Abuse of judicial authority 5.128
Abuse of right 29.57, 183-4, 32.40
Account stated 4.220, 221, 228, 230-4, 236, 8.162-8
Acquiescence: see Estoppel
Acquired rights 6.163
Act of State 4.102, 115 n. 2, 5.12, 16.99, 17.100-1, 19.285-9, 292, 24.11
see also State responsibility
enquiry into by international tribunal 25.157, 165
Admissibility: see Evidence, admissibility; Jurisdiction of Tribunal, admissibility
Admission, effect 3.205 n. 2, 235, 288
Agency 1.356-62, 376-81, 2.11, 23-4, 3.205, 4.278, 279, 6.159, 160, 193-5, 8.130, 140, 17.14-15, 25-30, 19.126, 129-32, 133-5, 138-9, 140, 152-3, 23.142-6, 299-300, 305-6
see also Evidence of, agency
applicable law 19.126
broker distinguished 2.399
Federal Reserve banks, whether 35.118-22
general principles of agency law 19.126
gestion d’affaire 7.164
Aggregation of cases: see Procedure, consolidation of cases
Airline practice 9.360-75
Algeria, duties 5.49
Algiers Declarations
see also Claims Settlement Declaration; General Declaration
as changed circumstances 1.208
damages for breach 25.260-2, 34.137-8, 146-7, 158-9, 162, 166, 168
equality of States Parties, enforcement mechanisms 34.42
good faith obligation to implement 34.42-3, 139, 155-6, 171
interpretation
express terms 34.135
“terminate” 34.135
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) as applicable law 34.129
negotiation and conclusion 34.114-15
Aliens, treatment of 4.166, 167, 5.293, 383-4, 17.147, 181
see also Expropriation; Expulsion; State responsibility
wrongful death 2.81-9
Alternative forum 6.49
Alternative pleading 4.231, 233, 235, 236
American Arbitration Association: see Arbitration rules, American Arbitration Association
American law: see United States, law of
Appeal 3.128, 364, 5.74
see also Award, correction; Award, reconsideration
Applicable law 3.8, 14, 19, 56, 58, 4.5, 113-16, 174, 234, 267, 270, 292, 293, 6.46, 97, 98, 7.99, 102, 109, 113, 115, 130, 191, 8.105, 10.239, 277, 12.143, 273, 13.88-9, 229-33, 14.138-40, 186-7, 229-30, 245, 15.29, 214-24, 236-9, 16.20-8, 194-6, 256, 17.132, 142, 230-1, 239-40, 18.119, 361 n. 10, 19.29-31, 286, 21.68, 72
see also Choice of law
agency 1.377, 379-80, 19.126
authenticity of document 29.124
contracts 1.422, 2.27, 3.48, 56, 4.267, 6.236, 7.131, 8.162, 231, 232, 9.121, 124, 326, 10.216, 13.26, 17.230-1, 240, 21.103, 154, 22.243, 268-89, 324, 325, 24.170, 26.146
see also State contracts below
corporations
ownership 17.328, 21.77 n. 30
pre-incorporation agreements 2.154 n. 1
date determining 15.215
diplomatic protection 19.31
disqualification of arbitrator 20.203-4, 272-3
expropriation
international law 16.25, 29.27
Treaty of Amity 16.25, 194-5, 239, 21.118, 121, 125, 30.255-7, 31.3-6, 119-20
expulsion, international law 17.142
general principles of commercial and international law 16.21, 28, 104, 26.106
general principles of law 19.30, 20.204
immovable property transactions 2.250, 256, 33.4-5
international law 16.28, 19.30-1, 286, 23.357
displacement by Claims Settlement Declaration 25.28
Tribunal 34.55-6
interpretation and substance, different systems to apply 16.21
law of parties 19.30, 28.209
lex loci actus 21.63, 22.161
marital rights 30.49-56
nationality 2.166, 183, 224, 32.85, 86-7, 88
payment of cheque 1.171
pension rights 30.42-3, 63
practice of parties 17.231, 240
principles of mutual goodwill and good faith 21.154
procedure 8.161, 30.55
promissory notes 21.44-5, 63-4
relevance 12.214
share transfers 19.272
State contracts 16.27-8, 19.31, 22.287-9
see also contracts above
international law 32.180
time limits 17.190
Tribunal
failure to indicate 1.422
freedom to determine 13.232, 30.49-50, 32.179-80
international law 34.55-6
jurisdiction of 26.266
Appointing authority
designation 1.513-14
powers 1.114-15, 117, 21.388, 390
Arbitral tribunal: see International tribunals; Tribunal
Arbitration
clause, jurisdiction 25.26, 73-4, 141-2
failure to comply with 7.202 n. 1
meaning 5.183
nature 7.78
objection to conduct of 25.6
waiver of right to 7.202 n. 1
Arbitration rules
see also International Chamber of Commerce; International Law Commission; Tribunal Rules; UNCITRAL Rules
American Arbitration Association 20.206, 209, 245, 250, 310
American Code of Ethics for Arbitrators 3.40, 296, 4.181, 20.205, 207, 208, 209, 212, 218-19, 251
Grain and Feed Trade Association 3.323, 20.250
Inter-American Commercial Arbitration Commission 20.206
International Bar Association Guidelines 20.211-12, 216, 251
International Institute for the Unification of Private Law 20.205
London Court of International Arbitration 20.206
Netherlands Arbitration Institute 20.250
UN Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East 20.205
UN Economic Commission for Europe 20.205
Uniform Arbitration Act 3.210, 211, 295
Arbitrator
absence 1.415-17, 425-8, 431-2, 433, 453-4, 2.14-16, 27-9, 343-4, 3.24-146, 155, 168, 209-11, 237, 238, 254, 255, 268, 269, 276, 277, 291-6, 316, 8.42, 19.116-17, 21.239-40, 29.364 n. 11
appointment 5.277 n. 1
see also Appointing authority
challenge 1.111-18, 509-18, 5.277 n. 1, 20.177-330, 21.196, 279-82, 318-402, 24.309-24
admissibility 24.319, 324
confidentiality 20.233-4
effect 21.280, 351, 358-9
failure to act 27.293-336
legal standard 20.243-6, 271-82
procedure 20.184
time limits: see Time limits, arbitrator, challenge to
currency offence, alleged 21.380-3, 395, 396-8
disclosure obligation 20.177-330 passim
disqualification 1.111-18, 509-18, 2.346, 358, 5.266
applicable law 20.203-4
effect 20.239
non-disclosure and 20.214, 215-16, 257, 282-5, 21.195-6
exceeding power 5.366 n. 1, 6.271, 21.400
failure to sign award 1.204, 415-17, 424-41, 449, 452-4, 2.13-16, 27-8, 170, 177, 227, 343-4, 3.92, 108, 118, 124-9, 137, 141-6, 155, 168, 210, 211, 237, 238, 254, 255, 268, 269, 276, 277, 292-4, 4.111, 5.348, 6.39, 229, 230, 252, 7.222, 14.8, 10, 15.187-8, 16.112 n. 1, 237, 255-6, 282, 18.3-44, 19.107 n. 1, 161-71, 21.79 n. 1, 194-8, 295, 26.5-6, 189, 29.23
effect on validity of award: see Award, validity
impartiality 1.115-18, 424, 427, 433, 514, 516, 518, 2.21, 346, 357-8, 3.129, 299, 303, 304, 315, 20.179-80, 182-3, 186, 21.349, 355-6, 387, 390, 398, 24.310-11, 316-18, 319-24
independence 3.209, 20.179-80, 182-3, 186, 24.310-11, 316-18, 319-24
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) 20.218
resignation 1.415-17, 426-7, 433-4, 436, 2.14-15, 3.41, 108, 117, 137-9, 144-6, 155, 168, 209-11, 237, 238, 254, 255, 268, 269, 276, 277, 291-3, 295, 375, 376, 5.362, 6.103, 7.56, 183, 14.271 n. 2, 16.284 n. 8, 19.117, 34.103-4
rights 19.167
substitute 14.312, 353-4
withdrawal 5.338, 20.329-30
witness, relationship with 20.184, 185, 186, 242, 250-4, 266-7, 329
Attachment
release 4.277, 15.185
right of 22.78
Attribution: see Controlled entity; State responsibility
Award
see also Recognition and Enforcement of Award; Settlement, enforcement
additional 5.74, 14.258, 280-1, 16.110-11, 284, 18.76, 25.187, 273-4, 28.51-2, 195-7, 29.293-4, 31.289
on agreed terms: see Settlement
amendment 6.30-2, 269, 270
arbitrary nature, alleged 21.338-45
basis
contractual obligations 10.256, 257
legal principles 5.42, 48, 21.338
to be stated 4.180, 5.129, 6.268-70, 21.215, 338, 33.439-40
basis for legal action 6.135-9, 18.118-19, 120-8, 130-1
bias, alleged 21.332-8, 378-9
binding nature: see final and binding below
challenge to 21.295-6
withdrawal 21.302
compliance 23.208, 33.204-5
contradictory 5.130, 33.441-7
contrary to fact 5.46, 47
correction 3.364, 4.111, 5.73, 74, 6.270, 8.133-4, 11.284, 286, 301, 13.93-4, 14.101, 173-4, 256, 18.76-8, 114, 19.172-5, 253-5, 20.171, 23.122-5, 230-2, 25.187, 188-9, 273, 274-6, 26.186-7, 27.264-8, 28.307-8, 30.19-21, 31.124-6, 288, 33.56-8
credibility 5.267
date of receipt 8.53, 134, 9.405, 16.283
declaratory 21.74-5
deferred implementation 26.147
delay in making 4.3, 21.261-2, 275-8
deviation from 18.79
discriminatory 6.269
duty to comply with 7.219
error in 16.284
Escrow Agent, effect in absence of notification 21.286, 288, 293
exceeding remedy sought 6.232, 17.30
final and binding 3.365, 4.16, 5.74, 252, 6.109, 8.107-18, 141, 9.170, 11.274, 276 n. 3, 16.84, 20.209, 21.293-4, 295, 301, 349, 352, 375, 22.208, 26.258-61, 29.23, 387-92, 31.289, 290, 33.348, 34.42, 57
implied undertaking to respect 34.55-6
proceedings in another forum and 2.63, 98, 29.220-1, 34.57, 59, 165, 180-1
financial position of respondent, relevance 21.51
Full Tribunal, powers regarding 21.283-4
grounds for setting aside 5.128
illegal 5.41, 49, 7.201
insufficient reason for 19.16
interim: see Table of Cases by Category
interlocutory: see Table of Cases by Category
interpretation 3.364, 5.74, 6.284, 8.116, 12.304-5, 13.328-30, 14.174, 257, 261-2, 18.113-14, 19.172-3, 317-19, 25.187, 26.188, 254-5, 27.194-5, 31.288-9, 33.348
jurisprudential value 6.115
language 21.392-3
authentic version 21.293
validity in absence of translation 21.286, 288, 293-4, 295, 296-301, 27.267
length 30.169
modification 4.81, 29.260 n. 3
of award in parallel case 31.67-86
non-legalistic 7.17
null compromise 5.335, 6.271
null and void 6.271, 7.201
deemed by Parties as 21.290, 296
status of Award 21.293-4
omission from 16.284
partial 1.185, 2.44, 100, 3.197, 319, 366, 4.20, 74, 5.76, 6.141, 7.90, 181, 220, 225, 8.15, 183, 9.10, 11.363, 372 n. 2, 13.370 n., 14.24, 311, 15.189, 16.3, 17.31, 92, 153, 19.3, 107, 200, 273, 21.20
postponement 3.105
reasons for: see basis above
reconsideration 3.364, 365, 4.60, 5.74, 75, 6.46, 8.107-18, 14.101, 256, 18.76-7, 23.123, 25.186-7, 28.318-19
rehearing 3.364, 365, 5.74
reinstatement of case 28.216-24
rescission 5.74, 75
review: see reconsideration above
revision 29.387-92, 31.286-92
Tribunal’s inherent power 31.289-91, 33.58-9
Tribunal’s sole competence 34.58 n. 11
satisfaction of claim in another forum 9.257
supplementary 19.255-6, 318, 319-20
Tribunal’s inherent power 8.117, 118
unjust 7.17
validity 1.417-24, 433, 2.14-16, 27, 170, 177, 286, 289, 290, 346, 3.54, 124-9, 140-4, 210, 211, 295, 297-9, 302, 315, 324, 6.115, 7.162, 198, 29.23
violation 4.73
void 5.336
ab initio 5.335
without prejudice 5.72
Bad faith 5.266, 300
Bailee 6.279, 8.270
Balance sheet, preparation of 6.244
Bank guarantee: see Performance guarantee
Banking institutions: see Undertakings
Banking obligations, breach 7.48
Banking practices 1.170, 191, 198, 201-2, 205, 207, 210, 505-6, 2.168, 3.19, 21, 25, 27, 30, 5.29, 38, 6.167, 7.43, 17.284-5
see also Cheque
waiver of defect 17.285, 291-2
Bankruptcy 2.151, 8.257-9, 9.15, 27.21-2, 34-6, 38-9
liquidation distinguished 2.10
Bill of exchange: see Negotiable instruments
Bill of lading 5.31, 32, 39, 6.291
bank’s compliance with obligations 24.112
Burden of proof 3.16-18, 20, 29, 65, 66, 68, 71, 107, 108, 114, 115, 252, 294, 308 n. 2, 5.22, 23, 36, 43, 47, 173, 176, 219, 229, 231, 368, 375, 376, 6.66, 178, 210-12, 7.28, 29, 68, 80, 88, 106, 107, 116, 117, 128, 129, 190-2, 9.42, 57, 119, 244, 355, 11.275, 278, 281-2, 336-7, 12.153, 224, 297, 314, 13.112, 136, 139, 141, 153, 197, 15.87, 16.101, 106-7, 17.57, 68, 75, 104, 112, 142, 151, 191, 193, 204, 222, 257, 263, 285, 18.14, 68, 102, 105, 160, 161, 193-4, 196, 221, 228, 237, 238, 241, 263 n. 22, 264, 270-1, 324, 325, 329, 362, 369, 19.14, 124, 210, 220, 269, 270, 20.14-323, 325-7, 21.16, 18, 27, 29
accuracy of evidence 35.80-1
actori incumbit onus probandi 1.209, 420, 464, 13.72, 18.216, 325, 24.23-4, 25.116, 120-1, 29.92-3
allocation 3.18, 20, 70, 71, 5.245, 9.172, 25.120-1
actual dispute, need for 10.216-17
assignment of claim 35.19
attributability of responsibility to State authorities
Iran 24.152, 255, 33.359-61, 456
US 23.337
authenticity of document 2.119, 31.161-2, 181-2, 246-56
bank account, right of withdrawal from 24.245, 251
beneficial ownership 33.474, 35.23, 31
breach of General Principle B 34.138, 146-7, 166-7
excluded matters 34.166-7
construction work 33.261-2
contract
amendment 2.389, 390, 399
breach 2.382
existence 23.293-4, 335, 24.133, 30.106
controlled entity status 1.420-1
costs, relevance to 22.355
costs/expenses 23.173, 24.113-14, 25.116
entitlement to travel expenses 33.182
defective equipment 33.140
defective performance 33.141
dominant and effective nationality 26.7 n. 1
ei qui affirmat, non ei qui negat, incumbit probatio 4.80, 20.266, 29.123-4, 33.316-17, 320 n. 40
expropriation 27.52, 28.11-12, 71, 267-8, 30.41, 154, 160, 163, 31.109, 33.49, 265
by legislation 32.151-2, 34.85-6
compensation, entitlement 28.139
government interference 23.368
expulsion, responsibility for 24.258
force majeure 22.242, 23.191-3, 225, 226-7, 27.80
implementation of contract 2.153
invoice or work performed 2.108, 115, 24.23-4
lost fees 33.260-1
lost profits 4.268
modification of previous valuation 29.279
municipal law rules, applicability 13.58-9
nationality of corporation 1.457-8, 464, 475-7, 481-2, 21.16, 23.266, 25.232-3, 244-5
nationality of person 21.18, 27, 22.133-4, 23.284
naturalization 21.29, 25.202
non-performance 4.80
ownership 32.202, 33.226, 34.22-3, 92-3
payment of account 2.121
payment of salary 10.344
performance 13.54-5, 23.168, 173
approval/authorization of work 23.195
performance problems 13.23
prevention of export 28.9
quantum meruit claim 4.232
shift 28.291-2, 29.123-4
third party claims 4.276
to support defence 3.18, 20, 27 n. 2, 70, 71, 4.80
valuation 34.96
Calvo Clause 18.246 n. 5
Canada, law of 7.167
Causation
foreseeability 3.266
see also Frustration
proximate cause 2.42, 3.249, 266, 11.48
Chambers: see Tribunal, Chambers
Changed circumstances 3.52, 68, 198, 199, 309, 322, 324, 4.260, 268, 5.211, 8.441-4, 9.38-147, 11.33, 15.214, 217-19, 16.39, 21.341, 23.171-2, 218 n. 5
Algiers Declarations as 1.208, 241
Claims Settlement Declaration provisions 1.311
forum selection clause and 1.287-94, 308, 311-14
in Iran 1.245-6, 251, 256, 264-6, 277
political changes 16.39-40, 21.111-12
Charitable institutions: see Corporations, non-profit
Cheque 1.169-72, 3.10-21, 24-7, 30-3, 235
bank as drawer 2.235-8
beneficiary of 3.12
burden of proof 3.19, 20
holder in due course 3.20 n. 2
right to payment 2.168-9
signature 3.20 n. 1
Choice of forum: see Forum selection clause
Choice of law 4.234, 6.98
general principles of law 7.99, 8.140, 141, 16.25
Choice of law clause 4.267, 268, 5.293, 7.107, 8.156, 10.63, 11.26, 16.20, 25, 26-8
see also Forum selection clause
forum selection clause distinguished 1.236-41, 251, 262-4, 281-2, 286-7, 299-302, 377
interpretation and implementation distinguished 16.26-8
procedure, applicability to 13.68
Civil action, alternative forum 4.60
Civil Code of Iran: see Iran, law of
Claimant: see Proper claimant
Claims
see also Statement of Claim
abandonment 5.171
ambiguity 9.296, 11.90, 35.99
amendment: see Statement of Claim, amendment
for amounts larger than claims in US courts 4.143
assignment 11.84, 13.19, 15.183-4, 285, 16.301-2, 310-12, 26.154, 35.15-19
burden of proof 35.19
evidence of 35.18-19
barred 7.116, 10.218
basis
absence of 22.353
alternative 26.217 n. 2, 251
anticipatory breach of contract 29.232
arbitration contract 18.118-19
award of International Chamber of Commerce 6.130, 131, 18.118-19, 120-8
bank account 10.98, 342, 13.336, 26.251-2, 31.106, 33.358
beneficial ownership 12.275-84, 29.25-8, 32.67-70, 33.469
binding contract 4.230, 231, 10.257, 325, 22.115
confiscated equipment 25.67-9
contractual arrangements for the purchase and sale of goods and services 32.103-14, 173-4, 35.154
movable/immovable property distinguished 32.173-4
contractual basis, need for 27.138 n. 6
customs charges 13.157, 160, 163, 166
debt 21.45, 75, 27.137
decline in value of dollar 6.287
demand for payment 24.219-20, 243-5, 247, 248-9, 28.42-3
different causes of action 13.115-17
equity 16.48
expropriation: see Expropriation
failure to establish 6.127, 129
failure to re-export 27.92-8
failure to secure customs clearance 29.327-30
government interference with contractual relations 12.351, 29.229, 33.53
inadequacy 29.350-64
insurance contract 23.65-8, 110-22
intentional tort 12.261-3
invoice 23.173-89, 24.149-51, 25.39-42, 53-7, 98, 26.74-6, 87, 88-94, 115-18, 119-20, 132-7, 27.76-7, 82-5, 29.231, 323-7
latent defect 19.15, 38-46
letter of guarantee 13.157, 160, 163, 166, 167-72
loss of property 24.151-2, 222-6, 26.81, 33.358
loss of rent 33.358
payments made 16.19, 72
performance guarantee
demand for payment 25.100-1
return 19.212-13, 239-40, 25.53, 62-7, 98, 126-9
personal injury 17.140
promissory notes 13.21-7, 21.44-5, 46-52, 63-7
property right 16.195-6, 230-1, 238, 239, 17.99, 139-40, 169, 174 n. 8, 24.110-11, 29.308-9, 32.32-6, 141-2
