Aadil Girey, khan of Crimea 507
Abatis defensive line (southern frontier) 491,494,497
Abbasids, Caliphate of 51
Abibos, St 342
absolutism, as model of Russian and Muscovite states 16
Acre, merchants in Kiev 122
Adalbert, bishop, mission to Rus’ 58,60
Adashev, Aleksei Fedorovich, courtier to Ivan IV 255
Adrian, Patriarch (d. 1700) 639
Adyg tribes 530
Afanasii, bishop of Kholmogory, Uvet dukhovnyi 633
Agapetus, Byzantine deacon 357,364
‘Agapetus doctrine’ 297,357,364,389
effect on law 378,379,384
agricultural products 39,315
agriculture 10,39,219,309
arable 25,39,287
crop failures 42,540
crop yields 286,287,294,545
effect on environment 29–30
effect of environment on 10,38
fences 383n. 92
flax 288
in geographic zones 2,25,29
land uncultivated (1580s) 264,281,293n. 29,294
livestock 25,29,39,288,290
resources 38–9
in Siberia 27,563
systems
long-fallow (perelog) 29
shifting cultivation (zalezh) 29
slash and burn cultivation 25,26, 292
strip-field 293
three-field 293,294
tools and implements 291–2
in towns 309,598
Ahmed, khan of the Great Horde 223,237, 321
Akakii, Bishop of Tver’ 353
Alachev, Mansi chief 334
Å:land islands, possible origins of Rus’ in 52, 54
Albazin, Fort, Amur river 528
alcohol
peasants’ 289
regulations on sale of 575,631
Aleksandr, bishop of Viatka 633,636
Aleksandr, boyar, brother of Metropolitan Aleksei 179
Aleksandr Mikhailovich (d.1339) 146,153,154
as prince in Pskov 140,152,365
as prince of Vladimir 139,140
Aleksandr Nevskii, son of Iaroslav (d.1263) 121,123,141
and battle of river Neva (1240) 198
campaigns against Lithuania 145
and Metropolitan Kirill 149
as prince of Novgorod under Mongols 134,136,141,145
as prince of Vladimir (1252) 135
Aleksandr Vasil’evich (d.1331), of Suzdal’ 140
Aleksandrovskaia Sloboda 423
Ivan IV’s palace of 257
Aleksei Alekseevich, Tsarevich 614,616
Aleksei, Metropolitan 149,151,153,157,179–80
Alena, nun of Arzamas 610
Alevisio Lamberti da Montagnana (the Younger), Venetian architect 233,343,393
Alexander, Grand Duke of Lithuania 221,236
Alexios I Komnenos, emperor of Byzantium 91
Alexis (Aleksei Mikhailovich), Tsar (d.1676) 443–51,463,511,614
and Church reform 627–8,636
and Patriarch Nikon 629,633,634
court ceremonial 642
cultural interests
enthusiasm for theatre 653
and European influences 645,660
music 654
portraits of 647,651
education 658
foreign policy 503,516
claim to Polish throne 502,504
invasion of Lithuania 501
and southern frontier defences 497–8
and Thirteen Years War 445,500
government 435
boyars’ council 458
inner (privy) council of advisers 451
and Morozov 550
and petition against salt tax 550,601
political reforms 7,445–50
Ulozhenie of 1649 443
popular criticism of 550,601,615
Alkas, chief of Kabardinians 332,333
Alphabet (Bukvar’), illustrated (1694) 649
Altmark, Treaty of (1629) 490
amanat (submission of hostages) 331,333
Ambassadorial Chancellery (Posol’skii prikaz) 225,446,455,517
and Filaret’s policies 488
amber 196
America
colonisation of 319
farmers 286
amulets 341
Amur, river 527,528
frontier 327,527
Anastasiia, daughter of Petr Mikhalkovich 198
Anastasiia Romanovna, first wife of Ivan IV 8,246,277,346,428
Anastasius of Cherson 67
Andrei Aleksandrovich (d.1304) 137,138,143
as prince of Vladimir 137,141–2
Andrei, bishop of Tver’ 152
Andrei Bogoliubskii (d.1174), son of Iurii 110–12,125
autocratic rule 112
capital at Vladimir-in-Suzdalia 110,111,125
capture of Kiev (1169) 110
prince of Suzdalia 108
prince of Vyshgorod 105
and principle of succession 110–11
Andrei Dmitr’evich (d.1432), of Mozhaisk 172,173
and Kirillo-Belozerskii monastery 345
Andrei the Elder, son of Vasilii II (d.1493) 216,223,237
Andrei Fedorovich, prince of Rostov (1364) 167
Andrei Iaroslavich (d.1252), as prince in Vladimir 135
Andrei Ivanovich, son of Ivan III, of Staritsa (d.1537) 221,241–2,250
Andrei Rublev, artist 197
Andrei, son of Vladimir Monomakh 102
Andrei the Younger, son of Vasilii II (d.1481) 216,223
Andrusovo Armistice (1667) 470,506,507,532
extended 514
Ottoman Empire and 508
Ukrainian cossacks’ discontent with 507
Anfim, son of Sil’vestr (priest) 354
animism, in northern regions 318
Ankudinov, Timoshka, impostor 615
Anna, daughter of Emperor Isaac II Angelus, wife of Roman Mstislavich 117
Anna, daughter of Iaroslav, wife of Henry I of France 91
Anna of Kashin, cult of 639
Anna Koltovskaia, wife of Ivan IV 247
Anna Porphyrogenita, wife of Vladimir Sviatoslavich 65,67,91n. 42
Anna Vasil’chikova, wife of Ivan IV 247
Antoniev-Siiskii monastery 280
Antonii, St, of Kiev 352
Anzerskii Skit monastery 629
apocalyptic writings 627
Arabs
and the Khazars 51
and Rus’ 53,56
Arcadiopolis 61
archaeology
evidence of political turbulence (c.860–c.871) 53
Novgorod 188,194,195
and Scandinavian settlements in Rus’ 48,53,54,59
Archangel, port of
commercial trading links 315
constructed (1583–4) 10,301,315,595
European merchants in 307,592
fortifications 596
growth of 592
architects, Italian 233,343,393
architecture
17th century 644–6
church styles 111,343–4,644,645
Novgorod 197,209
engineering innovations 643
‘Moscow Baroque’ 644–6
new domestic forms 598
and ritual 390–4
Western ideas in 645
aristocracy see boyars; military servitors; servitors (service classes)
aristocracy, Lithuanian, influence on Muscovite government 232,236n. 48
armies, Muscovite 218,264
administration, effect of Thirteen Years War on 506,510
conscription (levies) 498,506
costs of 490
pay rates 470
tax funding for 470–1,506,518
defection to False Dmitrii 281,284
expansion and improvement (under Romanovs) 518
foreign formations 7,545
cavalry 470,490,494,518
infantry 470,494,518
made permanent 498–9
infantry 506
mercenaries 490
regimental formations 218
Borderland and Riazan’ arrays 494,497
Great Corps 494,497
Rear Guard 497
Vanguard 497
service Tatars (non-Christian) 534
training 414,498
use of gunpowder 218
use of Tatar weapons and tactics 218
see also frontier, southern, defences; pomest’e system
Armoury Chancellery 567
art 14
Byzantine tradition 648,658
church frescos 197,643
European 647
non-religious 650
realistic 648
religious 95–6,660
traditional Russian 660,662
see also architecture; artists; culture; icons; literature; painting
Artemii, Non-possessor monk 354,356
as reformer 355
artists
composers 654
medieval, Novgorod 197–8
Russian and foreign 649
Asia
cultural contact with 36
see also China
Askold, non-princely Varangian 47
Assembly of the Land (zemskii sobor) 8,435,469
1648 elections to 551
called by Ivan IV (1566) 259
composition of 461
convened (1642) (Azov crisis) 496
and election of Boris Godunov as tsar (1598) 278–9
election of Michael Romanov (1613) 8, 428
interpretation of 461–2
and restoration of order (1613–18) 488
and Ulozhenie (1648–9) 461,551
Astrakhan’ 40,300
and arrival of Kalmyks 521
attacked by Timur 160
Black Death at 159
massacre of elites by Razin 606
and opposition to Shuiskii 417
Ottoman-Crimean expedition against (1569) 326–7
population 583
trade 133,537
Zarutskii’s reign of terror 429
Astrakhan’, khanate of 2,318,321
conquered by Ivan IV (1556) 255,256, 323
as successor to Great Horde (1502) 234, 235
Auditing Chancellery (formed 1656) 470, 479
Austria, merchants in Kiev 122
autocracy 15,267
and changing nature of law 385
developed by Boris Godunov 279
and elite culture 641
lack of limitations on 9
unaffected by Time of Troubles 430,435
under Alexis 451
see also ‘Agapetus doctrine’; tsar
Avramii of Smolensk, Life of 108
Avvakum, Archpriest 627,633,636,637
Life of 656
Ayuki, Kalmyk khan 525
Azak see Tana
Azov (Azak)
Don cossack raids on 503,523
occupied by Don cossacks 495–6,523
Ottoman fort at 325
taken by Russia (1696) 525
Baikal, Lake 527
Bakhchisarai, armistice of (1681) 513,607
Baku, Caspian Sea 529
Balash, Ivan 601
Balashovshchina uprisings (1632–3) 601
Balkans 37,60–2
see also Bulgaria
Balovnia, cossack leader 487
Baltic peoples 23,30,36
Baltic region
Muscovy and 531–3
see also Estonia; Lithuania; Livonia
Baltic Sea
access to 257,270,487
port of Narva 10,300,315
trade 37,104
through Novgorod 133,208,314
bandits, on trade routes 161
banks, lack of 540,591
banquets 642
Baraba Tatars 537
Barabash, Iakov Fedorovich, Zaporozhian ataman 503
barter 540
Bashkin, Matvei, trial for heresy 356
Bashkirs 330,336,537
as fugitives among Kazakhs 534
legal jurisdictions 563
in Middle Volga region 533
as Muslim subjects of Muscovy 320,336
relations with Muscovy 534–5
Bashmakov, B.M. 612
Basil II, emperor of Byzantium 65–6
Basmanov, P.F., general 284,411
defection to False Dmitrii 412
bathhouses 289
Batih, massacre at (1648) 498,500
Batory, Stefan, king of Poland-Lithuania 257,264
Baty, khan of the Tatars 123,134
and building of Sarai 130
siege of Torzhok 198
beads, glass 52,54
beehives, peasants’ 289
Begadyr Girey, khan of Crimea 496
Beklemishev, Ivan, on Maximos (Maksim) 353
Béla III, king of Hungary 114
Béla IV, king of Hungary 141
Belarus’ (Belorussia)
cultural influence of 645
legal jurisdictions 564
Belarus’, Lithuanian, Muscovite invasion (1654) 500,501
Belarus (modern), claim to origin of Rus’ 2,19
Belek-Bulat, Nogai mirza 323
Belev, battle at (1437) 164
Belgorod 114,497,583
besieged by Pechenegs 68
bishopric at 69,93,623
fortified town 68,270,301
Belgorod defensive line (southern frontier) 41,469,470,494,512,524
extension of 524
gaps in 497
new fortified towns on 580
regional military administration 469,497,586
and settlement 549
bell-making 641
Belokolodsk 579
Beloozero 26
original Ves inhabitants 47
principality of 135,144,154,155
Belozersk 224
Bel’skii, Bogdan Iakovlevich, oprichnina noble 265,412
disgraced 280
Bel’skii, Fedor Ivanovich, Lithuanian prince (in Muscovy) 236n. 48
Bel’skii princes, court faction under Ivan IV 242
Berdibek, khan of the Golden Horde 154,157,158
Berestovo, Kievan princely residence, church of the Saviour 95
Berezov, fortified town 318
Bering Strait 31
Bersen-Beklemishev, I.N., court official 225
Bezhetsk, Novgorod 202
Bezmin, Ivan, icon-painter 648
portraits by 651
bibles
illustrated 649,650
Ostrih Bible (1581) 619
printed 350
Slavonic 350
Bilibin, Ivan, artist 662
birch bark documents, Novgorod 14,73,188,195,197,206,373n. 53
Birka, burial ground 59
bishoprics (eparchies) 93,338
new 623,638
Novgorod 69,93,202,338
Rostov 93,128
size of 623
Smolensk 107–8
‘tenth men’ (administrators within eparchies) 339,356
Bitiagovskii, Mikhail, secretary in Uglich 275
Black Death (1346–52) 131,159,170
Black Sea 37
Ottoman Turks’ control of 159
blasphemy 560
boats
burned in barrow graves 59
river craft 33,292
Bogdanov, Sila, Rostov weaver 634
Bogoliubovo, Andrei’s court near Vladimir 111
Bolesƚaw I, king of Poland, and Sviastoslav of Turov 92
Bolesƚaw II, king of Poland 92
Bolkhov, battle of (1608) 420
Bolotnikov, Ivan
cossack 416
and Tsarevich Peter 418
Bolotnikov Revolt (1606–7) 41,415–18,546
supporters 416
Book of Titled Heads (Tituliarnik) 650
boreal (coniferous) forest zone (taiga) 23, 25–7
resources for subsistence 26
Siberia 27
Boris Aleksandrovich, prince of Tver’ 175,176,221
Boris Godunov, Tsar (1598–1605) 5
character 275
and claim to throne 277
coronation 279
and cultural contacts with Europe 272
death 284,412
and death of Tsarevich Dmitrii (1591) 275–7
election as tsar (1598) 278–9
and enserfment 273,282,296
foreign policy 269–72
and Metropolitan Filaret 359
and patriarchy for Russia 357
reform of sovereign’s court 267–8
as regent for Fedor (1584–98) 266–79,357
relations with boyar elite 267–8
rise of 265,274
significance of reign 285
as tsar 279–84
see also False Dmitrii
Boris, son of Iurii, prince of Turov 106
Boris, son of Vasilii II (d.1494) 216,223,237
Boris, son of Vladimir (d.1015), Saint 75,81,96
Boris, tsar of Bulgars 61
Boris Vasil’kovich (d.1277), prince of Rostov 141
boyar council (boiarskaia duma) 8,438,458–60
classes among 459
evolution and powers of 459
expansion of (under Alexis) 445–6,459
legislative authority 459
and restoration of order (1613–18) 488
role as council of state 217,435,438
tsar’s power over promotion to 441,451
under Boris Godunov 267,279
boyars
accusations of treason against 613–14
approval required for decrees, treaties and meetings 217,225
effect of Time of Troubles on power of 430
and False Dmitriis 413,421
as landowners 268,625
and minority of Ivan IV 242,247,249
as object of popular revolts 612–13
portrait paintings of 651–2,659
power of in Novgorod 192–8,199,203–5,207
as provisional government after deposition of Vasilii Shuiskii 424
role in state of Muscovy 213,217,224–5
as senior members of druzhina 82
service (vassal) princes ranked with 224
under Boris Godunov 267–8,279–80
see also servitors (service classes)
Bratislava, merchants in Kiev 122
Brest, Union of (1596) 619,627
Briacheslav, son of Iziaslav (d.1044), as prince of Polotsk 75
Briansk, on trade route 218
bribery
community ambivalence towards 484
embracery (posuly) 482–3
gifts and gratuities 483–4
legal prohibition on 377
in local government 482–5
see also corruption
bridges (and fords) 35
maintenance of 35
Moscow 643
Britain
Scandinavians in 51,59
see also England
Briukhovets’kyi, Ivan, Zaporozhian cossack hetman 505,507,508
brooches, Scandinavian-type 54,59
Bryn, on trade route 218
Buczacz, Treaty of (1672) 509,510
Buczynski, Jan, secretary to False Dmitrii 415
Buczynski, Stanisl ƚaw, secretary to False Dmitrii 415
Bug, river 64
building materials
masonry 597
churches 94,104,343
Moscow 169
wood 25,94,188,597,646
building techniques
adapted from Byzantium 68
log cabins 55
building(s)
effect of Mongol invasions 132
survival of 73
see also architecture; churches and church building
Bukhvostov, Iakov, church builder 645
Bulgaria
bishops from 94
relations with Galicia 114
Bulgars, khanate of 54–5
Bulgars, Volga 112,127
attack on Byzantium 65
Sviatoslav’s attack on 61,64
Bulgars, Volga-Kama 104,118,125
Bülow, Niklaus, Lübeck doctor 354
and first Slavonic Bible 350
bureaucracy
in chancelleries 268,454,457
growth of 11
moves towards rationalisation 471–80
burial grounds
Christian 69
see also chamber graves
Buriat peoples 528
Burtas, Sviatoslav’s attack on 61
Bussow, Konrad, on Polish occupation of Moscow 359
Buturlin, A.V., army commander, invasion of Lithuania 501
Byzantine law
Ekloga 362
Nomocanon (church law) 86,362,561
Procheiros nomos 362
Byzantium
cultural influence of 37,49,96,648,658
and expulsion of Sviatoslav from Balkans 62
and fall of Constantinople (1453) 184
imperial coronations 245–6,398,399,400
and influence of Christianity 60
political theory of relations of heads of state and church 219
relations with Galicia 114
relations with Golden Horde 133
relations with Rus’ 90–2,123
religious mission to Rus’ (860s) 53
and Sviatoslav Vsevolodovich 115
and threat from Ottoman Turks 159,183
trade 51,55,57–9
see also Constantinople
cadastres
15th-century, Novgorod 207
general survey (1677–9) 471
as written sources 300
see also censuses
Cantacuzene, Foma, Ottoman diplomat, murder of 495
capital, accumulation of 542
capital punishment 361,381,477,577
carpenters, Moscow 590
Casimir IV, king of Poland-Lithuania 205,234,236
Caspian Sea 256,326,529
Caucasus, north 2,256,324–7
hostages (military liaisons) from 333
Kabardinians 324–5,530
Kalmyks in 524
Russian expansion into 529–31
trade 196,326
see also Chechens; Daghestan; Kabardinians
Caves monastery, Kiev 48,352
church of the Dormition of the Mother of God 95,96
Paterik (Paterikon) chronicles 97
writings from 96
censuses
1646–7 550,581
1678–9 557,581
Mongol, in Novgorod 136
see also cadastres
Central Europe, Saxon silver mines 61
centralisation
law as means of 9,378
and state control over towns 307–9,477
state role in 559
chalice, silver, Novgorod 198
chamber graves
Denmark 59
Middle Dnieper 58
see also burial grounds
chancelleries (prikazy) 453–8
after Time of Troubles 435
Alexis’s introduction of ‘new men’ 445–6
and control over town administration 464,466,484
development of bureaucracy in 11,268,454,457
expansion of 454–5
hierarchy within 454
improved and reformed under Boris Godunov 269
jurisdictions 566,568
membership of 439,453
Muscovy 254,268
promotion in 453
and role of governors in judicial system 559
and rules of legal process 379
and Ulozhenie (1649) 551
see also Ambassadorial Chancellery; Military Service Chancellery; Privy Chancellery; Service Land Chancellery
Chancellor, Richard, merchant captain 315
description of Moscow 298,395
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 319
Cheboksary, new town 301
Chechens, north Caucasus 530,537
Chelnavsk, garrison town 497
Cherdyn’, new town 318
Cherkassk, taken by Muscovy (1674) 510
Cherkasskii family, Kabardinians from north Caucasus 530
supporters of Romanovs 281
Cherkasskii, I.B. 469
Cherkasskii, Prince Ia.K. 608
Cherkasskii, Prince Kaspulat Mutsalovich 530
Cherkasskii, Prince Mutsal Sunchaleev 530
Cherkasskii, Prince Sunchalei Ianglychev, Kabardinian chief 530
Chernavsk, garrison town 494
Chernigov 55,118,300
buildings
by Mstislav Vladimirovich 94
by Sviatoslav Vsevolodovich 115
church of the Annunciation 116
church of St Michael 116
church of Transfiguration of the Saviour 94
Mstislav as prince of 77
as patrimonial possession 78
razed by Tatars (1239) 123
relations with steppe 90
size of 116,116n. 66
surrender to False Dmitrii 411
trade agreements with Novgorod 121
trade with Germany 122
Vsevolod Big Nest’s attack on 119
Chernigov, bishopric of 93
Chernigov, principality of 113,123,126
ceded to Poland (1618) 488
demoted 99
Lithuanian control over 148
regained (1667) 506,514
Cherson, Vladimir Sviatoslavich’s expedition to 66,67
Chertoprud, Anisim, cossack 601
Cherven 64
chess sets, from Armoury workshops 650
chickens 288,289n. 12
children
Domostroi advice on raising 354
education of elite 69
China
contact with 30,130
Great Silk Route to 10
influence on Muscovy 219
Ming dynasty 159,327
Russian encroachment on 528
Chingisid Tatars 319
and fragmentation of Golden Horde 321
influence in Muscovy 260
and khanate of Siberia 328,329
Chistyi, Nazarii, conciliar secretary 612
Chocim, battle of (1621) 488
Chocim, battle of (1673) 510
Chodkiewicz, Jan Karol, Lithuanian hetman 426,428,429,487
advance on Moscow 487
Christianisation
in annexed territories of Muscovy 256,537
conversions 169,530
among fugitive natives 537
of Muslims to Orthodox Christianity 319,325,335
process of 93,339
Christianity
effect on legal process in Rus’ 70
and first churches, Novgorod 192
humanist (heretical) 349
legal protection of 361
mass conversion of Rus’ to 66–8,93
Middle Dnieper 69
and popular religiosity 340–8
Rus’ contacts with 60
Vladimir’s policy of education of elite children 69
see also Orthodox Church
Christians, and pagans in Kiev 64
Christina, queen of Sweden 492
chronicles 14
1305 codex of Tver’ 182
Kazan’ Chronicle 322
and knowledge of river systems 32
and miracle tales 344
