Cambridge University Press
9780521876483 - The Idea of Indonesia - A History - by R. E. Elson
Frontmatter/Prelims
Indonesia the nation-state is a miraculous and unlikely construction. At first sight, the material for national unity could not be more unpromising: Indonesia’s history is marred by deep and often bloody internal disputation based on ideology, ethnicity, religion and region. Yet Indonesia, as concept and as nation-state, endures and is perhaps beginning once again to thrive. R. E. Elson, one of the leading figures in the field, seeks to discover the origins of the idea of Indonesia in the mid-nineteenth century and explores its often vexed and troubled trajectory through to the present time. He examines why Indonesia exists, against the odds, as a nation-state, and in what different forms it has existed, seeking to explain the nation’s character as it has struggled for unity and purpose. The analysis provides a chronological narrative which examines Indonesian politics, its political elites and their relationship with the Indonesian people.
R. E. ELSON is Professor of Southeast Asian History at the School of History, Philosophy, Religion and Classics, The University of Queensland, Australia. He has written extensively on the modern history of Indonesia and Southeast Asia and his previous publications include Suharto: A Political Biography (2001) and The End of the Peasantry in Southeast Asia: A Social and Economic History of Peasant Livelihood, 1800–1990s (1997).
R. E. Elson
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© R. E. Elson 2008
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First published 2008
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data
Elson, R. E. (Robert Edward), 1947–
The Idea of Indonesia : a history / R. E. Elson.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-521-87648-3
1. Indonesia – Politics and government. 2. Nationalism – Indonesia – History. I. Title.
DS638.E57 2008
959.8–dc22
2007052171
ISBN 978-0-521-87648-3 hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or
accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to
in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such
websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
For Rosemary Robson-McKillop
dear friend, generous host and kind support over so many years
List of illustrations | page viii | |
Glossary and abbreviations | x | |
Short biographies of key figures | xvi | |
Preface | xxiii | |
1 | The origins of the idea of Indonesia | 1 |
2 | The new idea: elaboration and contestation | 44 |
3 | The construction of Indonesia | 98 |
4 | Indonesia in practice | 149 |
5 | Rediscovering Indonesia | 199 |
6 | Integralist Indonesia | 239 |
7 | Towards a modest Indonesia | 280 |
Conclusion | 315 | |
Bibliography | 324 | |
Index | 355 |
1 | Earl’s use of the term ‘Indu-nesians’, 1850. Source: Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia 4 (1850). | page 6 |
2 | G. A. Wilken. Source: Ossenbruggen, De verspreide geschriften. | 12 |
3 | Reading Bintang Hindia. Source: Bintang Hindia. | 18 |
4 | Suwardi Suryaningrat, E. F. E. Douwes Dekker and Cipto Mangunkusumo, c. 1912. Source: Hollandsche Revue. | 24 |
5 | Noto Suroto. Source: Bandera Wolanda. | 30 |
6 | The first issue of Hindia Poetra, 1916. Source: Hindia Poetra, 1 March 1916. | 36 |
7 | The Indië Weerbaar delegation received by the Indische Vereeniging in The Hague, 14 April 1917. Source: Hindia Poetra. | 42 |
8 | Tan Malaka. Source: Tan Malaka, Dari pendjara ke pendjara. | 49 |
9 | Cornelis van Vollenhoven. Source: KITLV. | 55 |
10 | Hendrikus Colijn. Source: Library of Congress. | 61 |
11 | Indonesische Vereeniging leaders, 1923. Source: Oedaya. | 67 |
12 | First PNI congress, Surabaya, 1928. Source: KITLV. | 73 |
13 | Governor-General B. C. de Jonge opens the Volksraad session, Batavia, 1936. Source: KITLV. | 79 |
14 | Mohammad Natsir. Source: KITLV. | 85 |
15 | The text of the proclamation of Indonesian independence, August 1945. Source: Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia. | 115 |
16 | Sukarno and Sutan Syahrir. Source: Album Perjuangan Kemerdekaan. | 130 |
17 | H. J. van Mook. Source: KITLV. | 145 |
18 | Daud Beureueh and followers, c. 1953. Source: Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia. | 164 |
19 | S. M. Kartosuwiryo after his capture, 1962. Source: Department of Defence and Security, Republic of Indonesia. | 174 |
20 | Election banners 1955. Source: Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia. | 184 |
21 | Sukarno and Ali Sastroamijoyo. Source: KITLV. | 194 |
22 | Sukarno finally bulldozes his enemies, 1958. Source: Suluh Indonesia, 19 August 1958. | 200 |
23 | Juanda. Source: KITLV. | 207 |
24 | Map of the archipelago concept, 1960. Source: Department of Mining, Republic of Indonesia. | 214 |
25 | The final vote at the Constituent Assembly, 1959. Source: Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia. | 221 |
26 | Nasution at the ceremony when Sukarno decreed the reintroduction of the 1945 Constitution, 1959. Source: Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia. | 228 |
27 | Sukarno and Aidit at PKI anniversary celebration, 1965. Source: Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia. | 235 |
28 | Ruslan Abdulgani and Suharto, c. 1966. Source: Retnowati Abdulgani-Knapp. | 252 |
29 | Ali Murtopo. Source: Tempo. | 265 |
30 | Yunus Yahya. Source: author. | 278 |
31 | B. J. Habibie. Source: Setneg. | 291 |
32 | Megawati Sukarnoputri and Abdurrahman Wahid. Source: Ardiles Rante. | 302 |
33 | Abu Bakar Ba’asyir. Source: Ardiles Rante. | 313 |
Map 1 Map of Indonesia | xxvii |
AAS | Archief van de Algemene Secretarie van de Nederlands-Indische Regering en de daarbij gedeponeerde archieven, 1942–50 |
abangan | less devout, syncretist Muslim |
ABRI | Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia) |
adat | customary law |
aksi sepihak | unilateral action |
AMK | Archive of the Ministry of Colonies |
Ansor | NU youth organisation |
APRIS | Angkatan Perang Republik Indonesia Serikat (Armed Forces of the Republic of the United States of Indonesia) |
AS | Asian Survey |
BFO | Bijeenkomst voor Federaal Overleg (Federal Consultative Assembly) |
BIES | Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies |
Binnenlands Bestuur | Internal Administration |
BKI | Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |
BPUPK | Badan Untuk Penyelidik Usaha-usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan (Committee for the Investigation of Independence) |
BU | Budi Utomo (Glorious Endeavour) |
CAC | Central Advisory Council |
CAD | Centraal Archievendepot (Central Archive Depot) |
daerah | region |
DB | Djawa Baroe |
DDII | Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia (Indonesian Islamic Propagation Council) |
DI | Darul Islam (Abode of Islam) |
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