putative damages 27.230
relocation costs 30.153
retained monies 27.76-7, 86-7, 112-15
salary 30.153
settlement agreement 8.264, 24.133, 153
social security payments: see Social security payments
standby letter of credit 5.57-61, 66-72, 6.222
statement of account 12.155
storage costs 27.226-8, 29.343-4
termination of contract 26.76-7
tort 17.99, 139-40
Tribunal not limited to parties’ theories 9.56, 12.184
trust account 27.228-30
unjust enrichment 23.146
work performed 23.189-200, 218-28, 25.57-8, 90-4, 26.106-8, 27.189, 193
between government entities 3.348, 5.113
see also Claims, official
by banking institutions: see Undertakings
by corporation indivisible 11.87
by Domestic International Sales Corporations 7.186, 188, 200
by individuals 4.115, 7.121
by Iran against US nationals 3.152, 4.1, 75, 101-10, 5.15, 66, 127, 8.364, 366, 368, 373, 23.245, 248, 251, 254, 257, 35.153-4
by Iranian banks against US banks 8.362, 364, 366, 371, 9.36, 97-106, 16.293 n. 4, 17.253
see also Undertakings
Federal Reserve banks 35.99-100, 111, 114-22
by Iranian nationals against Iran 7.123, 132, 171, 26.131
by non-Iranian nationals against US 35.154-5
by non-profit institutions 3.317 n. 1
collective 11.88
continuity 16.15, 104, 17.267, 18.261, 21.42, 22.10, 23.301, 24.270, 25.58, 138, 26.154, 27.70 n. 4, 28.17-19, 62, 66, 380-1, 29.227, 266, 306, 30.185, 31.149-50, 32.57, 35.68
see also assignment above; Claims Settlement Declaration, Article VII, Paragraph 2; Nationality of claim, continuity
contract, arising out of 16.18
courts 4.142
critical date 29.232-3, 378-9, 32.189
damage, need for 22.57-8, 182-3, 212
date arising 10.48, 19.53, 55, 60-1, 211-12, 240, 25.58-9
declaratory relief 22.60-1, 252-3, 335-6, 26.170-1
derivative 4.276
direct 5.297, 298, 300, 8.368-70, 12.261-4, 15.101, 26.206-12, 216-26
dismissal 7.123, 9.344
effect of amendment to contract 11.233-6, 250-5
equitable 8.263
frivolous 4.19, 6.129
indirect 4.243, 244, 5.379, 6.28, 65 n. 3, 7.6, 7, 183, 185-7, 199, 200, 206, 207, 8.368-70, 9.233, 254-66, 10.61-4, 279-81, 11.84-9, 212-14, 311-13, 347, 12.251-61, 272-87, 13.18-19, 298-9, 14.179-92, 199, 15.195-6, 221-2, 16.14, 195-6, 239, 258, 17.115, 116, 297-8, 18.101, 103, 19.105 n. 12, 118, 22.10, 215, 23.270, 25.138, 175-6, 26.65-6, 130, 212-16, 28.204-5, 30.150-1
on behalf of Iranian companies against Iran 10.85, 279-80, 11.311-12, 347
effect of expropriation 9.265
entitlement to full recovery 10.63-4, 82-4
financial losses, relevance 30.160
loss of shareholder status 9.265 n. 17
requirements 7.186
Treaty of Amity and 15.34 n. 14
insurance compensation, effect 10.239
insurance contract, relevance 10.258, 14.292
interest as part of 16.289-90
interest-only 13.95-6
interstate nature 5.291, 294-8, 334, 18.385-7
see also Diplomatic protection
joinder: see Procedure, consolidation of cases
joint 16.13-14, 24.245-7
commingled 24.247
judgment of municipal court as 8.294-6, 11.196
larger embraces smaller 10.252, 17.169, 22.42
of less than $250,000 3.77, 4.211, 5.83 n. 1, 9.16, 16.104, 261-2, 18.24, 66,
109 n. 15, 245, 275, 383, 393-6, 19.345, 352, 360, 22.112, 213, 216-17
as claim of owner 11.284, 286, 301
need for request for espousal 18.245-6
liquidated 8.263
malicious 5.86, 87
multiple causes of action 7.126
new 16.259, 27.69-70, 33.76, 290-1, 292
not previously filed with US courts 4.143
official 5.96, 99-104, 6.13, 12.36-7, 14.278, 17.183-5, 216, 229-30, 18.66-7, 74-5, 86, 19.11, 346, 23.337
outstanding 3.65, 103, 151, 312, 313, 315, 348, 358, 4.95 n. 1, 5.82, 373, 6.223, 264, 7.42, 43, 47, 50, 52, 53, 98, 107, 115, 8.261, 10.98-101, 104-7, 325, 353, 11.315, 357, 12.122, 162, 13.21-7, 46, 337, 345, 347-9, 14.47-8, 272 n. 3, 15.6, 197, 16.16-17, 18.152, 166, 290, 372, 19.68, 138, 151, 21.44-5, 63-6, 152, 22.352, 23.213, 24.110, 243, 281-2, 26.110-11, 125-6, 27.43, 47-8, 137, 28.19-20, 30-4, 66-7, 197, 228, 262-5, 275-302, 29.265-6, 30.64, 96
appointment of temporary managers, relevance 32.46-55
standing of claimant distinguished 31.104
termination of contract 28.30-3
“whether or not filed with any court” 1.491-2, 497-8, 16.17, 30.98, 151, 33.358
pendente lite 5.113
perfected 8.261
proper claimant: see Proper claimant
proper respondent: see Proper respondent
property, interest in 16.195-6
reclassification 18.66-7, 19.346
refusal to accept 7.275, 276
authority for 19.177-8, 180, 183, 187, 190, 193, 195, 199
release from 14.317, 320
shareholder: see Corporations, shareholders
subrogation 23.300-1
termination 3.375
see also General Principle B
third party, on behalf of 16.303, 20.35, 39, 81, 115, 119, 136, 137
third party equipment 27.98-9
time-barred 12.143-5, 17.189-91, 202, 232, 239-42, 24.258, 28.56-8, 32.177-81
effect of arbitration agreement 12.145
purpose 12.144
validity, duty to examine 5.85
waiver 8.67, 81-2, 20.112, 167, 168, 23.39, 40, 42, 24.154
failure to resubmit claim 28.39-40
General Principle B obligation to terminate proceedings and 34.133-4
refusal to accept satisfaction 28.19
settlement agreement as 28.67-70
silence regarding 28.122
tacit 11.251-5, 330-1, 345-6
withdrawal 1.232-3, 385, 391, 486, 2.36-7, 246, 260, 3.205, 332, 333, 4.98 n. 1, 6.5, 7, 8, 11, 7.262, 8.67, 184, 186, 187, 265, 349, 353, 9.9, 38, 43-4, 16.296, 18.63, 28.376-7
Claims of nationals: see Nationality of Claim
Claims Settlement Declaration
Article I 11.290, 12.69 n. 9, 18.86, 25.259, 34.139-40
Article II 1.149, 245-6, 255, 264-6, 276-7, 288-90, 295, 349, 494, 497, 504, 2.199, 208-10, 212, 315, 3.5, 102, 151, 152, 167, 310, 312, 324, 5.295, 344 n. 1, 6.103, 10.35, 11.7, 8, 36, 215, 279, 311, 12.82, 13.180-2, 223, 224, 227, 300-1, 15.242, 16.307, 19.335, 25.259, 28.48, 211
Paragraph 1 1.103, 106-10, 136, 138, 168, 171, 225, 236-40, 242-7, 248, 250, 252-60, 261-7, 268-70, 271-3, 274-9, 280-3, 284-303, 305-19, 320-2, 372, 394, 395, 412, 455, 490-2, 496, 497, 503, 507-8, 2.9, 39-42, 55, 62-3, 66, 79-80, 82, 85-6, 88, 97, 105-6, 109-10, 112, 120 n. 1, 120 n. 2, 138, 143, 160, 296, 300-1, 312-13, 318, 320-1, 323, 324, 338, 370, 377, 378, 395, 396, 401, 3.3, 59, 61, 65, 66, 104, 113, 115, 116, 198, 199, 201, 231, 235, 243, 251, 252, 259, 260, 273, 286, 314, 315, 319, 320, 323, 335, 348, 384, 387, 4.6, 8, 53, 54, 95, 99, 101, 115, 142, 215, 216, 219-21, 224, 225, 229-33, 243, 247, 5.2, 14, 15, 69, 82, 92, 119, 120, 125, 126, 171, 173, 181, 182, 184, 194, 195, 233, 253, 268-70, 274, 278, 279, 284, 298, 342, 371, 373, 378, 388, 6.5, 27, 77, 79, 80, 83, 93, 100-2, 109, 112-14, 132, 135, 139, 158, 221-3, 231, 232, 235, 236, 250, 251, 255, 263, 264, 268, 270, 7.21, 33-5, 42, 47, 53, 66, 82, 107, 122, 132, 134, 188, 195, 218, 275, 8.5, 22, 27, 45-6, 51, 77, 86, 221, 224-5, 229-31, 261, 262, 264, 268, 293-7, 306, 405-6, 9.31-5, 36, 38 n. 18, 40, 50, 51, 88, 115-16, 135, 195, 211-12, 223, 225-6, 245, 252, 257, 293, 333-4, 400, 401, 10.44-5, 54, 62-3, 98, 104, 168, 233, 243, 251, 308, 311, 316, 325, 11.36, 55, 67, 74, 85-6, 92, 109, 151, 170-2, 188-9, 228, 241, 248, 294, 315, 317, 350, 355, 357, 12.100, 142-3, 150, 162, 174, 262, 273, 275, 287 n. 49, 291, 13.21, 27, 46, 101, 102, 132, 168-72, 203, 225, 263, 307, 322, 337, 345, 14.33, 48, 51, 105, 118-19, 127-8, 131, 179, 253, 272 n. 3, 277-8, 292, 15.198, 272, 296, 16.78-9, 87 n. 2, 259, 289-90, 17.64, 83, 98-100, 115, 119, 139, 140, 169, 184, 185, 255, 259, 260, 262, 18.86, 99, 100, 101, 119, 123, 128, 147, 152, 158, 166, 167, 189, 196, 208-9, 222 n. 35, 227, 282 n. 5, 290, 291, 298, 334, 355, 356, 360, 372, 19.30 n. 13, 203, 249, 251, 20.8, 9, 78, 21.8, 23, 29, 42, 45, 100, 102, 148, 152, 343, 22.187, 253, 290, 297, 351-2, 23.7, 128, 129, 131-2, 135, 213, 215, 237, 240, 241, 266, 369, 385, 24.4, 47 n. 2, 83, 110-11, 119, 220, 243, 25.10, 11, 17, 29, 70, 138, 142, 195, 268 n. 3, 272, 288, 297, 300, 26.81, 119, 125, 223, 27.18, 27, 58, 136, 141, 156, 235, 28.30, 67, 122-3, 243, 258, 262, 325-6, 354, 29.13, 27, 41, 65, 75, 187, 188, 191-2, 195-6, 30.12, 17-18, 36, 59, 64, 74, 80, 150, 183, 185, 186, 280, 31.33, 42-3, 66-7, 103-6, 149, 153, 32.26, 32-3, 75, 33.53, 76, 196-7, 211, 373, 466, 34.32, 55, 83-6, 88-91, 142-4, 35.19, 49, 69, 114, 128-9, 154
Paragraph 2 1.103, 106, 107, 178 n. 2, 292, 2.53, 3.348, 4.100, 5.14, 15, 96, 99-104, 352, 6.13, 141, 8.77, 91, 95, 329 n. 3, 9.136-7, 10.83-4, 85, 139-40, 309, 342, 346, 12.25, 36, 37, 13.156, 159, 162, 165, 168-72, 197, 273, 279, 284, 14.271 n. 2, 16.17, 17.184, 189, 201, 229-30, 239, 18.66, 75, 86, 19.11, 285, 346, 27.322, 32.109, 173-4, 34.55, 83-4, 35.114-15, 154
Paragraph 3 1.102, 103, 5.14, 15, 58, 8.91, 95, 204, 209, 10.46, 126, 325, 12.60, 13.180, 21.100, 28.123, 29.29, 217, 31.150
Article III 1.112, 149, 2.314, 14.353, 354, 19.285, 21.309
Paragraph 1 1.117, 431-3, 436, 2.301, 3.40, 77, 126, 139, 211, 296, 364, 7.204, 9.409, 21.160, 201, 203, 310, 313, 26.14
Paragraph 2 1.114, 130, 451 n. 4, 458, 476, 511, 516, 2.209, 301, 3.211, 296, 6.100, 7.21, 316, 8.275 n. 48, 11.84, 274, 279, 16.307, 26.258 n. 4, 27.317
Paragraph 3 1.2, 176, 177, 209, 230 n. 2, 2.301, 3.77, 4.115, 210, 211, 5.83 n. 1, 297, 7.203 n. 3, 277, 11.283, 285, 301, 12.132, 307, 13.263, 16.261, 18.66, 245, 383-7, 389-90, 35.155
Paragraph 4 1.127-30, 176, 226-9, 394, 396, 2.178, 312-13, 315-16, 317-21, 338, 3.3, 287, 4.99, 5.79, 6.29, 68, 102, 8.369, 9.4, 12.289, 13.278, 16.304, 306-8, 21.3, 7, 10, 25.259, 27.69, 28.378-9, 29.116, 33.76, 155, 357, 35.152
Article IV 8.266 n. 39, 18.148
Paragraph 1 2.56, 63, 3.365, 4.16, 5.74, 252, 6.109, 8.114, 9.406, 11.88, 12.285 n. 45, 14.10, 174, 317-18, 328, 333, 20.209, 21.293, 349, 352, 26.258, 29.220-1, 387, 34.57, 59, 165
Paragraph 2 8.379, 23.334
Paragraph 3 1.331, 406, 465, 2.56, 63, 94
Paragraph 4 14.332
Article V 1.198, 200, 201, 291, 294, 308, 374, 377 n. 15, 420, 422, 477, 2.94, 223, 237, 3.58, 4.70, 114, 234, 267, 5.21, 22, 233, 261, 274, 292-4, 6.97, 140, 161, 268, 442-3, 8.132 n. 10, 9.122, 146, 169, 177, 330, 10.143, 147, 192, 312, 11.26, 30, 32, 50, 142, 351, 358, 12.21, 82, 13.119, 230, 14.9, 138-40, 186, 15.214, 218-20, 294 n. 12, 16.24-5, 39, 287-90, 18.119, 19.30, 21.68, 72, 104, 111, 154, 23.357, 26.106, 28.209, 29.388, 33.439
Article VI 1.198
Paragraph 2 2.37, 5.291, 7.221, 8.37, 185, 186, 9.62, 21.379
Paragraph 3 1.106, 195, 5.291, 6.68, 10.35
Paragraph 4 1.102, 103, 294, 2.59, 315, 320, 5.58, 252, 8.91, 95, 204, 209, 210, 10.85, 11.274, 275, 277, 14.327, 332, 16.289-90, 21.100, 34.55, 59-60
Article VII 1.123, 137, 149, 166, 397, 503, 2.19, 32, 156, 208, 211, 377, 395, 3.2, 160, 4.142, 5.78, 268, 283, 284, 353, 7.221, 11.170, 181, 274, 276, 13.180, 263, 14.118, 18.208, 297, 21.68
Paragraph 1 1.136, 139, 223, 392, 417, 455, 456, 458, 463, 477-9, 481, 2.16-17, 19, 33, 105-6, 160, 209-12, 248, 301, 303, 304, 335, 3.46, 102, 103, 113, 161, 245, 259, 260, 4.1, 99, 216, 217, 264, 273, 5.1, 2, 18, 21, 22, 92, 126, 163, 254, 267, 269, 279, 282, 284, 338, 339, 341, 342, 352, 6.127, 285, 7.5, 20, 27-9, 41, 97, 121-3, 127-9, 185, 8.128, 154, 234, 261, 294, 307, 326, 370, 9.15, 70, 88, 116, 156, 194, 252, 291, 400, 10.126, 166, 238, 263 n. 9, 278-9, 11.86, 151, 188, 212, 271, 12.100, 132, 142, 162, 251, 275, 345, 13.18, 101, 131, 202, 306, 336, 14.6-8, 34, 72, 156, 179, 199, 226, 268, 15.5, 17.5, 64, 115, 162, 255, 18.166, 189, 237, 261, 355, 19.202, 203, 20.7, 21.16, 18, 22, 24, 29, 51 n. 16, 102, 103, 22.235, 23.135, 168, 262, 263, 266, 273, 283, 284, 24.44-5, 50, 110, 133, 218, 245-6, 255, 267, 281, 25.10, 28, 138, 175, 195, 200, 229, 231, 232, 235, 237, 238, 239, 241, 244, 245, 268 n. 3, 272, 281, 297, 26.14, 17, 18, 65, 130, 199-200, 207, 27.58, 70, 71, 136, 28.169-243, 315-16, 29.13, 23, 27, 65, 75, 227, 241-3, 313, 315-16, 381, 30.36, 280, 31.33, 33.373, 466, 34.83, 35.49, 128-9
Paragraph 2 1.136, 139, 381 n. 20, 385, 388, 392, 394, 395, 399, 456, 477, 479, 2.9, 55-6, 63-4, 98-9, 148, 226-7, 248, 282, 295-300, 363, 378, 396, 401, 3.46, 60, 273, 386, 4.54, 99, 101, 181, 216, 218, 243, 5.6, 92, 93, 129, 153, 154, 196, 271, 365, 377, 379, 388, 6.45, 58, 79, 80, 93, 108, 110, 115, 116, 127, 131, 263, 7.5, 6, 29, 66, 97, 134, 185-8, 199, 206, 218, 219, 8.77, 128, 159, 232-3, 261, 265 n. 38, 294, 368, 9.38, 132, 253, 254-66, 281, 293, 324, 325, 329 n. 12, 379, 10.61-3, 178, 279-81, 11.84, 86-9, 109, 138-41, 151, 213, 215, 246, 298-9, 311-12, 12.162, 174, 251, 257, 262, 273, 275, 276, 278, 283, 285 n. 45, 291, 322, 13.18, 193 n. 1, 300-1, 320, 323, 14.49, 93, 110, 179, 192, 199, 226, 244, 292, 15.196, 221, 16.13, 104, 259, 17.81, 139, 166, 180, 267, 297, 298, 18.89, 91, 95, 101, 103, 152, 158, 227, 261 n. 20, 19.68, 105 n. 12, 118, 269, 271, 21.42-3, 68, 22.175, 215, 351, 370 n. 1, 23.299, 355, 362, 24.255, 270, 271, 25.10, 28, 58, 138, 175, 201, 233, 238, 245, 268 n. 3, 283 n. 4, 26.56, 65, 130, 154, 200, 206, 212, 223, 27.70 n. 4, 71, 137, 155, 213, 216-17, 254, 28.62, 66, 190, 228, 371-2, 380-1, 29.25, 27, 227, 266, 306, 315-16, 30.57, 150, 160, 185, 273, 31.66-7, 32.75, 34.132-5, 35.19, 49, 68
Paragraph 3 1.349, 350, 356, 372, 381, 412, 413, 419, 427, 504, 2.20, 21, 105, 142, 143-4, 146-8, 235, 248, 295, 302, 338, 3.47, 102, 103, 259, 260, 273, 281, 4.99, 216, 218, 264, 273, 5.1-4, 6, 7, 13-18, 48, 135, 136, 148, 150, 164, 237, 239, 242, 378, 389, 6.58, 221, 285, 7.5, 10, 20, 42, 247, 258, 8.11, 13, 79, 83, 154, 221, 351, 360, 9.166-7, 238 n. 35, 257, 277, 306, 344, 400, 10.240, 242, 280-1, 341, 11.6, 75, 90, 151, 170, 189, 215, 294, 12.6, 142, 149, 162, 174, 291, 345, 346, 350 n. 13, 352, 358, 370, 372, 13.21, 131, 272, 278, 302, 326, 14.105, 129, 156-8, 167, 179, 199, 269, 292, 15.5, 17.116, 163, 166, 167, 168, 180, 184, 188, 215, 229, 272, 18.86, 111, 152, 166, 177, 276, 297, 382, 19.68, 119, 203, 325, 335, 350, 21.43, 67, 69-70, 22.175, 178, 183, 193, 23.135-7, 278, 281, 292, 334, 362, 363, 24.51, 255, 281, 26.13, 18, 27, 66-7, 71-2, 141, 155, 206, 28.61-2, 29.23, 25-6, 41, 91-2, 229, 33.49, 35.68, 114
Paragraph 4 1.381, 2.302, 5.2, 6, 15, 16, 18, 6.27, 8.351, 9.93-4, 156, 231, 233 n. 30, 266, 400, 13.272, 278, 14.105, 16.18, 78, 105, 17.5, 180, 188, 215, 229, 18.382, 19.350, 23.334, 383, 384, 25.10, 28, 138, 140, 141, 216, 27.141, 35.114-15, 155
Article VIII 1.138
interpretation: see Jurisdiction of Tribunal, interpretation of Declarations
status 21.309
Class action 2.300-1
see also Nationality of claim, shareholder claims
Co-Registrar, exceeding powers 7.275, 276
Commercial law 1.374, 377 n. 15, 378, 445-7, 3.19, 20, 4.101, 268, 270, 276, 5.394
see also General principles of, commercial law; International Chamber of Commerce; Iran, law of, Commercial Code; United States of America, law of, Uniform Commercial Code
Compensation: see Damages; Expropriation, compensation
Concurrent jurisdiction: see Forum selection clause, jurisdiction of Tribunal
Concurring opinion
see also Concurring and dissenting opinion; Declaration; Dissenting opinion; Explanatory remarks; Separate opinion; Separate statement; Supplemental opinion
Aghahosseini 30.105, 33.365
Aldrich 2.349, 3.348, 5.267, 11.268, 345, 14.320, 18.323, 21.162, 29.56
Allison 23.130, 27.306
Ameli 12.364, 26.37 n. 1, 33.365, 34.62
Ansari 10.35, 13.121, 19.73, 24.47 n. 2
Bahrami 10.177 n. 1
Bellet 2.316
Brower 6.32, 110, 8.5, 22, 40, 206, 9.280-3, 10.34, 363, 11.150 n. 1, 276, 12.233, 15.289, 16.60, 17.19, 294 n. 1, 19.332
Holtzmann 1.227, 229, 284, 2.57, 3.55, 78, 192, 199, 325, 330, 4.159, 5.111, 144, 267, 6.40, 47, 133, 8.206, 9.284 n. 2, 313 n. 2, 360 n. 2, 10.37 n. 2, 269 n. 2, 12.146 n. 2, 13.3, 124 n. 2, 331 n. 2, 14.320, 16.237, 22.215, 26.148 n. 2
Kashani 2.65, 3.323
Khalilian 24.116 n. 1
Lagergren 2.317
Mosk 1.305, 363, 449, 2.27, 57, 114, 146, 298, 386, 3.277, 293, 387, 4.111, 5.230, 269, 6.64, 7.201, 10.81, 12.108, 126 n. 2, 35.112-23
Mostafavi 8.203, 10.103, 12.30, 13.280 n. 1
Noori 30.123 n. 1, 33.365
Riphagen 5.273
Salans 14.320
Sani 2.65
Shafeiei 2.65
Concurring and dissenting opinion
see also Concurring opinion; Declaration; Dissenting opinion; Explanatory remarks; Separate opinion; Separate statement; Supplemental opinion
Aghahosseini 33.206 n. 2
Allison 27.187, 28.292, 29.117, 33.269
Ameli 10.229 n. 1, 28.255 n. 21, 30.76 n. 1, 35.45 n. 1
Ansari 8.203, 11.45, 180 n. 1, 184 n. 2, 23.351 n. 1, 26.31, 28.307 n. 1
Bahrami 8.203, 11.168 n. 1, 12.82
Böckstiegel 8.203
Broms 34.177
Brower 9.241, 11.35, 53 n. 1, 184 n. 1, 16.277, 304, 17.173, 288, 19.93, 231, 304, 20.132, 22.86, 23.78, 24.85, 27.24
Holtzmann 9.107 n. 2, 10.229 n. 1, 333 n. 2, 14.24 n. 2, 65 n. 2, 191 n. 2, 17.31 n. 2, 19.298, 23.217, 24.121 n. 2