Paterik (Paterikon) 97
in reign of Vsevolod (‘Big Nest’) 118
Sofiia Chronicle 217n. 1
Trinity Chronicle (Kiprian’s) 182
Typography Chronicle 229
Voskresenie Chronicle 226
see also Nikon Chronicle; Primary Chronicle
Chrysopolis, battle at (989) 65
Chud’, Finno-Ugrian tribe 189
Chud’, Lake, battle of (1242) 199
Chudnov, battle of (1660) 505
Chukchi peoples 527
Church law 362
canon law 84,85–6,561
Vassian’s 352
Kormchaia kniga (Rudder or Pilot’s Book) 86,362
Nomocanon (Byzantine) 86,362,561
‘Church people’, jurisdiction over 362,560–1
churches and church building 94–5,96,125
architectural styles 111,343–4,644,645
national 343
belfries 343
effect of Mongol invasions on 132
foreign 594
icon screens 343
by Iurii Dolgorukii 104,111
Moscow 132
in rural settlements 345
in towns 344
by Vladimir 69
in Vladimir-in-Suzdalia 111
Chuvash peoples, in Middle Volga region 330,334,336,533
pagan 320
and Razin revolt 606,610
Chyhyryn 505
campaigns against 510,517,518
Ottoman sieges of 511,512
Circassians, north Caucasus 530
civil wars, dynastic 11,125–6
and ascendancy of Vasilii II 170–8
see also social disorder; Time of Troubles
clergy (priests) 339,355,623
education of 623,639
funding for 95
incorporation of folkways into liturgy 342
as landowners 624
rules of ecclesiastical discipline 227,355, 624
in towns 11,307,583
clerks
as closed hereditary corporation 468
in town administration 468
training 468n. 7
climate
continental 23,24
deterioration (15th century) 42
effect on agriculture 38,287,545
forest-steppe 28
northern boreal forest zone 26
Novgorod (preservation of archaeology) 188
clock, Moscow Kremlin 643
clothing (and dress) 25
courtiers and boyars 395
peasants’ 291
coins 14
of Dmitrii Donskoi 163
eastern silver dirhams 51,52,54,59,191
European denarii 192
of Ivan IV 249
Novgorod 204,208
showered on tsar 400
of Vasilii I 163
of Vasilii II 178
Vladimir’s 69
see also currency
Collins, Samuel, English doctor 646
colonisation 535–8,580
in Middle Volga region 533
military
rules relaxed 495
southern frontier regions 494,497, 517
of north-eastern regions 318
and peasant migration 287,549,557
role of state in process of 31–2,330,337
Siberia 327,330
of steppe lands 6,89
see also cossacks; peasant migration
commemoration, culture of 346
commerce
17th-century 540–3
based on cash or barter 540
in Europe 37
links with Mongol empire 132,159
Muscovy 218,226–7
small trading centres (riady) 312–13
towns as centres of 305,309–11,587–93
see also Great Silk Route; markets; merchants; trade; trade routes
commercial law 385,541
and Novgorod courts 199
Pskov 367
communications
problems of distance 2,32–6,41,313
see also travel
Conon, St 342
Constantine I, emperor 351
Constantine VII, emperor of Byzantium 58
Constantine IX Monomachos, emperor of Byzantium 91,390
Constantinople
fall of (1453) 184,338,389
merchants in Kiev 122
Rus’ attack (941) 57
Rus’ raid on (860) 53
Contarini, Alvise, Doge of Venice 514
Contarini, Ambrogio
on fur trade 227
on Ivan III 220
contract, law of 541
Pskov 366
convents 348
conversions
in annexed lands 169,530,537
of Muslims to Orthodox Christianity 319,325,335
of Rus’ to Christianity 66–8,93
copper mining 545
coronation(s)
of Boris Godunov 279
ceremony for co-emperors 397
of Fedor Ivanovich 357
of Ivan IV 245–6,357,398–400
rituals of 397–401
anointing 400
regalia 399
and sacralisation of succession 8,398
corporal punishment 361,381,571
savagery of 381,577
by serf-owners 576
corruption
investigation of 476,482,484
in judicial system 568–9
in local government 480–5
of Morozov 550
under Tsar Michael 548
see also bribery
cossacks 6,31
advance on Moscow (1618) 487
attacks on Russian settlements 283
autonomy of hetmanate (Left Bank Ukraine) 564
continuing unrest (1614–15) 429,487
as leaders of popular revolts 608,610–11
policy of Muscovy towards 522–4
raid on Voronezh (1590) 41
raids against Tatars and Turks 283,511
relations with non-Russians 533
relations with Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in Ukraine 503–4,532
revolt (1648) 498,532
support for Second False Dmitrii 425
and Third False Dmitrii 427
and unrest during Smolensk war 601
and unrest on southern frontier (1601–3) 283,417,419
uprisings 41
see also Bolotnikov Revolt; Don cossacks; Razin revolt; Zaporozhian cossacks
Council of a Hundred Chapters (Stoglav) (1551) 247,338,340,636
on liturgy 342
reforms 355–6
court, royal 81,395
administrators (in chancelleries) 439
bride shows 396
ceremonial 642
duma ranks 438,441
factions under Ivan IV 242,243,265
as institution of government 436–42
ritual etiquette for diplomats 395–6
rules of precedence 254–5,262,267,437–9
sovereign’s court (gosudarev dvor) 438–9
sub-duma ranks 439,441
surrender-by-the-head ritual 397
see also Gorodishche; Moscow, Kremlin
courts, law 378
access to 542
of appeal 567,573
common (obshchii sud) 229
diocesan 624
ecclesiastical 229,339
governors’ 469
of the grand prince 230,374
native 563
Novgorod 195,199
presided over by boyar (or okol’nichii) 230,459
Pskov 370
tsar’s 565
of the vicegerent 229
crafts 54,59,82
for court and government 589–90
for market 590
at Novgorod 196
in towns 310–11
craftsmen
Byzantine, in Kiev 91
and church decorative styles 645
moved to Moscow 310
in Novgorod 208
recruited by Mongols 130,132
Slav 54,59
see also Moscow, Armoury workshops
credit see loans and credit
crime
1520s outbreak 363
felonies described (Novgorod) 372
guba responsibility for investigation 466
Iaroslav’s law code 87
principles of responsibility for 577
see also criminal law; law codes; murder; punishments
Crimea, khanate of 160,178,224,234
attack on Moscow (1571) 41,256,260,303
attack on Moscow (1591) 270
attacks on Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 496
dissension within 493
Ivan IV and 256
Muscovy and 235,236,238,318,321–3,486,492–493, 517
and Ottoman Empire 493
and relations between Muscovy and Ottoman Empire 235
slaves from north Caucasus 324
war against (1687–9) 514–16
Crimean Tatars
defences against 470
as enemy of Russians 6,41
and Nogais 522
raids on Muscovy (1630s) 491,496
raids on Muscovy (1644–5) 497
raids in Ukraine 503
relations with Muscovy (1667–89) 507–16
slave raids on Muscovy 548
and Ukraine 501
Criminal Articles (1669) 466,571,573
criminal law 565
changes due to move to triadic process 380–2
defence and mitigation 577
increased severity of 577
and intent 381
jurisdictions 561,567
out of court settlements 570
Pskov 368
in Russkaia pravda 361
trials 570–1
see also capital punishment; crime
cults
pagan 64
popular 258,340,346,639
cultural transmission 36
in East Slav high culture 96
technology transfer 544–5
see also European culture; trade; Westernisation
culture
Byzantine influence on 37,96,648,658
classical influences 657,661
concept of ‘transitional period’ (17th century) 640
conservatism after Time of Troubles 641–3
contacts with Europe 37,272,645,659
flowering of 125
Golden Age of Rus’ 73,97
influence of Orthodox Church on 9,659
religious art 95–6
secularisation of 9,658
taste for novelty 643,659
see also art; literature; music
currency
common 35
copper coinage (1650s) 539,604
reforms in Muscovy (1530s) 253
rouble (origins in Novgorod) 201
silver content (debasements) 445,470,539–40
see also coins
custom (folk)
adapted to liturgical rites 341–2,626
ceremonial 642
effect of canon law on 86
in liturgy 341–2,626
suppression of 627
wedding rituals 342
customs duties
administration in towns 465
internal 542
Muscovite control of 218
customs posts, on trade routes 34
Czarniecki, Stefan, Polish commander 505
Daghestan 324,332,529
Daichin, tayishi of Kalmyks 524
Dalai Lama 521
damages, legal 230,571
Daniil Aleksandrovich (d.1303)
defiance of Mongol khans 137
and Grand Principality of Moscow 7,128,138,143,144
see also Daniilovichi
Daniil (Danylo), son of Roman Mstislavich (d.1264) 117,121–3
and Andrei of Vladimir 141–2
appointed to Volyn’ and Galicia by khan of the Mongols 123
Daniil, Metropolitan 228,344,353
hegumen of Iosifo-Volokolamskii monastery 347
sermons on Christian life 354
Daniilovichi
civil war among 170–8
consolidation of territorial influence 141,142,147–8,158
and the Golden Horde 159–65
control of tribute collection for 146,156
and Novgorod 147
as princes of Vladimir-Moscow 140,142,154,156,158,182
relations with Kievan dynasties 165–78
relations with Orthodox Church 178–86
Danyar Kasimovich, Tatar service prince 224
Daur peoples, Amur river 528
David Igorevich (d.1112) 92
David Rostislavich (d.1197), of Vyshgorod 113,116
church building in Smolensk 116
David, son of Sviatoslav (d.1123)
expelled from Novgorod 194
joint ruler of Chernigov with Oleg 99,101
Davidovichi, in Chernigov 104,107
and war between Iurii and Iziaslav 105
de la Gardie, Jacob Pontus, Swedish commander 422,424,426
death rituals 345
Denis, heretical priest 349
Denmark 59,488,503
agreement with Ivan III 233
possible alliance with Iaroslav 88
possible alliance with Tsar Michael 492
and Sweden 492,507
Derbent, Caspian Sea 529
Derevlian tribe 57,62
Oleg Sviatoslavich as prince of 61
son of Vladimir as prince of 75
Dervish Ali, khan in Astrakhan’ 323
Deters (Deterson), Hans, Dutch painter 643
Deulino, Truce of (1618) 429,442,488, 600
Devlet Girey, khan of Crimea, and Ottoman expedition against Astrakhan’ 326
d’iaki (higher administrative rank in chancelleries) 453,454
promotion to court rank 455
Diakovo, church of St John the Baptist 343
diet
deficiencies 42,290
foods 25,27
peasant 289
see also famine
Diletskii, Nikolai, Ukrainian composer 654
Dionisii, artist 197
Dionisii, Metropolitan 266
Dionysii, Abbot of Trinity-Sergius (Holy Trinity) monastery 622
Dir, non-princely Varangian 47
disease 42
of animals (and crops) 43
see also plague
dishonour
concept of 380,571
and graduated compensation 573
divorce, Church jurisdiction over 560
Dmitrii Borisovich, prince of Dmitrov 165
Dmitrii Ivanovich (Donskoi), prince of Moscow (d.1389) 144,157,159,160–3,171,172
and battle of Kulikovo (1380) 162,185
and khan Mamai 161,162–3,166
Life of 186
and Metropolitan Aleksei 180
and Metropolitan Kiprian 181
military resources 167
and Novgorod 202,203
and rivals 165–8,170
and Suzdal’ 165
and Tver’ 166–7
Dmitrii Ivanovich, grandson of Ivan III (d.1509) 221,350
Dmitrii Konstantinovich, prince of Suzdal’ and Nizhnii Novgorod 161,162,165,167,180
Dmitrii Krasnoi (d.1440) 174
Dmitrii Mikhailovich (d.1325) 139,142
marriage to daughter of Gedimin of Lithuania 142,148
and Novgorod 146
Dmitrii Shemiaka (d.1453), of Galich 173,174,175,177,205
and war against Vasilii II 174–5
Dmitrii, son of Aleksandr Nevskii (d.1294) 143
and khan Nogai 137–8
in Novgorod 136,145
prince of Pereiaslavl’-Zalesskii, and of Vladimir 143
Dmitrii, son of Ivan III, of Uglich (d.1521) 221
Dmitrii, son of Sviatoslav (d.1268/9) 143
Dmitrii, Tsarevich, son of Ivan IV (d.1553) 248,251
Dmitrii, Tsarevich, of Uglich, son of Ivan IV (d.1591)
banished 264
death (or murder) of 275–7
see also False Dmitrii(s)
Dmitrov 222,423
founded by Iurii Dolgorukii 104
Dmitrov princes, Ivan IV and 250
Dmitrov, principality, disputed by Iurii 173
Dnieper cossacks see Zaporozhian cossacks
Dnieper lowlands 24
and origins of Rus’ 47,48,49
see also Middle Dnieper
Dnieper, river 48
importance as waterway 55,68,313
Rapids 55,57,62
Dobrynia, uncle to Vladimir Sviatoslavich 63,64,71
Dobrynichi, battle of (1605) 281,411
Dobrynin, Nikita 636
and Moscow uprising (1682) 637
opposition to Nikon’s reforms 633
documentary sources (from c.1045) 14,73,300
Dokuchaev, V.V., soil scientist 21
Dolgorukii, Prince M.Iu. 612
Dolgorukii, Prince Iu.A. 610,612
Domostroi (‘On the Management of the Household’) 342,354
Don cossacks (Don Cossack Host)
attempts to control 499,517,522
and False Dmitriis 284,411,425
and fugitive peasants 605
occupation of Azov 495–6,523
and Ottoman Empire 325,496,607
raids 493–4,522
on Azov 503,523
and Razin revolt 605–6,610
relations with Moscow 6,470
Don, river
Ottoman canal to Volga proposed 326
trade route 218,313
Don Shipment, tribute paid by Muscovy 493,495,499
Donets river basin, Polovtsy defeat of Igor’ in (1185) 115
Dorogobuzh
re-taken (1654) 502
Swedish occupation of 492
Doroshenko, Petro, Ukrainian cossack hetman 470,499,505,507
and attempt to reunify Ukraine 508, 509–11
Dorostolon, battle of (971) 62
Dorpat (Iur’ev) 503
Hanseatic League factory 313
drinking-horns 60
druzhina (retinue of Kievan princes) 8,81–2
and law codes for 84
structure of 82
of Vladimir Sviatoslavich 63
see also military servitors
Dublin, Ireland 191
Dubrovitsy, church of the Sign 646
duel, judicial 379
dumnyi dvorianin, rank of (conciliar courtier) 446
Dunaburg
taken by Muscovy 503
taken by Sweden 502
Dvina, Northern, river
defences 118
expansion around 317
Kholmogory transhipment point 315, 591
Dvina, Western, river 48
dyeing 25
dynastic succession
and ascendancy of Moscow princes 129,156,158,171,182
dependent on favour of Mongol khans 135,140,156,158
elective principle 8
overruled (from 1327) 140
and patrimonial possessions 78,79
and political legitimacy 7–8,74–81
and pretenders (royal impostors) 8
principles of (by 1078) 79,98
seniority of eldest (surviving) son 78,79,83n. 20,125
and succession to Vasilii I (d.1425) 171
by usurpation 102
dynastic succession
vertical and lateral/collateral principles of 7,74,98,171
Easter eggs, from Armoury workshops 650
economy
15th-century Muscovy 226
17th-century Muscovy 539–40,583
effect of Mongol invasions on 129–31
growth
after Mongol invasions 131–3
in Kievan Rus’ 82
mercantilism 545
technology transfer (mostly from West) 544–5
see also commerce; crafts; currency; taxation; trade
Edigei, khan of the Golden Horde 160,185
defeat of Tokhtamysh (1399) 163
education
lack of formal provision 655
literacy equated with Christian study 69
of priests 623,639
promoted by False Dmitrii 414
Efrem the Syrian, St 627
Efremov, garrison town 494
Efrosin’ia, wife of Andrei Ivanovich 242,243,250,251
Elena, daughter of Ivan III, wife of Alexander, Grand Duke of Lithuania 221,236, 349
Elena Glinskaia, second wife of Vasilii III 222,240–2,248
and currency reforms 253
death 242
Elena of Moldavia, wife of Ivan Ivanovich 221,350
Elets, fortified town 270,301,497
elite culture 641,651–2,659
elites, noble see boyars; military servitors; servitors (service classes)
elites, non-Russian
Bashkir tarkhan 534
Muscovite policy towards 536–7
in service in Muscovy 224,236,260,334,457,530
embracery (posuly), form of bribery 482–3
Emel’ianov, Fedor, Pskov merchant 604
enamelling 649
Enderi (Andreevskaia), Kumyk slave market at 324
Engels, Peter, Dutch painter 649
engineering, innovations 643
Engineers Chancellery 567
England
and Baltic trade 315
female portraits in 652
relations with Muscovy 257,488
trade through White Sea 37,270,315,544,591
English common law 372
English Muscovy Company 10,315
Enisei, river 527
settlements on 329
trade depots 563
Eniseisk, new town/fort 329,334
environment
effect of agriculture on 29–30
hazards of 40–3
landscape and settlement 19,20
mixed-forest zone 23–5
soil zones 21–9
see also climate; geography; resources
Epifanii, priest 636
Epiphany ritual 404–5,625,642
Erel’, river, battle of (1184) 115
Erik Haakonson, raid on Staraia Ladoga (997) 71
Ermak, Volga cossack 270
expedition against khan of Siberia 328
Estonia 531
Eternal Peace, Treaty of (1686) 514
Europe
Catholic church in 37
commerce in 37
overseas expansion 38
relations with Kievan Rus’ 91–2,122
trade with 37,91,123
see also England; France; Germany; Italy
European culture 640,652
art 647,652
contacts with 37,272,645,659
Evdokhiia, daughter of Ivan III, wife of Tsarevich Peter Ibraimov 221
Evdokiia, widow of Dmitrii I, founder of convent of the Ascension (1407) 348
Even (Lamut) peoples 527
Evenk (Tungus) peoples 527,528
Evfimii II, Archbishop, of Novgorod 209
Evfrosin, Old Believer 638
Evfrosin, monk and saint 342
evidence
from community 570
in criminal trials 570
by divine revelation 379
of investigation 380
judicial confrontation 380
material 380
oral, in Russkaia pravda 361
rules of, Pskov 368
of witnesses 380
written 360,368,379,553,570
execution
and burden of proof 381
legal 361
see also capital punishment
exile and banishment
during ‘reign of terror’ 259
as legal remedy 36,361,381,571,577
falconry 642
False Dmitrii, First (1605–6) 281,284,410–15
conspiracies against 414
coronation 413
foreign policy 414
identity of 410–11
invasion of Russia (1604) 284,410, 411–12
marriage to Marina Mniszech 415
murder of 415
Polish favourites 415
proclamation as tsar 412–13
rumours of escape 415
support for 411,417
as tsar 413–14
False Dmitrii, Second 418–25,600
boyar and noble support for 421
defections from 424
flight to Kaluga 423,424
identity of 419
murder of 425
proclamation to Smolensk 420
and slaves of Shuiskii’s supporters 420
support for Bolotnikov and ‘Tsarevich Peter’ 419
support for 422
False Dmitrii, Third 426,427
family law, Church jurisdiction over 560
famine 42,545
15th century Muscovy 183
1601–3 281,303,410
feast days 340,341–2,344,593
Deposition of the Robe of Our Lord 643
patron saints 642
see also ritual
Fedor, deacon 636
Fedor, Tsarevich (son of Boris Godunov) 272,277,284,412
murder of 284,412
Fedor Alekseevich, Tsar (1676–82) 3,451,514,651
and dynastic crisis at death 607
and Patriarch Nikon 636,638
posthumous portrait 650
Fedor Borisovich (d.1513) 223
Fedor Fedorovich, ‘Tsarevich’, cossack pretender 420
Fedor Ivanovich, Tsar (1584–98) 5,252,264,266,276
coronation 357
and cult of Vasilii the Blessed 340
death 278
and end of dynasty 277–8
Fedor Rostislavich, prince of Mozhaisk 141
Fedorov, Ivan, printer 357
printed bible 350
Fedos’ia, Tsarevna, infant daughter of Fedor and Irina 277
Felony Chancellery (Robbery Chancellery) 466,469,567,573
Felony Statute (1663) 381
Feodor Biakont, brother of Metropolitan Aleksei 179
Feodosii, Metropolitan (d.1464) 338
Feodosii, St, of Kiev 96,352
Feodosiia, daughter of Ivan III, wife of Prince V.D. Kholmskii 221
Feofan Grek (Theophanes the Greek), artist 197,209
Feognost (Theognostos), Metropolitan (d.1352) 140,149,150,179
and Moscow 152,153
and see of Galicia 150
Ferapontov monastery 635
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor 492
feudalism, as model of Rus’ian and Muscovite states 16
Ficino, Marsilio 352
Fiery Furnace ritual 403–4
Filaret (Fedor Nikitich Romanov), Metropolitan of Rostov 424,428
death (1633) 491
exiled to monastery as Filaret 280,358
made patriarch by Second False Dmitrii 421,620
patriarch and regent 429,442,620–2
and power of patriarchate 620
and preservation of Muscovite Orthodoxy 620–1,643
reconstruction programme 469,488,548
and recovery of Smolensk 488,490,491
wealth of 620
Fili, church of the Intercession 645
Filipp, Metropolitan
killed (1569) 358
relics of 630
Filipp, Metropolitan (d.1473) 338,343,344
