	130
	4.11.3 Subordinate adverbial clauses	130
	4.11.4 Relative pronouns	132
	4.12 The subjunctive	134
	4.12.1 The subjunctive in nominal clauses	134
	4.12.2 The subjunctive in relative clauses	137
	4.12.3 The subjunctive in adverbial clauses	138
	4.12.4 The subjunctive with se in contrary-to-fact adverbial clauses	140
	4.12.5 The subjunctive in independent clauses	141
	4.13 The inflected infinitive	141
	4.14 Information distribution and word order	143
5	Portuguese in time	147
	5.1 The Latin source	147
	5.2 Sound change	149
	5.2.1 Kinds of sound change	150
	5.2.2 Palatalization	152
	5.2.3 Phoneme addition	156
	5.2.4 Phoneme loss	157
	5.3 Morphological change	158
	5.3.1 Determinants	158
	5.3.2 Nouns and adjectives	159
	5.3.3 Pronouns	160
	5.3.4 Verbs	162
	5.3.5 Adverbs	166
	5.3.6 Connectors: Prepositions and conjunctions	166
	5.4 Syntactic change	168
	5.4.1 Word order	168
	5.4.2 Indeterminate constructions	170
	5.4.3 Other constructions	170
	5.5 Lexical change	171
	5.6 From the twelfth century on	176
	5.6.1 Galician-Portuguese: From the early thirteenth century to about 1325	176
	5.6.2 Old Portuguese: From about 1325 to 1536	179
	5.6.3 Classical Portuguese: From the mid-sixteenth century to the mid-eighteenth century	180
	5.6.4 Modern Portuguese	181
6	The expansion of European Portuguese	182
	6.1 Aspects of language variation	182
	6.2 Continental Portugal	185
	6.3 Border talk	187
	6.4 The Atlantic islands: Madeira and the Azores	189
	6.5 Africa	192
	6.5.1 Pidgins and creoles: An excursus	193
	6.5.2 The continental countries: Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau	195
	6.5.3 The island countries: Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe	197
	6.5.4 Whither Portuguese?	198
	6.6 Asian twilight	202
	6.7 Emigration and contact with other languages	204
7	Brazilian Portuguese	211
	7.1 Variation in Brazilian Portuguese	211
	7.1.1 Research on Brazilian Portuguese	214
	7.2 The development of Brazilian Portuguese	215
	7.2.1 Colonial times (1500–1808/1822)	216
	7.2.2 Indian and African influence	218
	7.2.3 Independence and beyond	220
	7.3 Main features of Brazilian Portuguese	222
	7.3.1 Phonology	222
	7.3.1.1 Vowels	222
	7.3.1.2 Consonants	223
	7.3.2 Morphology and syntax	225
	7.3.2.1 Non-agreement in the noun phrase	226
	7.3.2.2 Non-agreement in the verb phrase	226
	7.3.2.3 Pronouns	228
	7.3.2.4 The vanishing reflexive	237
	7.3.2.5 Actor indeterminacy, the pronoun se, and se-deletion	238
	7.3.2.6 Verbs	238
	7.3.2.6.1 Double negation	242
	7.3.2.6.2 The gerund	243
	7.3.2.6.3 Haver and ter	243
	7.3.2.7 Resumptive and clipped relative clauses	244
	7.3.2.8 Regency	246
	7.3.2.9 Word order and topicalization	247
	7.4 The creole hypothesis	250
	7.5 More border talk	253
8	Sociolinguistic issues	256
	8.1 Attitudes to language variation	256
	8.2 Diglossia	259
	8.3 Styles and registers	261
	8.4 Forms of address	265
	8.5 Influence from other languages	275
	8.6 Communicative strategies	277
	8.6.1 Greetings	277
	8.6.2 Requests, orders, assent, and negation	278
	8.6.3 Closures	280
	8.6.4 Discourse markers	281
	8.7 Profane language: Swearing and insults	285
	Suggestions for further reading	292
	Glossary	296
	Bibliography	305
	Index	327