Khalilian 18.324, 21.62, 26.129, 28.3
Mostafavi 9.107 n. 1, 10.269 n. 1, 13.329 n. 1, 14.86 n. 1, 17.31 n. 1
Noori 18.128, 198, 244, 24.162, 33.272 n. 1
Confidentiality of proceedings: see Tribunal, confidentiality of proceedings
Confiscation: see Expropriation
Conflict of laws 3.48, 6.99 n. 1, 8.136, 140-1, 9.178, 14.186, 19.126, 21.63
Consolidation of cases: see Procedure, consolidation of cases
Consumer law 6.99
Continuity of claim: see Claims, continuity; Nationality of claim
Contract 8.164, 19.15, 38-46, 29.321-3
see also Applicable law; Force majeure; Forum selection clause; Lease agreements; Licence; Limitation of liability clause; Negotiable instruments; Purchase order as contract
acceleration clause 13.21-7, 46-7
adhesion 7.192
airline tickets as 17.230
alleged bribery 12.270-1, 314-15, 326
ambiguous terms 5.180, 184, 192, 195, 8.229-30, 306-7, 9.31-5, 215-17, 323-4, 367, 373, 11.36, 45, 13.235
amendment 11.166, 12.109-13, 116-18, 13.188, 16.37, 54, 272, 279, 18.195, 202-7, 19.226, 21.154
ad hoc 16.37
conduct of parties 18.195-6
de facto 16.37, 41, 54
implicit acceptance 1.37
Tribunal award as 20.133
unilateral 22.46, 97-8: see also Stabilization clause
annulment 21.154
anticipatory breach 3.151, 7.42, 53, 107, 115
applicable law 1.422, 2.27, 3.48, 56, 4.267, 6.236, 7.131, 8.162, 231, 232, 9.121, 124, 326, 10.216, 13.26, 17.230-1, 240, 21.103, 154, 22.243, 268-89, 324, 325, 24.170, 26.146
applicable law clause 5.366
assignment 6.233, 8.155-60
breach 2.116-18, 382, 386-7, 399, 3.50, 51, 55, 57, 153, 164, 247, 261, 265, 289, 293, 294 n. 1, 4.232, 233 n. 1, 234, 235, 240, 252, 267, 5.127, 398, 6.63, 64, 136, 137, 139, 189, 199, 200, 203, 206, 216, 222, 285, 286, 290, 293, 294, 7.13, 24, 75, 79, 82, 103, 105-7, 109, 110, 113, 114, 202 n. 1, 215, 8.168-71, 310-12, 9.112-18, 157-60, 10.254, 12.151, 294, 351, 13.46-50, 113, 121-3, 133-4, 142, 143, 303, 14.200-3, 15.31, 234-44, 16.28-43, 47, 59, 64-8, 72, 17.77, 18.96, 328-31, 19.14-15, 22.56-7, 99-100, 299-310, 24.73-80, 31.194-9
applicable law 16.26
damage, need for 22.57-8
delays, whether 33.136-7, 168-9, 170-1
justifying
repudiation of contract 24.74
suspension of work 12.294, 22.309-10
nationalization as 15.243
notice of 22.102
termination for: see termination, for breach below
timeliness of complaint 25.98
cancellation 14.269-70
collateral 23.145
collateral promises 6.197
condition precedent 7.109, 114
consensus ad idem 24.182
contra proferentem rule: see verba ambigua accipiuntur contra proferentem below
counter offer 7.113
creation of new agreement 4.221, 5.395
cross-termination clause 10.175
date 23.42
discharge 2.251, 254
dispute settlement provisions 8.223, 21.105, 29.351-2
disputes relating to 19.341-2
duty of reasonable efforts: see good faith, duty of below
election 3.289
enforceability 2.221, 381, 398, 3.13, 14, 16, 18, 27-9, 287, 6.62, 162, 7.192, 8.160-2, 223
error 8.133
escalation clause 16.247-9
evidence of: see Evidence of, contract
excessively onerous 9.122 n. 14
excuse 3.153, 154, 264, 7.67, 75, 110, 193, 9.196-7, 18.302-3, 19.69-70
exercise of rights under 7.157, 158
extension 6.145, 13.338-9
fixed-price 24.172-3
force majeure: see Force majeure
formation 3.47, 55, 162, 6.162, 176, 189, 191-3, 196, 197, 7.107, 109, 9.56, 13.273-5, 279-81, 17.126, 131, 197, 18.159, 19.69, 22.306-9, 23.340, 347 n. 5
by conduct of parties 3.48, 49, 6.17, 145, 191, 192, 197, 7.103, 113, 114, 8.130-1, 13.111-13, 22.307-8, 32.111-13
good faith, duty of 6.197, 198, 7.160, 8.133, 141-3, 9.122 n. 13, 14.140-1
see also Good faith
guarantee 5.241, 8.91-2, 95-6, 13.157, 160, 163, 166
illegal 4.249, 250
implied terms 9.147-9, 216-17
impossibility: see Frustration
independence 7.66
inequality of parties 13.245
interpretation 1.107 n. 1, 108, 209, 213 n. 7, 214 n. 8, 3.251, 261, 4.252, 260, 5.117, 128, 180, 181, 184, 192, 196, 197, 228, 6.114, 115, 161, 227, 237, 262, 277, 7.13, 23, 71, 72, 75, 76, 78, 79, 86, 87, 192, 8.225, 231, 306-7, 9.148-9, 323-4, 327-9, 367-73, 10.222-3, 329, 11.8-11, 12.109-13, 13.214-15, 235-6, 14.54, 273-5, 15.148, 236, 17.64, 315, 18.312, 22.42, 237-9, 292-8, 28.43-4
applicable law, relevance 22.293
circumstances at time of conclusion 22.292
conduct of parties 2.118, 3.288, 5.232, 6.227, 262, 7.193, 12.103, 200, 212, 16.54, 22.238-9
context 22.292
expressio unius exclusio alterius est 16.27
intention of parties 7.73, 75, 79, 83, 9.392, 15.148, 152
preparatory works 11.9-11, 45-6
trade usage 9.367, 380-1
verba ambigua accipiuntur contra proferentem 9.371, 393-4
legal relationship between parties 5.173, 7.82, 8.130-3, 142, 9.326-7
letter of credit distinguished 13.102
liability under collateral contracts 12.37
limitation of liability clause: see Limitation of liability clause
merger of rights under separate 7.34, 35
obligations of parties in absence of 12.134
obligations under, attempt to discharge 19.80-1
oral 8.160-1, 22.20-1, 115
for ownership of land 7.131
part performance 8.160-1
performance 5.393, 398, 6.85-9, 94, 274, 290, 292-4, 7.110, 161, 9.117-18, 12.150-1, 18.302-3
burden of proof 23.168, 173, 195
exceptio non adimpleti contractus 22.304, 317-23
failure to complain of defective 33.104-7, 141
interpretation and 22.298
prevention 28.96-103
progress reports, responsibility for 9.218
standard 11.110, 114-16
time of the essence 22.300-2
waiver of defects in 6.87, 88
principals bound by 6.72, 159
privity of 18.210
pro forma invoice 3.41, 49, 54, 5.25, 38, 43, 46, 7.25
progress payments 24.29-30
proper law of: see applicable law above
quantum meruit: see Quantum meruit
ratification by conduct of parties 1.413, 414, 2.145-6, 154, 380, 397, 3.163, 164, 247, 248, 4.249, 250, 5.395
recovery under 5.172
reformation or rectification 2.117
renegotiation clause 15.297, 16.63
repudiation 7.107, 16.40-1, 64
required to be in writing 7.13
res inter alios acta 13.122
revenue actually earned 9.372-5
rights under, export of property 22.79
sales of goods and services between Iran and US 5.96, 99-101, 103, 104, 13.156-7, 162-3
educational instruction a service 13.273
scope 19.70
severability of provisions 8.223, 31.154, 33.46
stabilization clause: see Stabilization clause
standard inspection clause 19.13-14
standby arrangement: see suspension below
State’s duty to respect 15.242, 294-8
sub-contractors, authorization 24.30-2
liability for 19.46-7
sub-licence 6.163
subject of 7.25
substitution 3.274
succession to 1.359-60, 15.60-1, 17.15, 17, 20.7-8
superseded by Settlement Agreement 10.282-4
suspension 10.168-70, 16.37-40, 54, 22.30-2, 46, 47, 236-7, 23.171, 25.36, 33.80
tax withheld 22.19-20
termination 2.388, 3.154, 155, 232, 265, 266, 289, 294, 4.235, 259, 260, 5.210, 317-19, 6.274, 7.15, 107, 8.313-14, 338-40, 9.118-20, 147-50, 196, 10.290, 12.182-5, 234-6, 13.187-8, 213-16, 245-52, 302, 14.35-9, 54, 60-1, 119-21, 140-1, 16.20-45, 62-3, 272, 17.65-8, 18.159-60, 331-2, 19.70-1, 330-1, 340-2, 20.49, 22.32-3, 46-7, 237, 298-9, 23.90-6, 25.36, 27.165-7
see also Force majeure; Frustration
for breach 26.160-1
burden of proof 22.54, 56, 99
by agreement 2.116-18
for cause 23.25, 90
compensation for 2.117
for convenience 23.26, 69, 79, 91, 25.96
date 9.196, 17.68, 19.70, 22.53, 100, 27.167
for delay 25.97
invalidity distinguished 8.222
legal consequences 9.120-33, 196-7, 20.74-5
matter of election 12.185
non-performance 22.30
notice of, need for 22.56-7, 23.223-4, 28.40
waiver 33.104
past obligations unaffected 9.201
protection of property 23.27
right of 22.21-2, 41-2, 46, 96, 248
suspension, whether 22.30-1, 25.39-40
timeliness 25.97, 98
waiver of right 13.251-2
third party beneficiary 3.274, 278, 4.276, 6.160, 161, 193, 195, 196, 8.271, 9.401, 23.144, 301, 24.11
third party rights 28.79
trade usage 9.367
translation of 1.317, 318, 9.31-5, 212-14, 13.181-2
ultra vires 2.24
unilateral changes 15.240
unjust enrichment: see Unjust enrichment
validity 1.413, 414, 2.116-17, 119, 145, 155, 380-2, 397-9, 3.48, 162-4, 231, 245, 246, 251, 252, 278, 286-9, 4.249, 250, 6.176, 189, 192, 196, 7.113, 8.160-1, 222-3, 9.195, 392-4, 12.150, 315, 28.95-6, 29.232, 31.151-2, 163-5, 33.102-3
value of rights under 4.156
waiver of rights 7.23, 13.251-2, 16.62-3, 274, 20.90, 29.327
evidence of 9.162, 11.233-8, 250-4, 330-1, 345-6
warranty: see Warranty
Contradictory assertions 7.123-6, 135
power to withdraw export licences, relevance 35.154
Controlled entity
see also Evidence of, controlled entity status
Government agency carrying out acts of State and commercial acts distinguished 1.421-2, 35.118
independence 21.71 n. 17, 72-3
instrumentality and 35.119-20
Iran 1.372, 389, 412, 413, 418-23, 427, 445, 475, 503, 2.9-10, 17-23, 26, 105, 143-4, 146-52, 165, 258-9, 302, 338, 3.47, 65, 103, 104, 160, 230, 231, 260, 273, 286, 323, 4.218, 5.1-23, 48-50, 71, 135, 136, 210, 237-9, 242-5, 370, 371, 378-80, 6.58, 59, 221, 285, 7.5, 10, 20, 42, 97, 188, 8.154-5, 9.15, 51, 88-96, 324-6, 343, 400, 10.24, 46, 62, 142-7, 166, 240-2, 281-2, 341, 11.55, 151, 215, 294-5, 12.149, 348, 372, 13.19, 102, 131-2, 202, 14.157, 179, 269, 15.5-6, 33, 198, 237-9, 17.6, 116, 119, 130, 163, 169, 174-8, 184-5, 188, 225, 298-300, 18.111, 158, 177, 19.118-19, 183, 184, 186, 187, 189, 190, 192, 193, 195, 196, 198, 199, 203, 325-9, 335-40, 21.43, 67-70, 22.178-82, 183-93, 23.135-7, 278-81, 333-4, 363, 24.281, 25.138-41, 26.153-4, 27.24, 71-2, 28.61-2
Bank Markazi 35.114
Bank Melli 33.357
Council for the Protection of Industries 10.138-9
critical date 17.165, 22.171, 187, 29.229
Foundation for the Oppressed 9.88-96, 35.117-18
joint-stock company 5.2-23
Mostazafan Foundation 9.88-96, 31.114
NIOC 1.356
private structure of organization, relevance 6.58-9, 22.186
Social Services Organization 14.129
subsidiary of 19.119
test for control 5.6-11, 10.241-2, 13.19-21, 17.166-7, 299-300, 23.136, 279, 25.140-1
TRC 8.154-5, 9.325
responsibility for obligations of, bankruptcy risk, relevance 25.144
substitution of State for 17.167, 179, 22.182
United States 1.106, 2.165, 5.71, 13.273, 278, 23.383-4, 27.141
Federal Reserve banks 35.99-100, 114-22
fiduciary responsibilities 10.84
Westinghouse 35.154
Cooperatives 5.238, 239, 244 n. 1
Corporate veil 7.205, 12.360-1, 365, 21.72
Corporations
see also Agency; Applicable law, corporations; Cooperatives; Evidence of, corporation; Nationality, corporations; Nationality of claim, continuity of ownership; Nationality of claim, corporations; Shareholders; Shares
control 1.358, 359, 363, 381, 382, 384, 385, 4.101, 7.5, 6, 123, 134, 135, 200, 206, 207, 9.258-64, 281, 11.214, 28.62-5, 30.150-1
see also Controlled entity; Nationality of claim, corporations
independence 6.70, 7.121, 130, 131, 9.378-9
legal personality 6.70, 7.120, 133, 9.378, 28.65-6
non-profit 3.317 n. 1, 5.345, 348, 350, 352, 6.250, 7.180 n. 1, 17.254 n. 4
control 5.349, 350
interest of directors 5.350
jurisdiction of Tribunal 5.338, 341, 343-7, 349, 351
ownership 6.127, 11.214, 312-13, 16.259-60, 17.297-8, 325-8, 18.100-1, 103-9, 19.269, 21.77-8, 23.383
nominal 7.186
succession 1.359-63, 373-6, 382, 387, 389, 13.334
wholly-owned subsidiary 7.206
Costs 1.171, 414, 415, 447, 448, 451, 508, 2.12-13, 40, 146, 169, 177, 239, 244, 245, 254, 342, 385, 400, 3.17, 33, 58, 66, 72, 107, 108, 117, 206, 236, 253, 254, 267, 268, 275, 276, 279, 291, 294, 332, 333, 4.18, 19, 79, 81, 82, 110, 120, 228, 229, 271, 278, 5.87, 93, 96, 101, 111, 120, 137, 174, 175, 181, 230, 231, 241, 242, 360, 373, 374, 401, 6.18, 64, 68, 69, 129, 175, 217, 229, 283, 287, 288, 7.7, 16, 24, 25, 29, 30, 48, 88, 117, 198, 8.61, 92, 96, 134, 177, 323-4, 329-36, 384, 403, 9.59-60, 150-1, 168, 199, 301, 345, 377, 10.33, 34, 35-6, 55, 80, 103, 134, 175, 179, 256, 316, 347, 11.33, 34, 43-5, 52, 68, 69, 136, 137, 165, 167, 178, 179, 181, 184 n. 1, 206-7, 208, 222, 249, 250, 255, 267, 295, 344, 12.16, 30, 36, 38, 107, 137, 138, 145, 158, 159, 169, 231, 264, 297, 322-3, 356, 362, 13.35, 117, 145, 157, 160, 163, 166, 191, 269, 276, 281, 285, 309, 323, 344, 14.26, 49-50, 52, 80,
81-2, 93, 132, 168, 184, 211, 242, 270, 278, 279, 281, 300, 15.21, 184, 289, 16.86, 103 n. 1, 109, 235, 236, 254-5, 275, 281, 303, 17.18, 19, 30, 31 n. 1, 86, 113, 129, 133, 152, 172, 199, 212, 227, 237, 244, 265, 268, 290, 294 n. 1, 323-4, 18.87, 89, 91, 96, 102, 119, 153, 163, 173, 179, 197, 230, 243, 277, 291, 320, 372, 19.72, 92, 160, 229-30, 270, 331, 20.150-1, 21.19, 27, 30, 60, 61, 161, 22.85, 86, 116, 122, 183, 199, 255, 336, 354, 355, 23.74, 121, 149, 215-16, 228-30, 238, 267, 274, 284, 294, 306, 338, 389, 24.84, 114, 119, 201-2, 226, 247, 259, 271, 288, 25.13-14, 19, 109-10, 129, 150, 176, 200, 232-3, 239-40, 245-6, 288, 297, 26.30, 43, 127, 183, 252, 27.23, 31, 62, 119, 120, 121, 144, 185-6, 217, 245-6, 28.49, 50, 110, 215, 317, 381, 385, 29.55, 56, 65, 116, 117, 120-2, 240, 293, 309, 348, 30.162, 31.204-6, 34.38
see also Damages, expenses
in ‘A’ Cases 27.257-63, 35.121-2
auditors’ fees 9.133, 14.50
in ‘B’ Cases 27.257-63
in claims of less than US $250,000 10.327, 11.167, 13.309, 323, 14.93
conduct of parties and 31.205
damages distinguished 23.228
for defending malicious claims 5.86, 87
determination deferred 9.44
evidence of: see Evidence of, costs
experts’ 2.75, 76-7, 11.136, 137, 267, 16.236, 255, 30.234-5
frivolous claim 2.245
lack of jurisdiction and 2.43, 227, 343, 12.39
legal fees 3.53, 58, 8.177, 331-5, 9.133, 150-1, 242, 355, 403, 10.316, 14.49, 17.19, 20.128, 23.228-30, 302, 337, 24.155, 26.183, 27.31, 186-7, 33.268
non-legal fees 8.330-1, 334, 9.150, 20.128
in official claims 12.30, 27.257-63, 35.121-2
out-of-pocket expenses 17.19
parties to pay own 30.43, 44-5, 101, 31.33, 43, 123, 206, 32.40, 72, 91, 114, 182, 203, 33.55, 193, 34.100, 35.84, 112
principle underlying 16.254-5, 281
private attorney 8.13, 309, 323
reasonable 9.150-1, 202, 338, 377, 10.81, 12.36, 137, 28.368-9
failure to provide information and 2.113
respondent to pay 33.342-3, 400
result of delays in proceedings 4.81, 8.39
translation 18.197
travel expenses 14.50
unsuccessful party 32.159-60
withdrawal of claim 2.260
Counterclaims 1.171, 218, 232, 233, 336, 384, 385, 390, 485, 507, 508, 2.338, 384, 400, 4.143, 177, 178, 214, 243, 8.45-6, 383-4, 10.287-8, 11.48-50, 108-35, 317, 341-2, 12.215-29, 321-2, 16.231-2, 303, 18.101, 116-20, 128-31, 195-7, 207-8, 219-23, 304-5, 313, 314-15, 316-17, 320, 348-51, 356, 362, 19.153-4, 212-13, 249, 251-3, 21.145-52, 22.81-3, 25.10-11, 12-13, 59-61, 69-90, 149-59
admissibility 2.324-6, 8.384, 9.223-4, 13.227, 229, 15.272, 21.146-8, 30.6-7, 11-12
against indirect claimant 11.110
against third party 11.109
amendment 7.182, 11.108, 13.228-9, 17.253-4, 23.167-8
arising out of counterclaim contract 33.154-5, 170-1, 195-200
arising out of same contract, transaction or occurrence 2.51, 55, 63, 324-6, 378, 379, 396, 3.115, 116, 152, 167, 235, 251, 252, 260, 261, 286, 4.7, 243, 247, 5.173, 233, 400, 6.83, 84, 95, 100-3, 109, 7.21, 82-4, 195, 196, 207, 208, 8.267-9, 9.36-7, 135-6, 167, 225, 10.53-4, 168, 11.315, 316, 12.6-7, 291, 13.134-5, 284-5, 306-7, 14.105-10, 118, 119, 127, 15.18, 19, 100, 284-5, 16.293, 17.259, 18.123, 298, 356, 360-1, 19.68, 78, 153, 223, 228, 249, 251, 270, 20.35, 37-8, 21.148-9, 150, 22.82, 210, 254-5, 337, 24.47 n. 2, 83, 25.70-1, 106, 26.28, 81, 99-101, 215, 27.141, 235-6, 239, 244-5, 28.325-6, 29.187-8, 191-2, 200, 204, 208, 212, 237-9, 30.12, 17-18, 33.76-7
bank claims, application to 16.294, 29.187-8, 191-2, 204, 212
series of contracts 25.71, 33.183-4, 190-2
based on
invalid claim 12.36
tort 6.46
violation of Iranian law 6.84
characterization of 6.46
conditional 8.226
contractual waiver 13.221-3, 240-4
damage, need for 25.93
as defence 4.246, 5.173, 233, 400
delay in presenting 7.116, 9.22, 11.135, 137, 17.57-61, 21.146-8
entitlement to file 10.168
in excess of claim 3.152
for
advance payment 15.94-5
audit 25.90
bad oil field practices 21.153-9
balance of down payment 8.325, 17.82-3
bank guarantees
cancellation 9.229-30
collection 8.327-8, 9.29, 20.39-41
bonus payments 15.87-91
breach of contract 9.41-2, 58, 10.174, 11.22-6, 38-9, 12.156-7, 13.144, 14.50, 167, 15.18, 279-82, 285-8, 18.305, 27.103, 29.334-45, 33.89, 130-1
breach of duty to protect goods 8.271, 27.241-5
cost of replacing goods 13.142
costs incurred 16.232
customs duty 15.99-100, 20.35, 22.81-2
damaged property 11.19, 13.143
damages and interest 27.140-1
debts 15.97-8
default 20.81
defective equipment 24.153, 197-9, 287-8, 33.138-40
defective performance 8.173-7, 9.133, 299, 10.305-6, 11.18-19, 121-35, 142-3, 145-9, 247-8, 342, 12.220-4, 13.143-4, 306, 15.85-7, 18.196, 220, 313, 19.81, 20.30-1, 33-5, 134-7, 21.159-60, 23.58-62, 214, 26.103, 118-19, 27.236-41, 28.338-87, 33.136-8