Filofei of Pskov, epistle of 355
fines 70,85
as legal remedy 361,571
Finno-Ugrian peoples 23,30,36
in Novgorod region 189
Finns
in Gorodishche 54
and Rő tsi (Rus’) 52
settled in new towns in Middle Dnieper 68
settlements in Upper Volga 54
Fioravanti, Aristotle, architect 233,343,392
fire
as common hazard 41,188,546,597
Gorodishche 53
Moscow (1445) 183
Moscow (1626) 42
Moscow (1648) 602
fire patrols 42,597
fish 25,26,27,289,291
traded 40,196,313
flax and hemp 39,288
traded 313
Fletcher, Giles
description of Russia (1588–9) 226,303–4
on role of boyar council 460
floods
risk of 42
and travel 33,35
Florence and Ferrara, Union of (1438–9) 183,233,338,389,631
folk minstrels (skomorokhi) 626,627
food(s)
and flavourings 25
game 27
shortages 42
wild 25,288
see also diet
Foreign Affairs Chancellery 567
Foreign Military Chancellery 567
foreign relations
Boris Godunov 269–72
Muscovy 233–8
Rus’ 88–93
see also Livonian war; Ottoman Empire; Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; Sweden; Thirteen Years War
foreigners
religious influence of 595
restrictions on 575,594,631
rituals for diplomats 395–6
forest zones
agriculture 2
early organised power in 49–52
wild food resources 25,288
woodland resources 25
see also boreal (coniferous) forest zone; forest-steppe; mixed-forest zone
forest-steppe 23,27–9
boundaries of 27–8
fortifications 334,596
frontiers of Kievan Rus’ 523
Kiev 68
Middle Dnieper 68–9,70
Moscow 104
Novgorod 203,209,210
see also Belgorod defensive line; frontier, southern; frontiers; towns, fortified
Fotii (Photios), Metropolitan (d.1431) and saint 173,183,344
foundation myths 48,96
France, diplomatic contacts with Ivan III 233
Franks, and Byzantium 49
freethinkers, as inimical to Orthodox Church 621
Friazin, Antonio, architect 233
frontier, southern
Abatis line 491,494,497
defences 497–8
Iziuma Line 470,513
middle service classes 495
military colonisation 494,497,517
military maps 34
new garrison towns 494,497,585
peasant migration on 549
security on (1630s) 494,497
unrest on (1601–3) 283,411,417,419
see also Belgorod defensive line; fortifications; steppe
frontiers
demarcation and defence of 35,41,270,521,523–4
and jurisdictions 563
military defence of 7,541
see also Belgorod defensive line; fortifications; frontier, southern
fruit trees 288
fur trade 39,54,592
Moscow 313
Muscovy 227,318
Novgorod 146,196,312
furniture
from Armoury workshops 650
in peasants’ huts 290,546
furs
from boreal forest zone 27,29,39,54
from north-eastern settlements 89
Galich Chancellery (chetvert’ ) (territorial), legal jurisdiction 566
Galich (in Galicia) 118
captured from Hungarians by Mstislav the Bold 120
principality of 123
rivalry for 114
Roman Mstislavich’s claim to 117
taken by Mikhail 122
trade through 122
Vsevolod the Red’s claim to 118
Galich (in Vladimir)
captured by Vasilii II 175
fortified by Iurii Dolgorukii 104
principality of Moscow and 144,167
revolt against Second False Dmitrii 422
under control of Moscow 166
Galicia 114,123
Igorevichi in 119
Mikhail Vsevolodovich and 121
Tatars in (1240) 123
Galicia, metropolitanate of 149,180
Galicia-Volynia, and Mongol khans 141
Galloway, Christopher, engineer 643
Gavrilko, heretical priest 349
Gdov, and Third False Dmitrii 426
Gedeon, Metropolitan of Kiev 639
Gedimin, prince of Lithuania 142,148,150
Gelasii, Hegumen 340
gender history 13
Gennadii (Gonzov), Archbishop of Novgorod 339,341,351
pursuit of heretics 238,348–50
Genoa, merchants from 122,132
geography 19–21
and cultural landscape 19
and landscape 20
see also climate; communications; environment; resources; soils; travel
George II Rakoczi, prince of Transylvania 503
German Empire, alliance with Poland 486,492
Germany
actors in Moscow 653
trade with Novgorod 133
see also Hanseatic League; Prussia
Germogen (Hermogen), Patriarch (from 1606) 358,359,416,422
leadership of 619
proclamation to Nizhnii Novgorod 427
and resistance to Polish occupation of Moscow 425
Gerontii, Metropolitan 229,237,342,349, 358
and inaugural procession of Moscow cathedral 358,387
Gheorghe Duca, Moldavian hospodar 513
Ghotan, Bartholomaüs, Lübeck printer 350
glass-making
brought from Byzantium 68
Dutch factory 544
Gleb, prince of Smolensk 141
Gleb, son of Iurii (d.1171), prince of Pereiaslavl’ 105,111
Gleb, son of Vladimir (d.1015), Saint 75, 96
Glinskii, Mikhail L’vovich, Lithuanian prince 236n. 48,240
Glinskii princes, court faction under Ivan IV 242
Glukhoi, Arsenii, monk 622
Gnezdovo, emporium and Rus’ centre 59
Gninski (Polish) mission, to Istanbul (1678) 514
gods
sacrifices to 64
Scandinavian 60
Vladimir’s ‘pantheon’ of Slavic idols 64
Godunov, I.I. 421
Godunov, Boris see Boris Godunov
Godunov, Fedor, Tsarevich (son of Boris) see Fedor, Tsarevich
Godunov, Semen Nikitich 284
Godunovs 266,280
alliance with Romanovs (1584) 265
overthrow of (1605) 284,412
gold, from Greeks 61
Golden Horde (Mongol nomads) 130,134
baskaki (agents) 130,135
commercial links with Mongol empire 132,159
control over Russian principalities 135,139–40,164
and the Daniilovichi 159–65
demand for services 130,132
disputed leadership within 136–8
and dynastic succession of Vladimir princes 135
fragmentation 160,319,320,321
Golden Horde
and Grand Princes of Moscow 7,129,178,217
political instability (from 1359) 157,159
relations with Orthodox Church 148–54,157
relations with state of Muscovy 165,318
wars with Ilkhans of Persia 140,146
see also Crimea, khanate of; Great Horde; Kazan’, khanate of; Mongol invasions
Golitsyn, Prince Boris Alekseevich 525,646
Golitsyn, Prince Ivan 412
as contender for throne (1613) 428
Golitsyn, Prince Vasilii Vasil’evich 281,284,424
Golitsyn, Prince Vasilii Vasil’evich (d.1714) 453,645,651
and Poland 514
and war with Crimea 514
Golitsyn princes
defeated by Boris Godunov 266
zemshchina boyars 265
Golovin, M.I., defection to Lithuania 264
Golovin, P.I., chancellor to Boris Godunov 275
Golovins, defeated by Boris Godunov 266
Gordon, Patrick, Scottish mercenary 597
Gorodets 168
Gorodishche (Riurikovo Gorodishche) 53,56
birch bark document 188
destroyed by fire (870s) 53
monastery and church of the Annunciation 197,209
monastery and church of the Saviour on the Nereditsa 197,198,209
residence of Novgorod princes 190,192, 195
workshops and trading centre 54,59
Gosiewski, Alexander, Polish commander 424
gosudarev dvor (sovereign’s court) see court, royal
government, of Kievan Rus’ 70–2
government, central 8
and control over regions 307–9,477
see also centralisation; chancelleries; governors; institutions; local government; state
governors 269,308,477
complaints against 475
devolution of functions to clerks 478–9
and increased state control over regions 9,308,477
judicial role of 377,466,477,559,568
civil cases 565
legal jurisdiction 566–7
and kormlenie (feeding) payments 308,377,473,480–2
length of term 476,563
in Middle Dnieper towns 70
military 308
remuneration 473,480
responsibilities of 464,465,469,477
for grain stores 42
and military emergencies 477
revenue accounting 474–5
end-of-term audits 475
senior and associate (in larger towns) 476
in Siberia 563
‘thousanders’ 82,197,200
in Ukrainian hetmanate 564
graffiti 73
Grand Princes (of Vladimir-Moscow)
law courts of 230,374
relations with Mongols 7,129,178
relationships with elite advisers 8
grasslands, forest steppe 28
grave goods 59
Sweden 52
graves
chamber 58,59
Christian funerary rituals 69
furnished barrows 59,69
Great Horde (successor to Golden Horde) 160,178,234
attack on Moscow (1480) 223
and Battle of Ugra (1480) 3,237
and Crimea 223,321
and Lithuania 236
and Muscovy 235,236,321
see also Astrakhan’, khanate of
Great Palace, Chancellery of
court of appeal 567,573
and provisions for royal court 589
Great Silk Route 10,51
and Mongol commercial links 132,159
Great Treasury, Chancellery of 471,567
responsibility for crafts 589
Greek (Eastern) Orthodox Church, relations with Russian church 631
Gregory (Gregorios Bulgar), as Metropolitan of Lithuania and Poland 185
guardianship 361
guba (district administration)
constabulary role of 466
decline in role of 269
judicial role of 466,565,566
in Muscovy 253
reforms (1538–9) 308
see also governors; local government
Gulf of Finland, long-distance trade in 52
Gurios, St 342
Gustav II Adolf, king of Sweden 428,487,490,491
Gutkovskii, Simeon, Polish organist 654
Gytha, daughter of Harald of England, wife of Vladimir Monomakh 91
Haakonson, Erik, raid on Staraia Ladoga (997) 71
Haakonson, Sveinn, raid on Staraia Ladoga (1015) 71
Habsburg empire 270
Hadiach, Treaty of (1658) 504
Hanseatic League
domination of Baltic trade 314
and Novgorod 161,176,208,234,313
trade with 161,313
Harald, king of England (d.1066) 91
hard labour, as punishment 571
hayfields 25,29,39
Hebdon, John, English agent 653
Helgi, Nordic version of Slav name Oleg 57
Henry I, king of France 91
Henry IV, German king and Holy Roman Emperor 92
Herberstein, Sigismund von, ambassador from Holy Roman Empire, Notes on Muscovy 218,220,232,388,395
heresy 348–51,560
equated with Judaism 350
heretics 228,229,238
punishment of 350
hermitages and sketes 345,348
Hermogen see Germogen
historiography 11–18
‘Harvard school’ 15,16
Marxist 15,16
nature of sources 13–15
of Time of Troubles 409–10
Western traditions 13
written (manuscript) sources 14
Hlukhiv, Ukraine 505
Hlukhiv, Articles of (1669) 508
Holmgarthr see Novgorod
Holy League 486,514,517
Holy Roman Empire
Ivan III and 233
and Poland 514
Holy Trinity monastery see Trinity-Sergius monastery
Holy Wisdom, cult of 258
honey see wax and honey
honours, inflation of (under Alexis) 435
horses
draught 288,292
traded in Moscow 226
Horsey, Jerome 275,396
hostages, submitted by non-Russians to Muscovy 331,333
houses
Moscow 298,598
peasants’ huts 286,288,289–90,545–6
Howard, Charles, English ambassador to Moscow 654
HrørīkR, Old Norse form of Riurik 49
Hungarians 61
and Galicia 114,120,121
Hungary 31,92,114,123,141
trade with 115
hunting
for game and furs 27,29,54
as royal pastime 81,642
Iablonov, garrison town 494,497
Iaik, river 524
Iakovlev, Kornilo, ataman 499
Iakub, son of Ulu-Muhammed 165,175
Iakutsk, Fort, founded (1632) 527
Iam 426
ceded to Sweden 487
returned by Sweden 270
Iarilo, Slav sun god 341
iarlyk (patent) from khans 123,216
Iaropolk, son of Sviatoslav, prince in Kiev 61,62,63,192
Iaropolk, son of Vladimir Monomakh (d.1139), succession to Kiev (1132) 102
Iaroslav Iaroslavich (d.1271/2), Grand Prince in Novgorod 145,199
links with Galicia 142
and Mongol khans 133,136
prince of Tver’ 135
Iaroslav Iziaslavich (d.1180), of Lutsk 111, 112
Iaroslav, son of Sviatoslav (d.1129) 101
Iaroslav, son of Vsevolod Big Nest (d.1246) 4,118,120,143
appointed to Kiev by Baty khan (1243) 123,141
and Novgorod 121,123,145
sent to Karakorum 134
Iaroslav, son of Vsevolod Big Nest
in Vladimir
confirmed by Baty khan 134
and rebuilding of Vladimir 131
Iaroslav ‘the Wise’, son of Vladimir (d.1054)
campaign against Constantinople (1043) 90
campaign against Pechenegs 90
deathbed ‘Testament’ 77,78
descendants of 98–100
dynastic succession to 77–9,98,105,111,125
law code 84,85
statute 87,351,362
and literacy in Novgorod 193
prince in Novgorod 71,72,75,77,192–4
prince in Rostov 71
and Scandinavians 77,88
as sole ruler of Kiev 77,94
Iaroslav Volodimerovich Osmomysl (d.1187), of Galich 105,114,116
Iaroslav Vsevolodovich (d.1198), of Chernigov 113,116,117,125
Iaroslavl’
church styles 644
icons from 649
leather making centre 593
population 581
refugees resettled in 131
size of 302
Iaroslavl’, principality of 135,215
annexed by Moscow (1471) 213
iasak (tribute payment) 331,333
Iatviagians, subjugated by Vladimir 64
Iazhelbitsii, Treaty of (1456) 177,234
Ibak (Abak), khan of Siberia 328
Ibrahim, Sultan 496
Ibraim Pasha, Ottoman commander 511
icon screens, in churches 343
icons 125,341,344,641
from Kremlin Armoury workshop 647
Novgorod’s Mother of God of the Sign 196,198,344
regional ‘schools’ 649
signed 647
Vladimir 111
Ideia grammatiki musikiiskoi, treatise on music 654
Ignatii of Smolensk 400
Igor’ Iaroslavich (d.1060) 92,98
Igor’, son of Oleg
canonised 106
murdered by Kievans 105
as successor to Vsevolod 104
Igor’, son of Riurik 49
as prince of Kiev 47,56,57
Igor’ Sviatoslavich (d.1201) 113,118
and battle of Donets river basin (1185) 115
Igorevichi, in Galicia 118
Ilarion, ‘Sermon on Law and Grace’ (11th century) 96
Ili, river 527
Ilimsk, Fort, founded (1603) 527
Ilkhans, of Persia, Golden Horde campaign against 140,146
Il’men’, Lake 24,51
and centre of ‘khagan of the Northmen’ 52
Imperial Book of Degrees (1560–3) 249
imprisonment 381,571,577
and detention before trial 380
as punishment (in triadic legal process) 363
Inaet Girey, khan of Crimea 495,496
income, per capita 546
individualism 366
Inghari, Old Norse form of Igor’ 49
Ingigerd, daughter of king of Sweden, wife of Iaroslav 88
Ingush peoples 530
Ingvar’ Iaroslavich (d.1212), of Lutsk 117
inheritance law
Church jurisdiction in 560
Pskov 367
Russkaia pravda rules on 361
Sudebniki 385
women and 574
Innocent IV, Pope 142
inns 35
institutions
modelled on khanate councils 217,232
Muscovy 213,217,262
tsar and royal court 435,436–41
unaffected by Time of Troubles 435
see also Assembly of the Land (zemskii sobor); boyar council; chancelleries (prikazy); zemskii institutions
international law, as dyadic process 363
Ioakim, Patriarch (1674–90) 638–9,660
Ioann II, Metropolitan (1077–89) 86
Ioanna-Bogoslovskii monastery, Urals 318
Ioasaf I, Patriarch (1634–40) 622,626
Ioasaf, Patriarch (from 1666) 611
Ioasaf Skripitsyn, hegumen of Trinity-Sergius monastery, as Metropolitan (1539) 353
Iona, Archbishop of Novgorod 217n. 1,348
Iona, bishop of Riazan’ 175,183
elected as Metropolitan by Russian bishops 184,338,344,358
Iona, Metropolitan of Krutitsy 621,622
Iosif, Patriarch (1642–52) 622,626
Iosif Volotskii (d.1515)
and Agapetus doctrine 357,364
‘Enlightener’ (Prosvetitel’) 228,350,354,356,389
and heretics 349
and Iosifite view of church property 351–3
on relationship of church and state 357
representative of monastic life 228,346,347
Iosifo-Volokolamskii monastery 347,353
Iov, priest in Pskov 342
Iov, Patriarch of Russia (first) 269,358
removed (1605) 412
Irina, daughter of Tsar Michael 492
Irina Godunova, wife of Tsar Fedor 266,276,346
iron industry 40,544
see also metalworking
iron ores
limonite 40
marsh ores, Novgorod 196
trade in 313
Irtysh, river, settlements on 329
Isaac II Angelus, emperor of Byzantium 117
Isak Sobaka, monk 353
Ishterek beg, ruler of Great Nogai Horde 521
Isidor, as Metropolitan (1437–42) 183–4
Islam 51
among Bulgar elite 54,65
on frontiers of Muscovy 318
see also Muslims
Islam Girey III, khan of Crimea 496
Ismail, Nogai mirza 323
Istomin, Karion, wood block printer 649
Italy 233
architects from 233,343,393
see also Genoa; Venice
Itil, Khazar capital 54,61
Iur’ev see Dorpat
Iur’ev, bishopric of 93
Iur’ev, Fedor, painter 650
Iur’ev, Nikita Romanovich, and Boris Godunov 265
Iur’ev Pol’skii, principality 104,143,144
Iurii Daniilovich (d.1325)
as Grand Prince of Vladimir 138–9
and Novgorod 145–6,233
at Pereiaslavl’-Zalesskii 138
and principality of Moscow 144,171
Iurii Dmitr’evich, of Zvenigorod and Galich (d.1434)
claim to succession 8,164,172,173
death 174
Iurii Dolgorukii, son of Vladimir Monomakh (d.1157) 102,104–7,125
descendants 106
as prince of Suzdal’ 89,104
and principality of Vladimir-Suzdal’ 127
war with Iziaslav Mstislavich 105–6
Iurii Ivanovich, son of Ivan III, of Dmitrov (d.1536) 221,241,250
Iurii L’vovich, of Galicia (c.1300) 149
Iurii, prince of Galicia (1260s) 142
Iurii II, prince of Galicia and Volynia (d.1340) 150
Iurii, son of Vasilii II (d.1472) 216,222
Iurii, son of Vsevolod Big Nest 120,121,123,143
as Grand Prince of Vladimir 127,128
killed by Tatars 123,129,134
Ivan I Kalita (Ivan Daniilovich) (d.1341), of Moscow and of Vladimir 140,144,154,171,399
descendants 170
marriage alliances 144,154,165
and principality of Moscow 144,152
and tribute collection in Novgorod 146
Ivan II Ivanovich, Grand Prince of Vladimir-Moscow (d.1359) 140,154,160
and Novgorod 156
and succession 165,171
Ivan III, Grand Prince of Muscovy (d.1505) 3,221,317,389
and 1497 Sudebnik law code 229–30,374,375,382
building in Moscow 390
character 220–1
and the Church 227–9,343,358
descendants 221
and Dmitrii Ivanovich (grandson) as co-ruler 220
domestic policies 222
dynastic controversy over succession to 363
foreign policy 233–8
and heretics 348,350
and Novgorod 205–6,223,347
confiscation of Church property in 228,234,347,351–2
relations with boyars 224–5
relations with brothers 222
relations with khanates 237–8
and ritual 387
succession to father 178,216
Ivan III
and town of Ivangorod 300,314
and Vasilii (son), as co-ruler 220
Ivan IV (‘the Terrible’), Tsar (1530–84) 2,15,240
and 1550 Sudebnik 376
and accidental killing of son 251
building in Moscow 322,393
childhood 240–2
and Church 322,346,347,358
reforms 355,357
and collateral branches of dynasty 250–1
conquest of Kazan’ (1552) 30,322,396
constant fear for safety of family 257,263
coronation 245–6,357,398–400
death 251–2
and dynastic continuity from Kievan Rus’ 245,247
dynastic crisis (1553) 251,255
ideology of divine power of 258–9,262
literacy 248,249
letters 249
and Livonian war 256–7
marriages 244,246
and military servitors 254–5
minority of 242–5
‘boyar rule’ (1537–47) 242,375
obsession with treason at court 258
oprichnina administration 258–60,293
political crisis at death 264
reforms of 1550s 253–6
relations with khanates 255–6
speech to the Stoglav (1551) 247
and Stroganovs in Siberia 329
use of zemskii sobor 458
Ivan V Alekseevich, Tsar (1682–96) 3,607
Ivan Andreevich, of Mozhaisk (d.1454) 173,175,177,205
Ivan Augustus, ‘Tsarevich’ (pretender) 418,420
Ivan Borisovich (d.1503) 223
Ivan Dmitrievich, son of Second False Dmitrii 425,426,427,429,615
hanged (1613) 429
Ivan Fedorovich, prince of Beloozero 165
Ivan Ivanovich (d.1364) 165
Ivan Ivanovich, son of Ivan III (d.1490) 221
Ivan Ivanovich, son of Ivan IV (d.1581) 251
Ivan, son of Dmitrii (d.1302), at Pereiaslavl’-Zalesskii 138,143
Ivan, son of Dmitrii Shemiaka 205
Ivan, son of Vsevolod Big Nest, as prince of Starodub under Mongols 134
Ivangorod 300,314,426
ceded to Sweden 487
returned by Sweden 270
Ivanov, L.I. 612
Iverskii monastery 630
Izborsk, early fortified Scandinavian settlement at 48
Iziaslav Davidovich, of Chernigov, as prince of Kiev 107
Iziaslav, son of Iaroslav (d.1078)
and Poland 92
prince in Kiev 78,80,83,99
law code 85
Iziaslav, son of Mstislav (d.1154) 125
death 105
and House of Volyn’ 108–9
prince in Pereiaslavl’ 103,104
war with Iurii Dolgorukii 105–6
Iziaslav, son of Vladimir (d.1001), as prince in Polotsk 71
Iziaslavichi, of Turov 100,101
Iziuma Line, southern frontier defences 470,513
Iziumskii trail 494