damage, need for 25.93
defective supervision 12.224
failure to complain 28.338-87, 33.141
inadequate qualifications 12.220-1
unsatisfactory documents 8.12, 221-3
defective supervision 12.224
delay 13.143, 18.219-20, 20.117, 23.54-8, 29.332-3
deliverables 8.325-6, 344-7
double payment 25.81-5
due to excess vacations and unauthorized absences 12.226
education of Iranian children 14.79
equipment held by claimant 14.52, 19.216-18, 223-4, 33.171-2
expenses 11.192-3, 17.287, 18.220-1, 20.79-81, 82, 33.181-2
expired guarantees 11.316-17, 341-2
failure to deliver 17.319
goods supplied 20.115-16, 169-70, 27.119
improper estimates 11.120-1
improper payments 12.215-18, 25.70-2, 78-81, 85-7
inadequate qualifications 12.220-1
inflation-related damages 23.62-3
judgment award 22.82
legal expenses 3.261, 267, 8.268, 9.230, 22.254-5
liquidated damages 8.177
liquidation fees 27.144
loss of
operating capacity 12.137
use of land 14.210
losses
arising out of failure to return items sent for repair 12.137
to employees 19.154
medical insurance 25.89
non-performance 11.67, 19.70-1, 20.119
overcharges 7.191
due to excess vacations and unauthorized absences 12.226
overpayments 10.304-5, 12.218-20, 321, 15.16-17, 20.77-8, 23.52-4, 116-19, 25.87
payment of good performance bond 8.177, 20.78-9, 116, 22.83
performance guarantees 24.275, 26.81: see also for bank guarantees above
reduction of fee 25.76-8
reimbursement of
down payment 14.50, 20.117-18, 26.171-2
escalation payments 9.227
fees 8.172, 10.326-7
overcharges 13.35, 72-7
overpayment 19.224-5
payments to contractors 8.172-3, 9.26-8, 166-7, 11.19, 192, 20.33-5, 27.103, 140
relief from bank guarantee 11.193-4, 17.170-2
rent 16.232
repayment of
social security payments 17.262-3
tax costs 12.224-6
return of
documents 8.177, 11.19-20, 17.83-5
materials 20.80
payments 33.131
property 14.126, 26.176-7
unliquidated down-payment 19.212-13
salary arrears 25.88, 27.104-5
services 15.95-6, 17.262, 20.39, 81, 22.82, 25.72-6, 26.82, 27.119
severance pay 15.87-91, 26.82, 27.104-5
Social Security payments: see Social Security payments, counterclaim for
specific performance 7.159, 9.26, 16.231-2
standby letter of credit 17.253, 24.275
taxes: see Taxes, counterclaim for
termination of staff contracts 2.112-13
testing costs 20.32-3
unjustifiable collection of funds in Trust Account 8.272-3
unpaid sums 25.88-9, 27.116-18, 233-5
unpaid taxes 25.89-90
unsatisfactory documents 12.221-3
value of
leased goods 19.153, 154
missing property 12.226, 27.118
spare parts 9.28-9
withdrawal of suit 12.321-2
withheld documents 26.103-4
wrongful expulsion 9.16-18
interest 17.82-3
invalid claim as basis for 12.36
jurisdiction of Tribunal 2.54-60, 62-4, 65-7, 97-9, 311, 363, 371, 3.60, 61, 151, 152, 201, 235, 251, 261, 322, 335, 386, 4.7, 55, 242-5, 246 n. 1, 261, 5.129, 227, 229, 6.82-4, 93, 100-3, 108-10, 115, 116, 7.20, 21, 82, 84, 201, 219, 8.76-8, 203, 232-3, 265, 364, 366, 368, 371, 9.223, 10.287-8, 306, 11.109, 12.6-7, 106, 218, 291, 13.72-4, 78-83, 132-3, 144, 221-9, 284, 306-7, 342-3, 14.105-10, 15.90, 96, 272, 283-5, 288, 309, 16.293, 294-5, 313, 18.102, 116-20, 128-31, 167, 360-1, 372, 19.228, 249, 251-3, 310, 20.78, 21.148-52, 343-5, 25.70-1
dependence on jurisdiction over main claim 9.38, 87, 17.264, 18.102, 119, 21.18-19, 26.126, 215-16, 251, 28.314-16, 32.91
exclusive 2.98, 8.77
failure to prove 9.223
previous settlement 24.114, 196-7, 199-200
withdrawal of main claim, effect 10.312, 12.264, 18.117
limitation on 6.102, 13.226-7
municipal courts 8.77
offset and 10.309, 16.293, 19.310-16, 21.55, 74, 344-5, 26.144, 169-70, 29.191, 195, 199, 207, 211, 30.16
compensation légale 21.74 n. 25
outstanding 3.115, 10.102, 20.118, 27.104, 143-4, 28.46-7
possibility of separate pursuit 13.244
preparation of 2.288
proper claimant 15.90, 96, 98, 19.153, 154, 25.149, 27.104
proper respondent 6.82, 83, 7.126, 11.315, 15.19
relation to claim 4.243, 244, 7.82, 9.312
right of 1.103, 108, 219
same party 2.324-6, 378, 4.75, 5.173, 7.21
termination of proceedings and 30.6
third party 8.270-1, 9.36-7, 15.98-9
time limits: see Time limits, counterclaims
in US courts as breach of General Principle B 34.140-1, 167
validity 7.202, 9.58-9
withdrawal 34.102
implied 30.6
Course of dealing 5.45, 46
Criminal action, alternative forum 4.60
Currency 10.91-4, 11.40-2, 50-1, 164, 184 n. 1, 206, 230, 13.265-6, 15.62-4, 16.274-5, 24.187-90
conversion 2.13, 3.233, 250 n. 1, 288, 4.104 n. 1, 5.168, 169, 175, 214, 6.171, 7.73, 74, 8.17, 98, 165, 291-2, 403, 420-7, 9.163 n. 7, 227-8, 247, 336, 10.54, 78-9, 91, 345-6, 352-3, 11.16-17, 31-3, 35, 93 n. 8, 141, 164, 176 n. 5, 199, 206, 208, 230-1, 240-2, 340-1, 357-8, 12.106, 124, 13.190, 304, 343-4, 14.183, 189-90, 15.63-4, 16.223, 256, 274, 17.225 n. 14, 301, 18.162, 277, 285-6, 20.128-33, 24.180, 27.105, 31.87-8, 122
contract provision 11.32, 358, 13.192, 16.274, 17.319
exchange rate changes 5.11, 32-3, 41, 50, 206, 208, 11.32-3, 41, 50, 206, 208, 12.304-5, 16.274, 20.22-5, 95, 23.70
Currency exchange controls: see Foreign exchange controls
Customary international law 2.179, 188, 196, 197, 210, 4.105, 116-18, 268, 5.269, 279-81, 286, 294, 300, 6.177, 178, 208, 209, 8.395-403, 9.273, 10.185, 189, 11.358, 14.330, 15.222-4, 231, 246, 290, 16.230
act of State 19.292
evidence of, agreed settlements, whether 21.121
export control 28.144
expropriation 21.120-2, 198, 330-1, 30.197-8, 200, 238-44, 31.4-6, 33.270-1, 332-3
expulsion of aliens 16.88-9, 17.107, 142-4, 18.161
interest on damages 17.22 n. 4
opinio juris 2.197, 5.300, 8.387, 10.185, 200, 14.236, 21.121
protection of aliens 17.147
sovereign immunity 28.133, 156, 158
treaties and 10.192, 202, 15.34-5, 16.69, 88, 17.264, 21.120-2, 330-1
Customary international practice 3.19, 4.67, 68
Customs dues 15.99-100, 20.35, 91-2
Damages 1.387, 388, 445, 448, 452-4, 4.108-9, 5.248, 10.309, 12.22-3, 319, 333-4, 15.39-40, 105-7, 111, 124, 255-6, 265-9, 308, 16.293, 18.7-9, 18-19, 23, 25-6, 19.88, 224-5, 330-1, 21.55, 70, 75, 143-5, 163-4, 25.148, 27.99-101, 28.13-14, 29.279, 280-3
see also Expropriation, compensation
additional costs 11.231-8, 250-5
admitted liability 28.44-5
advance payments 2.107
advertising 14.204
assigned debts 21.52
authorized personal expenses 35.81-2
bank charges 14.208, 22.250-1, 334-5, 23.205-8
bank guarantees 11.99, 175-6, 12.162-5
wrongful call on 11.196
bonds 19.151-2
for breach of Algiers Declarations 25.260-2
excluded elements 34.138
General Principle B 34.137-8, 146-7, 158-9, 162, 166-7, 168
for breach of contract 12.134-5, 15.73, 17.127-9, 31.199-200
calculation: see computation below
capital advances 16.19, 55, 72, 19.127
capital contribution 14.166-7
cargo damage settlements 19.128-9
carrying costs 7.111, 112, 114
causal link, need for 27.15-17, 25
collection expenses 3.249, 253, 5.400
computation 2.107-11
see also measure and valuation below
error in 19.173-4
need for precise criteria 12.20-4, 28.213
conditional on return of goods 12.135
consequential 4.240, 277, 5.400, 6.204-6, 7.75, 24.288
construction costs 33.259-60
consultancy fees 16.312 n. 23, 19.71, 25.51-2
contract labour 15.151-2
contractual obligations 16.54
foreseeable circumstances 16.54-5
contractually determined 24.197
conversion of currency: see Currency, conversion
cost adjustments 20.157-9
costs of arbitration: see Costs
costs arising from unforeseen anomaly 11.111-14
costs of delay 9.160-3, 174-7, 10.72-4, 89-91, 20.56-65, 67-70, 113-14, 29.330
costs of delay in proceedings 4.81, 8.39
costs incurred 19.134-5, 152-3, 23.203, 28.108-9, 29.29, 235, 430
date 19.134
customs dues 5.96, 20.91-2
damage to financial health 11.18
damaged effects 10.171-2
on damages 12.24
deduction for 7.114, 115, 10.77-8, 309, 12.105, 15.84, 16.293, 17.8, 124-5, 18.304, 350-1, 19.218, 220, 221, 21.74-8, 22.39, 337, 23.64, 208-10, 26.162, 29.345, 348
see also valuation, discounts below
corrected invoice 15.130, 131
credit for work performed 10.70
debts 12.23-4, 21.53, 61
depreciation 17.109, 28.3, 12-17, 107-8
diminished prospects 33.253
downpayment 13.188, 15.107-8, 132-3, 149
excess man-hours 20.64, 139-41
materials 20.63
overpayment 15.63-4, 129
payments made 15.140, 144, 155
profits from resale 4.270, 19.145, 154, 158
shipping costs 17.109
social security payments 20.74, 87
taxes 2.324, 13.304, 15.64, 16.274, 276, 280, 25.52, 53-4, 74, 87, 30.228-30, 31.21-5
unauthorized work 11.104-5
uncompleted work 11.229-30, 33.142-57
undelivered equipment 11.192
unliquidated advance payment 9.164
unsatisfactory performance 18.335-8
waived charges 17.224-5
delivered goods 11.202-4, 12.136, 19.219-20
destroyed leased equipment 12.316
dispatched goods 18.316
double recovery avoidance 28.172, 214
escalation payments 10.72-7, 22.15-20, 91-2
evidence of: see Evidence of, damages
excess taxes 10.290-8
exchange losses 10.174, 11.33, 201-2, 339, 12.16, 29-30, 20.22-5
exchange rate: see Currency, conversion
exemplary 10.205, 11.44
expenses 9.35, 198-9, 298, 14.123-4, 204, 206-7, 19.124-5, 27.183
see also legal expenses below
additional 18.192-3, 214-15, 20.60-1, 65, 67-9, 112-14
need for notification 18.192-3, 215
maintenance and repair 19.136
rental payments 19.135-6
voyage 19.123-4
expropriated bank account 12.213-15
expropriation: see Expropriation, compensation
extended overhead costs 10.72, 77
facilities expenditures 11.334
for failure to return leased property 10.254, 258, 19.132-5
foreseeable consequences: see Causation
guarantee costs 19.150-1
guarding costs 22.38-9, 81, 95
handling and storage 3.52, 53, 56, 57
housing costs 25.444-6
improper charges 17.110-11
improper deductions 15.83, 132
increased costs 15.78-81, 129-30, 145-50, 22.20-1
inflation 4.270, 8.168, 29.53, 277-8
injunction bond 22.252, 23.204-5, 24.38-9
interim fee 13.183
inventory costs 14.123, 26.168-9
invoice claim 9.19-20, 10.70-1, 170-4, 11.12-14, 20-1, 228-9, 320-30, 12.168, 198-213, 295, 13.264-6, 303-4, 14.39, 15.56-85, 17.15, 124-7, 188, 193-8, 201-2, 204-12, 222-7, 235-7, 242-3, 18.364, 367, 22.37-9, 59-60, 237-42, 245-7, 331-4, 26.162-4, 173-4, 178-9, 27.107-12, 28.36, 39-42
see also Claims, basis, invoice
corrections 15.62
late payments 12.165-8
lease payments due 1.414, 415, 2.259
legal basis 18.332-5
legal expenses 11.238-42, 255-8, 14.205, 17.76-8, 91 n. 9, 19.125-7, 22.37-8, 251-2, 23.203-4, 24.37-9, 27.183-4, 29.29, 209
enforcement proceedings 34.61-2, 65
legitimate expectations 16.54-9, 73, 17.76
letter of credit underfunding 9.20-1
limited by amount of claim 3.251, 12.106
liquidated 5.103 n. 1, 15.131, 23.55-8, 85-6
loans 16.226-31, 19.136-50, 27.18-20, 27-8, 31, 33
equitable subrogation 19.137, 143, 145, 147, 149-50, 151
interest 2.111
interest on 16.229, 19.140
loss of enjoyment of property 10.251, 22.103-4
loss suffered by third party 28.12
loss of use of money 12.167
losses on assets 12.193-4, 17.107
losses on discounted goods 26.165-7
losses prior to settlement 28.139
lost capital transfers 24.113
lost deposit 17.111-12
lost earnings 16.101-2, 17.109-10
lost fees 8.170, 33.260-1
lost opportunities 18.193-4, 216, 35.111-12
lost profits 2.383-4, 387-90, 399, 3.233, 234, 4.107, 108, 118 n. 1, 260 n. 1, 268, 270, 6.170, 203, 204, 215, 216, 294, 295, 8.169-71, 319, 9.23-6, 123-4, 127-8, 149-50, 160, 199, 12.23, 14.45, 122-3, 142-3, 209-10, 15.299-304, 16.19, 55-8, 74, 238, 240, 276, 277, 17.76, 18.13-15, 21.346 n. 36, 22.40-2, 49, 60, 80-1, 95 n. 97, 99, 102-3, 104, 23.202-3, 26.165, 27.25, 36, 101, 30.201, 258-62
breach of contract, relevance 28.84-5
contract as measure 16.74
contract terminated by agreement 2.110-11, 33.104
costs and overheads distinguished 22.96-7
damnum emergens and 28.9 n. 17, 17, 84-5
evidence of 31.200-4
frustrated contract 33.104, 126
“reasonable” 22.40-1, 95-7
lost property 9.166, 179-80, 12.16, 16.102 n. 16, 17.108-9, 18.194-5, 216
lost revenue 15.51-3, 26.169
lost volume seller 26.165
materials 20.27
measure 1.446, 447, 450, 451, 453, 454, 3.56-8, 106, 154, 233, 4.105-9, 111, 112, 116-20, 157, 173-7, 269, 271, 5.227, 6.65, 169, 170, 177, 204, 206, 213-16, 244, 245, 250, 266, 268, 269, 274, 275, 281, 285-7, 294, 7.162-71, 172-5, 177, 8.162-71, 380-3, 387-92, 9.123, 128-30, 163-4, 197-9, 247, 336-8, 10.64-78, 132-3, 268, 11.89-108, 157-63, 174-8, 198-9, 319-41, 12.12-16, 104-6, 13.18, 14.78, 126, 203-10, 238-42, 15.13-14, 34-56, 102-55, 159-82, 248-52, 300, 16.54-8, 194-235, 249 n. 15, 272-3, 17.108-9, 18.3-44, 303-4, 19.88-92, 100-5, 297, 20.75-6, 141-2, 145, 21.22, 47, 57-60, 122-45, 164-94, 203-38, 22.47, 23.27-31, 79-85, 100-6, 371-4, 24.100-1, 25.147-8, 27.15, 17-23
see also computation above; valuation below
absence of evidence 22.78 n. 30
actual benefit 6.213, 215
actual damage 22.79-80
actual payment 35.74-5, 82-3
actual use 6.177, 213, 215, 216
contract provision 2.106-7, 110-11, 116-19, 399, 3.56, 164, 232-4, 289, 293, 294, 4.234-6, 251, 260, 270, 5.110, 111, 234, 359, 360, 6.63, 227, 275, 7.24, 192, 8.164, 9.124, 147-50, 160, 10.64-9, 326, 11.177, 12.188, 238, 13.138-9, 28.88, 33.87
contract terminated by agreement 2.106-11, 117-18
damnum emergens 2.387 n. 1, 10.189, 15.248, 268, 21.330, 30.201
equitable determination 27.21
fair market value 8.380, 12.22-3, 15.34, 16.201, 238, 240-1, 244-7, 19.102, 21.57, 58, 119-20, 329-30, 25.147, 27.99-101, 28.12-14, 16-17, 29.46, 30.89, 93-4, 206-7, 31.19-20, 34.36-7
fair and reasonable 20.114, 33.87-8, 104, 399-400
force majeure and breach of contract distinguished 12.120-5, 187, 193, 194, 15.13, 33.169, 175, 201
going concern 2.354-5, 4.106-8, 118-20, 8.382, 12.21-2, 15.270-1, 19.88, 100-5, 29.271-3, 30.91-4, 258, 33.334, 338-42
evaluation as 33.232-42
relevance 33.231-2, 333, 34.96-7
hypothetical settlement 16.54
lucrum cessans 2.387 n. 1, 15.249-51, 258-9, 270, 305, 21.330
Norwegian Shipowners’ Claims 30.238
payments made post-expropriation relating to pre-expropriation obligations 35.75, 82, 83
reasonable and equitable 9.162, 22.34, 80, 32.157
restitutio in integrum 2.386-7, 6.157, 170, 8.385, 395-8, 10.201, 204 n. 39, 15.247, 255, 262, 265, 266
service companies 12.21-3
settling of accounts 6.294
unpaid royalties 2.340, 342
Upton case 30.238-9
work performed 24.15
mental anguish, grief and suffering 2.78-9, 87
method of payment 19.296, 301-2
mitigation 3.52, 56, 289, 293, 294, 7.108, 110, 111, 14.43, 17.128, 132, 18.160, 20.160, 22.34, 36, 47, 93, 94, 212, 243-5, 310, 23.207, 214, 24.38, 26.161-2, 28.8-9
see also deduction for above
international law 22.244
Iranian law 22.243-4, 324-31
US law 22.244
nominal 9.42
office costs 11.99, 12.211-13
offset: see deduction for above
out of pocket loss 12.16
overhead costs 14.124, 205-6, 219-20, 25.42, 118-19, 33.108-9
partial to avoid double recovery 11.88-9, 138-41, 313-14
payment for equipment 19.205
payments due 20.13-14, 19, 27-9
performance costs 9.124-7, 163-4, 201, 14.208-9, 218-19, 220-2, 28.103-8
performance withhold 2.108-9, 8.315-17, 9.22, 24, 125-7, 164, 221, 11.14-17, 37, 174, 334, 12.151-3, 13.134-5, 183-4, 305-6, 14.41-2, 18.191-2, 211-14, 20.74-6, 85-7, 97-100, 145, 23.45-8, 49-52, 106-16, 28.90-1
post-contract expenses 11.17-18, 38
pre-incorporation costs 14.165-6
principle underlying 16.254-5, 281
private attorney 8.13, 309, 323
progress payment 20.13-14, 23.31-3
provisional acceptance 28.36-8
punitive 2.78, 87, 10.205, 15.248
quantum meruit: see Quantum meruit
quasi-contract: see Quasi-contract
reasonable 9.150-1, 202, 338, 377, 10.81, 12.36, 137, 28.368-9
recalculation of 3.57, 114, 250, 257, 262, 264, 265, 290
reduction of 5.220, 232, 234, 11.66-7
relocation costs 12.191-3, 18.312, 22.248
rentals 10.254, 258, 15.144-5
repair charges 12.320-1, 19.47
undeliverable goods 19.213-15
repayment of loan 13.21-7, 30-3
repudiation of contract 18.369
restitution: see Restitution
return of goods 17.286-7, 19.286-93
salaries and allowances 10.256, 343-5, 11.96-8, 157-60, 166, 12.16, 190-1, 13.218-19, 14.77, 18.310-11, 24.220-1, 259-64, 25.40-2
definition 25.79
sales commission 28.89-90
seconded staff costs 14.163-5
security costs 2.109-10
seizure of money 17.110
services 10.172, 284-8, 11.330-4, 12.168, 197-206, 15.151, 19.220-1, 225-7, 20.25-6, 22.34-7, 48, 58-9, 94, 98-9, 102, 115-16, 25.98, 26.174-6, 179, 33.129
set-off: see deduction for above
Settlement Agreement 10.282-3
severance pay 24.221
social security premiums 13.340, 342, 22.42-3, 50, 60, 23.39-42, 89 n. 13, 90
speculative losses 35.111-12
standby fee 22.33-4, 92-4, 98
stock dividend 10.265 n. 12
storage costs 19.209-10, 215-16, 222, 26.168-9, 176
between 14 November 1979 and 19 January 1981 28.138-9
supplies 10.172, 255
tax liability: see Taxes
technical service fee 13.219
termination costs 10.290, 11.160-3, 12.153-5, 176-97, 236-7, 13.189-90, 219-20, 305, 321-2, 338-9, 14.82-5, 17.31 n. 2, 19.210-11, 221-2, 23.201-2, 25.47-50
in absence of contractual provision 14.42-5
accomplishment fee 12.197, 237-8
contractual profit 14.53, 121-5, 22.60
cost of residual office 12.194-6
demobilization expenses 11.336-40
force majeure and 17.74-5, 87-91
miscellaneous expenditure 12.196
overhead costs 14.44-5, 25.50
repatriation expenses 10.172-4, 256, 288-90, 11.176, 13.190, 216-18, 14.77, 26.179-80
security and lease of building 17.75
termination of apartment leases 12.194
termination of contract and 8.164-265
termination payments 15.141-3, 22.60
unamortized expenses 22.39-40, 48, 60
termination of pension 30.65-6
trade debts 27.18
trademark fees 10.255-6
translation 18.197
travel expenses 11.98-9, 14.50, 18.161, 19.71, 25.46-7, 117
unbilled items 13.139-40
unjust enrichment: see Unjust enrichment
unjustified attachment 4.277
unpaid rental payments 12.320
unreleased deposit 11.196
unsold items 26.167-8
valuation 2.353-4, 4.116-18, 175, 10.132, 192-5, 12.11-13, 14.234-7, 15.34-5, 246-52, 16.69, 194-5, 238-44, 33.246-9
see also computation and measure above
adjusted net asset value: see dissolution value below
approximation 34.97-100
assets 15.155-9, 18.7-15, 18-20
book value 16.243, 19.105, 21.57, 33.229
adjustment 30.220-5, 33.229-32, 338
capitalization factor 19.103
Chorzów Factory 2.354, 15.246-7, 260, 299-304, 21.122, 198-9, 30.238, 251
current net book value 21.57
customary international law 21.120-2, 330-1
date for 15.244, 16.201, 244, 19.297, 298, 299-301, 304-6, 27.16, 29.49, 33.240-1
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) 4.157, 176-7, 241-4, 15.256-65, 308, 16.126, 201-20, 21.123-4, 162-4, 199-200, 222-5, 328-30, 345-7
lost profits and 21.123, 199, 222-38, 246-61, 271-5, 346 n. 36, 356-8, 28.17 n. 31, 30.258-62
discounts 30.231-3, 31.15-21, 33.395, 400, 456-7: see also deduction for above
dissolution value 6.226, 21.57, 29.271-2, 34.97
effect of change in political, economic and social circumstances 29.53, 277-8, 30.89, 100-1, 206-7, 31.11-15, 33.334
effect of expropriating act on value, relevance 15.46, 29.46, 53, 273, 30.213-14, 33.333-4, 34.97
expert evidence: see Experts, evidence of
goodwill 12.23, 19.105, 30.225-6, 262-3
historical book value 15.115
inaccurate data 18.20-1
insured value 15.39, 105, 110-11, 18.7, 9-10, 11, 22-3
international arbitral tribunals15.258
just 15.252, 292, 16.195, 239, 21.119, 122
lawful expropriation 15.252
lawfulness of taking, relevance 15.246, 248-52, 16.69, 240, 21.70-2, 121-2, 198-9, 330-1, 29.270, 30.202
liabilities 15.159-82, 18.16-18, 29.284-93
linked companies 33.338
lost profits: see lost profits above
price adjustment receivables (PARs) 30.207-17, 220, 263-4
shares 33.154-5, 256, 258-9
State practice 15.266
trees 33.263
uncollectable items 34.99
unjust enrichment 15.268-9, 308, 21.70-1, 73
value of goods 10.254, 258
waiver 8.60-1, 12.167, 317, 13.185
“warehouseman’s lien” 8.278-80
withdrawal of claim 16.296
withheld dividends 10.252, 257
withheld taxes 12.296
work performed 10.70-2, 11.101-3, 174-5, 190-2, 199-200, 268-70, 13.135-9, 267, 304, 16.272-4, 276, 277-80, 20.54-9, 61-4, 66, 69-72, 100-5, 159-61, 23.33-9, 28.42, 89, 33.109-10
as measure when damages inappropriate 12.134
work permits 11.99
work-in-progress inventory 19.209, 215, 221
wrongful death 2.82-6
wrongful expulsion 9.43-4
Debt 1.169-72, 185-8, 411-15, 442-8, 3.35, 53, 65, 72, 113, 114, 119, 169, 235, 246, 247, 249, 250, 4.221, 228, 231, 7.14, 15, 190, 191, 21.52, 75-6
allocation of payments 22.13, 86-90
assignment 3.274, 275, 21.52
controlled entity: see Controlled entity, responsibility for obligations of
evidence of 21.49
government’s responsibility for predecessor government’s debts 32.175-7
legislation providing for compensation for expropriation as basis 28.260-2
limitation period 32.177-8
“odious” 32.175-7
outstanding
critical date 9.40, 21.44-5
demand for, relevance 35.70-1
waiver of 5.373
Decision: see Award
Declaration
see also Concurring opinion; Concurring and dissenting opinion; Dissenting opinion; Explanatory remarks; Separate opinion; Separate statement; Supplemental opinion
Ameli 13.40
Bahrami 13.192, 14.8
Declarations of Algiers: see Algiers Declarations; Claims Settlement Declaration; General Declaration
Declaratory relief: see Claims, declaratory relief
Demurrage, responsibility for 26.24-30, 33-6
Denial of justice 1.396-402, 3.297
Diplomatic protection 1.465-7, 478-80, 2.161-6, 180, 196-209, 224-5, 5.260-3, 273, 274, 299, 302, 303, 324, 326, 331-4, 9.255, 256, 10.85, 16.7, 18.246 n. 5, 262, 279, 383-90, 19.31
Algiers Declarations, espousal of claims whether 34.138
applicable law 19.31
dual nationals 31.46-54
national, by 22.168
nationality and 12.284-6, 18.261 n. 20, 22.136, 23.289
nature of relationship between State and individual 18.387-8
Discontinuance: see Claims, withdrawal
Discount 7.197
Discounted Cash Flow method: see Damages, valuation, Discounted Cash Flow
Discovery 4.28, 58, 94, 95
Dispute settlement provisions: see Contract, dispute settlement provisions
Dissenting opinion
see also Concurring opinion; Concurring and dissenting opinion; Declaration; Explanatory remarks; Separate opinion; Separate statement; Supplemental opinion
admissibility 16.333
Aghahosseini 27.297, 29.349, 30.19 n. 1, 31.206, 32.207 n. 1, 33.3, 401
Aldrich 1.320, 396, 3.380, 4.279, 9.356, 12.64, 14.300, 27.258
Allison 22.183, 200, 27.259, 30.112
Ameli 8.403, 9.187 n. 1, 10.110, 13.45, 351, 16.327, 18.47, 32.207 n. 1
Ansari 5.193, 275, 8.228, 10.5, 12.306 n. 1, 13.176, 19.16, 56, 333, 22.127, 135, 145, 160, 23.90, 288, 315, 25.112, 27.32
Bahrami 9.169-81, 10.134, 11.137, 300 n. 1, 346, 12.17, 299, 13.167, 177, 14.134, 185, 16.294, 19.16
Brower 8.284, 9.410-13, 10.224, 12.64, 265, 13.118, 16.86, 18.102
Enavat 1.104
Holtzmann 1.129, 167, 174, 178, 284, 320, 396, 2.33, 35, 81, 254, 3.17, 66, 78, 84, 87, 316, 358, 380, 4.12, 63, 65, 72, 206, 5.141, 9.187 n. 2, 10.219, 259, 351, 11.250, 12.64, 356, 13.345, 14.94, 271, 26.216, 27.259
Kashani 1.104, 241, 250, 463, 2.317, 5.1, 85, 115, 121, 275, 7.119
Khalilian 18.79, 24.40, 25.131 n. 1, 27.265
Lagergren 1.197, 241, 250, 5.348
Mosk 1.119, 158, 230, 232, 305, 320, 396, 2.124, 139, 146, 3.40, 41, 76, 77, 209, 318, 374, 377, 4.3, 28, 58, 76, 80, 93, 229, 5.181, 242, 374, 7.48, 8.134, 10.103, 30.45, 35.86 n. 2
Mostafavi 8.336, 9.204 n. 1, 377-96, 10.16, 85, 108, 328, 348, 12.38, 108, 324, 13.177, 193 n. 1, 310, 14.53, 212, 243, 258
Noori 19.16, 356, 370 n. 1, 22.257, 23.150 n. 1, 24.3, 25.190 n. 1, 264 n. 1, 278 n. 1, 30.44, 32.207 n. 1
Sani 1.177, 241, 250, 2.14, 317, 4.237
Shafeiei 1.104, 241, 250, 2.1, 178, 284, 317, 327, 345, 3.297, 5.275
Dollar Account No. 1 8.198, 12.40-93, 14.316-20, 323
Dollar Account No. 2 5.67-9, 8.197-206, 12.51, 54-63, 13.95, 16.293 n. 4, 30.16-17, 35.114
Domestic International Sales Corporation, character of 7.186, 187, 200, 205
Domicile 22.143, 147
Dominant and effective nationality: see Dual nationality, dominant and effective nationality
Drafts: see Negotiable instruments
Dual nationality 2.160-8, 173-5, 178-225, 5.251-336, 9.354, 356, 13.300, 18.70-1, 260-2, 24.42-6, 25.157, 26.7-14
A18 caveat 29.33-41, 56-8, 63-4, 65-6, 75-7, 382, 30.66-8, 73-4, 87-8, 98-100, 193-6, 31.30-3, 47-9, 62, 66, 86-7, 115-19, 32.36-40, 153-5, 33.3-15, 301-2, 307, 331-2, 386-95, 418-59, 34.24-5, 35.13-14, 35-43
see also fraudulent use below
as instrument of equity 34.25, 35.42-3
Saghi 35.36, 39, 42-3
citizenship 5.267, 269, 270, 283, 285
critical date/relevant period 34.10, 82-3
dominant and effective nationality 2.161-5, 168, 173, 174, 178-82, 185-91, 195, 198, 199, 201-5, 208, 211, 212, 214, 223-5, 5.260, 262-6, 273-5, 283, 290, 291, 299, 304, 305, 310, 311, 315-17, 321-6, 331-3, 335, 14.7-8, 18.96, 19.51-61, 118, 21.23-4, 22.120-2, 125-6, 127-8, 132-4, 135-7, 142-5, 158-60, 163-8, 197-9, 200-3, 23.261-3, 271-3, 282-4, 285-9, 308-14, 315-17, 24.44-5, 218, 25.158-71, 182-5, 190-211, 264-72, 278-88, 289-97, 26.7 n. 1, 9-14, 41-3, 45-59, 28.185-91, 238-45, 29.3-41, 63-5, 72-5, 30.73-5, 274-80, 34.11-16, 35.13-15
evidence of: see Evidence of, dominant and effective nationality
equality of States and 26.7 n. 1, 29.14, 65, 383 n. 1
fraudulent use 2.166, 167, 225, 5.272, 22.136, 30.88, 98-100, 194-6, 31.10-11, 119
see also A18 caveat above
Hague Convention on the Conflict of Nationality Laws (1930) 31.48-9
ICSID Convention (1965) 31.48
link theory 5.263
Mergé 25.163, 200, 206
pension rights 30.66-8
Reparations Case 31.48
rights under Treaty of Amity 30.256
Saghi 34.22, 25
Due process 3.365, 30.156
Duress 16.43, 21.52
Earnest money 5.359, 360
Election of remedies 4.233, 235, 236
Embassy, competence 5.241
Enforcement: see Recognition and enforcement of Award; Settlement, enforcement; Time limits
England, law of: see United Kingdom, law of
Equality of States 5.263, 266, 304, 311, 312, 327, 331
dual nationality and 26.7 n. 1, 29.14, 65, 383 n. 1
Equity 6.169, 170, 274, 294, 8.105, 262-3, 9.4-5, 197, 199, 332, 402, 10.173, 240, 11.41, 111, 12.197, 13.119-21, 14.188, 15.251, 268, 16.48, 221, 254, 262, 18.332, 348, 21.56, 58, 61, 105, 123, 142-3, 296, 339
Caveat A18 and 34.25, 35.42-3
Escrow Agreement (1981) 1.189-214, 8.209
Escrow Agent’s functions 33.346 n. 2
Paragraph 2 1.147
Paragraph 3 1.147
Paragraph 4 1.147, 148, 206, 209, 211, 212, 214, 12.44, 60, 84
Paragraph 5 1.192
purpose 12.61
Technical Clarifications 12.56-7, 60, 75-6
Estoppel 1.287, 315 n. 15, 318, 375, 376, 2.149 n. 3, 3.26, 27, 30, 261, 4.112 n. 3, 113, 235, 5.247, 248, 271, 274, 6.47-51, 7.47, 103, 135, 143, 162, 201, 9.100, 10.287, 11.229, 236, 12.104, 150-1, 174-5, 208-9, 228, 378, 13.33, 229, 253, 339, 14.143, 230, 15.196, 16.47, 71-2, 266, 19.77, 20.90, 153-6, 21.154-9, 160-1, 22.57, 73, 74-5, 77, 83, 99, 101, 115, 246, 25.99, 26.36, 28.208-10, 29.87-92, 176-7, 228, 232, 32.37-8, 33.319-20, 323, 423-6, 433, 440, 450-1
allegans contraria non audiendus est 1.318 n. 17
failure to challenge accounts 35.80-1
European Community 13.91-2
European Court of Human Rights 8.419, 449, 10.251, 267, 29.389
Evidence 1.155, 215, 226-9, 260, 306, 318, 334-6, 340, 341, 369 n. 8, 420, 421, 455-82, 10.87-9, 348-50
see also Evidence of; Procedure
absence of challenge 8.261-2, 9.20, 21, 126, 198, 218, 12.168, 16.278, 28.39
acceptability as
agreed-upon procedures report 35.71
legal opinions 35.66-7
minutes 20.34, 72, 125, 136-7, 35.24, 28-9
newspaper articles 19.328, 337-9, 32.34, 143-4
participation in elections 22.148-50
passport 18.237, 260-2, 273 n. 46, 22.143, 23.135
photocopy 28.4
share verification report 35.26
shareholder agreements 29.29-30
subsequent events 10.263 n. 9
subsequent to decision of Tribunal 29.29
tape-recorded 8.38
timesheets 20.59, 62, 63-4, 65, 66, 67, 72, 143-5
undelivered letter 35.30-1
unsigned draft 19.208
adequacy 12.132-3, 17.192-8, 202-3, 220-1, 233-4, 242-3
admissibility 2.121-3, 3.67, 68 n. 1, 164, 350, 4.70, 78, 245, 7.70, 14.20, 259, 16.190-1, 17.296-7, 19.113-16, 27.153
admissibility of documents (Cases A15(IV) and A24) 34.111-13
affidavits 1.202, 423, 462, 463, 503, 3.247, 5.245, 9.21, 17.52, 28.74-7, 29.30-3
applicable law 11.279-80
assessment: see evaluation below
authenticity 2.35-7, 106, 118-21, 3.206, 4.80, 6.71, 8.107-18, 19.163-7, 31.162, 165-94, 206-46, 35.55-60
tax returns 35.61-2
availability to other parties 3.350
burden of proof: see Burden of proof
Census of Claims filed by US citizens prior to Algiers Declarations 35.26-7, 60-1
claimant’s statement as 18.282
computer program as 19.132
conduct of parties 22.30-1, 32-3, 25.7, 26.115, 28.31-3, 33.89
conflicting 6.280, 28.76, 35.80
contra proferentem 1.214, 2.211, 5.281, 286, 288, 330, 9.225, 371, 393-4, 10.329, 331
contradictory statements 3.26, 69 n. 1, 249, 358, 359, 5.240
costs 22.34, 28.103-8
credibility 6.200, 18.247-60, 19.170, 227, 269
documents, unexplained 3.251
duty to consider 5.196
duty to submit 3.66, 69-71, 4.58, 9.110-11
evaluation 3.381, 4.60, 107-9, 119, 120, 245, 11.276, 277, 13.58, 15.45-51, 16.264, 18.338-47, 28.275-88, 290-2, 293-302, 303-6
exclusion 13.70-1
expert: see Experts, evidence of
failure to submit 2.115, 152, 153, 300, 304, 355, 3.16-18, 20 n. 2, 21, 22, 24, 27, 53, 65, 66, 70, 71, 115, 205, 206, 247-9, 252, 382 n. 2, 4.70, 78, 79, 110, 225, 255, 261, 5.23, 33-6, 111, 226, 240, 245, 380, 383, 394, 6.65, 92, 96, 127, 145, 173, 178, 212, 282, 7.14, 15, 28, 68, 70, 79, 80, 110, 116, 128, 129, 8.52, 202, 9.29, 37, 40-2, 95, 125, 166, 180, 198 n. 13, 217, 227, 230, 10.175, 285, 11.18, 19, 26, 58, 71, 130, 156, 160, 175, 177, 178, 181, 205, 295, 327, 333, 342, 12.136, 137, 167, 209, 219-20, 223, 224, 226, 227, 351, 352, 13.154, 189, 266, 269, 302, 322, 14.18, 205, 206, 15.14, 16.18, 94, 247 n. 13, 272, 313, 17.17, 24, 263, 315-16, 319, 333, 336, 339, 342, 345, 348, 18.160, 297, 306, 308, 371, 372, 19.154, 178, 181, 184, 187, 190, 193, 196, 199, 209, 210-11, 226, 20.23, 62, 89, 101, 103, 105, 110, 117, 118, 119, 157, 160, 166, 21.26, 29, 22.40, 47, 60, 82, 180, 183, 211-12, 23.266, 25.13, 105, 106, 117-18, 146, 149-50, 27.138, 162-5, 187-93, 234, 28.45, 214, 228-9, 231, 315-16, 384, 29.231, 233, 234, 236, 242-3, 246-59, 33.478
false 22.43-8, 29.93-116, 117-20, 123-84
duty of party to check authenticity 27.45-6
form 20.148
hearsay 3.68 n. 1, 12.371-2
inconsistent 6.71, 19.268-9
inference 2.11, 33, 115, 121, 142, 297-300, 355, 384, 3.21, 22, 69, 82, 4.81, 100, 223, 261, 5.245, 6.17, 18, 80, 145, 7.75, 104, 109
insufficient 2.108, 8.163-74, 9.44, 58, 343, 403, 10.49, 50, 53, 54, 11.88-9, 12.16, 315, 316, 13.28-9, 33, 144, 189-90, 197, 214, 216, 217, 267, 307, 342, 14.130, 132, 15.31, 91, 150, 160, 164, 276, 279, 285, 16.107-9, 232, 17.113, 257, 18.96, 153, 161, 166-7 n. 5, 170, 172-3, 178-9, 194-5, 228-30, 239, 240, 241, 304, 311, 312, 313, 314, 316-17, 319, 357-8, 362, 369, 19.127, 148, 215, 216, 220, 221, 222, 223, 232-8, 20.25, 59, 61, 66, 71, 73, 78, 80, 81, 82, 104, 108, 135, 141, 147, 165, 21.53, 61, 152, 22.81, 182, 24.215-18, 221, 224-5, 258, 25.113-18, 232-3, 238-9, 244-5, 26.239-43, 27.61-2, 138-40, 28.169-75, 29.327, 342-3
interested parties 24.178-81, 28.5-6
interpretation 17.119
judicial notice: see Judicial notice
late submission 10.101, 106, 128, 11.304-5, 13.131, 27.212-13, 29.297 n. 4, 313, 30.25-6, 45-6, 129, 31.136-7, 32.164-5
post-hearing submission: see Procedure, post-hearing submissions
presumption 1.480, 5.196, 6.173, 231, 16.266, 279, 17.193, 209-10, 221-2, 18.308, 318, 20.24-5, 69
prima facie case 2.238-9, 382, 399, 3.69, 71, 72, 288, 5.245, 376, 7.11, 9.28-9, 29.93-116, 117-20, 123-84, 235
rebuttal, right of 29.5, 68
relevance 3.252, 381, 4.95 n. 3
reliability 20.19
request for 15.271
return of 4.60
standard of proof 10.34, 14.203, 17.108, 191, 257, 20.132, 23.188, 29.117, 124, 31.162, 246-56, 283-4, 33.317, 35.67-8
translation 1.234, 326, 336-8, 341, 484, 2.139 n. 4, 368, 9.31-5, 13.54, 14.18, 18.62, 29.308-9
uncontroverted 10.255, 12.295
validity 12.380, 19.123-4, 243, 22.161
weight of 2.115, 121-2, 139-40, 3.66, 68 n. 1, 71, 72, 381, 4.80, 119, 120, 245, 261, 5.23, 231, 375, 376, 6.207, 7.80
witnesses 2.115
absence of oral evidence, relevance 35.66
compulsory attendance 19.269
credibility 3.23, 24, 68, 31.169-79, 262-73
notification 14.292, 17.62-3
relationship with arbitrator 20.184, 185, 186, 242, 250-4, 266-7, 329
Evidence of
acceptance of
letters 20.17
services 9.40
Settlement Agreement 19.366, 22.152
advance of funds 30.152-3
agency 1.357, 358, 378-80, 2.11, 325-6, 9.57, 343-4, 13.111, 17.14-15, 18.178-9, 28.77-9
amendment of Settlement Agreement 9.62
amounts claimed 13.27, 35.74-5
approval of plans 9.335
attributability 17.101-5, 144-8, 287, 23.337, 24.152, 255, 33.359-61, 456
authenticity of document 29.93-116, 31.165-94, 206-32, 33.317-20
authority 15.63, 66-9
bribery 12.270-2, 314-15
capital transfer 3.15, 16
claims
assignment 35.18-19
interrelationship 16.293
continuity of ownership 11.7
contract 1.413, 414, 3.48, 162, 231, 289, 5.43, 6.193, 292, 7.13, 8.160-1, 10.26-33, 11.56-7, 12.102, 13.112-13, 138-9, 22.115, 24.74-80, 87-97, 26.115, 135, 28.170-1, 172-3, 32.174
amendment 12.102-3, 15.120-1, 16.272, 277-8, 20.26, 34
authenticity 15.134-6, 31.169-94, 232-46