Izmailovo, tsar’s residence at 642
Jan Kazimierz, king of Poland 502,503
and coalition against Turks 514
and Ukraine 504,505
Jan, king of Denmark 233
Jan Sobieski, king of Poland 510
and Treaty of Eternal Peace (1686) 514
Janibek Girey, khan of Crimea 491
Janibek, khan of the Golden Horde 149,154
Jenkinson, Anthony, English merchant 404,405
Jeremiah II, Patriarch of Constantinople 269,358,618
Jews 55,109,350
Joachim, first bishop of Novgorod 193
Joachim, Patriarch of Antioch 358
John I Tzimisces, Emperor of Byzantium 62
John Chrysostom, St 627
John Climacus, St 627
John de Plano Carpini, Franciscan monk 122
Juchi, Mongol khan 130
Judaiser controversy 363
Judaism, equated with heresy 350
judges
lack of professional 568
role in Sudebniki courts 378
judicial administration 229
corruption in 568–9
fees for services 371,377
see also courts
Justinian I, Emperor, and relationship of Church and state 357
Kabardinians, north Caucasus 324–5,530
and Kalmyks 524,530
relations with Muscovy 332,333,334
in Tersk 530
Kafa (Caffa, Kaffa), Crimea
cossacks and 523
Genoese trading colony 132,133,233,316
slave trading through 324
Kalancha, river, Ottoman fortress on 499
Kalka, river, battle of (1223) 120–1
Kalman, king of Hungary 92
Kal’miusskii trail 494
Kalmyk nomads 28,322,537
and Kabardinians 524,530
raids by 41,334
relations with Muscovy 332,493,521–2,524–7
treaty with (1697) 525
Kaluga 218,487,488,581
Bolotnikov at 417
population 302,581
Second False Dmitrii at 423,425
Kama River region 327
Kamchatka peninsula 527
Kamenets, battle of (1228) 121
Kanev, church of St George 103
Kapiton movement, ascetic opponents of Orthodox Church 634
Kaplan Pasha, Ottoman commander 510
Kara Mustafa, Ottoman grand vizier 512,514
Karakalpaks 537
Karakorum, Russian craftsmen in 130
Kardis, Treaty of (1661) 503
Karelia 487
Kargopol’, fortifications 596
Karl IX, king of Sweden 422,426,428
Karl X Gustav, king of Sweden 502,503
Karl XI, king of Sweden 503
Karl Filip, prince of Sweden 428,487
Karpov, garrison at 497
Kashira, Tatar raids on 491
Kashlyk (Sibir’) 234,328
Kasim, son of Ulu-Muhammed 175
and khanate of Kasimov 165,177,335
Kasimov, ‘tsareviches’ town’ 235
Kasimov, khanate of 165,177,236,335,425
Kassian, archimandrite of Iur’ev monastery, Novgorod 349
Kassian, bishop of Riazan’ 357
Katorzhnyi, Ivan, Don cossack ataman 495
Katyrev-Rostovskii, Prince I.M., Book of Chronicles 656
Katyrev-Rostovskii, Prince M.P. 281
Kazakhs, nomads 322,534,537
Kazakhstan (modern) 527
Kazan’
illiteracy of officials 479
population 302,307,581
regional military administration 470,586
in Time of Troubles 422,425
Kazan’ Chronicle 322
Kazan’, eparchy of 338
Kazan’, khanate of 2,30,164,234
conquered by Ivan IV (1552) 255,256,301,319–21,322,562
new mosques built 336
new towns 300,301
as part of Golden Horde 160,178,321
relations with Muscovy 235,319
strategic importance of 319
Kazan’ Palace (chancellery) 566
Kazanskaia istoriia (History of Kazan’) 237
Kazy-Girey, khan of Crimea 271
Kerch, Straits of, Khazar fortress on (S-m-r-k-ts) 57,61
Khanty (Ostiak) peoples 318,328,330
peace treaty with Muscovy 331
Khazars 51–2,54
khagans (rulers) of 51
relations with Rus’ 56,57
Sviatoslav’s attack on 60
Khitrovo, Bogdan, director of Armoury workshops 612,647
Khlopko, leader of peasant uprising (1603) 282,546
Khmel’nyts’kyi, Bohdan 498,500
alliance with Muscovy 500–1,516,532
and invasion of Lithuania 501,502
uprising against Poland (1648) 498,503,532,603
Khmel’nyts’kyi, Iurii 504–5,511,512,513
Kho-Urlük, chief of Kalmyks 332
Khodynka, battle of (1608) 420
Kholmogory 302,596
new eparchy created (1682) 623
transhipment point on Northern Dvina 315,591
Kholmskii, Prince V.D. 221
Khotun’ 222
Khovanshchina uprising (1682) 606–7,637
Khovanskii, Prince Andrei 607
Khovanskii, Prince I.A. 604,607,609, 612
Khovanskii, Prince I.N. 604
Khvorostinin, Prince I.D., governor of Astrakhan’ 418,429
Khvorostinin, Prince I.A. 621
Kiev 68,90,118
buildings 94,115
early log cabins 55
captured by Tatars (1240) 123
cathedral of St Sophia 91,94,96
chamber graves 58
churches
the Mother of God 67–8,94
St George 94
St Irene 94
St Vasilii 115
disputed succession after Sviatoslav (972) 62–3
dynastic rivalries for 125
Golden Gates 111
Lithuanian control over 148,150
mass conversion to Christianity 66
monastery of St Cyril 103
Muscovite control over (1667) 506,509,512,514
power transfer to Moscow under Mongols 128
princely rule established (882) 47
relations with princes 63,82–3
sacked by Andrei (1169) 110
sacked by Riurik (1203) 117
as symbolic centre of Rus’ 78,127,141
as throne city of Vladimir 63
trade 55
with Europe 122
treaty with Byzantium (911) 55
Vsevolod the Red and 118,119
see also Caves monastery; Kiev, Grand Princes of; Kiev, metropolitanate of; Rus’, Kievan
Kiev Academy 649,658
Kiev, Grand Princes of 7,56–60
dynastic politics (1015–1125) 74–81,98–101
dynastic rivalries (1125–1246) 125–6
joint rule of Sviatoslav Vsevolodovich and Riurik 114
judicial authority 85
marriage alliances 90,91
and Mongol threat 120
nature of power and governance (1015–1125) 81–8
sons as regional princes 61,71,75,88,92
war between Mstislavichi and Ol’govichi 105–7
as warlords 81
see also Rus’, Kievan
Kiev, metropolitanate of 93,105,148–9
reunification 180–2
transferred to Vladimir (1299) 9,148–9,152,153
kinship, and rules of blood vengeance 84
Kipchak khanate see Golden Horde
Kipchak steppe, Muscovy and Great Nogai Horde 493
Kiprian
as Metropolitan of Lithuania 180,344
and reunification of metropolitanate of Rus’ 180–2
and Trinity Chronicle 182
Kirill Belozerskii, St 352
Kirill, bishop of Turov, writings of 107
Kirill (Cyril), Metropolitan 141,148–9
Kirillo-Belozerskii monastery 345,347,624
dispute over 224,229
Kirillov, A.S. 612
Kirillova kniga 627
Klenk, Konraad van, Dutch ambassador to Moscow 654
Klim (Kliment) Smoliatich, as Metropolitan of Kiev 105,107,125
Klushino, battle of (1610) 424
Kneller, Sir Godfrey, portrait of Peter the Great 661
Koknes, taken by Muscovy 503
Kolomenskoe
church of the Ascension (1529–32) 343
tsar’s residence at 604,642,646
Kolomna 173,428,491
monastery 170
population 302,304
Komaritskaia district 411,412,498
Komi (Zyrian) peoples 318
Konchak, khan of Polovtsy 113
Konda (east of Urals) 318
Konotop, battle of (1659) 504
Konstantin Dmitr’evich (d.1433) 172,202
Konstantin Iaroslavich (d.1255), as prince of Galich and Dmitrov 135
Konstantin Mikhailovich, prince of Tver’ 154
Konstantin, prince of Pskov (1407–14) 365
Konstantin, son of Vsevolod Big Nest (d.1218) 120
as ruler of Rostov 127,128,135,143
Konstantin Vasil’evich, prince of Rostov 155,165,166
Konstantin Vasil’evich, prince of Suzdal’ 154
Kopor’e 270,426,487
Kopystenskii (Kopystens’kyi), Zakhariia, Nomokanon of 627
Korela 270,487
Korela, Don cossack ataman 412
Koren, Vasilii, wood block print carver 649
Koriak peoples 527
kormlenie (feeding) payments 225–6,481–2
to governors 308,377,473,480–2
to princes of Lithuania 202
Korovin, Il’ia (‘Tsarevich Peter’), pretender 417
Korsun’, Articles of (1669) 509
Korsun’, battle of (1648) 498
Kosagov, Grigorii, Muscovite commander 513
Kosoi, Feodosii, trial for heresy 356
Kosta, master-craftsman, Novgorod 198
Kostensk 579
Kostroma 422,481,649
control of 143,144,167
fortified by Iurii Dolgorukii 104
population 302,581
Kostroma Chancellery (chetvert’ ) (territorial), legal jurisdiction 566
Kotoshikhin, Grigorii 15,445,451,460
Kovalevo, Novgorod, monastery church 209
Kozheozerskii monastery 629
Kozlov 494
uprising (1648–9) 603
Krabbe, Evert, Danish envoy 604
Krapivna, near Tula 412
Kretnyi monastery 630
Kristler, Johann, engineer 643
Kriuk-Kolychev, I.F., conspiracy against Vasilii Shuiskii 422
Krivichi 189
original inhabitants of Polotsk 47
Krizhanich, Iurii, political philosopher 436
Kromy 270
defection of army to False Dmitrii at 284,412
Kseniia, Tsarevna, daughter of Boris Godunov 284
Kubenskii princes, court faction under Ivan IV 242
Kuchum, khan of Siberia 270,328–9
Kudai Kul of Kazan’ see Peter Ibraimov
Kudyr’, khan of the Golden Horde 161
Kulikovo, battle of (1380) 162,185,202
Kumyks, North Daghestan 324,537
and Muscovy 332,530
Kurakin princes 265,266
Kurbskii, Prince Andrei Mikhailovich 15,249
Kuritsyn, Fedor Vasil’evich, diplomat 375
accused of heresy 349–50
Kuritsyn, Ivan-Volk, condemned as heretic 350
Kursk
fortified town 270,301,497
population 583
surrender to False Dmitrii 411
uprising (1648–9) 603
labour
and land 382,383,552
shortages 7,296
labour law
Muscovy 369n. 29
Pskov 367
labour services 38,283
Ladoga, Lake 51,190
lakes 33,51
land
black lands 230
court lands 230
ecclesiastical 230,238,339,351
grants of 272,414,624
heritable 231,365,574
lack of market in 384,541
market in service tenure land 574
and military service obligations 382–3
monastic 95,272,355,624
bequests forbidden (1584) 272
patrimonial 79,383
state control over 382
votchiny (alienable) 230,231,383,384
see also inheritance law
landholding 286
by Church 574,624
iqta (Muslim) 231
land census (1580s–90s) 273
laws on
inheritance and ownership 565
legal categories 230–1,574
Novgorod 372
Pskov 365–6
statutes of limitations 384
see also pomest’e system
landowners
boyars 207,268,283,625
clergy as 624
and labour shortages 7,296
and obligations of service 7,38
and rights over peasants 273,297,562
tarkhany tax privileges 272
see also servitors (service classes)
landscape, and settlement 19,20
language
Church Slavonic 619
and dialects 189
Latin 645,651,658
Polish 658
of Rus’ (Scandinavian) 55
translations into Russian 229,656
Lascaris, John 352
Last Judgement ritual 402–3
Latin, elite knowledge of 645,651,658
Lavr (Lavrentii), pretender 418,420
law 361,379,559
accusatorial (sud) suits 569–70
appeals 378,567
blood vengeance 84,85
and burden of proof 381
Byzantine secular (from 1620s) 572,577,598
and concept of common good 578
and distributive justice 572,578
German, in Ukraine 565
and honesty (in Novgorod law) 372
immunities 374–5,560,574
charters of 560
see also Orthodox Church
inquisitorial (sysk) suits 570
judicial venues 559–67
legal process in Rus’ 70
litigants’ aides 369,371
losing defendants (in dyadic process) 371
as means of centralisation 9,378,559
new decrees (late 17th century) 573
and official malfeasance 378
and oral tradition 360,379
payments, damages and fees 230
practice
after Ulozhenie 568–72
standardisation of 85,229,471,578
regulation of peasants’ movements 230
revenues from 361,370,385
role of judges 378
role of serfs and slaves in judicial process 370,377,555
rules for litigation 230,568
speed of trials 371,378,569
tariff and trade legislation (1653/1667) 545,573,575
as tool of social change 384,565,573,576
use of fines 70,85,87,361,571
ustavy (statutes), jointly issued by princes and Church 86–7
written 87,368
books of law and precedents 572
see also Church law; commercial law; crime; criminal law; evidence; judicial administration; law codes; legal systems; punishments
law codes 9,14,551,572–7
boyars’ contribution to 224
canon law 84,85–6,352,561
decrees on princely estates (1562 and 1572) 376
demand for (1648) 551,587
Felony Statute (1663) 381
Iaroslav’s 87
New Decree Statutes (1669) 466,571,573
Novgorod Judicial Charter 371–4
and princely authority 83–5
Pskov Judicial Charter (1397–1467) 365–70
in Ukrainian hetmanate 564
Vladimir Monomakh’s statute on Church jurisdiction 86,362
as written sources 73
see also Church law; Pskov Judicial Charter (1397–1467); Russkaia pravda; Sudebniki; Ulozhenie (1649)
Lazar’, priest 633,636
leather, hides and skins
tanning 25
trade in 39
leatherwork, decorative 649
legal profession, Pskov 369
legal systems 9
change from dyadic to triadic process 360,362–3,380,385
in Rus’ 70
see also law codes
Lena, river 527
Leo, son of Danylo, marriage to daughter of Bela IV 141
Leontii of Rostov, bishop, relics at Vladimir 111
Leopold I, Emperor 514
lèse majesté, concept of 577
letters and epistles
birch bark documents 14,73,188,195,197,206,373n. 53
Ivan IV 249
as written sources 73
Levkeinskii, Mark, Chronicle Notes of 226
Liapunov, Prokopii 465
commander of Bolotnikov army 416,423,425,426
death of 426,427
life expectancy 546
Lipitsa, river, battle of (1216) 120
Lisowski, Aleksandr, Polish-Lithuanian commander 487
literacy 69
among local officials 479
of chancellery personnel 453
of clergy 339,624
Ivan IV 248,249
and the law 378,379,385
Novgorod 193,206–7
of peasants (in Novgorod) 207
printed alphabet primers 649,655
literature 657
17th century 655–7
apocalyptic 627
belles lettres 655
books translated into Cyrillic 656
Church 339,352,357,627
classical 657
devotional 125
elite (‘high’ culture) 655
historical accounts 656
lack of print and book culture 357,655
‘Lives’ 73,627,656
Novgorod 204
‘of roguery’ 656
oral tradition 656
poetry 657
traditional Russian 655
translations from Polish 656
see also chronicles; letters; literacy; printing
Lithuania 31,125
encroachments by 145,148,150
influence of nobility on Muscovite government 232,236n. 48
invasion of (1654) 500,501,502
marriage alliances with Russian princes 141,142
and Novgorod 147,148,150,157,176,201–2,234
and Polotsk 101,145
relations with Muscovy 236,318
wars 236
rise of 158,168
trade route through 314
and Tver’ 215
see also Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Lithuania, metropolitanate of 150–1,338
Lithuanian Statute (1588) 376,381
influence on Ulozhenie (1649) 572,576
Little Russian Chancellery, administration of Ukraine hetmanate 517,533,564
liturgical feasts 340,341–2
liturgical texts 621–2
liturgy 340,342
edinoglasie 628
lay opposition to Zealots’ reforms 628
mnogoglasie (simultaneous chants) 626
Nikon’s reforms 631–2
reformed 636
and ritual 625–6
Liubech, accord (1097) 80,89,99,101
Liut, son of Rus’ commander 62
Lives
of pious individuals 656
of saints 73,627
Livny, fortified town 270,301,497
Livonia, partition of (1560s) 257
Livonian Order (Knights of the Sword)
as enemies of Rus’ 6,236
and Polotsk 101
Livonian war (1558–83) 5,256–7,303,531
and Novgorod 210
and trade 314–15
loans and credit 540
from English merchants 544
law on 385
local government
and appointed governors 9,269
bribery in 482–5
central control over 8,477,479–80
improvements in administration 35,268,308
inefficiency and delays in 479–80
and purchase of non-Russian serfs and slaves 537
reforms (16th century) 480
elected institutions 9
regional razriady 467,478
and restoration of order (1613–18) 488
revenue accounting 474–5
Sudebniki and 377
and taxation to fund military administration 470–1
town governors (godovye voevody), annually-appointed 464
see also governors; guba (district administration)
Lodyzhin, massacre at 510
Logika (‘The Logic’), theological text 349, 350
Lokhvitsa, battle of (1659) 504
Loputskii, Stanis l ƚaw, Polish artist 649
Lotharingia, lower, trade with 122
Louis the Pious, Byzantine embassy to 49
Lübeck, centre of German Hanse 314
Lutheranism, and influences on art 660
Lutzen, battle of (1632) 491
L’viv, taken by Muscovy 505
Magdeburg law, in Ukraine 565
magic see witchcraft and magic
Magnus, ‘king’ of Livonia 275
Maiatsk, garrison town 513
Makarii, Metropolitan 229,243–4,249,251,353
as advisor to Ivan IV 247,248
and coronation of Ivan IV 245,246,357,398,399
encyclopaedia (‘great menology’) 354
heresy trials 356
and national feast days 341,344
Maksim Grek 229,352,357
accused of heresy 352–3
literature on Christian life 353
‘Sermon on Penitence’ 354
Maksim, Metropolitan 149,152
Mamai, khan 160
and Dmitrii Donskoi 161,162–3,166
Mangazeia, on Taz river 329,334
Mangu Temir, khan of the Golden Horde (1267–81) 132,136,137
and Orthodox Church 149
Mansi (Vogul) peoples 318,328,330,334
peace treaty with Muscovy 331
manuscripts, illuminated 641
Manutius, Aldus, printer 352
maps
from Armoury workshops 650
‘Book of the Great Map’ (c.1627) 32,34
‘Great Map’ renewed after fire in Moscow (1626) 42
military (southern frontier) 34
Siberia (17th cent.) 32
state 36
Marfa Sobakina, wife of Ivan IV 247
Mari (Cheremis) peoples 320,330,334,336
in Middle Volga region 533
and Razin revolt 606,610
Maria, daughter of Gedimin of Lithuania, wife of Dmitrii Mikhailovich 142
Mariia Borisovna, wife of Ivan III 221
Mariia Grigor’evna, wife of Boris Godunov 284,412
Mariia Iaroslavna, wife of Vasilii II 221,237
Mariia Il’inichna, Tsaritsa 614
Mariia Kuchenei of Kabarda, wife of Ivan IV 245,247,256,325
Mariia Miloslavskaia, wife of Tsar Alexis 443–4,607
Mariia Nagaia, wife of Ivan IV 247,413
Mariia Vladimirovna 275
markets 10,309
and manufactures 310,590
and market network 309,311,588
marriage, of fugitive serfs 554
Martha, widow of Fedor Alekseevich 653
Marx, Karl 16
Matiushka (or Sidorka), Third False Dmitrii 426
Matveev, Artamon Sergeevich 612,651,653
as first minister 446,508
and policy on Ukraine 509–10,511
Mazepa, Ivan, Ukrainian hetman 516
mead 289
mechnik, swordsman and official 82
medicines, from plants 25
Medyn’ 222
Mehmed IV, Ottoman Sultan 507,511,513
Mehmed Girey, khan of Crimea 496
Mengli Girey, khan of Crimea 236,238,322
mercantilism 545,575
merchants
and domestic commerce 542–3
English 544
European 307,488
French 544
gosti (highest rank of) 306,542,561,574
gostinaia sotnia (merchants’ hundred) (second-rank) 543
legal immunities 574
and long-distance trade 543
Moscow 310,590–1
Radhanite Jewish 55,109
reputation for dishonesty 540
sukonnaia sotnia (cloth hundred) (provincial elite) 543
and urban unrest 608,610
wealth of 542
see also commerce; trade
Merrick, John, mediator 487
Mertvyi Donets, river, Ottoman fortress on 499
Meshchera Lowland 24
mestnichestvo (rules of precedence) 254,440–1,451
and military administration 519
provincial governors 473
metals, demand for 318,539
metalworking 54,592
Moscow 310,590
Novgorod 196
Michael (Romanov), Tsar (1613–45) 5
and Azov crisis 496
and boyars’ council 460
building programme in Moscow 642
as contender for throne 424,428
coronation (1613) 358,642
election as tsar 8,428,600
legitimation of position 437,442,615
and local government 465
and Orthodox Church 622
political settlement 442
and Sweden 487
use of zemskii sobor 461
see also Filaret, Metropolitan
Michael-Mitiai, confessor to Dmitrii Donskoi 181
Michal ƚ, king of Poland 509,510
Middle Dnieper
bishoprics established 93
Byzantine trade 55,57–9
new settlements and fortifications 68–9, 70
origins of Rus’ in 47,48,49
settlement by northerners in 55–6,189
see also Chernigov
Middle Volga region
Bulgars in 54
colonisation 533
Muscovite expansion into 533–5
see also Chuvash peoples
Miechowicki, Mikol ƚaj, cossack hetman 420
Mikhail Aleksandrovich, prince of Tver’ 162,166–7
Mikhail Andreevich, of Vereia (d.1486) 173,176,177,224,229,345
Mikhail Borisovich, prince of Tver’ 234
Mikhail Iaroslavich (d.1318), prince of Tver’ 7,151
defiance of Mongol khans 137,138
as Grand Prince of Vladimir 138–9,144
and Novgorod 145,234
Mikhail Olel’kovich, prince of Lithuania, and Novgorod 234,348
Mikhail, son of Vsevolod the Red (d.1246), prince in Chernigov 121,125,126, 141
and control over principalities 121–3
in Kiev 123
killed by Mongols 123,134
and Mongol invasions 123
and Novgorod 121
Mikhalko, son of Iurii (d.1176), in Kiev 111
military administration
17th-century reforms 7,471
based on towns 305,465,586
regional 469,470,498,519,586
taxation to fund 470–1
see also Military Service Chancellery (Razriad)
military resources
Muscovite princes 215,217,222,231
see also armies
Military Service Chancellery (Razriad) 446,455
and Abatis line 494
centralised command 497,518
legal jurisdiction 566
responsibility for town governorships 472,476,586
and rules of military colonisation 495
urban enumerations of military servitors 581
military servitors 11,219,254–5,574
cavalrymen 7,38,272,383,561
in Muscovite provincial administration 253
and oprichnina 259,260
and princes of Kievan Rus’ 7,8, 62,70
in towns 68,306,581,583,587
see also druzhina; servitors and service classes; strel’tsy
mills, water 292
Miloslavskii, Prince I.D. 612
Miloslavskii, Prince I.M. 612
Miloslavskii princes 443
and election of Peter as tsar 608
Minin, Koz’ma, and liberation army in Nizhnii Novgorod 427,428
miracle tales 344
Mirandola, Pico della 352
mixed-forest zone 23–5
agriculture 25
resources 25
Mniszech, Jerzy, Palatine of Sandomierz 410
Mniszech, Marina 410,421,423
birth of son 425
and claim of son to throne 427,428,429,600
death 429
wife of False Dmitrii 415
Mnogogreshnyi, Demian, Ukrainian hetman 470,508
Mohyla, Petr, catechism by 627
Molchanov, Michael
confidant of False Dmitrii 415
and Second False Dmitrii 418
Moldavia 500,501,503,512
Molodi, battle of (1572) 256
monasteries 345–8,624–5,629
agricultural production 39,95
Assumption (on Voronezh River) 42
control over (Novgorod) 200
convents 348
donations to 95,345–7
bequests of land to forbidden (1584) 272,624
and land grants 272
early Rus’ 94
influence in Vologda 593
and jurisdiction in criminal cases 561
legal immunities 374,560
monks 95,347,352
pilgrimages to 346,626
rules of communal living 345,347
rules of ecclesiastical discipline 227
St Cyril in Kiev 103
schools in 658
and small trading centres 312
status 345
Stoglav Council criticism of 355
tax exemptions 347
walled 169
wealth 347
land 272,624
loans to government 540
see also Caves monastery, Kiev; Kirillo-Belozerskii monastery; Novgorod; Solovetskii monastery; Trinity-Sergius (Holy Trinity) monastery
Monastery Chancellery (1649) 552,560,574
abolished (1677) 638
jurisdiction of 629
Mongkansi tribe 334
Möngke, khan of the Golden Horde (from 1251) 135
Mongol Empire
administration as model for Muscovite institutions 217,232
commercial networks 132
see also Golden Horde (Mongol nomads)
Mongol invasions 6,123,129
and demographic dislocations 129–31
and economic growth 131–3
effect on Kievan Rus’ 128–9
and threat to Novgorod 198
Mongols (Tatars) 30,260,537
end of overlordship 3,237
as enemies of Russians 6,41
horses traded in Moscow 226
influence on Muscovy 15,16
migrations 28,533
and Razin revolt 610,611
resettlement of 335
rise of 120
in Russian towns 307
as subjects of Muscovy 320
support for Second False Dmitrii 425
use of tracks (shliakhi) 34
as vassal princes in Muscovy 224,236,335
see also Crimean Tatars; Golden Horde (Mongol nomads); Great Horde; Nogai Horde
Monier, Anton, Swedish ambassador to Muscovy 490
monks 95,347,352
Monomashichi (younger sons of Vladimir Monomakh), claim to Kiev 102
monopolies, granted to town merchants 543
Moravsk (Monastyrevskii Ostrog), border fortress 411
Mordva tribes 118,125,320,330,533
and Razin revolt 606,610
Morozov, Boris Ivanovich 469,612,614
attempted tax reforms 550–1
corruption of 550
as regent (1645–8) 443
and salt tax riots 602,608
mosaics, in churches 96
Moscow
17th-century 588–91
academy (founded 1682) 658
armaments (cannon foundry) 310,590
Armoury 589
workshops (Kremlin) 647–8,650,661
attacks on
blockaded by Second False Dmitrii 421,422
Mongols (1237–8) 129
Tatars (1571) 41,256,260,303
Tatars (1591) 41,270
besieged
(1368) 166
(1606) 416–17
by Iurii Dmitr’evich (1434) 173
buildings 169,390
civic architecture 645
Cathedral of Archangel Michael 132,233,343,392,393
frescos renovated 643
Cathedral church of the Annunciation (Ivan IV’s) 344,392,393
Cathedral church of the Dormition 132,152,233,342,343,392
inaugural processions 344,358,387
Metropolitan’s Pew 392
murals repainted 643
Small Zion (silver vessel) 392
Tsar’s Pew (Monomakh Throne) 392
see also ritual
Cathedral of the Icon of Our Lady of Kazan’ 643
Cathedral Square 390
churches
foreign 594
Holy Trinity in Nikitniki 644
stone-built 132
within court complex 241
conceptualised as New Jerusalem 390,392,394,595
crafts and manufactures in 310–11
for court and government 589–90
for market 590
description (1550s) 298
‘Earth Town’ 594,596
economy 132,227n. 27
expansion of town 165–8
fires 41,183,601,602
fortified by Iurii Dolgorukii 104
fur trade 227,313
German Quarter (nemetskaia sloboda) (Foreign Quarter/Northern European Settlement) 545,621,631,646
Golgotha (stone daïs) 394
Kremlin 233,390,596,641
Beautiful (Red) Porch 392,393
convent of the Ascension 348
Faceted Hall, Granovitaia palata (reception hall) 233,392,393
Gold and Silver Chambers 590
Golden Hall, stolovaia (throne room) 244,392,393
as royal palace 241
Terem palace 642
see also ritual
legal process 363
and market network 309,311,588
merchant hierarchy 590–1
military administration (regional) 586
military servicemen in 307
Novodevichii convent 343,348,645
plague (1654) 42,588
Polish occupation (Time of Troubles) 358,424,425
liberation 427–8
popular unrest 600,637
Copper Uprising (1662) 540,604–5
Khovanshchina uprising (1682) 606–7,637
‘salt riot’ uprising (1648) 443,550, 601–2
population estimates 301,363,581,588
and proclamation of False Dmitrii as tsar 412–13
public theatre (1701) 653
Red Square, Pharmacy 645
St Basil’s cathedral (church of the Intercession) 322,340,343,394
shops and rows 311,591
suburbs and hundreds 588–9
town walls 169
trading square (Kitai Gorod) (site of Red Square) 311,591,596,601
‘White Town’ 596
Moscow Administrative Chancellery 573
legal jurisdiction 566
‘Moscow Baroque’, architectural style 644–6
Moscow, Grand Principality of see Vladimir-Moscow, Grand Principality of
Moscow Judicial Chancellery 567
Moscow, metropolitanate, transferred from Kiev 152
Moscow, principality of
claims to Vladimir 143
political legitimacy of succession 8,129
rivalry with princes of Tver’ 138,152–3,166–7
Mount Athos, monastery 352
Mozhaisk 177,222
occupied by Polish army 424
see also Fedor Rostislavich; Ivan Andreevich
Mstislav Iziaslavich, of Volyn’ (d.1172) 107, 111
as prince of Kiev 108,110,125
Mstislav Mstislavich the Bold (d.1228) 121
and battle of the River Kalka 120
at Novgorod 118,119,120
Mstislav Romanovich (d.1223), of Smolensk 119,120,126
death at Kalka 121
as prince of Kiev 120,126
Mstislav, son of Andrei (d.1173) 110
Mstislav, son of Iurii Dolgorukii, marriage (1155) 198
Mstislav, son of Vladimir (d.1034/6) 83
and Chernigov 90,94
as prince of Tmutorokan’ 75,77,90
Mstislav, son of Vladimir Monomakh (d.1132) 101,195
as prince of Kiev 102,126
as prince of Novgorod 83,100,194
and princes of Polotsk 101
successors 102
Mstislav Sviatoslavich (d.1223), of Chernigov, death at Kalka 121
Mstislavich, Petr, printer 357
Mstislavichi 107–8,125,126
claim to Pereiaslavl’ 102
Mstislavskii, Prince F.I., as army commander 281,411
Mstislavskii, Prince I.F. 266
Mstislavskii princes 265
Muhammed Emin, khan of Kazan’ 226
Muhammed Girey, khan of Crimea 235,238,321
Murad IV, Sultan 495,496
Murad Girey, khan of Crimea 513
Muravskii trail 494
murder
exemption from immunity 374
use of poison 242,251,252
Murom 75,304
early Scandinavian settlement at 48
overlordship of Iurii Dolgorukii 104
principality of 123,168
Muscovy Company, English 10,315
Muscovy, Patriarchate, established (1589) 268–9,357,618
Muscovy, state of
in 1462 215–20
in 1533 238–9
administration 213,262
of new lands 336–7
record-keeping (use of scrolls) 232
annexation of Novgorod 205–6
‘boyar rule’ (1537–47) 242
and cossacks 6,470,505,508,509,516,517,522–4
economy 226–7,292
in 1462 216
crisis (16th century) 261–2,264,281,303,304
under Boris Godunov 274,281
use of money 253
emergence as great power 486,516–19
emergence of 3,213
enemies of 5–7
expansion 2,213,238,337
17th century 520
administration of new lands 336–7
into north Caucasus 529–31
into Siberia 527–8
methods of conquest and colonisation 331–4,535–8
and steppe region 521–7
to north and north-east 317–19,337
to west 520
foreign affairs
Andrusovo Armistice (1667) with Poland 470,506
neutrality in Baltic and northern Europe 492
relations with Crimea 321–3,507–16
relations with Ottoman Empire 325–7,507–16
and Treaty of Eternal Peace with Poland (1686) 514
under Ivan III and Vasilii III 233–8
foreign influences on 219,232–3,241
growth of diplomacy 517
institutions modelled on khanate councils 217,232
land surveys (1530s–1540s) 253
military resources 215,217,222,231
Orthodox Patriarchate established (1589) 268–9,357,618
provincial administration 253–4,262,263,268
reconstruction after Time of Troubles 488,585
relations with remnants of Golden Horde 8,165
relations with vassal princes 223–4
rulers
and ideology of rulership 388–90
monarch-in-council form 213,217
relationship with Church 219,247–9,389,401
relationship with elite 247,254–5
status of royal family 262
social structure 216
as successor to Kievan Rus’ 2,182,245, 389
and symbolic significance of conquest of Kazan’ 319,322
Tatar tsareviches in service of 224,236,260
territorial extent of 19,486
trade and commerce in 218,226–7
under Ivan III and Vasilii III 220,317
domestic policies 222–32
under Ivan IV 240,252,262–3
measures to integrate state 253,263
vicegerent administration 229,254
wars
with Crimea (1521) 322
invasion of Lithuania (1654) 500,501, 502
invasion of Right Bank Ukraine (1674) 510
with Ottoman Empire 511–13
with Sweden (1656) 502
see also Livonian war; Thirteen Years War
music 653–5
composers 654
folk minstrels 626,627
instrumental 654
Russian vocal 653
Western instruments 653
Musketeer Chancellery 567
Muslims
conversions to Orthodox Christianity 319,325,335
Muscovite policy after conquest of Kazan’ 319–20,335,336
and popular revolts 611
purchased as serfs 537
in state of Muscovy 255,337
see also Islam
mystics, Hesychast 348
Nafanail, Hegumen, Book of Faith 627
Nagaev, Kuz’ma, musketeer 604
Nagaia, Evdokiia 275
Nagois, kinsmen of Tsarevich Dmitrii of Uglich 264,275
Narimunt, prince of Lithuania, as prince of Novgorod 147,148,150
Narva, capture of 10,300,314–15
Narym, new town 329
Naryshkin family 607
Naryshkin, I.K. 612
Naryshkin, Lev 645
Nasedka, Ivan, monk 622
Natal’ia Naryshkina, second wife of Tsar Alexis 607,653
naval stores (timber, pitch, tar) 40
Navruz, khan of the Golden Horde 161,165,180
Nenet (Samoed) peoples 318,334
Nentsy peoples 330
Nerchinsk, Treaty of (1689) 528
Nero, Lake 54
Neronov, Ivan, priest of Nizhnii Novgorod 626,627
opposition to Nikon’s reforms 633,636
Nestor, monk of the Caves, chronicler 96
Netherlands
economic and technological influence 544
mercenaries from 498
and trade from Moscow to Archangel 591
trade with Muscovy 315,488
trade through White Sea 37
Neva, river, battle of (1240) 199
New Mangazeia, on Enisei river 329
New Sarai, building of 130
New Year’s ritual 401–2
Nicephorus II, emperor of Byzantium 61
Niejdany, Treaty of (1654) 502
Nikifor, priest 636
Nikitin, Gurii, icon-painter 649
Nikon, Life of 185
Nikon Chronicle 48,226,344
Nikon, Patriarch 629,644,660
Church reforms 629–32
deposed (1666) 595,611,627,635
imprisoned at Ferapontov 635,636
Refutation 630,634
and resistance to reforms of 633–5
withdrawal to New Jerusalem monastery 634
Nil Sorskii (d.1508)
and Church lands (‘Non-possessor’ faction) 351,352,364
hostility to heretics 351
representative of skete life 228,348
Nizhnii Lomov, garrison town 494
Nizhnii Novgorod 23,127
attached to Moscow (1391) 168
and Church reform 626
economic prosperity after Mongol invasions 132
new eparchy created 623
population 302,581
size of villages 288n. 8
and Suzdal’ (1341) 127,155
in Time of Troubles 422,423,427
nobility see boyars; servitors (service classes)
Nogai, Mongol khan (d.1299), claim to leadership of Golden Horde 136–8
Nogai Horde, Great(er)
Muscovy and 270,493
peace treaty (1604) 521
Nogai Horde, Lesser, and Crimean Tatars 493,522
Nogai nomads 41,330,530
alliance with Muscovy 322
and Crimean khanate 493,522,523
dependence on Muscovy 521
and horses traded in Moscow 226
and Kalmyks 521,524
Muscovy and 235,270
raids against Muscovy 334
recognition of Ivan IV 323
Nogai Road 494
nomads 6
migration into forest-steppe 28
raids by 41
resistance to Russian migrants 30
Turko-Mongol 329
see also Kalmyks; Mongols; Nogais
non-Russians 252
contact with 36–7,331–4,534
elites in service in Muscovy 224,236,260,334,459,530,533
expansion of Muscovy 6
conquest of Astrakhan’ 255,256,323
and conquest of Siberia 327–30
Kazan’ 255,256,301,319–21,322
north Caucasus 324–7
judicial status of 562
methods of conquest and colonisation 334–5,535–8
migration of non-Christians 336,534
Muscovite administration of 336–7,536
Muslims in state of Muscovy 255,337
and oaths of allegiance (shert’ ) 521,525, 535
problem of fugitive natives 534,536
purchase of non-Christian serfs condoned 537
relations with 525,533
societies
destabilisation of 537–8
structure 330–1
in towns 307,585
uprisings among 538
see also Mongols; Muslims
Normans, and early Novgorod 190,191
Northern European Settlement see Moscow, German Quarter
Novgorod 2,121,215,252
in 13th and 14th centuries 198–202
administrative structure 193,203–5
annual elections of leaders 200,203,207
collegial institution (1417) 203,204
districts (‘ends’) 191,196,200
post of ‘thousander’ 197,200
veche (city assembly) 8,203,206,207,234
Aleksandr Nevskii as prince of 134,136,141,145,198,199
annexation (by Ivan III) (1478) 205–6,213,234,317
archaeology 188,194,195
birch bark documents 14,73,188,195,197,206,373n. 53
bishopric 69,93,202,338
Black Death in (1352) 131
boyar power in 192–8,199,207
independence of 193,203–5
patrimonial estates 196
popular opposition to 203,204,205
rivalry 196
capitulation to Andrei (1171) 110
cathedral of St Sophia (stone) 95,194
bronze doors 208
cathedral of St Sophia (wooden) 192
churches 192,208,209
property confiscations by Ivan III 228,234,347,351–2
St Theodore Stratelates 209
SS Anna and Joachim 192
SS Peter and Paul 209
Transfiguration of the Saviour 209
coinage 204
courts 195
commercial 199
defence of frontiers 196,198,201–2
earliest settlements 191
Liudin 192,197
Nerevskii 192
Rus’, at Gorodishche 52
Slavenskii 192
economy
crisis (1580s) 261,264
resources 196
fortifications 203,209,210
Gothic Court 208
and Hanseatic League 161,176,234,313
Iaroslav the Wise, as prince in 71,75,77,192–4
international contacts 208
Iurii Dolgorukii and 104
Ivan the Terrible’s reprisals (1570) 210,260,303
and Kiev 78,194
kremlin (‘Detinets’) 192,194
stone (1302) 199
walls and towers 209
lands attached to 195,215
legal process 360,363,371
literacy 193,206–7
and Lithuania 147,148,150,157,176,201–2
alliance proposed (1470) 205,234
Lithuanian influence in 168
monasteries 209
church of Nativity in the Cemetery 209
control over 200
St Anthony 95,197,209
St George 95,197,200,209
monastery churches 95,197,209
and Mongols 133,136,198,199
tribute payments to khans 146,161–2,199
Mstislav Mstislavich the Bold at 118
and Muscovite expansion 317–19,337
name 192
new towns 300
origins of 189–92
choice of site 191
population 302,363,581
posadnichestvo (governorship) 83n. 20,194,206
reforms (14th/15th century) 203,204
princes of 190–1
invited or chosen 116,190,194,199
judicial role 195,199
limited powers of 193,199,203–5
relations with town 82,83,125,136,145,199
prince’s residence 194,195
regional military administration 586
relations with Tver’ 201,233–4
relations with Vladimir and Moscow 145–8,156,201,202–6
and Second False Dmitrii 422
size of villages 288n. 8
slavery in 373,373n. 53
Slovenes as original inhabitants 47,189
small trading centres (riady) 312
street system, paving (c.947) 192
support for Vasilii Shuiskii 422
support for Vladimir Sviatoslavich 63
and Sweden 146,198,199,202
Swedish occupation (1611) 426,487
and Teutonic Knights 176,198,199,201
and Third False Dmitrii 426
Time of Troubles(c.1603–13) 2,210
trade 133,199
with Baltic 133,208,314
furs 146,196,312
with Hansa 161,208
and wealth 10,125,146–7,201
uprising (1207) 197
uprising (1418) 203
uprising (1650) 603–4,610,614
and Vasilii II 176–7,217n. 1
Vladimir-Suzdal’ and 120
see also Gorodishche (Riurikovo Gorodishche)
Novgorod Chancellery (chetvert’ ), legal jurisdiction 566
Novgorod Judicial Charter 371–4
fees for judicial services 371
Muscovite influence on 371
oath-taking 372
Novgorod Severskii 218,505
defended against False Dmitrii 411
Novobogoroditskoe, garrison at 516
Novosergeevsk, garrison at 516
Novosil’, uprising (1648–9) 603
Novosil’tsev, Luka, Russian ambassador to Holy Roman Empire 266
Novospasskii monastery, Moscow 629
Nummens, Login, Swedish agent 604
Nur Sultan, wife of Mengli Girey of Crimea 238
oath-taking 379
kissing the cross 372,388
Ob, river
settlements on 329
trade depots 563
Obdor (east of Urals) 318
Obdorsk, new town 318
Odoevskii, Prince I.N. 429
Odoevskii, Prince N.I., and Ulozhenie Commission (1649) 443,551
Oghuz nomads, alliance with Sviatoslav 60
Oka, River 24,491,494
frontier fortifications 523
and settlement to south 548
Okhotsk, Fort, founded (1649) 527,580
Old Believers 636–8,639
and Khovanshchina uprising (1682) 607,611,637
mass suicides 637
and Razin revolt 611
and traditional art 660
Olearius, Adam, traveller from Holstein 33,591,601
Oleg, Rus’ leader (940s)
attack on Khazars 57
in Kiev 47,191
leaves Novgorod 191
Oleg, son of Iaroslav (d.1188), in Galicia 114
Oleg, son of Sviatoslav (d.975), prince in Derevlian lands 61,62
Oleg, son of Sviatoslav of Chernigov (d.1115) 80,101
and Vladimir Monomakh 89,90,99–100
Oleg Sviatoslavich (d.1204), of Chernigov 117,118
Ol’ga, daughter of Iurii, wife of Iaroslav Osmomysl 114
Ol’ga, widow of Igor’
baptism (as Helena) 58,60
journey to Constantinople 58
and Novgorod 192
Ol’gerd, prince of Lithuania 148,150,166,180
Ol’govichi
as allies of Iurii 105
ascendancy of 103,104,118
claims to Kiev 116
and Mstislav the Bold 120
as princes of Chernigov 107
Olisei Grechin, fresco-painter in Novgorod 197
Oliva, Treaty of (1660) 503
oprichnina (1565–72)
historical interpretations of 259
legal immunities 375
peasants and 294
reign of terror 5,11,258–60,303,613
Ordin-Nashchokin, A.L.