breach 13.22-5, 22.100-1, 23.292-4, 26.159, 160, 33.168-9
intention to amend 19.226
letter of credit 13.111-12
liability 15.6
non-operativeness 16.37
notice under 13.25-7
oral evidence 9.368-71, 382-7, 11.237
performance 14.35, 16.265-70, 19.80, 22.115, 26.106
ratification 2.145-6, 3.163, 164
rescission 14.72-3
State responsibility for 21.154
terms 18.311
contractual practice 13.305-6
contractual relationship 13.121-2, 35.69-75, 100-4
control of corporation 1.359-61, 7.6, 11.312-13, 30.159, 188-91
controlled entity status 1.413, 419-21, 2.150-2, 302, 3.47, 160, 230, 231, 286, 5.135, 242-5, 6.59, 7.10, 8.155, 9.400, 10.167, 11.215, 12.373-5, 14.157-8, 17.130 n. 2, 165-8, 174-8, 298-300, 333, 336, 339, 342, 345, 348, 19.326-7, 328-9, 337-9, 22.179-82, 185-93, 25.139-40, 29.41, 45, 33.49, 35.115-21
see also nationality of corporation below
appointment and dismissal of managers 2.17-23
corporation 26.31, 27.213-15
costs 4.81, 10.34
absence of 9.60, 133, 242, 10.102
custom and usage 6.97
customary international law 21.121
damages 2.384, 388-90, 3.56, 57, 164, 231, 233, 234, 250, 4.269, 271, 6.172, 173, 205, 213, 214, 14.206-7, 33.130-1
debt 18.276-7, 21.49, 35.71
delay 20.64, 146
delivery of goods 17.322, 18.228-30, 363, 367, 33.115-19
escalation formula 22.15
excess freight charges 2.11-12, 25
existence of goods 17.127, 131
expenses 19.123-5, 140-1, 144, 20.39
expropriation 1.420, 428 n. 6, 504-7, 4.105, 154, 167-9, 222, 223, 6.164-6, 238, 240, 10.303, 11.178, 221-2, 12.345-51, 13.302, 337-8, 14.298-306, 18.95-6, 20.123, 124-5, 21.112-16, 22.71-3, 27.60-2, 28.169-70, 171-2, 173-5, 212, 30.37-8, 39-40, 58-9, 74-5, 86-7, 154-60, 188-93, 31.107-13, 32.30-1, 32, 151-3, 33.50-3, 330-1, 377-83, 402-18, 34.33-4, 86-7, 35.34-5
absence of formal evidence, relevance 34.33
expulsion 17.105-7, 144-52, 257-8
force majeure 15.6-11, 17.286, 33.77-80
inheritance 33.477-9
interference with property rights 32.33-5
Iran’s exclusive jurisdiction 5.116
legislative intention 33.23-7
liabilities 19.212-13, 214-15, 219-21, 22.16, 39
loss of property 24.227-34
lost profits 31.200-4
mailing 17.278-9, 284
marriage settlement 30.53-6
mitigation of damages 3.56, 294
nationality of claim 1.389, 455-82, 5.22, 11.151, 188-9
nationality of corporation 1.223, 224, 334, 335, 384, 385, 418, 427, 428, 455-82, 503, 2.9, 16-17, 31-2, 33-4, 395-6, 3.1, 4.141, 142, 216, 217, 273, 5.22, 23, 209, 237, 343, 6.127, 7.27-9, 65, 66, 97, 8.234, 9.13-15, 87-8, 116, 252-3, 292, 10.23-4, 60-1, 278-9, 11.7, 212, 227, 274-6, 277-82, 12.132, 142, 149, 161, 251, 290, 13.180, 202, 336, 14.155-6, 227-8, 15.4-5, 195, 16.15, 16, 17.4-5, 162, 18.99-101, 177-8, 208-9, 355, 19.202, 20.6-7, 21.16-19, 42, 22.174-5, 24.50, 25.25, 26, 138, 26.17-18, 41-3, 29.225-6, 244-6, 315-16
absence of challenge 8.262, 18.177
nationality of person 3.23 n. 1, 9.14-15, 353-5, 356, 12.6, 13.300, 14.6, 198, 18.236-7, 260-2, 19.51-2, 54-5, 57-8, 324, 21.21-3, 29, 22.42-3, 134-5, 242, 246, 262, 267-8, 272, 25.175, 202, 203, 26.38-40, 192, 28.62, 29.10-13, 14-15, 16-19, 64-5, 31.40-1, 32.55-6, 33.76
certificate of naturalization 34.11
continuing nationality 34.10-11
dominant nationality 25.203-10, 26.7-14, 28.185-91, 29.10-13, 14-15, 16-19, 73-4, 76-7, 379-81, 30.274-80, 31.10, 31-3, 41-3, 65-6, 146-8, 32.26, 57, 59-60, 76-90, 128-31, 33.45-6, 212-13, 216-20, 269-70, 304-7, 371-3, 464-5, 34.83, 35.13-15
imprisonment as obstacle to leaving country, relevance 31.31, 34-5
minor claimant 29.12-13, 16-19, 35.13-15
période suspect 22.136 n. 4
renunciation 31.40, 44
naturalization 32.56, 76
nature of loan 13.31-2, 86-8
ordering of goods 17.321-2
ownership 9.233, 13.320, 17.297-8, 325-8, 18.100-1, 103-9, 32.71-2, 198-9, 202-3, 33.374, 34.23-4, 92-3
beneficial 29.28-41, 32.67-70, 199-202, 33.470-4, 34.23-4, 92-3, 35.21-31
payment 8.19, 12.296-7, 17.193, 19.128, 146-7, 20.35, 22.15-16, 18-19, 86-8, 24.185, 28.38, 30.98, 33.113-14
payment due 20.13, 18, 20-1, 22.92
performance 25.36-8, 33.112-14, 119-21, 170
permanent residence 31.54-5
receipt of
documents 17.288-90
goods 17.119-24
request for transfer of funds 10.100, 104-6, 342, 13.346-9
right to charge electricity connection fees 33.252-4
satisfactory performance 9.221, 375, 403, 11.62-7, 198, 199, 204, 247, 12.105, 150-1, 294-5, 13.136-7, 303, 14.40-1, 16.268, 270, 271, 278, 17.6-7, 8,
68-74, 315, 18.169-73, 313, 320, 357-8, 29.345-6
service of notice 13.64-7
services rendered 19.221, 20.116, 26.175, 33.104-7, 114-15, 119, 126-9
settlement 3.358, 359, 24.133-43, 175-82
shareholder status 30.161-2, 184, 185-6, 223-6, 33.321-4
shares: see Shares
shipment 10.216-17, 221, 13.114, 18.311, 19.206-8, 28.41
social security payments 20.14-15, 28.161, 163
liability for 2.112
subcontractor relationship 3.273
submission of invoices 16.279-80
succession 1.360-3, 373-5
sums expended 13.267
taking 15.29-33, 54-5, 19.86-7, 27.60-1
tax liability 3.107, 236, 15.273-5
title to property 32.29-30
undertaking to refund unincurred costs 12.225
unlawful expulsion 16.100-1, 125-6
unpaid invoices 25.144-5
validity of promissory notes 21.47-50
valuation 20.89, 30.91-4, 31.120-2, 32.155-7, 33.32-40, 177-81, 398-400
value 19.88, 91, 100, 20.27, 29.46-55, 274-93
waiver of contractual entitlement 9.162, 11.233-8, 250-4, 330-1, 345-6
work performed 1.107, 20.59, 62, 142-3, 22.242-3, 28.88
Exchange controls: see Foreign exchange controls; International Monetary Fund
Exchange rates: see Currency, conversion, exchange rate changes
Exclusive jurisdiction: see Counterclaims, jurisdiction of Tribunal; Forum selection clause, jurisdiction of Tribunal
exequatur 6.133, 135, 138, 139, 18.118, 122, 127, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 149 n. 66
Exhaustion of local remedies 15.196-7, 30.62-3, 97-8
enforcement of Award and 34.61-2
Experts
appointment 1.235, 390, 2.70-5, 76, 355, 3.107, 164, 167, 4.91-5, 157, 5.185, 8.272 n. 45, 276 n. 51, 12.228, 13.16, 40, 142, 149-50, 175, 14.155, 15.288-9, 23.68, 24.24-8
prerequisites 4.94, 24.26-7
Tribunal’s right to appoint 2.122 n. 1
costs: see Costs, experts’
evidence of 1.202, 423, 462, 3.165-7, 4.60, 119, 120, 261, 8.45, 272, 11.5, 111-35, 264-6, 13.351, 354, 16.122-92, 196-232, 244-9, 252-3, 256, 19.43-244, 31.281-2
evaluation 34.97-100
evidence outside competence 35.60
going concern 33.229-32
impartiality 19.244
inconclusiveness 34.97-100
inconsistency 31.179-82
need for adversary proceeding 9.34
opportunity for parties to comment 9.35, 16.190-2
Tribunal’s obligations in respect of 11.141-2, 16.196-200, 256
valuation 16.122-92, 30.206-17, 218-35, 257-8, 32.155-7, 33.32-40, 34.36-7, 94
forensic 35.55-8
need for 6.267, 269, 14.28
payment 3.166, 167, 4.59, 92, 93, 95, 158, 5.186, 8.41, 10.21, 11.136, 137
philatelic 35.58-60
qualifications 32.156, 33.398
terms of reference 4.95, 159, 173, 175-8, 6.30-2, 7.172-7
amendment 6.31
timetable/timeliness 10.110-20
Tribunal’s responsibility 10.117
Explanatory remarks
see also Concurring opinion; Concurring and dissenting opinion; Declaration; Dissenting opinion; Separate opinion; Separate statement; Supplemental opinion
Aldrich 14.3 n. 1, 9
Ameli 16.103 n. 1, 255
Ansari 8.30, 15.187, 18.3
Briner 14.3 n. 1, 9
Brower 15.187, 16.282 n. 1
Holtzmann 16.237
Mangård 15.187, 16.282 n. 1
Mostafavi 14.65 n. 1, 100 n. 1, 279 n. 1
Noori 26.7 n. 1
Export licence 7.213, 17.85-6
Expropriation 1.287, 375 n. 14, 387, 389, 422, 504-7, 2.175-7, 207, 350, 3.290, 4.105-12, 115-18, 143, 154-6, 159, 162-79, 223, 5.227, 371, 6.164-8, 178, 189, 200-3, 206, 207, 209, 215 n. 6, 216, 225, 231, 241, 250, 256, 257, 260, 268, 7.6, 7, 47, 48, 50, 51, 123, 125, 126, 129, 133, 134, 146, 152, 153-5, 164, 165, 168-70, 173, 256, 8.380-4, 385-90, 391-450, 9.230-41, 266-83, 10.130-1, 136, 170, 259-68, 302-4, 12.7-16, 214-15, 346-51, 370-5, 14.230-4, 15.101-87, 213-34, 297-300, 16.43-5, 64-9, 193-6, 237-47, 17.258-9, 18.95-6, 238, 19.81-7, 94-9, 20.123, 21.106, 111-22, 341, 23.69, 96-100, 294, 366-70, 24.215-18, 25.147-9, 27.91-2, 141-3
see also Damages; Evidence of, expropriation; Property rights, measures affecting
action against specific individual 28.11, 71-4
appointment of temporary managers 2.21, 14.297-300, 30.38-9, 58-9, 191-2, 32.51-5, 33.327-8, 34.88-91
appropriation of property distinguished 23.25
bankrupt company 21.56-60
breach of contract: see lawfulness, breach of contract below
by decision of court 12.318
coercion and duress 4.171
compensation: see Expropriation, compensation
conformity with domestic law, relevance 7.15, 225, 32.51
constructive 12.261-4, 287 n. 49, 17.152 n. 22
contract rights 4.163, 6.237, 243, 250, 15.220-1, 267, 269-70, 299, 16.231, 234-8, 21.106, 111-12, 119, 123-4, 24.82-3, 28.211-12, 215
lawfulness, determined by international law 16.25
control of corporation 2.176, 349, 351, 352, 7.154, 159, 162, 9.257, 17.168-9, 30.158
creeping 10.206, 28.296 n. 2, 29.44-5, 30.160, 31.107, 33.20-2, 324-31, 34.172
critical date 32.137-8, 154-5, 160-1, 34.32
date of taking 4.156, 159, 164, 165, 171, 173, 9.240-1, 246, 265 n. 18, 278, 10.249-50, 12.11, 15.225-9, 290, 21.116-18, 28.259-64, 266-302, 30.192-3, 33.19-20, 324-31, 34.32, 34
de jure/de facto taking distinguished 35.35
decision reserved 9.42-3
denial of access to funds 4.172
deprivation of rights 6.225, 245, 256, 15.29-56, 17.181, 22.71, 77-9, 103-4, 26.108-9, 34.32-3, 34
discrimination 15.231-2, 28.211
effective taking 10.131, 147-52, 12.11
elements of 6.256, 9.238-9, 275-9, 10.261-2, 15.223
insurance company’s assessment 10.264
substantive value of property 25.149
treaty determined 15.246
evidence of: see Evidence of, expropriation
exchange controls as 24.110-11
expulsion as 17.139-40
failure to protect property rights as 2.79-80, 86-7
force majeure and 21.107, 31.8-9
see also Force majeure
forced sale 9.240
formal act, relevance 9.224-7, 10.259, 267, 34.32-3
government involvement, need for 9.238-9, 12.349, 15.35, 18.242-3, 30.40-1
indirect claim, effect on 9.265
intent of government, relevance 6.225, 256, 21.115, 30.86, 157, 190, 32.51, 34.32-3
interference with internal management 6.165, 166, 199, 201, 238, 240, 7.162-7, 179 n. 1, 180 n. 1, 21.70
interference with use or enjoyment of property 6.225, 10.243-52, 12.9, 319, 18.239-40, 19.85-7, 94-9, 27.96, 28.71-3, 210-11, 288, 296, 29.41-6, 30.38-9, 84-6, 157-60, 163-8, 31.107-14, 32.51, 33.15-37, 34.32
car parking 28.290, 293
formal taking, relevance in case of 35.35
permanent deprivation, need for 28.288, 296 n. 2, 29.44, 267-70, 34.32-4, 91
taking of corporation and assets distinguished 15.112
taking of shares distinguished 30.160, 165-6
jurisdiction of Tribunal 4.101, 115, 5.210, 6.223
lawfulness 16.65, 241, 27.143
breach of contract 15.232, 242-6
criteria 10.204-5
under domestic law 30.86
under international law 16.25, 29.270
lawfulness, relevance: see Damages, valuation, lawfulness of taking, relevance
legislation as 24.215-17, 28.267-8, 32.28-9, 31-2, 135-41, 33.21-2, 29-30, 34.84-6
loss, need for 21.56, 60, 33.27-32
mortgagor’s calling in of mortgage outside relevant period, relevance 34.34
nationalization as basis of jurisdiction 28.258
non-contractual 22.71
pension rights 30.41-3, 46-9, 59-66
public purpose 15.233-4, 21.122
repudiation of contract as 16.43-5
shares 30.154-62
survival of rights and contract obligations 6.242
unlimited responsibility 6.265
valuation: see Damages, valuation
Expropriation, compensation 1.141, 171, 415, 422, 450, 451, 2.353-5, 383, 399, 3.53, 54, 106, 232-5, 264-6, 278, 279, 288-90, 293, 294, 4.105-9, 111, 112, 116-18, 156-7, 173-7, 223, 270, 271, 277, 5.109, 110, 169, 227, 248, 399, 400, 6.172, 225, 265, 281, 287, 290, 7.24, 50, 69, 71, 76, 112, 114, 165, 173, 8.162, 314-24, 340-2, 378-80, 393-405, 9.273, 10.4, 133-4, 184-206, 15.33, 34-56, 223-4, 244-71, 298-308, 16.33, 34-56, 68-9, 17.98, 21.70-7
see also Damages
agreed settlements 21.121
applicable law 8.415-19
basis 19.302-4
BITs 30.245
currency 8.425-6
customary international law 10.195-203, 267-8, 14.234, 15.223-4, 231, 21.198, 30.197-8, 200, 238-44, 31.4-6, 33.270-1, 332-3
developments 30.237-54
duty 6.169, 9.219-20
failure to attempt to exercise rights, relevance 2.269-70, 33.29-31
for failure to return goods 19.293-7
interest 8.384, 402
interference less than expropriation 27.15, 32.35-6, 141-6, 157-9, 160-1, 33.27-32
liability for 1.21, 106-7
measure: see standard below
request for, need for 28.266-8
standard 30.196-202
adequate 15.230-1
appropriate 8.386-90, 14.234, 237, 30.197-9, 201, 236-7, 247, 31.3-4
full equivalent 6.265, 266, 10.184, 187-206, 267-8, 15.34 n. 14, 35, 269, 16.195, 239, 21.119, 29.46, 271-3, 30.88-9, 100, 199-201, 248-52, 31.3-6, 120, 33.227, 270-1, 332-4, 34.93-4
Hull doctrine 8.385-90, 30.239, 31.6-7
negotiated settlements as precedent 8.399-400, 10.185, 196, 21.121
prompt 10.203 n. 36
“prompt, adequate and effective” 30.197-8, 246, 31.3-4
UNGA Resolution 1803 30.197 n. 13, 240, 242-3, 249
termination of contract by agreement 2.117-18
Treaty of Amity provisions 16.195, 239, 243, 21.120-2, 125, 329-31, 30.3-6, 88, 100, 196, 255-7, 31.85, 119-20, 33.332-3
Tribunal practice 30.247-53
World Bank Guidelines (1992) 30.245-6
Expulsion 16.78, 83-102, 17.97-113, 139-51, 18.161-2, 23.233-8, 239-43, 24.264
in cases involving claims of less than $250,000 9.18 n. 8
constructive 16.87-9, 94-7
criteria 9.16-18, 17.106-7, 142-3
global adjudication not appropriate 17.97-8
juridical person 16.97-8, 17.258
property rights affected 17.99-100, 139-40
State responsibility 17.100-7, 256-8
extraterritorial effect of legislation 8.258-9, 30.64
Fair trial 20.218
Filing of claims
see also Time limits, filing of claims
meaning 1.127, 128, 130, 132, 226, 228
FMS Trust Fund 19.296, 300, 301-32
FOB (free on board) 7.103
Force majeure 1.452, 2.116, 310, 369, 386, 388, 389, 3.52, 106, 152-4, 231, 4.13, 161, 165, 174, 179, 253 n. 2, 259 n. 5, 5.210, 7.13, 8.306-10, 312, 9.22-6, 27, 116-25, 149-50, 157-60, 171-4, 196, 201, 294-8, 10.74-5, 82, 173, 174, 289, 11.126, 149, 338-9, 12.103-6, 112-15, 119, 120-5, 184-6, 205, 210-11, 235, 237, 13.92, 133-4, 142, 143, 147, 150, 153-4, 211-16, 245-50, 363, 14.35-7, 72-9, 217, 15.11-14, 70-3, 110, 122-3, 136-51, 211-14, 16.37-40, 54, 84, 269, 17.24, 65-8, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 87, 89-91, 285-6, 319, 18.160, 203-4, 326-31, 371, 372, 19.80, 85, 86, 94, 162, 224, 247, 20.23, 48, 75, 117, 124, 21.107-11, 329, 22.56, 116, 242, 247, 312-16, 328, 331-2, 354, 355, 23.47, 50, 53, 57, 58, 72 n. 44, 85-6, 89, 91-2, 95, 169-73, 185, 188-9, 190, 191-3, 196-7, 219-22, 225-6, 24.11-14, 60, 25.34-6, 115, 124-6, 27.79-82, 85, 115, 28.96-9, 29.221 n. 10, 225 n. 23, 32.30-1, 33.76-80
see also Frustration
act of public authority as 10.74-5, 35.110-11
act of State as 24.11
burden of proof 22.242, 23.191-3, 225, 226-7, 27.80
continuing obligations 9.298, 12.205, 211, 15.11-12
contract, effect on 21.107, 25.39-40, 99, 124-6, 27.167-8, 28.196-7, 33.76-81
notice, need for 28.34-5
parties’ control over events and 33.130-1
provision for 13.211-12, 246-8, 15.212, 16.38-9, 17.65-8, 29.336, 342-3
suspension 23.171, 25.36, 33.80
termination 14.73, 23.25-6, 26.77, 80, 144-5, 28.31-3, 29.336, 342-5, 33.80, 112, 136, 168-9, 174-5
duration 16.38-9
Federal Reserve Banks’ right to invoke 35.111
general principle of law 16.39
liability for 28.103 n. 17
costs incurred before force majeure occurred 29.344-5
losses arising 24.36, 171-2, 26.77, 144-5, 164, 27.167-8, 183, 185, 28.43-4, 87, 29.327, 342-3, 31.200, 33.80-1, 141-2, 177, 201-3
Foreign exchange controls 2.219, 220, 221, 239, 245, 340, 3.13, 32, 68 n. 2, 5.376 n. 1, 380, 381, 6.167, 178, 208-11, 7.44-53, 10.106-7, 298-302, 16.106, 107-9, 17.112, 18.228
see also International Monetary Fund, Agreement
capital transfers 3.13, 15-18, 28 n. 1, 29, 7.45, 46, 51, 52, 24.111-13
duty to seek approval 24.111-13
current transactions 7.45, 46, 51, 52
effect on contract 3.13, 14.16, 18, 27-9
as expropriation 24.110-11
justification 5.382
validity 3.13, 5.383, 7.49, 50, 52, 28.29, 32
in violation of treaty 5.381, 383, 7.51, 53
Form of award: see Settlement, form of award
Forum non conveniens 7.137, 8.266
Forum selection clause
binding, whether 1.241, 245-7, 251, 254-7, 263-7, 270, 276, 277, 285-97, 302, 305-15, 3.160, 198, 5.120, 26.18-19, 33, 36, 249-51
changed circumstances and 1.287-94, 308
clear provision, need for 9.216-17, 28.67