as first minister (to 1671) 446
and invasion of Lithuania 502
mercantilist 545,575
and relations with Polish Commonwealth 507
and relations with Ukrainian cossacks 508
Orekhov, Lake Ladoga, fortress at 146,156
Orel
Second False Dmitrii in 419
skirmish with Poles at 487
Orenburg 537
Oreshek
ceded to Sweden 487
returned by Sweden 270
‘oriental despotism’, as model for Russian state 16
Orlov 42,579
Orthodox Church 9–10,242
after 1667 638–9
archimandrite (office of), Novgorod 200
church choirs 654
Councils 227
1503, on ecclesiastical discipline 227
1551 Stoglav (One Hundred Chapters) 338,340,342,636: and reforms 355–6
1620 621
1649 627
1666 (deposition of Nikon) 635
1667 561,636
crisis of leadership (1431–7) 183
and cultural links with Byzantium 37, 658
eparchies (bishoprics/archbishoprics) 93–4,338
new 623,638
size of 623
‘tenth men’ (administrators within eparchies) 339,356
and expansion of Muscovy 318
Filaret’s insistence on purity of Russian Church 620–21
and folk practices 342,626
and heresy 228,229,238,348–51
ideology
anti-Tatar 214,237,238,389
and boundaries of sacred and profane 660
of sacred kingship 8,258–9,262,398
institutional structure 87,338
1015–1125 93–4
17th century 622–4,638,639
Nikon’s reforms 630,633–5
patriarchal chancelleries 620
pressure for reform 626–9
reform (16th cent) 353–7
‘tenth men’ (administrators) 339,356
Iosifite view of Church property 351–3,355,364
Non-possessor faction 351,352,364
Ivan III and 227–9
Ivan IV and 247–9
Judaiser controversy 363
judicial immunities of 560–1
and Kievan Rus’ 127,179
law codes (canon law) 84,85–6,561
legal jurisdiction 86,380,560,567
and literature 657
on Christian life 354–5
printing 621–2
metropolitanate of ‘Rhősia’ (Rus’) 93,105,149–52,338
and native saints 96,125
and Old Believers 636–8,639
patriarchal immunity (1625) 560
in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 619
popular and official practices 9,639
popular religiosity 340–8,359
and princely rule 66–8
and princes of Moscow 151–4,179,182,184–6,389
and rejection of reunion with Rome (1438) 184,338,389
relations with Golden Horde 148–54,157
and religious role of towns 305,593–5
revenues, tithes 95,356
rights to ownership of peasants 561
Russian patriarchate established (1589) 268–9,357,618
schism (from 1667) 9,577,595,635–8
sign of cross 631
and state 247,636
16th century 357–8
17th century 618
in Muscovy 213,401
and role of patriarch 619
under Boris Godunov 269
synod (1590) 358
and Time of Troubles 358–9,619
Ukrainian cossacks and 531,564
and Ulozhenie (1649) 552
Uniate Church institutions 565
urban properties confiscated (1649) 629
in Vladimir-Suzdal’ 128
see also Church law; churches and church-building; clergy; icons; liturgy; ritual
Orthodox Church (Constantinople patriarchate) 154
and appointment of Iona 338
and Church in Lithuania 149–2,179, 185
and Russian Orthodox Church 618,631
schism with Rome (1054) 91,183
agreement with Rome (1438) 183,338,389
and status of Ivan IV as tsar 249,357
Osinovik, pretender 418
Oskol, fortified town 270
Ostrih Bible (1581) 619
Ostromir Gospel (1056–7) 96
Otrep’ev, Grigorii (the First False Dmitrii) 281,284,410–11
Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor 62
Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor 65
Otto of Saxony 58
Ottoman Empire
and Crimean khanate 493
and Persia 529
and Poland-Lithuania 488,509
relations with Muscovy 234,325–7,486
1667–89 507–16
Azov crisis 496
in north Caucasus 256,325,529
trade with 235
and Ukraine 501,510
Ottoman Turks 6
and control of Black Sea 159
fall of Constantinople to (1453) 184
threat to Byzantium 183
Oxenstierna, Count Axel 492
Pacific coast
first Russian settlement (1649) 30
Fort Okhotsk (1649) 527,580
Pafnutii of Borovsk, St 353
paganism
animism 318
in annexed lands 320
cult of Vladimir Sviatoslavich 64
funerary practices 58,59,69
residual 595
rites adapted to Orthodox liturgy 341
Scandinavian gods 60
painting 641
equestrian studies 651
murals and frescos 643
in oils 649,650
secular portraits 650,651–3
Western influences on 661
see also icons
Paisios Ligarides, Metropolitan of Gaza 635
Paisios, Patriarch of Jerusalem 631
Pakhomii the Serb
hagiographer 340
Life of Nikon 185
Life of Sergei (1430s) 185
Paleostrovskii monastery 637
Palii, Semen, cossack colonel 514
Palitsyn, Avraamii
monk-narrator of ordeal of Trinity-Sergius monastery 359
Skazanie of the Troubles 656
Palm Sunday ritual 405–7,625,642
paper-making 544
Paraskeva-Piatnitsa, St 342
Pashkov, Istoma, commander of Bolotnikov army 416
Paterik (Paterikon) chronicles 97
Patrikeev family, Lithuanian princely family 232,232n. 41
Patrikeev, Prince Ivan, boyar 223,237,352
Patrikeev, Vassian 228,351,352–3
patrimonialism, as model of Rus’ian and Muscovite states 17
Paul of Aleppo, visitor to Moscow 598
Pavel, bishop of Kolomna 633
peasant migration
and colonisation process 287,549,557
into steppe lands 6
as result of oprichnina 294
on southern frontier 7,549
peasants 11,21,286
area of settlement 286
autonomy of self-governing communes 563,566
clothing 291
diet 289,290
huts 286,288,289–90,545–6
and Ivan IV’s reign of terror 262,293
literacy (in Novgorod) 207
in permanent military units 498
as proportion of population 294,546
registered (tepter) (on Bashkir lands) 534
rents 552 n. 40
extortions under oprichnina 293
restrictions on movement 7,38,219,230
and ‘forbidden years’ 273,294,296,376,546
‘obedience charter’ (1607) 297
under Boris Godunov 273–4,282,383,546
‘right of departure’ on St George’s Day 273,282,293,295,296,382,383, 547
rights to ownership of 561
subsistence economy (agriculture) 39,287–8,309
taxation
collective 291
effect of changes on household size 558
and Time of Troubles 430
tools and implements 291–2
unregistered migrant (later bobyl’ state peasants) 534
vegetable gardens 288
see also serfdom; tenant farmers; villages
Pecheneg peoples 30,58,89
ambush on Sviatoslav (972) 62
attack on Kiev (960s) 61
Iaroslav’s campaign against 90
siege of Belgorod 68
Pechora, river 301
Pereiaslav (Pereiaslavl’), Treaty of (1654) 500,504,532
Articles (1659) 504
Pereiaslavets, Sviatoslav’s centre at 61
Pereiaslavl’ 68,95
Polovtsy raids on 115
razed by Tatars (1239) 123
see also Pereiaslav
Pereiaslavl’, bishopric of 93
Pereiaslavl’, principality of 78,123
Vsevolod Big Nest and 118
Pereiaslavl’-Zalesskii, battle of (1252) 142
Pereiaslavl’-Zalesskii (Pereslavl’-Zalesskii)
church of the Transfiguration 104
control of 138,143
founded by Iurii Dolgorukii 104
Perekop, Muscovite offensive against 516
Peremyshl’ (Przemyśl) 64,80,92
earliest masonry church 95
Perm’ 317–19,329,337
annexed by Moscow (1472) 213,317
tribute collection 169
Persia 51,270,488
Ilkhans of 140,146
and north Caucasus 529
and Ottoman Empire 325,326,529
trade with 256,316
Perun, Slavic god of lightning and power 64,66
Peter I, Tsar (the Great) (1682–1725) 3,295,451
and Baltic coast 531
Great Embassy to Western Europe (1697–8) 661
and Holy League 516
and laws on fugitive serfs 557
minority of 607,615
and Orthodox Church 639
poll tax 557,558
review of law codes 573,578
view of state 463
and Westernisation 661
Peter Ibraimov, Tsarevich (Kudai Kul) 221,222,224
Peter, ‘Tsarevich’, impostor 417,419
execution 418
reign of terror in Putivl’ 417
in Tula 417,418
petition, ritual of 388
petitions
against Morozov 550,601
to chancelleries 484
to tsar 485
from towns 467,469,476,478
Petr Dmitr’evich, prince of Dmitrov (d.1428) 172
Petr, Metropolitan 149,151
canonised 152,153
Petr Mikhalkovich, and Mariia (Marena) his wife, Novgorod 198
Petrov, Simon, master carpenter 646
Philip II, king of Spain 319
Photios see Fotii
Piatigorsk region, north Caucasus 324
pilgrimages 593
to monasteries 346,626
Pimen, Metropolitan 29,181
Pisa, merchants in Kiev 122
Pitirim, Metropolitan of Krutitsy 634
plague
15th century Muscovy 183
1709–13 43
Daniilovich family victims of 171,172
Moscow (1654) 42,588
see also Black Death
Plakun, great hall 53
Pleshcheev, L.S., head of Moscow zemskii chancellery 602,612
Pleshcheevo, Lake 54
Plesko see Pskov
pod’iachii (administrative rank in chancelleries) 453,454
Podol’ia, ceded to Ottoman Empire (1672) 509,510,512
poetry 657
‘Lay of Igor’’s campaign’ 115
poison, used against dynastic rivals of Ivan IV 242,251,252
Pokrov monastery, Suzdal’ 222
Poland 31,314
alliance with Sviatopolk 77,92
relations with Galicia 114,123
and Roman Mstislavich 117
trade with 115,122,583
Polianians, near Kiev 75
Polianovka, ‘perpetual’ Peace of (1634) 430,492,601
Polish language, elite knowledge of 658
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita) 2,265,270,531
and 1606 Sudebnik 376
Andrusovo Armistice (1667) 470,506
army 491
assault on Moscow (1618) 487
and First False Dmitrii 5,284,410,411
and Livonian War 257
occupation of Moscow (Time of Troubles) 358,424,425
Orthodox Church in 619
and Ottoman Empire 497,510,514
peace with Moscow 429,442,488
portrait paintings 651
relations with Russians 6,233,245,264,486
continuing threat to Romanovs 487,507
religious reformation in 355
and Second False Dmitrii 419,422
Thirteen Years War with 445,470,500–6
Treaty of Eternal Peace with (1686) 514,517
truce with (from 1584) 269
and Ukrainian cossacks 503–4,532
revolt (1648) 498,532
Ukrainian lands annexed by Muscovy 6
and union of Lublin (1569) 257
political thought
visual representation of ideas 10
see also ‘Agapetus doctrine’; autocracy
politics, nature of (17th century) 439
Polizeistaat, concept of 559,573
Polotsk 63,69
bishopric of 93
cathedral of St Sophia 95
Hanseatic League factory 313
original Krivichi inhabitants 47
principality of 71,75,101,123
Polotskii, Simeon 657,660
didactic poetry 657
Psalter 654,657
as royal tutor 657,658
Zhezl pravleniia (1668) 633,654
Polovtsy peoples (Cumans or Qipchaks) 30,89,125
on the Don 118
driven beyond Volga 102
overthrown by Mongols (Tatars) (1223) 120
raids by 108,112,117
relations with 90,105,115,117
pomest’e system of landholding 225–6,230–1,382
and elite military slaves 219
granted to border troops 562
Pomor’e, cossacks in 487
Poppel, Nicholaus, ambassador from Holy Roman Emperor 225
population 546
density 292
effect of Mongol invasions on 129–31
expansion (16th century) 292
Moscow 301,363,581,588
peasants as proportion of 294,546
towns 302,304,580–5,585n. 17
Porkhov, returned to Muscovy 487
ports 10
posadnik (governor), in Novgorod 83n. 20,194,203,204,206
Posem’e region 115
Possevino, Antonio, papal legate 396
Postal Chancellery 567,573
postal service 35,544,567
potash 40
Potemkin, Spiridon, opposition to Nikon 633
pottery
glazed 68
wheel-thrown 54
Pozharskii, Prince Dmitrii, Muscovite army commander 427–8,465
Pozharskii, S.I., Muscovite general 504
Poznanskii, Vasilii, icon-painter 650
Predslava, daughter of Riurik, wife of Roman Mstislavich 117
Preslav, Bulgarian capital 61
pretenders (royal impostors) 8,418,420,430
and popular revolts 615–16
see also False Dmitrii, First; False Dmitrii, Second; Peter, ‘Tsarevich’
prices
state control over 540
state monetary manipulation of 539
and transportation costs 542
Primary Chronicle 3,73,96
and origins of Rus’ 32,47–9,51,57
on pagan uprisings 89
on Sviatoslav 60
on Vladimir Sviatoslavich 65
printing
introduced (1564) 357,641
see also written sources
Printing Office (Pechatnyi Dvor) 621,627,633,655
alphabet primers 655
of liturgical texts 621–2,631,655
printed copies of 1649 Ulozhenie 552,573,655
staff of writers 657
Privy Chancellery (Prikaz tainykh del) (formed 1654) 451,470,479
Prokopii (d.1303) ‘holy fool’, cult of 340
property, confiscation of, as legal remedy 361
property laws 565
Pskov Judicial Charter 365,366
Protestant churches, in Poland 619
Protestants, Filaret’s view of 621
Provincial Felony Administration
literacy of 379
see also Felony Chancellery
Prozorovskii, Prince I.S., governor of Astrakhan’ 606
Prussia 503
Psalter
Polotskii’s 654
printed 655
on waxed tablets 14,193
Pskov 71,152,215,252,597
A.M. Shuiskii as vicegerent 244
annexed by Moscow (1510) 213
Black Death in (1352) 131
church builders 343
eparchy of 338
gospoda (ruling council), judicial responsibilities of 367
governor’s clerical staff 468
legal process 363,365,366,367
office of police officer, bailiff 365
specialised courts 370
Merchant Charter (1665) 545
populations 300,302,363
early 48,54
sacked (1570) 303
and Second False Dmitrii 422,423
Swedish siege of 487
and Third False Dmitrii 426,427
trading centre 59,313,314
Trinity cathedral 366,367
uprisings 421
1650 603–4,610,614
Pskov Judicial Charter (1397–1467) 365–70
commercial law 367
criminal law 368
functions of 370
inheritance law 367
labour law 367
land law 365–6
law of contract 366
property law 365–6
rules of evidence 368
and tenant farmers (izorniki) 368
trials by combat 369
written legal decisions 368
Pudozh monastery 637
punishments (and legal remedies) 230, 571–2
damages 230,571
exile and banishment 36,361,381,571,577
fines 361,571
of heretics 350
in Iaroslav’s law code 87
in Pskov 368
purpose of 368
in Russkaia pravda 361
and use of torture 382
witchcraft and magic 577
see also capital punishment; corporal punishment
Pushkar, colonel of Poltava regiment 503
Pustozersk, new town 300,318
Putivl’
opposition to Vasilii IV Shuiskii 415,417
surrender to False Dmitrii 411,412
on trading route 218
‘Putosviat’ (Nikita Dobrynin) 633
Qipchaq Khanate see Golden Horde
‘Quarrel with Iosif Volotskii’ (anonymous text) 351
Radziwiƚƚ, Janusz, Lithuanian Grand Hetman 500,501,502
Rakovor (Rakver), Estonia, battle of (1269) 199
ransom, rates set by law 575
Razin, Frol, Don cossack 606
Razin, Sten’ka (Stepan Timofeevich), Don cossack ataman 499,605,610,612
raids around Caspian 605
speech at Panshin Gorodok 613,617
Razin revolt (1667–71) 41,600,605–6,610
and pretender-tsarevich 616
relics, religious 111,344
religion see Christianity; Orthodox Church; paganism; Protestant Churches; Roman Catholic Church
religious ceremonial 595
religious practices 9
liturgical 340,341–2
popular 340–8,359
religious processions 344,357,593,642,643
clockwise or counterclockwise 387
Ivan IV’s coronation 399
reliquaries 344
Renaissance, Russia unaffected by 640
resources 25,37
minerals 545
for subsistence 26
and territorial expansion 38
wild food 25,288
woodland 25,39
Revel’ (Tallinn) 136,315,507
revolts, cossack
continuing unrest (1614–15) 429,487
Khmel’nyts’kyi uprising (1648) 498,532
Razin 41,600,605–6
revolts, popular 11,282
and accusations of treason 613–14
aims of 617
Bolotnikov Revolt (1606–7) 41,415–18,546
chronology of 601–8
cruelty and violence of 613
Galich 422
‘in name of tsar’ (against ‘traitor-boyars’) 612–16
Khlopko’s peasant uprising (1603) 282,409,546
Khovanshchina uprising (1682) 606–7
Moscow 443,540,550
non-Russians, uprisings among 538
Novgorod 197,203,603–4,610,614
uprising (1207) 197
peasant/cossack 600,608,610–11
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
cossack revolt (1648) 495,498,532
and uprising of False Dmitrii 284,410,411
and popular monarchism 616
Pskov 421
religious element in 611,637
social composition of 608–11
Time of Troubles 421,464
on southern frontier (1601–3) 283,411,417,419
Volga region 417,423
Tver’ (1327) 139,152
urban 587,600,602–3,608–10
rhetoric, treatise on (1623) 657
Rhine region, trade with 122
Rhős, Byzantine form of Rus’ 49
Riabushkin, Andrei, artist 662
Riazan’ 112,118,119,123
and False Dmitrii 284
independence from Chernigov 116
and Moscow 155,213
overlordship of Iurii Dolgorukii 104
regional military administration 470,586
relations with Muscovy 155,215,421
and resistance to Polish occupation 425
Tatar raids on 123,491
Ricoldus of Florence, translation of 354
Riga 502,503
trade 102,121,313,507
ritual
and architecture 390–4
Blessing of the Waters (Epiphany) 404–5
bride shows 396
coronation 397–401
cyclical Church 401–7,625
death 345
Fiery Furnace 403–4
foreign diplomatic 395–6
ritual
kissing the cross 372,388
Last Judgement 402–3
name-days 642
New Year 401–2
Palm Sunday 405–7,625,642
of petition 388
political 387
and repentance after Time of Troubles 641
royal progresses 396
showering coins on new tsar 400
significance of 387–8
surrender-by-the-head 397
transformation 387,404,405
typology of 407–8
wedding 342
see also feast days; religious practices
Riurik (legendary founder of Rus’, c.862) 47,190
descendants of 49
Riurik Rostislavich (d.1208) 111,113,114,116–18,125
sack of Kiev (1203) 117
and Vsevolod the Red 118,119
Riurikid dynasty 390
end of (1598) 3,8,277
and Orthodox Church 9–10
and territorial definition of Rus’ 2, 127–8
river systems
and maps 32
as trade routes 2,10,48,55,313
river valleys, settlement in 26,28,29
rivers 25,32
travel by 32–4
roads 34–5
attempts to improve 35
customs posts 34
and government courier routes 35
into Siberia 34
Moscow to Archangel 34
Novgorod 34
relay stations 35
Tatar tracks (shliakhi) 34
to Lithuania 34
Robbery Chancellery see Felony Chancellery
Rodhen, Sweden 52
Rogneda, daughter of Rogvolod 71
Rogvolod, attempt to seize power at Polotsk 63
Roman, Metropolitan of Lithuania 151,180
Roman Catholic Church
in Europe 37
relations with Orthodox Church in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 619
and schism with Constantinople (1054) 91,183,338,389
in Sweden 318
Roman Glebovich, of Riazan’ 112
Roman Mstislavich (d.1205), of Vladimir-in-Volynia 114,116
prince in Novgorod 108,114
and Riurik 117
seized Galich (1198) 117
Roman Rostislavich (d.1180), of Smolensk 112
Romanov, Fedor Nikitich see Filaret
Romanov, N.I., boyar 580,602,608
popular support for 612
Romanov, private town 580
Romanovs 2,3, 246
and False Dmitriis 411,421
and Godunovs 265,277,280–1
as heirs of Riurikids 437
see also Michael Romanov, Tsar
Romodanovskii, Prince G.G. 612,614
and destruction of Chyhyryn 512
Muscovite general 503,504,505,510
and Russo-Turkish war 511–12
rope-works, Dutch 544
Rostislav, son of Mikhail 122
Rostislav, son of Mstislav (d.1167) 105,125
House of Smolensk 107, 109
as prince of Kiev 105,107
Rostislavichi
and battle for Kiev 111,117
power of (1220s) 120,121
and Vsevolod the Red 119
Rostov (Rostov Velikii) 71,75,112,131,135
bishopric 93,128
cathedral of the Dormition 343
church styles 644
Konstantin as ruler of 127,128
and Mongol khans 129,136,137
Moscow and 144,167,213,215
as outpost 80,89
tribute collection 169
see also Vladimir-Suzdal’
Rőtsi, Finnic name for Rus’ 52
Róžyński, Prince Roman, commander of army of Second False Dmitrii 420,423
Rtishchev, Fedor Mikhailovich, mercantilist 545,612
Ruffo, Marco, architect 233,393
Rus’
Arab description of Gorodishche 56
early political formations 49–56,79
origins of 3,19,48
Orthodox Church and 9–10,148
political turbulence (c.860-c.871) 52–6
Primary Chronicle’s account of origins 47–9
territorial definition of 1–2,127–8
see also dynastic succession; Kiev, Grand Princes of; Rus’, Kievan; Rus’ peoples
Rus’, Kievan
administration 87
Church and 127,149–52,179
conversion to Christianity 66–8
dynastic politics of 74–81
dynastic rivalries 125–6,197
economic growth 82
establishment of new principalities (1125–1264) 123
fortification of frontiers 523
Golden Age of 73,97
nature of power and government 70–2,81–8
north-eastern settlements 89
northern regions 88
political legitimacy of succession 7,74
relation to Muscovy 2
relations with Byzantium 90–2
relations with neighbours 88–93
relations with western Europe 91–2
southern regions (steppe) 89–90
subservience to Mongols 123,128–9
territorial definition of 127–8
Rus’ peoples 19
baptised in Constantinople 60
expansion of territory 30–1,43,79
move into mixed forest zone 23,36
raids on Constantinople 53,57
relations with Khazars 56,57
settlement in forest-steppe 28
settlement on Middle Dnieper (Kiev) 55–6
Russia
development model 16
and territorial definition of Rus’ 1–2
territorial expansion 30–1,38,43
Russia, north-eastern 89
14th century 154–7
colonisation of 318
effect of Mongol invasions on 128,134–40,143
see also Moscow; Novgorod; Rostov; Vladimir-Moscow; Vladimir-Suzdal’
Russia, northern
new towns 318
tribute payments to khans 146,161–2
see also Novgorod
Russian Federation (modern), extent of 19
Russian identity
and national consciousness 359
Orthodox Church and 9
post-Soviet reconstruction 1
Russkaia pravda (11th-century law code) 9,84–5,360–5,572
accretions 360
and Church law 362
functions of 361
as fundamental law 360
and property law 365
sources of 361
on tax collection 190
Russo-Turkish War, First (1676–81) 470,511–13
Ruthenia, Grand Duchy of see Ukraine
Ryl’sk, surrender to False Dmitrii 411
Rzeczpospolita see Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Rzhev 488
Sahaidachnyi, Ukrainian cossack commander 487
Sahip Girey, as khan in Kazan’ 322
St Cyril monastery, in Kiev 103
saints
Lives of 73,340
local 96,125,340,341
Sakha (Iakut) peoples 527
salt 40,318
brine 40
from Galicia 114
Morozov’s tax on 550,601
salt industry 27,592
salt trade 313
Saltanov, Ivan, icon-painter 648
portraits by 651
Saltykov, L., army commander 501
Saltykov, M.G., boyar 421
Samanids, in Transoxiana 54
Samara 40,270,301,606
Samarkand 160
Sambatas, Khazar name for Kiev 56
Sambor, Poland 416
Samoilovich, Ivan, Ukrainian hetman 470,509,510
and Church in Ukraine 639
deposed 516
and destruction of Chyhyryn 512
and Russo-Turkish war 511
and Treaty of Eternal Peace (1686) 514
Samonas, St 342
San, river 64
Sapieha, Jan-Piotr 421,423,424
Sapieha, Leo, chancellor of Lithuania 421
Sarai
Black Death in 159
as capital of Golden Horde 123,130,321
as commercial centre 132,133
metropolitanate at 149
see also New Sarai
Saratov 270,301,606
Sarskoe, early Scandinavian settlement at 48,54
Sauer, Carl, and ‘cultural environment’ 19,20
Savva Krypetskii, of Pskov, St, Life of 341
Savva Visherskii, cult of 340
Saxons, silver mines in Central Europe 61
Saxony, trade with 122
Scandinavians 51,60
archaeological evidence of 53,54,59
and origins of Rus’ 15,19,48,55,189
relations with Iaroslav 77,88
schools 658
science
Church view of 354
and lack of formal education 655
promoted by False Dmitrii 414
sculpture 641
as ‘graven images’ 646,660
stone 646
see also wood-carving
seals 14
wooden, Novgorod 190
Seid-Akhmat, khan of Siberia 270
Selim II, Ottoman sultan 326,327
Selim, Tatar khan 511
Semen Ivanovich (d.1353), prince of Moscow 140,153,154,155,171,172
marriage 154,155
and Novgorod 156
Semen, son of Ivan Samoilovich 513
Serapion, Archbishop of Novgorod 229,344
serfdom
costs of 556
decree (1597) 273
geographical limits of 562
investigation procedures 555
and judicial immunities 561–2
on monastic lands 295
and ‘obedience charter’ (1607) issued to peasants 297,546
process of enserfment (1613–49) 7,11,38,230,295–7,545–51
restrictions on movement 553
Ulozhenie (1649) and 469,554–5,576
under Boris Godunov 273,282,296
serfs
abasement of person of 554–5
choice of slavery for 557
legislation on fugitives 282,296,376,469,547
marriage 554
and receivers of fugitives 554,557
town amnesties 556
use of mass dragnet and inquisitions 555–6,576
linked with slaves 296,555
manumission of 554
non-Christian 537
rights to ownership of 561
statute of limitations (on return of) 547,548,553
repealed 549,576
Sergius of Radonezh, St 181,185,352
women’s cult of 346
sermons
printed 657
as written sources 73
Serpukhov 172,177,222,304
monastery 170
Tatar raids on 491
Service Land Chancellery (Pomestnyi prikaz) 446,549n. 33,573
jurisdiction over land disputes 567
services (to state) 38,574
labour (southern lands) 283
and provincial governorships 473,474
as source of revenues 38
urban 305
servitors and service classes
Boris Godunov’s policy on 272–4
grants of pomest’e lands to 230–1,382,384
and interests of state 435,460
and Ivan IV 254–5,262
hereditary princes as faction 265
mass exile to Kazan’ 259
power struggle on death of 264–5
‘middle classes’
and southern frontier colonisation 495
and Time of Troubles 430
in Moscow 307
as object of popular revolts 612–13
oprichnina (court) magnates 265
defeated by Boris Godunov 266–7
political power of 430,440
provincial 268
and provincial governorships 472
role in popular uprisings 608
rules of precedence at court 254–5,262
Boris Godunov’s reforms (1587) 267
hierarchy of ranks 438–40
support for Second False Dmitrii 421
zemshchina boyars and princes 265
see also boyars; governors; military servitors; vicegerent
Severians (Slavs on Middle Dnieper), and Khazars 56
Seversk lands 281,411
ceded to Poland (1618) 488
regained (1667) 486,506,514
Sevsk 411,470,583,586
Shah Ali, khan of Kazan’ 321
Shakhovskoi, Prince Grigorii 415,416,417, 418
Shakhovskoi, S.I., intellectual 621
Shchelkalov, A.Ia. 269
Shchelkalov, V.Ia. 280
Shcherbatyi, Prince O.I., governor of Tomsk 603,614
Shein, M.B., Muscovite commander 491,600,601
Shelon’, river, battle of (1471) 205
Shemakha, Caspian Sea 529
Sheremetev, Fedor Ivanovich. 418,423,469
Sheremetev, V.B., army commander 505
Sheremetev, V.P., army commander 501
shert’ (oath of allegiance), Turkic concept of 331,333,521,525,535
Shestokril (‘The Six Wings’), text 349,350
Shestovitsa, Rus’ settlement 55,58
ship building 544
Shorin, B.V. 612
Shorin, Vasilii Grigor’evich, Moscow merchant 604,612
shrines 125
Shuiskii, Prince A.M., murder of 244
Shuiskii, Prince Andrei Ivanovich, killed in prison 266,275
Shuiskii, Prince Dmitrii, commander of Vasilii’s army 281,420,424
Shuiskii, Prince Ivan Petrovich, killed in prison 266,275
Shuiskii, Prince Vasilii see Vasilii IV Shuiskii, Tsar
Shuiskii princes 280
court faction under Ivan IV 242,243,265
and False Dmitrii 413,414,416
removed and banished by Boris Godunov 266–7
Shvarz, Viacheslav, artist 662
Siberia 2,27,30
colonisation 527,563
charter granted to Stroganovs 327
new towns 329,580
expansion of Muscovy into 256,329,527–8
conquest of 270,327–30
governorships 474n. 11,476
and judicial authority 563
native fugitives 536
purchase of non-Christian serfs 537
salt production 40
trade 34,313,316
use of ransom (embracery) 483
Siberia Chancellery, legal jurisdiction 566
Siberia, khanate of 234,321,328–9
Sibir’ (Kashlyk), centre of khanate of Siberia 234,328,329
Sidorka (or Matiushka), Third False Dmitrii 426
Sigismund II, king of Poland and Lithuania 245
Sigismund III, king of Poland 359
ambitions in Russia 424,428,487
death 429,491,600
and First False Dmitrii 410
intervention in civil war (1609) 423
siege of Smolensk 423,424,426
and Second False Dmitrii 420
Silistria, pasha of 496
silks, Byzantine 59
silver coinage
eastern dirhams 51,52,54,59,191
Rus’ 69,204,208
see also currency
silver supplies 146,161
from Central Europe 61
from Samanid mints 61
through Novgorod 54,201
silver treasures 69,198,392
Sil’vestr, priest
advisor to Ivan IV 247,354
Domostroi (attributed to) 342,354
Simbirsk
extension of Belgorod fortified line 524,580
Razin defeated at 606
Simeon Alekseevich, Tsarevich 614,616
Simeon Bekbulatovich, created ‘tsar’ by Ivan IV 260–1
Simeon, son of Ivan III, of Kaluga (d.1518) 221
Simon, Metropolitan 229,339,350,351
Simonovskii monastery 347
sinodiki (commemoration lists) 250,346
Sitskii, Prince A.Iu. 421
Skopin-Shuiskii, Prince Michael 422,423,650
and liberation of Moscow 422–3
Skrizhal, treatise on liturgy 632,633
Skuratov, Maliuta, oprichnina leader 267
slavery 294–5
abolished (slaves made into serfs, 1724) 295,297
and Novgorod judicial process 373n. 53,372–4
and Ulozhenie (1649) 553,576
Slavery Chancellery 294,549,573
jurisdiction over ownership disputes 567
and registration of slaves 541,553
and Ulozhenie (1649) 553
slaves 11,294n. 33,546
agricultural, transformed to serfs (1679) 557,576
bond-slaves 274
categories of 219,274
as cavalrymen 383
as commercial agents 542
contract 295,383
debt-slaves 274,295,384
fugitive 549,553
household, subject to poll tax 557
judicial duties 370,377,555
legal recognition of humanity of 360,373
legislation on
by False Dmitrii (1606) 413
ulozhenie of 1597 274,295,383
as litigants 568
and Moscow riots 609
in Muscovy 219,383n. 94
non-Russians as 534
ownership of 219,561
perpetual 295
raids by Crimean Tatars to take 324,548
registration of purchase of 541
state control over price of 540–1
traded by early Rus’ 55,57,58
Slavinetskii, Epifanii, Ukrainian scholar 657
Slavophiles, and reconstruction of Muscovite past (19th century) 1
Slavs 19,189
as craftsmen 54,59
Eastern 23,28
on Middle Dnieper 56,57,68,189
Sloboda Ukraine 512,533
Left Bank refugees settled in 513
legal jurisdictions 565
military colonisation in 495
Slovenes, as original inhabitants of Novgorod 47,189
Smolensk 300,488
annexed by Moscow (1514) 213,236
besieged
by Sigismund of Poland 423,424, 426
‘Smolensk war’ (1632–4) 491,539,545,548,600,601
ceded to Poland (1618) 2,429,486,488
earliest masonry church 69,95
fortress, cost of 541
legal jurisdictions 565
Lithuanian control over 148,168,202
Mstislavichi princes of 107–8
population 302,581
principality of 107–8,123,126
prospects for reconquest (1650s) 488,490,500
regained 486,502,506,514
regional military administration 470,586
Rus’ origins of 59
Second False Dmitrii’s proclamation 420
succession war (1230s) 123
support for Vasilii Shuiskii 422
trade 314
agreement with Riga (1229) 102,121
Smotritskii (Smotryts’kyi), Meletii, Grammar 627,655
smuta, smutnoe vremia see Time of Troubles (c.1603–13)
Sobieski see Jan Sobieski
social disorder 11
and destruction by fire 41
early 16th century 282
see also revolts; Time of Troubles
social structure 87,216
and court hierarchies 438–40
legislation on 384,565,573,576
stratification of (ranks) 11,86,386
towns 11,305–7
society
concept of, and crime 380
and jurisdiction of Church 86
Sofiia Chronicle 217n. 1
soils
black earth chernozems 28,549
boreal forest zone 26
clays 26
in forest-steppe 28
glacial depositions 24
loams 24,26
low fertility 38,287,292,545
permafrost 26
podzols 24,26,287
Solario, Pietro Antonio, architect 233,393
Solikamsk, Perm’, new town 318
Solomoniia, wife of Vasilii III 222,223
Solovetskii (Solovki) monastery 624,630
siege of (1668–76) 611,637
Sol’vychegodsk 596
uprising (1648–9) 603,609
Sophia (Sofiia) Palaeologa, second wife of Ivan III 221,233,346,387
Sophia, Tsarevna, Regent (1682–9) 3,451,516,607,609
cultural interests 645,652,653,658
suppression of Old Believers 637
Soviet Russia
end of USSR 12
historiography 1,12,409–10
Moscow-Tartu school of semiotics 12
and Novgorod 210
Spain, Reconquista 319,337
spoons, silver tribute 69
Staraia Ladoga
citadel 53
excavations 48
razed (c.863–71) 53
trading post 52,59
Viking raids on 71
Staraia Rusa 487
birch bark documents 188
brine production 40
Staritsa, church of SS Boris and Gleb 343
Staritsa princes, Ivan IV and 250–1
Starodub
principality of 134
Second False Dmitrii at 418,419
under control of Moscow 166,505
state
attempts at integration 35
centralised control over towns 307–9,477
control over prices 540–1
increasing control over land and labour 382,552
information-gathering 36,467,478–9
purpose of 436,463
role in colonisation process 31–2
role in dyadic legal process 362
role in triadic legal process 363,385,576
state finances
effect of Thirteen Years War on 506
expenditure costs 541
loans from monasteries 540
reforms (1677–80) 471,518
rudimentary budget (1680) 471
state revenues
accounting systems 474–5
from services and taxation 38
see also tax collection; taxation
state violence 11,436
reign of terror (oprichnina) 5,11,258–60,303,613
see also revolts; social disorder
status, and wealth among early Rus’ 55
Stavrovetsky, Kyryl Tranquillon, Ruthenian monk 622
Stefan, Bishop of Perm’ 169
Stephen, Palatine of Moldavia 220
steppe 23,29,30
agriculture 2
Chernigov and 90
colonisation 6,89,495
cultural interchange in 36
expansion of Muscovy into 234,521–7,562
Khazar peoples of 51
Kiev and 89–90
new settlements 68
problems of frontier 41
see also forest-steppe; frontier, southern
Stoglav see Council of a Hundred Chapters
Stolbovo, Treaty of (1617) 429,442,487,604
Stonework Chancellery 567
stoves, in peasants’ huts 289–90,545–6
Strel’nikov Hill, assault on (1678) 518
strel’tsy (musketeers)
and Khovanshchina uprising (1682) 606–7,608
and Moscow riots (1648) 602,608
Stroganov family, Novgorod merchants 542
and colonisation of Siberia 256,327
and Kuchum khan 328–9
Stuhmsdorf, Treaty of (1635) 492
Sudak (Surozh, Soldaia), Crimea, trading colony 133
Sudebnik law code (1497) 9,224,229–30,375,459,572
on bribery 482
and pomest’e landholdings 382
provision for bail before trial 380
and slaves 383
statute of limitations on filing of suits 384
Sudebnik law code (1550) 9,224n. 16,254,376,572
centralisation in 308,378
and concept of dishonour 380,571
legal immunities forbidden 375
on monastic lands 355
Sudebnik law code (1550)
and official malfeasance 378,482
and peasants’ ‘right of departure’ on St George’s Day 293
Sudebnik law code (1589) 224n. 16,377,572
legal immunities forbidden 375
for North Dvina lands 376
Sudebnik law code (1606–7) (Composite) 376,572
Sudebniki law codes (general) 375–86
see also Ulozhenie law code (1649)
Sukhanov, Arsenii, monk 631
Sukhona, river 592
Sukhona valley 26
brine production 40
Sukin, V.B., Russian commander 270
Sula, river, battle 518
Süleyman the Magnificent, Ottoman sultan 325
Sulimenko, Ukrainian hetman 513
Sumersk, returned to Muscovy 487
Sunzhenskii, Fort 529
superstition 387
see also ritual; witchcraft and magic
Surgut, new town 329
Suzdal’ 80,89,112
campaign against Novgorod (1169–70) 196
earliest masonry church 95
fall in posad households 581
sacked by Mongols (1238) 129
Suzdal’, battle of (1445) 164
Suzdalia region 104
Andrei Bogoliubskii in 110
merged with Nizhnii Novgorod (1341) 155
principality of 107,123,127
see also Vladimir-Suzdal’
Sveinn Haakonson, raid on Staraia Ladoga (1015) 71
Sviatopolk Iziaslavich (d.1113)
House of Turov 99
as prince of Kiev 79,80,83
Sviatopolk, son of Mstislav (d.1154), in Novgorod 103
Sviatopolk, son of Vladimir (d.1019) (the Accursed), prince of Turov 71,75
and Kiev 83,193
and Poland 77,92
succession disputed 75,98
Sviatosha Davidovich (d.1143), monk of the Caves 103
Sviatoslav Igorevich, son of Ol’ga (d.972) 60,62
dispute between sons 62,192
interest in trade routes 61,62
migration to Balkans 60–2
expelled by Byzantines 62
and Pechenegs 61,62
Sviatoslav, son of Iaroslav (d.1076), prince in Chernigov 78,99
descendants 113
Sviatoslav, son of Oleg (d.1164)
in Novgorod 103,106,107,195
of Novgorod Severskii 104
Sviatoslav, son of Vsevolod Big Nest (d.1248) 143
as prince of Suzdal’ and Nizhnii Novgorod under Mongols 134
as prince of Vladimir 135
Sviatoslav Vsevolodovich (d.1194), of Chernigov 111,112–16,125
and Andrei 112
in Kiev 114,115
in Novgorod 113
and Polovtsy 115
and Vsevolod (‘Big Nest’) 112
Sviatoslavichi, of Chernigov 100,101
Svidrigailo, prince of Lithuania 176
Sviiazhsk, fortified town 301,334
Sweden 6,31,486
control of Baltic coast 487
and Denmark 507
war with 492
invasion of Lithuania (1654) 502
and Khazars 51–2
and Novgorod 133,156,198,202
battle of Neva (1240) 199
treaty (1324) 146
relations with Muscovy 318,490,492,507
alliance (1632) 490
intervention in Time of Troubles 422,426,428,487
peace with (1617) 429,442,487
peace with (1661) 503
wars with 270,502,517,531
trade 52,133
agreement (1630) 490
and Ukraine 501,532
wars with Poland 490,492
symbolism
religious 387,593
used by Ivan IV 259
Szczecin, Poland 191
taiga see boreal (coniferous) forest zone
Tale of the Princes of Vladimir, The (c.1510) 389,392,399
Tambov
garrison town 494,524
new eparchy created (1682) 623
regional military administration 470,586
Tana (Azak), Crimea 160
Genoese trading centre 133,218,233
Tara, new town 329
Tarasevich, Leontii, Ukrainian painter 651
Tarki, Kumyk capital in North Daghestan 324
Tatar khanates 2,330
see also Crimean Tatars; Golden Horde; Great Horde; Mongols (Tatars); Nogai Horde
taverns 465,575
tax collection
Mongol 130
responsibility of governors for deficits 474–5
rules of 190
in towns 465,471,477,546
by zemskii officials 466
taxation 38,291,470,471
based on households 304,471,558
charters of immunity 374
Church exemption 149
on grain 506
monastic immunity 347
of native Bashkirs 534
in Novgorod 190
of peasant farmers 216,291
poll tax (1722/3) 557
on salt (Morozov’s) 550
slaves and 295,557,576
tarkhany privileges 272
to fund military administration 470–1,506,518
in towns 304,305–6,556
technology transfer (mostly from West) 544–5
Teglev, Konstantin, musketeer captain 603
Tele Buga, khan of the Golden Horde (1287–91) 137
Teliatevskii, Prince A.A. 281,284
Temriuk Idarov, Kabardinian prince 324–5, 334
tenant farmers (izorniki), in Pskov law 368
Terebovl’ 80,92
Terek cossacks
settlements 529
and ‘Tsarevich Peter’ 417
Terek, river 325,327,332,334,529
Terentii, monk of Kremlin Annunciation church 358
Tersk, Muscovite fort on Terek River 325,327,332,334,529
development of 530–1
Teslev, Ivan, cossack 601
Teteria, Pavel, Ukrainian cossack hetman 505
Teutonic Knights, Order of 31,161
and Novgorod 176,198,199,201
textiles 25,544
Moscow 590
theatre 653,654
Theodoret, Metropolitan of Lithuania 151
Theophanes, Patriarch of Constantinople 622
Theophilus (Feofil), Metropolitan of Lithuania (d.1330) 150,152
Thirteen Years War, with Poland 445,470,500–6,539
Thousander Reform (1550) 254,267
‘thousanders’ 82,197,200
Tiavzino, Treaty of (1595) 270
Tikhvin Posad, monastic trading centre 312,580,593
timber 25,40
Time of Troubles (smuta, smutnoe vremia) (c.1603–13) 3,5, 281,303
Bolotnikov Revolt (1606–7) 415–18
and dynastic succession 8
effect on local administration 464,520
and enserfment 546
First False Dmitrii 410–15
historiography 409–10
national liberation campaign (1610–13) 425–30
nature of rebellions 429,487,600,612
Orthodox Church and 358–9
Polish occupation of Moscow 358,424,425
and Second False Dmitrii 418–25
Tatar raids 41
territorial losses 2,486
Timerevo, trading centre 59
Timur Kutlugh, khan 160
Timur (Tamerlane), attacks on Golden Horde 160
Tinibek, khan of the Golden Horde 154
tithes, for Church revenues 95
Titov, Vasilii, singer 654
Tiumen’, new town 301,329,529
Tiumen’, khanate of 234,235
Tmutorokan’ (on Straits of Kerch), Mstislav as prince of 75,77
tobacco, regulations on 575
Tobol’, river, battle of (1582) 328
Tobol’sk 301,313,329,623
Toibugid clan, Siberia 328,329
Tokhta, khan in Sarai 137,139,144
Tokhtamysh, khan 168
claimant to control of Golden Horde 160,162–4
defeated by Edigei (1399) 163
and Dmitrii Donskoi 163
tolls
on trade routes, Muscovy 216,218
Ulozhenie regulations 575
Tomsk
fort 334
foundation (1604) 301
new town 329
uprising (1648–9) 603
Tomuts 537
Tor, garrison town 513
Torchesk, Oghuz settlement at 89
Toropets 300
restrictions on mobility in 547
Torstensson, Lennart, Swedish commander 492
torture
increased use of 577
to elicit evidence 570
use of 381,556
Torzhok, Novgorod 201,234