jurisdiction of Tribunal 1.236-319, 490, 491, 496, 497, 2.4, 5, 54-6, 66-7, 105-6, 138, 370, 378, 396, 3.61, 98, 99, 104, 113, 161, 198, 199, 246, 260, 321-5, 335, 384, 386, 387, 388 n. 2, 4.7, 8, 55, 143, 181, 220, 225, 230, 5.115-17, 119, 120, 126, 127, 130, 171, 180-4, 191-7, 210, 365, 388, 389, 6.5, 80-2, 93, 109, 112, 113, 115-17, 221, 222, 236, 250, 251, 255, 263, 268, 270, 7.33-5, 188, 218, 219, 8.3 n. 2, 51-2, 220-5, 228-31, 264-5, 306-7, 405-7, 9.31-5, 88, 115-16, 156, 170-1, 211, 293, 333, 10.44-5, 242-3, 277-8, 11.7, 35-7, 45-7, 151, 170-1, 197, 12.100-1, 142-3, 149-50, 13.21, 44, 180-2, 192, 225, 14.33-4, 199-200, 17.17, 63-4, 259-60, 300, 18.110, 189, 20.8-9, 22.236, 23.127-9, 130-2, 168-9, 371, 24.51-2, 25.17-18, 27.156-7, 28.29-30, 29.141, 316-17, 31.152-3
to determine enforceability 34.144, 178-9
nullification 21.105-6
separability 1.292, 308, 309, 8.432, 9.170-1
Forum shopping 12.285
France, law of 5.19, 7.166, 21.69 n. 12
arbitration law 20.206-7, 214-15
Civil Code
Article 524 7.175 n. 1
Article 1131 11.356
Article 1134 24.191 n. 38
Article 1135 1.108
Article 1156 1.108
Article 1157 1.107 n. 1
Article 1162 1.213 n. 7, 214 n. 8
Article 1184 8.165
Article 1290 21.74 n. 25
Article 1315 1.209
Articles 1372-5 7.164 n. 1
Article 1643 19.38 nn. 30, 31
Article 1644 19.39
Article 1655 19.40
Code of Civil Procedure
Article 341 20.206-7
Article 384 1.233
Article 385 1.233
Article 394 1.233
Article 395 1.233
Fraud 3.30, 7.25
Frustration 2.250-3, 3.153, 155, 6.176, 177, 274, 281, 7.17, 8.340, 383, 9.122 n. 13, 196, 13.250-1, 15.211-13, 16.39, 18.191-2, 19.70, 216, 246, 22.299, 310-16, 24.14
see also Force majeure
basis of jurisdiction, effect on 33.195-6, 201-3
fault of claimant, effect 17.256-8
foreseeability and 2.251, 253
requirements 2.250-1
Full Tribunal: see Tribunal
General Assembly Resolutions
2625 (XXVIII) 8.445
3171 (XXVIII) 8.445
as source of law 8.408-13
General Declaration
breach, remedies 25.260-2
compliance, tribunal’s powers respecting 25.261
effect 25.258
equitable claims 8.263
General Principle A: see General Principle A
General Principle B: see General Principle B
interpretation 34.128
Declaration as a whole 34.130-1
object and purpose 19.294, 28.149-50
structure 34.130-1
“Iranian properties” 28.125-41
Paragraph 1 5.14
Paragraph 2 2.147 n. 1, 209, 12.50
Paragraph 3 12.49-50
Paragraph 4 1.208, 5.61, 12.64 n. 4
Paragraphs 4-9 12.48, 70-1, 73 n. 14
Paragraph 5 1.208, 5.61-8, 206, 12.64 n. 4
Paragraph 6 1.146, 203, 208, 5.61, 68, 8.206, 12.50, 55, 64 n. 4, 71 n. 12
Paragraph 7 1.124, 136, 141, 146, 157, 161, 164, 172, 182, 188, 190, 199-201, 203, 205, 206, 208, 210, 211, 213, 217, 221, 328, 331, 343, 346, 404, 407, 410, 415, 427, 448, 2.13, 45, 91, 114, 127, 133, 147 n. 1, 169, 229, 231, 240, 262, 269, 270, 278, 280, 292, 306, 307, 333, 342, 349, 359, 365, 367, 386, 440, 3.35, 37, 54, 74, 79, 92, 108, 117, 120, 142, 170, 177, 182, 187, 192, 207, 213, 219, 236, 254, 268, 276, 291, 327, 340, 352, 368, 369, 391, 4.21, 22, 29, 30, 34, 35, 40, 48, 84, 86, 110, 184, 185, 193, 198, 200, 202, 206, 207, 229, 271, 281, 5.61, 69, 77, 81, 89, 149, 151, 230, 250, 355, 374, 6.2, 5, 19, 21, 34, 35, 39, 64, 66, 119, 121, 124, 132, 148, 175, 7.7, 16, 22, 24, 88, 117, 118, 198, 210, 221, 224, 228, 236, 242, 245, 248, 251, 253, 259, 263, 264, 270, 8.3, 14, 16, 43, 62, 74, 80, 84, 98, 178, 188, 215, 237, 279, 328, 354, 361, 384, 425, 30.295, 31.88, 123, 32.183, 223, 34.38, 101, 35.85
Paragraph 8 1.208, 5.61, 65 n. 4, 212, 9.8, 45, 60, 63, 71, 137, 168, 186, 200, 243, 301, 307, 309, 312, 339, 348, 358, 377, 10.55, 81, 134, 176, 258, 318, 328, 347, 358, 361, 363, 365, 366, 11.30, 34-5, 69, 75, 137, 165, 179, 208, 250, 267, 345, 365, 12.17, 38, 50, 55, 64 n. 4, 71, 77, 107, 138, 159, 169, 233, 285, 298, 324, 389, 392, 13.39, 40, 43, 45, 118, 146, 191, 276, 310, 345, 361, 14.52, 81, 168, 169, 170, 184, 212, 243, 282, 342, 15.22, 187, 16.276, 319, 322, 17.19, 113, 130, 288, 325, 355, 358, 363
Paragraph 9 1.208, 5.61, 12.50, 65 n. 4, 18.147, 174, 244, 278, 322, 374, 378, 19.72, 93, 161, 231, 286-8, 290-7, 303-4, 331, 346, 353, 362, 367, 368, 20.131, 21.51, 61, 161, 287, 289, 22.85, 117, 256, 356, 23.216, 377, 24.85, 115, 156, 25.111-12, 151, 26.128, 27.186, 28.50, 111, 130-1, 144, 370, 391, 393, 395, 397, 29.241, 293, 349, 397, 404, 413
Paragraph 10 2.208
Paragraph 11 1.136, 305, 490, 496, 2.39, 40, 79, 88, 109-10, 120 n. 1, 208, 5.47, 268, 7.153, 276, 8.27, 432, 9.195, 201 n. 2, 10.144, 168, 16.78-9, 87 n. 2, 17.98, 99 n. 3, 101, 256, 21.8, 9, 23.257, 361-2, 27.58, 34.131, 133-4, 35.155
Paragraph 16 2.313, 315, 318, 320, 13.177, 14.329
Paragraph 17 1.102, 117, 190, 2.59, 313, 315, 318, 320, 5.58, 61, 112, 204, 209, 210, 12.43-5, 60, 66, 82, 14.329, 28.123, 29.217, 34.55, 59-60
peace treaties distinguished 5.284
Point IV 8.269 n. 42
Preamble 19.288
as Treaty 5.259, 19.286-8, 28.149
General Principle A 5.61, 130, 8.211, 12.45-52, 62, 64-73, 87, 89-93, 19.294, 303, 25.253, 254, 256-62, 264, 28.114-15
aid to interpretation 28.138, 34.153
as broad legal commitment 34.153
requirement to negotiate 12.62-3
General Principle B 1.101, 103, 105, 106, 108, 293, 294, 309, 310, 386, 399, 2.55, 56, 61-2, 160, 401, 3.304, 305, 307, 310-13, 315, 4.115 n. 2, 142, 5.61, 153, 154, 268, 271, 284, 295, 343, 6.45, 7.122, 8.211, 263, 295, 9.137, 255, 12.67-70, 274-5, 322, 13.223, 225, 14.333, 16.310, 17.178, 184, 185, 18.86, 106, 111, 147, 21.68, 69 n. 12, 25.253, 254, 262-3, 28.129-32, 152-3, 29.27, 33.197, 34.108-81
nullification of judgments and
“claims” (Executive Order 12294) as “judgments” 34.158-9
claims falling outside Tribunal’s jurisdiction 34.157-8, 168
damages for breach 34.158-9, 168
deadline for 34.157-8, 168
nullification of pre-14 November 1979 attachments and 34.152-4
deadline for 34.156, 168
standard of diligence 34.154-6, 167
obligation of result and 34.136, 169-72
termination of claims
“procedures provided in the Claims Settlement Declaration” 34.131-2
termination of litigation/legal proceedings distinguished 34.129-30, 133, 135, 138-9
through binding arbitration leading to settlement 34.130, 134
waiver of claims and 34.133-4
termination of litigation/legal proceedings 2.62, 9.136-7, 34.108-81
claims falling outside Tribunal’s jurisdiction 34.131-3, 135, 164-5
Tribunal’s right to determine jurisdiction and 34.132-3, 135, 165
counterclaims and 34.140-1, 167
in courts outside US 34.147-9
deadline for 34.138-40, 165, 178
filing of suits for tolling purposes and 34.145-7, 167, 169-72
identity of cause, need for 34.161-4, 168, 170, 172-7
notification to courts, need for 34.162, 170, 176
“such claims” 34.148
suspension distinguished 34.135-7, 141-2, 166, 169, 177-8
US failure
burden of proof 34.138, 146-7, 162, 166-7
damages for 34.137-8, 146-7, 158-9, 162, 166-7, 168
General principles of
accounting 6.244, 251, 269
adjudication 7.125, 126
agency law 19.126
commercial arbitration 6.135
commercial law 5.233, 394, 6.98, 11.30, 13.239, 15.29, 16.28, 21.104, 26.106
common law 23.144, 145
constitutional law 1.423
contract law 7.192, 15.81, 19.295, 23.191, 224, 225, 340, 26.165
equity 1.130, 133, 232, 233, 2.237, 254, 3.58, 279, 4.259, 268, 5.248, 293, 6.294, 11.41
evidence 13.71-2
experts, use of 16.199
fairness 3.30
international arbitration practice 11.274, 18.119, 131, 24.27
international law 1.109, 114, 180, 207, 212, 213, 232, 233, 289, 290-2, 294, 361, 374, 376, 377 n. 15, 402, 450, 458, 464, 475, 476, 478, 482, 2.194, 195, 201, 205, 207, 210, 212, 213, 223, 225, 255, 257, 353, 354, 358, 3.58, 69-71, 298, 312, 313, 316 n. 3, 4.105, 114, 155, 162, 165, 167, 172, 175, 177, 247, 5.3, 11, 20, 21, 48, 95, 99, 227, 233, 260, 265, 269, 270, 277, 281, 283, 286, 289, 290, 292-4, 300-4, 310, 313, 321, 322, 325, 331-5, 341, 346, 371, 6.98, 201 n. 1, 209, 225, 228, 243, 251, 257, 265, 270, 7.51 n. 3, 52, 130, 135, 153, 159, 173, 191, 192, 8.393-403, 10.155, 11.30, 12.273, 13.239, 14.9, 185, 245, 327, 16.25, 27, 28, 247, 17.142, 189, 218, 231-2, 240, 241, 18.246 n. 5, 19.295, 304, 21.120, 198, 22.80, 23.289, 28.208, 209, 29.14, 30.43, 63
implementation of 10.149
prescription 32.180-1
stay of proceedings 2.59-61
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, codification 12.61
judicial procedure 5.36
jurisprudence 5.11, 37, 40, 46, 49
justice 1.114, 158, 374, 375, 396, 400, 2.320, 329, 330, 356, 3.32, 54, 298, 302, 362, 4.268, 6.294, 17.23
law 1.209, 212, 232, 233, 361, 362, 374, 415, 416, 420, 421, 464, 475, 2.154 n. 1, 185, 186, 237, 380, 397, 3.32, 54, 58, 66, 278, 293, 307, 4.221, 231, 242, 261, 268, 270, 5.18, 41, 42, 129, 233, 248, 261, 293, 294, 373, 398, 6.90, 97, 98, 168, 225, 269, 271, 7.75, 120, 121, 131, 158, 163, 197, 8.140, 161, 162, 427, 9.122, 176, 402, 10.308, 11.32, 13.33, 211, 16.26-7, 66, 17.23, 19.30-1, 20.204, 206-8, 21.70, 154, 345, 22.297 n. 50, 23.86, 171, 370, 28.208, 209
absence of arbitrator 2.14
ex malo jus non oritur 8.444-7
nullus commodum capere de sua injuria proprio 6.228
municipal law 5.3, 21, 48, 261, 6.228, 243, 7.130, 10.143, 11.139
private international law 2.185, 186, 205, 3.47, 5.292, 325
synthesis of civil and common law 13.59
trusteeship 6.293
Germany, Federal Republic
Constitutional Court 7.168
law of 7.167
Civil Code 8.141, 19.33
Rules of Civil Procedure 8.134
Gifts, in Iranian law 33.321-4
Good faith 1.109, 206, 376, 378, 2.209, 223, 3.308, 5.26, 273, 277, 290, 6.209, 251, 270, 295, 7.159, 160, 178, 215, 8.141, 11.11, 15.233, 16.48, 54, 63, 72, 296, 310, 18.262 n. 22, 21.154, 155, 22.297, 24.80-2, 86-7, 96
see also Bad faith
Algiers Declarations, implementation 34.42-3, 139, 155-6, 171
Governing law: see Applicable law
Government, meaning 23.136-7
Hague Convention on
Choice of Court (1964), Article 5 1.269
Conflict of Nationality Laws (1930) 2.181, 196, 5.260, 262, 265, 266, 291
Article 1 2.161, 224, 5.260, 302, 31.48-9
Article 2 5.302
Article 3 5.302
Article 4 2.161, 162, 189, 194-9, 201, 202, 205, 207, 214, 223, 224, 5.260, 261, 299, 300-4, 322, 323, 325-7, 331
Article 5 2.162, 189, 195, 198, 199, 203, 205, 5.262, 299, 322, 325, 326
Law Applicable to Trusts and Their Recognition 12.274
Pacific Settlement of International Disputes (1899) 29.388
Pacific Settlement of International Disputes (1907) 5.293
Hardship 1.127, 128, 130, 132, 133, 175, 300, 399, 3.209, 375
Hearing, postponement: see Postponement of hearing
Holder in due course 7.99, 100, 102
Hostages, relevance 14.315
Immovable property transactions 2.250, 256, 7.131, 132, 33.4-5
see also Iran, law of, immovable property
Indemnity 13.120
India, arbitrator’s alleged breach of currency laws 21.380-3, 395, 396-8
Institute of International Law 2.162, 163, 187, 199, 5.326, 328, 335
Resolution of 10 September 1965 2.196, 197, 200-2, 204, 207, 208, 214, 223, 5.266, 301, 303, 322, 324, 328, 331, 333
Instrumentality
absence of definition 35.119
Federal Reserve banks as 35.119-22
Interest 1.170-2, 414, 415, 446-8, 450, 451, 453, 454, 2.169, 239, 240, 342, 343, 385, 390, 400, 3.33, 53, 54, 56, 57, 72, 106, 116, 117, 206, 235, 236, 251, 253, 267, 275, 279, 290, 291, 294, 4.110, 118, 120, 224, 228, 229, 247, 270, 271, 5.48, 110, 111, 169, 174, 175, 219, 226, 227, 230, 367, 374, 395, 399, 401, 6.18, 19, 62-5, 68, 69, 173, 178, 216, 217, 229, 283, 287, 7.16, 24, 74, 76, 80, 89, 101, 104, 108, 111, 112, 115, 117, 118, 183, 191, 193, 194, 198, 8.60-1, 168, 171, 178, 320-2, 342-4, 384, 9.44, 59, 198, 10.54, 80, 175, 189 n. 29, 252, 255, 256, 257, 264, 304, 316-18, 327, 346-7, 11.26-31, 34, 41-5, 52, 67-8, 69, 75, 105-7, 136, 137, 164, 165, 178, 179, 205-6, 207, 208, 242-4, 250, 254, 266, 267, 343-4, 12.16, 28-9, 30-2, 138, 155-7, 168-9, 229-31, 297, 298, 321, 362, 13.29-30, 33-5, 89-90, 95-6, 145, 191, 192, 233-8, 252-3, 268-9, 275, 308-9, 344, 14.46, 78, 124-6, 184, 15.20-1, 152, 184, 289, 16.48-58, 69-75, 101-2, 233-4, 236, 249-54, 275, 276, 280, 17.17, 20-2, 23-4, 30, 31, 79, 133-4, 199, 212, 227, 237, 244, 287-8, 322-3, 18.163, 173, 195, 216-19, 243, 277, 285, 304, 306, 308, 318, 319, 320, 321, 364, 367, 372, 19.72, 73, 92, 155-8, 172, 228-9, 238-9, 246-9, 20.126-8, 21.52, 53, 60, 161, 22.83-4, 116-17, 242, 251, 253-4, 255, 336, 355, 361-2, 23.33, 63, 64, 71-4, 121, 148, 208, 210-11, 337, 366, 24.113, 154-5, 201, 25.108-9, 110, 111, 129, 150, 26.36, 80, 126-7, 182-3, 27.22, 23, 31, 87, 105, 115, 119, 185, 29.55, 239, 293, 34.38
see also Damages, interest on money borrowed
accrued 10.345
applicable law 11.27
relevance 12.28, 13.269
bad faith not precondition 13.269
calculation 6.217, 7.193, 194, 11.28-30, 13.34, 33.348
compound 7.191, 192, 8.320, 13.234-5, 16.234-5, 251-4, 24.83-4, 25.109
international law, under 16.253-4
contract-based 7.192, 11.105-7, 136, 178, 343-4, 12.31-2, 106, 13.34, 234-7, 252, 308, 14.160-5, 15.152, 21.76-7, 24.47 n. 2, 74, 83-4, 25.150, 32.181
on damages 2.259, 31.200, 34.60-1
date of commencement 9.44, 59, 129, 338, 377, 10.331, 11.27-31, 68, 12.29, 106, 108, 124, 133, 135, 169, 229-31, 233 n. 4, 297, 303, 321, 13.34, 145, 191, 237, 248, 269, 308-9, 15.20-1,
53, 16.234 n. 63, 280, 17.17-18, 20, 134, 322-3, 18.195, 372, 19.72, 92, 155-8, 228-9, 238-9, 246-9, 20.126, 21.52, 22.84, 252, 361-2, 23.86-9, 25.109, 26.164, 27.31, 87, 28.48-9, 30.101, 234, 31.123, 32.182, 33.129, 268, 342, 34.37
on debt 2.12, 27, 32.181-2
double recovery, avoidance 19.158-9
effect of Security Account 8.321, 343-4, 11.30
general principle of law 23.86
generally admitted usage 5.17, 20, 128, 17.17, 20, 128
lawfulness of conduct and 11.150 n. 1, 164, 167
need for consistency 8.320-2, 10.80, 304, 11.31, 12.28, 32, 156, 31.124-6
non-contractual basis 12.28, 13.237-8, 252, 14.78, 211, 242, 28.48
post-judgment 34.61
pre-judgment 34.60-2
principles governing 11.29-31
purpose 11.29, 42, 12.28, 229, 13.269, 30.101, 234, 31.88, 125-6
rate 5.111, 8.61, 320-2, 9.129-30, 167, 202, 243, 300, 376-7, 10.80, 304, 11.27-31, 164, 206, 243, 12.28, 31, 137, 155-6, 229, 321, 13.236, 269, 16.234, 17.112, 287, 18.173, 195, 19.155, 228, 21.76-7, 25.85, 150, 26.182, 28.48-9, 88, 368, 29.55, 56, 239-41, 293, 330, 30.1, 234, 264-5, 31.88, 123, 33.193, 268, 342, 34.37, 100, 35.84
in case of damages for failure to enforce award, reference point 34.65-6
in official/intergovernmental claims 12.29, 31, 34.62-5
repayment in case of error 33.346-8
return on investment distinguished 35.93
simple 35.84
terminal date 17.20-2, 33.268
customary international law 17.22 n. 4
uniform rules, desirability 16.292
waiver 28.48
Interim measures
aggravation of dispute, avoidance 8.277
applicability 8.182, 220
attachment of goods, withdrawal 3.7
certificate of insurance 8.281
conservation of
goods 3.173-5, 331, 5.128, 8.46, 275-82, 13.257-8
rights of parties 6.50, 8.46, 77, 227, 9.304, 13.258
expert’s expenses 8.46-8
expiry 11.246
export licence 13.259-60
full relief 8.46
ICJ and 8.7 n. 4, 13.258
indemnity against third party vendor claims 8.280-1
inherent power of international tribunal 2.59-62, 8.275 n. 49
justification for 5.113, 6.51, 8.6-7, 109
irreparable damage 8.7, 22, 108, 110, 276 n. 50, 29.218
legal standards 6.134, 135
obligation to comply 8.78, 87, 227
payment of fees 1.154, 21.4
protection of property 5.112-14, 131-3
re-exportation of goods 1.121
rendered inapplicable 8.64
requirements 33.363-7
restraint of misuse of trademark 1.122
return of goods 13.173-5
revision 8.48
stay of attachment 6.131-3, 140
stay of municipal court proceedings 1.222, 225, 2.55-7, 65-7, 98-9, 281, 282, 311, 363, 371, 402, 3.8, 9, 60, 61, 201, 298, 336, 337, 349, 385-8, 4.7, 8, 12-14, 15, 17, 55, 56, 72, 73, 5.121, 126-9, 130, 154, 6.46-51, 108-11, 115-17, 7.219, 277, 278, 8.3 n. 2, 5, 74-7, 78, 85-8, 225-7, 232-4, 9.131-2, 152, 304, 305, 11.297-9, 13.194-8, 14.48-9, 17.80-1, 87, 18.59, 288, 21.11, 23.7, 212-13, 32.115-23, 34.132-3
see also Stay of Tribunal proceedings
obligation to comply with Tribunal request 4.15
storage costs 13.259
substantive jurisdiction, in advance of decision on 6.131, 8.45, 77
withdrawal of bank guarantee 13.197-8
Interlocutory Award, revision 14.70-1
International Air Transport Association (IATA) 17.230
International Chamber of Commerce 2.401, 402, 5.388, 6.130, 138, 13.52 n. 8, 18.118-19
arbitrators, independence 20.249
confidentiality 20.234
Court of Arbitration 6.135, 137
Internal Rules 20.208, 316
2(2) 1.449 n. 2
6 1.130
joinder of cases 27.300 n. 5
Rules of Conciliation and Arbitration 1.278, 18.120-5
Statute
Article 37 5.274
Article 38 8.407-8
Article 54(3) 1.424
Article 62 3.298
Article 75 5.111, 6.46
Article 89 1.233
Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits 1.170, 5.28, 29, 39, 46
Article 3 5.28
Article 7 17.291 n. 3
Article 8 17.284
Article 11 1.170, 17.286