besieged by khan Baty 198
birch bark documents 188
seized by Vasilii I 202
Tot’ma, salt production centre 592
town (gorod), definition 300
town planning 598–9
and building controls 42,597
towns 298
administration 253,304–9,585–7
clerical staffing 467–8,472
increase in written record-keeping 466–8,478–9
increased chancellery control over 464,466
organisation of offices 471
of surrounding uezdy 585
assembly (skhod) 305
churches 344,593,597
restrictions on properties 543
clergy 11,307,583
commerce 305,309–11,312,587–93
construction of 10,104
crafts and manufactures in 310–11
customs administration 465
development of 301,302–3
drainage and paving 597
economic decline 304,310
epidemic disease in 42
fire hazard 41,188
fortified 334,523,579,596,609
on Crimean frontier 270,580
decline of 300
on frontiers 596
Middle Dnieper 68
Siberia 270
functions and role of 10,304,586,599
governors
clerical staff 467–8
commandants (gorodovye voevody) 464–6,472–4
godovye voevody, annual 307,464
namestniki (tsar’s representatives) 308,465
role of (voevoda) 307,585–6
grievances and petitions 467,469,476,478,484
guba constabulary offices 466
gubnye starosty (police elders) 586
in Kievan Rus’ 82
kormlenie (feeding) payments to tsar’s representatives 308,480–2
kremlins 305
law codes 84,565
effect of Ulozhenie in 384,543,575,586
legal restrictions on townsmen 384,543,553,575,587
legal status of 579
merchants (gosti) 306
military function 305,465,596
military servitors in 306,583,587
monastic property in 355
new 300,580
north-eastern Russia 131
northern regions 318
Siberia 329,580
southern frontier 6,10,283
on Volga 270,300,301
number of 300,580
physical form of 305,596–9
‘cellular’ structure 596
popular uprisings 587,600,602–3,608–10
support for 608,609,610
population
censuses and enumerations 550,581
estimates 302,304,580–5,585n. 17
labourers and cottars 306,583
peasants in 583,587,588
posad (commercial suburb) 305
posad households (statistics on) 581,586
fall in numbers 581
monopoly over urban trade 587
proportion of population 583
private 306,580
privately owned suburbs (‘white’, slobody) 306,310,586,588–9
religious role 305,593–5
as episcopal centres 594
role in development of state 304,310,316,585
serfs in 556
s’’ezzhaia izba (governor’s office) 471, 478–9
shops and rows 311
society and administration 304–9,585–7
social structure 11,305–7
state control over 307–9
state officials in 583
taverns 465
tax collection in 305–6,465,471,477, 546
taxpayers (‘black’, tiaglo) 305–6,587
trading square (market place) (torg) 311
trading-quarter construction 274
urban household data 581
urban network 300–4,579–85,599
walls (ostrog) 305
wells 597
zemskii institutions in 465,586
toys, from Armoury workshops 650
trade 10,37,53,133
agreement with Sweden (1630) 490
agricultural products 39,315
Baltic 37,104,133,208,314
with Byzantium 55,62,90
with East 313
with England 257,270
long-distance 51–2,53–60,82,309,313–16,543–4
regulation of 575
luxury goods 61,316
New Trade Regulations (1667) 545,573,575,591
with Ottoman Empire 235,316
tariffs 575
with Western Europe 270,314–16,488
wholesale 591
see also fur trade; merchants; Novgorod; slaves
trade routes 2,10,34,91
bandits 161
caravan 54
from Caspian 118
Khazars’ 51
Muscovy and 218
north Caucasus 326
north from Moscow to Archangel 591–3
Novgorod 191
river systems as 2,10,48,55,313
slave convoys from Kiev 58
through Galich 122
to Siberia 592
Varangians to Greeks 63
White Sea 10,37,270,315,544
see also Great Silk Route
trading centres, early Rus’ 52,54,55,59
train oil 40
Trakhaniot, George (Percamota), on Muscovite economy 226,227n. 27
Trakhaniotov, P.T., head of Moscow Artillery Chancellery 602,612
trans-Volga elders see Orthodox Church, Iosifite view
Transoxiana, Samanids in 54
Transylvania 501
travel
hazards of 33,35,313
iam network of way-stations 35,232
and problems of distance 32–5,313
by river 32–4
spring floods 33,35
in winter 34–5
see also roads
travel passes 484
treason, popular accusations of, against boyars 613–14
trial by combat 379
in Pskov law 369
trial(s)
accusatorial (sud) suits 569–70
criminal 570–1
detention before 380
heresy 356
inquisitorial (sysk) suits 570
rules on time limits for 371,378,569
tribute
paid by Muscovy 235
paid to Crimean khans 238
paid to Don cossacks (Don Shipment) 493,495,499
to Mongol khans 130,135,201,333
tribute collection 80,146
Daniilovichi control of 146,156,168–9
in north-eastern settlements 89
from Novgorod 146
by Vladimir Sviatoslavich 64,69
Trinity Chronicle (Kiprian’s) 182
Trinity-Sergius (Holy Trinity) monastery (near Moscow) 169,185,343,346,624
besieged (1608–10) 359,421,423
Holy Spirit church 343
jurisdiction over Ilemna 351
and liturgical texts 622
Trinity church 343
wealth of 312,347
Troekurov, Prince R.F. 421
Troitse-Lykovo, church of the Trinity 645
Trubetskoi, A.N., army commander 501
Trubetskoi, Prince Dmitrii 421,425
as contender for throne (1613) 428
Trubetskoi, Prince D.T., and Pozharskii 427,428
Trubetskoi, Prince Iu.N. 421
tsar
autocratic power of 267,279,436
nature of institution 436
Orthodox ideology of sacred kingship 8,258–9,262,398
and personal advisers 440,451
petitions to 485
and power over duma ranks 441
and theory of wise advisers 228
title of 8,245
and use of religious symbolism 594,625
see also autocracy; court, royal
Tsarev Borisov, founded (1599) 270,595
tsarevichi (Tatar), status of 224
Tsaritsyn 270,301
Razin’s raids on 605
Tuda Mengu, khan of the Golden Horde (1281–7) 136,137
Tula
fall of 418,419
and False Dmitrii 284,412
iron industry 40
‘Tsarevich Peter’ in 417,418
tundra 23,318
subsistence habitation in 27
Tunis, fall of (1535) 319
Turiisk, new town 301
Turkic peoples
influence on Rus’ 60
see also Khazars; Mongols
Turkmens 537
Turov 63,106
appropriated to Kiev 103
bishopric of 93
as patrimony of Iziaslav Iaroslavich 99
principality of 123
Sviatopolk as prince in 71,75,92
Tury, attempt to seize power at Turov 63
Tushino, Second False Dmitrii’s camp at 420–1,423
Tver’
building projects 132
economic growth 132
Lithuanian influence in 168
Mongol attack on (1237–8) 129
occupied by Skopin-Shuiskii (1609) 423
revolt against khan’s envoy (1327) 139, 152
Tver’, principality of 143,300
annexed by Moscow (1485) 213,234,314
and Muscovy 215
and Novgorod 201
and Vladimir-Moscow 138,152–3,155,166–7
Typography Chronicle 229
Ubory, church of the Saviour 645
Udmurt (Votiak) peoples 320,330,336,533
Ufa, new town 270,301
Uglich 69,174
principality of 135,144
Ugra, river, battle of (1480) 3,237
Ukraine
and autonomy under Pereiaslav Articles (1659) 504,532
cossack revolt (1648) 495,498,532
cossack settlement process 31,495
Crimean Tatar raids in 503
cultural influence of 645,649,651
de facto division along Dnieper 507,532
hetmanate of 500,532
hopes for reunification 507–8
Left Bank 470
annexations (17th cent) 6,500
Hetmanate of Samoilovich 509
legal jurisdictions 564
Muscovite control over 507,509,514,517,533
Muscovy and 500,531–3
Orthodox Church in 619,627,632,639
and Polish Commonwealth 504,531
resentment of Muscovite protectorate 504,505
Right Bank
effect of Russo-Turkish war on 512–13
garrisons 470
Great Expulsion raids on (1679) 513
Hetmanate 507,517
Ukraine (modern), claim to origin of Rus’ 2,19
Ulanov, Kirill, icon-painter 648
Ulozhenie law code (1649) 9,376,381,443,551–7
on bribery 482
and guba system 466
and jurisdiction of the Church 560,593,628
and landholding 574
legal practices 568–72
and local courts 469
and merchants as privileged estate 543,574
and power of state 552
precipitated by Moscow riots 551,587,602
and principles of jurisdiction 566
print version of 552,573
ratification by zemskii sobor 461
regulations on administration of justice 471
restrictions on townsmen 384,543,575
trade regulations 575
see also Sudebniki law codes
Ulu-Muhammed, khan of the Golden Horde 164–5
and succession of Vasilii II 173,174,175
Uman’, massacre at 510
Upper Volga, Finnish settlements 54
Urals
as boundary of mixed-forest zone 23
expansion to east of 318
Muscovite expedition (1483) 331
Urusov, Peter, Tatar prince 425
Us, Vasilii, Don cossack 605
Userdsk, garrison town 494
Ushakov, Simon, icon-painter 647,657
Usman’, nomad raids on 41
Ust’-Vym, Perm’, new town 318
Ustiug Chancellery (chetvert’ ) (territorial), legal jurisdiction 475,566
Ustiug Velikii 146,175
church of St Nicholas Velikoretskii 344
cult of holy fool 340
fur trading centre 313,592
icons from 649
new eparchy created (1682) 623
principality of 135,168
uprising (1648–9) 603,609
Uzbek, khan of the Golden Horde (1313–41) 139–40,145,154
Valdai Hills 24
Valuiki 42,270
Varangians
‘invited’ to rule Rus’ 47,48,189
support for Vladimir Sviatoslavich 63
Varlaam, Bishop of Krutitsa 266
Varlaam Khutynskii, of Novgorod, St 341,352
Vasil’ev, church founded by Vladimir 69
Vasilii I Dmitr’evich, prince of Moscow (d.1425) 159,163
death and succession 8,164,171
and Metropolitan Kiprian 181
and Novgorod 202
relations with khans 163
territorial acquisitions 168
Vasilii II Temnyi (‘the Dark’), Prince of Moscow (d.1462) 8,159
civil war and ascendancy of 170–8
descendants 216
and succession 172,178,215
and Dmitrii Shemiaka 205,221
and Metropolitan Iona 358
and Metropolitan Isidor 184
and Novgorod 176–7,205,234
and Orthodox Church 186,216,338
relations with Golden Horde 164–5,174,215,335
and Riazan’ 176
and Suzdal’ 176
and Tver’ 176
Vasilii III, Grand Prince of Muscovy (d.1533) 221–2,240
and the Church 229,238,357
church building 343
heresies 350
and Iosifite dispute 352–3
and monasteries 347,348
and Crimean khanate 238
domestic policies 222–32
relations with boyars 224–5
relations with brothers 223
and young Ivan IV 243
Vasilii IV Shuiskii, Tsar (1606–10) 275,276,279,281,358,413
deposed 423–4
edict on fugitive slaves 296
elected as tsar 415,460
and end of Bolotnikov revolt 418
opposition to 415,422
and Poland 420
and Second False Dmitrii 420–4
and siege of Moscow 416
Swedish support for 422
see also Bolotnikov Revolt
Vasilii, hagiographer 341
Vasilii the Blessed (d.1552?) ‘holy fool’, cult of 340
Vasilii Davydovich, prince of Iaroslavl’ 154, 155
Vasilii Iaroslavich (d.1277) 135,143,145
cooperation with Mongol khans 136,137
Vasilii Iaroslavich (d.1486), of Serpukhov 172,175,177
Vasilii Kosoi (d.1447/8) 173,174,176
Vasil’ko Konstantinovich (d.1238) 128,129
Vasil’ko Rostislavich (d.1124) 92
Vasil’ko, son of Iurii, prince of Ros’ river region 106
Vasil’ko, son of Roman Mstislavich (d.1269) 117
Vasil’sursk 301
Vasnetsov, Apolinarii, artist 662
Vassian Patrikeev, leader of monastic faction 228,351,352
accused of heresy 352–3
Vassian (Rylo), Archbishop of Rostov 220,229,237,389
veche (town assemblies)
early Rus’ 83
Novgorod 8,203,206,207,234
Vedenitsyn, Kuz’ma, peasant 603
vegetables 288
Velikii Ustiug see Ustiug Velikii
Veniamin, Greek Dominican monk 350
‘Short Sermon’ (slovo kratka) 351
Venice 122,204,514,631
Verkhnii Lomov, garrison town 494
Verkhotur’e 301,318
Ves, original inhabitants of Beloozero 47
Viacheslav, son of Iaroslav (d.1057) 98
Viacheslav, son of Vladimir Monomakh (d.1154), prince of Kiev 102,105,125
Viatichi peoples 70,89
tribute from 60,64
Viatka 215,425,623
annexed by Moscow (1489) 213
Viaz’ma, Lithuania 300,488
ceded to Muscovy 236
vicegerent (namestnik) 225–6,254
judicial role of 229,377
office of 308,465
Vienna, defeat of Turks at gates of (1683) 514
Vikings 15
see also Scandinavians
villages 288
communal institutions 562
size of 288n. 8
water supplies 288
Vilnius
armistice of (1656) 502
taken by Novgorod 502
violence
in popular revolts 613
see also state violence
Vishnevetskii, Prince Adam, of Brahin, Lithuania 410
Vishnevetskii, Prince Constantine 410
Viskovatyi, Ivan Mikhailovich 255,344
trial for heresy 356
Vitebsk 502
Hanseatic League factory 313
Vitovt, prince of Lithuania 160,168,172,173
and Metropolitan Kiprian 181
Vladimir Andreevich, prince of Serpukhov (d.1410) 166,170,171,172
Vladimir Monomakh (Vsevolodovich) (d.1125) 80,126,390
and Byzantium 91,390,399
and demotion of Chernigov dynasty 99
‘Instruction’ to sons on governance 81
intentions for succession 102
law codes 84,86,360,362
marriage to Gytha of England 91
relations with Kiev 83
successors to 101–4
Vladimir Mstislavich, of Dorogobuzh 108
Vladimir Riurikovich (d.1239), of Smolensk 120,126
prince of Kiev 121,125
Vladimir, son of Andrei Ivanovich, of Staritsa 242,243,248,250–1,275
Vladimir, son of Iaroslav (d.1052), prince in Novgorod 91,194
Vladimir, son of Iaroslav (d.1198), in Galicia 114
Vladimir Sviatoslavich (d.1015), Saint 63,64,65,112,186
authority established 63–6,67,70
and Church lands 351
conversion to Orthodox Church (988) 9,65,66–8
death 72
descendants of 75
dynastic legacy of 72,74,77,98
‘Investigation of the Faiths’ 65
marriage to Anna Porphyrogenita 65,67,91n. 42
need for resources 63,64,69
and Novgorod 61,192
pagan cult of 64
relations with sons 71–2
and settlement of Middle Dnieper 68–9,70
Vladimir Sviatoslavich (d.1200), in Novgorod 113
Vladimir Judicial Chancellery 567
Vladimir, metropolitanate of 9,125,149,152,153
Vladimir-in-Suzdalia 24
as Andrei’s capital 110,111
besieged and burned by Mongols (1238) 129
bishopric 128
cathedral of the Assumption 111
church building 118,132
Golden Gates 111
regional military administration 470,586
Vladimir-in-Volynia 80,92
appropriated to Kiev 103
besieged by Mikhail 122
Vladimir-Moscow, Grand Principality of 7,129,143,183,186
14th century 154–7
and control over tribute collection for khans 146,168–9
extension of territorial control 143–4,155,165–8,213
legitimised by Church 179,182,184–6
military resources 167,177,215
and Novgorod 145–8,156,201
and patrimonial possessions 172
and political unity 182
relations with other Rus’ provinces 140–8,216
rival claims to 154
tensions within dynasty 241–2
see also Daniilovichi; Muscovy, state of
Vladimir-Suzdal’, principality of 112,123,127,135
control of Moscow over 144
fragmentation 128,131,143
Grand Princes of 7,135
and Novgorod 120,145–8,196
overrun by Tatars (1238) 123,129,131
post of grand prince given to Daniilovichi by khans 147–8
Vladimirov, Iosif, icon-painter 647
vodka 289,631
Voin, fortified harbour at 68
Volga region, rebellions (Time of Troubles) 417,423
Volga, river 24
defences 118
Muscovite control over 2,256,270
Ottoman canal to Don proposed 326
as trade route 133,161,314
travel on 33
Volga, Upper, Finnish settlements 54
Volkhov, river 48,191
settlements 53,190
Volodar Rostislavich (d.1124) 92
descendants 103
Volodimerko, son of Volodar (d.1153), prince of Galich 103
Vologda 174,202,593,649
fur trading centre 307,313,592
population 302,581
Volokolamsk, enclave of Novgorod 201,202
Volotovo, Novgorod, monastery church 209
Volotskii, Iosif see Iosif Volotskii
Volyn’ 121
Lithuanian control over 148,150
Mstislavichi princes of 107,108
principality of 109,123,126
Tatars in (1240) 123
see also Vladimir-in-Volynia
Vonifat’ev, Stefan, Church reformer 627,633
Voronezh 41,270,301
destroyed by fire (1590) 41
new eparchy created (1682) 623
population 304,583
uprising (1648–9) 603
Voronezh, battle of (1613) 429
Voronezh, river, floods (1616) 42
Vorontsovs, boyar family 242
Vorotynskii, Prince I.M., wealth of 625
Vorotynskii, Prince Dmitrii Fedorovich 236n. 48
Vorotynskii princes 265
defeated by Boris Godunov 266
Vorskla, battle of (1399) 163
Voskresenie Chronicle 226
Voskresenskii (New Jerusalem) monastery 630
Vruchii, patrimony of Riurik Rostislavich 114
Vseslav Briacheslavovich, as prince in Kiev (1067–8) 78,83
Vsevolod (‘Big Nest’), son of Iurii (d.1212) 111,118–20,360
consolidation of power 118
ruler in Vladimir 112,116,127
as senior prince of Monomashichi 114,116,120
and Vsevolod the Red 119
Vsevolod, son of Iaroslav (d.1093)
marriage to Byzantine princess 91
prince in Pereiaslavl’ 78,99
as sole ruler in Kiev 78,80
Vsevolod, son of Mstislav, prince of Novgorod (c.1117) 195
Vsevolod, son of Oleg (d.1146) 102
of Chernigov 101,125
as prince of Kiev 102,104
and succession 103,126
Vsevolod Sviatoslavich (‘the Red’) (d.1212) 118,119–20,126
Vyborg, Swedish fortress 156
Vychegda Perm’ 169,175
Vychegda, river valley
brine production 40
settlements 26
Vydubichi monastery, Kiev, church of St Michael 95
Vyg, centre of Old Belief 638
Vyhovs’kyi, Ivan, Ukrainian cossack hetman 503–4
deposed 504
Vyshgorod, and Sviatopolk 83
Waldemar, crown prince of Denmark 492
Walk, battle of (1657) 503
Wallachia 501,503,512
Warsaw, Swedes in 502
water mills 292
water supplies 25
towns 597
villages 288
wax, workers in Moscow 590
wax and honey 39
traded through Novgorod 146,196, 312
waxed tablets
earliest Psalter 14,193
to teach writing (Novgorod) 193
weapons
arquebuses 218
composite recurved bows 218
wedding rituals 342
weights and measures
German Last 33n. 24
uniform system of 35,542
wells 25
West Russian Lithuanian Statute (1588) 376,381,572,576
Westernisation
before Peter the Great 1
and Russian culture 640,661
under False Dmitrii 415
Westphalia, trade with 122
White Sea
European traders 37,270,315,544
salt evaporation 40
trade routes 10
widows
inheritance 574
as litigants 568
wildlife
boreal forest 27
forest-steppe 29
tundra 27
wills
oral 361
written (Pskov) 367
witchcraft and magic
Church jurisdiction over 560
historiography of 13
and Orthodox liturgy 342
punishments for 577
witnesses 380,570
Wƚadysƚaw, Polish prince (11th century) 92
Wƚadysƚaw IV, king of Poland
advance on Moscow (1618) 487
claim to Russian throne 359,423,424,429,488
renounced 430,492
continuing threat to Romanovs 487
and Ottoman Empire 497
and siege of Smolensk (1633) 491
war with Sweden 492
women
birch bark letters by 206
and cult of St Sergius 346
exclusion from public life 642
and inheritance 574
as litigants 568
as nuns 348
and popular revolts 610
portraits 652–3
prayers to saints 342
women’s history 13
wood
for building 25,646
building interiors 646
imported from Caucasus, Novgorod 196
wood block prints (lubki) 641,649
wood fuel 40
wood-carving 645,646
see also sculpture
written contracts 366
written evidence 360,368,379,553,570
written sources 14,73,96,300
cadastres 300
town record-keeping 466–8,478–9
see also printing
Wuchters, Daniel, German (or Dutch) painter 649
Yamgurchi, khan of Astrakhan’ 323
Yukagir people 527
Zacharia ben Aharon, Kievan Jew 350
Zadesen’e region 115
Zadorin, Semen, Moscow merchant 604,612
Zakhar’in-Iur’ev family 246,255
Zamoyski, Count Jan, Polish chancellor 410
Zaporozhian cossacks
and False Dmitrii 284,411
and Poland 498,503–4,532
raids on Azov 503
relations with Moscow 6,505,508,509,516,517
Zaporozhian Sech’ 514,532
legal jurisdictions 565
Zarutskii, Ivan Martynovich, Ukrainian cossack 425
and Pozharskii 427,428
rout and death of 429,487
and Second False Dmitrii 419,425,426,600
Zealots of Piety 627,654
zemshchina administration (under boyars) 258,293
effect of oprichnina on 260
zemskii institutions 9
decline in role of 269
in towns 465
zemskii sobor see Assembly of the Land
Zhevty Vody, battle of (1648) 498
Žóƚkiewski, Adam 428
Žóƚkiewski, Stanisƚaw, Polish commander 424
Zolotarenko, Colonel, Ukrainian cossack leader 501
Zolotarev, Karp, icon-painter 648–9
Zorawno, Armistice of (1676) 511
Zosima, Metropolitan 229,348,350
removed from office (1494) 228,228n. 31
Zubov, Fedor, icon-painter 648
portraits by 651
Zvenigorod, fortified by Iurii Dolgorukii 104
Zyzanii, Lavrentii, Ruthenian monk 622