Article 47 7.22
Uniform Rules for the Collection of Commercial Papers (1967) 1.443
Article 4 1.446, 447
Article 6 1.446, 447
Article 12 1.447
International Court of Justice (ICJ) 1.104, 110 n. 5, 290, 293, 307, 308, 313, 374, 402, 449 n. 2, 450, 457, 458, 466, 467, 475, 2.162, 163, 189, 196, 202-4, 208, 210, 214, 223, 245, 253, 257, 258 n. 1, 299, 352, 353, 355, 3.20, 28, 32 n. 1, 210, 295, 298, 299 n. 1, 302, 305 n. 1, 310 n. 2, 311 n. 4, 376, 4.113, 114, 116 n. 1, 173, 174, 5.20, 21, 113, 263, 266, 288, 309, 322-4, 329, 331-3, 6.108, 131, 134, 135, 211, 7.51 n. 3, 122, 133, 135 n. 1, 151, 152, 203, 8.213 n. 21, 405, 434, 449, 9.353, 10.132 n. 7, 143, 185, 191, 11.144, 12.366, 14.104 n. 4, 321, 15.216, 218, 16.85, 92 n. 29, 94, 196, 18.261 n. 20, 268, 271 n. 41, 282, 21.118 n. 33, 155 n. 45, 22.288 n. 34, 24.179 n. 20, 180 n. 23, 25.271 n. 8
stay of proceedings 2.61
US Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran 2.84, 89 n. 1
International law: see Customary international law; General principles of, international law; Sources of international law; Subjects of international law
International Law Commission 2.206
Draft Articles on State responsibility: see State responsibility, ILC Draft Articles on
International Monetary Fund 2.220, 3.12 n. 1, 13, 14, 5.376 n. 1, 382, 383, 6.178, 211, 7.52, 73, 10.353 n. 4, 16.106, 24.111
Agreement 3.14, 16, 18, 19, 28, 29, 5.381, 383, 6.178 n. 1, 208, 210, 7.40, 51, 10.106
Article VI 2.221, 3.13, 7.40, 51, 15.29
Article VII 3.13 n. 1, 7.45
Article VIII 2.220-1, 3.13, 14, 16, 28-30, 32, 5.383, 6.210, 211, 7.44
Article XIV 3.13 n. 1, 14, 6.210, 7.44, 45 n. 1
Article XIX 5.383 n. 1, 7.45, 46, 51, 52
Article XXX 3.29 n. 1, 6.211
violation 5.383
International responsibility, extension 6.168
International tribunals 1.310, 7.307, 12.318, 16.198-9, 18.271 n. 39
AGIP 15.251
AMCO 18.217 n. 28, 30.253
American-British Claims Commission 1.132
Aminoil 8.386, 12.187 n. 7, 234, 14.236-7, 15.232, 233, 243, 246, 251-2, 259, 270, 292, 297 n. 16, 305, 306 n. 31, 16.28, 65-7, 242 n. 10, 252, 18.223 n. 38, 21.121, 123, 140-1, 22.288 n. 34, 30.199, 241, 243-4
Anglo-German Commission 2.185-6, 5.308, 318
Anglo-Greek Commission of Arbitration 1.202
Anglo-Iranian Oil Company 22.288 n. 34
Anglo-Italian Conciliation Commission (1952) 3.70, 16.247 n. 14
Anglo-Mexican Arbitral Commission 2.194, 18.282
Aramco 22.288 n. 34
Arbitral Commission against the German Government 5.298
Arbitral Commission on Property Rights and Interests in Germany (1957) 2.59
Rules of Procedure 1.233
Austro-Romanian Mixed Arbitration Tribunal 21.363 n. 44
Benvenuti & Bonfant v. Congo 22.288 n. 34
BP (Libya) v. Libya 15.251
British-American Civil War Commission (1872) 2.181, 190, 5.305
British-Mexican Commission 2.187, 188, 5.302, 308, 309, 9.331, 24.178 n. 20, 179 n. 21
British-US Claims Commission 5.309 n. 1, 24.180 n. 24
British-Venezuelan Commission 5.307, 313
Central American Court of Justice 5.298
Christian Rosing A/S 1984 v. Air Canada 22.301 n. 53
Colombia-United States Mixed Commission 7.135 n. 2
Ecuador-United States Court of Arbitration (The Mechanic) 21.155 n. 46
European Commission of Human Rights 5.298
European Court of Human Rights 5.298
Flegenheimer 31.51-2, 32.86-7, 33.433, 450
France-US Arbitral Tribunal 2.257
Franco-German Mixed Arbitral Tribunal 2.148, 3.70, 16.247
Franco-Italian Conciliation Commission (1948) 2.59-60, 5.263
French-German Commission 2.185-7, 5.308, 319
French-Mexican Claims Commission (1928) 2.188, 3.210, 294, 5.316, 18.105
French-Turkish Commission 5.319, 320
French-US Commission 5.300 n. 1
French-Venezuelan Mixed Commission (1902-5) 2.184
German-Mexican Claims Commission 2.82, 5.349
German-Polish Mixed Arbitral Tribunal 10.251, 21.155 n. 44
German-US Mixed Claims Commission 17.22 n. 4, 18.265 n. 28, 19.31 n. 14, 24.180 n. 23, 30.239
Great Britain/Spain, Spanish Moroccan Claim 9.331
Greco-Bulgarian Commission 5.308, 319
Greco-Bulgarian Mixed Arbitral Tribunal 3.311
Hungarian-Belgian Mixed Arbitral Tribunal 6.214
Hungarian/Serbo-Croatian-Slovene Commission 2.185, 5.308
Imbrie 2.85-6
International Chamber of Commerce: see International Chamber of Commerce
International Court of Justice: see International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Italian-Mexican Claims Commission 18.246 n. 5, 262
Italian-US Conciliation Commissions 2.163, 189, 197, 5.263, 272, 300, 303, 310, 321, 322, 324, 325, 327, 25.163, 165-6, 200, 206
Italian-Venezuelan Commission 5.307, 315
Lena Goldfields 15.299
LETCO 30.253-4
LIAMCO 15.251, 293 n. 8, 296 n. 15, 305, 306 n. 31, 16.28, 65 n. 9, 17.22 n. 4, 18.217 nn. 28, 29, 283 n. 38, 21.346 n. 36, 30.199, 241, 242, 244
Lighthouses Arbitration between France and Greece 15.251
London Court of Arbitration, International Arbitration Rules 1.130
Lusitania cases 2.82-3
Medina 31.52
Mergé 22.146
Mexican Arbitral Commissions 2.194
Mexican Claims Commissions 1.158, 180, 401, 402, 457, 475, 2.82, 83, 301, 3.70, 376, 7.204
Mexican-US Claims Commission 5.309 n. 1, 6.257, 16.246, 247, 17.104 n. 9, 18.105, 246 n. 5, 24.179 n. 23, 180 nn. 24, 25, 182 n. 6
Mexico City Bombardment Claims 18.271, 24.182 n. 26
mixed arbitral tribunals 2.163, 185, 189, 191, 194, 209, 214, 5.298, 308, 318, 321, 29.388-9
North Atlantic Fisheries 21.155 n. 45
Norwegian Shipowners’ Claims 15.262 n. 15, 299, 19.30 n. 12, 30.238
OPIC 18.223 n. 38
Permanent Court of Arbitration 1.117, 509-11, 513, 518, 2.184, 190, 3.70, 5.307, 332, 7.135 n. 2, 10.197, 16.247 n. 14
Pious Fund Case 2.64 n. 2
Permanent Court of International Justice: see Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ)
Peru-US Arbitral Commission 6.169
practice 3.14, 20, 28, 31, 32, 66, 70, 85, 249, 287, 298, 302, 4.237, 5.129, 287, 293, 297, 298, 304, 331, 346, 351, 7.135, 10.149, 185, 11.27-30, 32, 43, 50, 12.275-7, 13.58-9, 14.105, 16.17, 27, 55, 199, 246-7, 290, 17.22 n. 4, 190, 218, 18.79, 80, 278-9, 281 n. 4, 19.30, 31, 171, 20.305, 21.104, 239
acts of State, enquiry into 25.157, 165
jurisdiction, consent of parties 22.296
Revere Copper 22.288 n. 34
Salem 31.52
Sapphire International Petroleum Ltd v. NIOC 15.251
Shufeldt Claim 21.155 n. 47
Spanish Zones in Morocco 21.155 n. 47
SPP (Middle East) Arbitration 15.262 n. 15, 306 n. 31
Tacna-Arica Case 18.271 n. 40
TOPCO 8.386, 15.251, 293 n. 8, 296, 30.198-9, 241, 242, 244
Tripartite Claims Commission (US, Austria, Hungary, 1928) 5.307
Upper Silesian Arbitral Tribunal 5.272, 23.387
US-Venezuelan Mixed Claims Commission 2.184, 215, 5.306, 317, 16.99, 30.238-9
Venezuelan Arbitral Commissions (1903-5) 2.162, 182, 189, 190, 3.70, 311 n. 1, 5.307, 18.217 n. 28
Iran
see also Iran, law of
claims against US nationals 1.101-10, 475, 4.75, 8.364, 366, 368, 14.278
controlled entity: see Controlled entity, Iran
courts
enforcement of judgments 9.152
jurisdiction 5.130, 7.130-2, 137, 9.132, 293-4, 11.246, 250, 22.253, 256, 290, 30.42-3
forum selection clause and 9.194-5: see also Forum selection clause
inherent and general 5.128
right to resort to 5.127-9
stay of proceedings: see Interim measures, stay of proceedings
Tribunal orders and 4.15
duties under international law 6.111, 9.151-2
French nationals in 22.56
individuals’ right to bring claims 9.128, 383
Lands Valuation Committee 33.32-3
liability for controlled entity 2.26, 147 nn. 1, 2, 165, 258, 259, 4.72 n. 4, 248, 249, 5.227, 368, 371, 6.66, 10.258, 303, 21.67
proprio motu measures 5.371
Majlis’ position (including Resolution of 2 November 1980) 1.236, 237, 242, 243, 246, 248, 252, 253, 255, 261, 265, 268, 269, 271, 272, 274, 275, 280, 281, 284, 291, 296, 306 n. 3, 310, 488, 490, 491, 494, 496, 497, 3.198, 304-9, 311, 313, 314, 5.119, 182 n. 1, 298, 7.153, 218, 19.288-90, 34.113-14
misappropriation of assets 6.252
railways
control and operation 32.98-100
financial claims relating to 32.100-2
“purchase and sale of goods and services” under CSD, whether 32.103-14
responsibility for compliance with treaty obligations 4.15
Workers’ Councils 5.369, 370, 379, 380
Iran, law of 1.108, 266, 282, 291, 293, 294, 314, 315, 362, 374, 419-21, 489, 490, 495, 4.247, 5.126, 127, 333, 334, 367, 384, 6.160
Abolition Act (1979): see Unutilized Urban Lands, Law for the Abolition of Ownership of (1979) below
Administration of Bank Affairs, Legal Bill concerning (1980) 28.259
Administrative Justice Tribunal Act (1982) 30.43
Administrative Regulations Pertaining to the Registration of Companies Act, Article 1 3.22
agency 1.266, 378-80
Apartment Purchasers Bill (1980) 4.146, 152
Appointment of Temporary Managers, Act for (1979) 2.150-2, 350, 351, 4.147, 153, 154, 7.162-5, 11.215, 12.7 n. 5, 14.305 n. 3, 16.240 n. 9, 29.266-70, 30.85-6
Article 1 2.150, 151, 350, 7.162, 21.69, 30.186, 189
Article 2 2.151, 350, 4.147, 30.85, 186, 34.88-9
Article 3 2.151, 152, 350, 4.147, 30.85, 186, 32.4, 52-3
Article 4 2.152
Article 5 2.151, 350, 4.147
Article 6 2.152, 350, 4.147
arbitration 3.210, 295, 18.125
Articles of Association of the Foundation for the Oppressed, Law on 5.378, 9.88-9
authorizing Claims Settlement Declaration 6.236
Banking and Monetary Law (1972), Article II(c) 7.44
bankruptcy 7.131, 132
Banks Nationalization Law (1979) 4.151, 8.378, 10.241, 19.53, 28.250-60, 264, 30.97-8
By-law Concerning Landed Property Ownership by Foreign Nationals (1949) 4.160, 6.183 n. 1
Civil Code 5.147, 9.329
Article 5 1.249, 250, 5.182
Article 9 3.388, 4.114
Article 10 6.98
Article 18 7.175 n. 1
Article 27 32.30
Article 138 9.393 n. 6
Articles 141-5 32.30
Article 183 22.307 n. 62
Articles 191-4 22.306 n. 61
Article 193 3.163, 8.161, 23.340
Article 196 6.72, 159, 160, 195 n. 3, 196, 24.11
Article 198 6.194
Article 219 22.300 n. 53
Article 220 6.99, 22.300 n. 53
Article 221 24.71
Article 223 2.119, 33.323
Article 224 16.26
Article 225 16.26
Article 227 9.119 n. 11, 24.71, 171 n. 12
Article 229 24.71, 171 n. 12
Article 230 6.99, 14.142, 24.197
Article 231 1.375 n. 13, 6.72, 159, 18.210 n. 6
Article 234 24.11, 71
Article 237 24.66
Article 239 8.223
Article 240 8.223
Article 247 2.154, 380, 13.33, 22.324
Article 248 2.154, 380, 13.33
Article 259 22.326
Article 261 22.326
Article 263 22.326
Article 292 2.116, 4.232, 8.157
Article 294 21.74 n. 25
Article 295 18.351
Article 301 2.236
Articles 301-6 2.155, 4.231
Articles 301-37 14.186
Article 303 2.236, 237, 22.326
Article 306 7.163
Article 308 22.326
Article 317 22.326
Articles 328-31 6.99 n. 2
Article 336 4.231, 7.76, 9.402, 18.347
Articles 336-7 2.155, 9.402, 12.375
Article 338 14.143
Article 340 22.306 n. 61
Article 365 33.432
Article 377 5.40, 22.317 n. 92
Article 387 22.301 n. 53
Articles 416-21 13.74-5
Article 422 19.40
Articles 422-9 19.40
Article 424 19.40
Article 463 33.322 n. 41
Articles 571-606 5.147, 9.327
Article 575 3.161
Article 656 1.379
Article 658 1.378, 6.194
Article 662 6.159, 160
Article 684 9.223, 224
Article 685 26.22
Article 709 26.22
Article 744 13.75
Article 745 33.322
Article 747 33.321
Article 799 33.321, 322, 34.22
Article 803 33.322
Article 867 31.105
Article 868 31.104-5
Articles 875-85 31.116-17
Article 961 31.117, 33.391-2, 444-5
Article 968 1.378 n. 16, 22.289
Article 969 22.161 n. 3
Article 976 5.272 n. 1, 22.158, 24.44, 26.12, 29.57 n. 21, 33.306 n. 34, 34.10, 35.13
Articles 976-91 9.354
Article 988 5.272 n. 1, 334, 9.37, 354, 31.44, 117, 32.38, 153-5, 33.6-15, 387-8, 389-92, 427-30, 34.25, 35.37, 43
Article 989 5.334, 9.354, 28.266-7, 274, 31.44, 32.38, 153-5, 33.7-15, 16, 18, 387-8, 391, 392-5, 427-30, 452-4, 34.25
Article 990 14.7
Article 993 33.306 n. 34
Article 998 9.223, 224
Article 1001 33.306 n. 34
Article 1005 22.150
Article 1006 22.150
Article 1061 30.66-7
Articles 1106-7 2.85
Article 1111 2.85
Article 1127 2.85
Article 1180 33.322
Article 1287 14.245
Article 1288 33.323
Article 1306 5.43, 6.192, 196, 8.161
Article 1310 8.161, 9.6, 192
Article 1324 6.196
Civil Procedure Code 8.77-8
Article 3 16.26
Article 23 7.131
Article 30 21.74 n. 25
Article 35 7.131, 132
Article 36 7.131, 171
Article 48 2.64
Article 57 2.64
Article 72 7.125
Article 127 2.64, 3.388
Article 133 27.300 n. 5
Article 146 2.64
Article 147 2.64
Article 225 1.390
Article 284 6.102 n. 1
Articles 290-8 2.67, 6.116, 8.233
Article 298 1.233, 2.64, 3.388
Article 322 8.174
Article 356 1.209
Article 508 21.74 n. 25
Article 564 5.46
Article 629 1.329 n. 2, 405 n. 2
Article 630 1.329 n. 2, 405 n. 2
Articles 632-7 23.128
Articles 632-76 23.132
Article 635 1.240
Article 641 3.40, 296, 7.204
Article 649 3.210, 295
Article 657 1.240, 282
Article 660 1.425, 432, 3.210, 295
Article 662 1.240
Article 665 1.240, 282, 5.128, 7.164 n. 2
Article 713 12.24, 13.252
Article 719 14.162, 26.146
Article 728 14.142
Article 740 3.287
Articles 971-5 18.145-6
Article 988 2.218, 224, 31.115, 117
Article 989 2.218, 224, 31.115
Civil Responsibility Law 6.99, 26.22
Civil Service Act
Article 70 30.41-2
Article 74 30.41
Article 82 30.41-2
Article 86 30.42
Commercial Code 5.17, 147, 7.171, 9.327, 10.136, 21.44
Article 6 3.22
Article 16 30.144, 147
Article 17 30.144, 147
Article 20 5.237, 28.64
Articles 20-194 5.147
Article 39 35.23
Article 40 10.239, 21.77, 26.226, 29.27, 137-8
Article 45 2.176
Article 74 2.176
Article 94 5.18
Article 103 11.347-8, 14.229, 243
Article 118 2.154 n. 2, 3.287
Article 119 3.161
Article 126 2.23 n. 1, 13.69
Article 129 2.24 n. 1, 21.47, 51
Article 131 21.51
Article 134 13.68
Article 135 2.154 n. 2, 3.287
Article 136 14.297
Article 141 25.149
Article 142 30.166 n. 6
Articles 199-231 2.150
Article 258 30.166 n. 6
Article 269 30.166 n. 6
Article 313 3.19
Article 357 2.24 n. 2
Article 371 22.317 n. 92
Article 382 5.39
Article 383 5.39
Articles 412-550 2.150
Article 413 14.302
Article 426 33.322 n. 41
Article 583 5.237
Article 584 28.64
Article 585 28.64
Article 587 5.4
Article 589 5.237
Article 590 5.2, 18, 7.130
Article 591 5.2, 18, 7.130
conformity to international standards 5.273 n. 1
Constitution 1.413, 423, 3.308, 6.201, 8.77-8
Articles 1-5 5.378
Article 31 5.243
Article 44 2.144, 150
Article 80 5.243
Article 94 5.378, 9.94
Article 96 5.378, 9.94
Article 104 5.379
Article 107 5.378, 9.93
Article 139 5.334 n. 1
Article 143 5.245
Article 150 17.102 n. 8
Article 166 5.129
Principle 104 5.369
Principle 139 3.305-9, 8.222-3
Principle 170 33.25 n. 34
Constitution (Supplementary) (1907) 33.394-5
Construction Completion Bill 4.146-7, 153
Article 2 4.146-7
contract 3.163, 286, 287, 5.43, 6.192, 195, 196, 8.161, 24.11
Cooperative Companies Act 22.184
corporations 7.132, 136
Development of Petrochemical Industries Act (1965) 15.224, 238, 243, 21.154
Article 1 15.154
Article 3 15.238
Direct Taxation Act (Esfand 1345) 3.241, 29.281-91, 31.122
Article 76 9.179, 10.283, 287, 11.349
Article 174 31.122
Article 177 31.122
Article 178 31.122
Article 184 31.118
Article 193 31.118
Article 194 31.117
Article 283 11.354 n. 12
Direct Taxation Act (Esfand 2525) 21.151, 25.106, 108
Article 44 21.73
Article 75 16.280
Duties and Authority of Temporary Managers Act (1980) 18.96
enforcement 5.234, 9.177-8
Enforcement of Civil Awards Law (1977), Article 169 18.145-6
foreign currency regulations 5.375 n. 1, 7.45, 46, 52
Foreign Investments, Law on Attraction and Protection of (1955) (LAPFI) 2.220, 337, 339, 340, 6.54, 57, 62, 7.40, 44, 10.141 n. 8, 243, 15.238, 243, 35.38-9
Article III 10.243, 35.38
Foreign Nationals Immovable Properties Act (1931) 4.160, 6.183 n. 1, 32.39, 33.390
Foreign Nationals Ownership of Landed Property Decree (1963) 32.39, 33.390-1
Foreign Nationals Ownership of Property Decree (1948) 32.39
Foreign Technical Experts Employment Law (1970) 3.287
General Public Code 7.161
government agencies 5.4, 5, 12
Government Transaction Regulations 9.103 n. 8
Holding and Management of Stocks in Contracting and Consulting Engineering Firms and Institutes, Law on (1980) 3.230, 18.96, 31.10-11
immovable property 7.131, 132, 175, 33.3-15, 387-95, 426-35
see also relevant legislation
Income Tax Act 30.87
inheritance 31.105, 115-19, 33.478-9
Insurance Law 23.67, 120, 122
interpretation
burden of proof 32.151-2
principles governing 33.429-50
Islamic Land Reform Act (Amendment) (1986) 28.267-8
Islamic Workers’ Councils for Manufacturing, Industrial, Agricultural and Service Units, Law Establishing 5.379
Issuance of Cheques Act (Tir, 2535), Article 2 3.19
Joint Stock Companies Act (1969) 5.12, 18, 19, 21, 7.130
Article 1 5.17, 7.131
Article 2 5.18
Article 94 7.130
Articles 199-231 7.171
Labour Code 3.286, 24.192, 193 n. 42
Article 33 15.162, 18.17
Article 38 30.140
Lands Grant Act (1979) 32.13-14, 147, 148
amendments 32.13-14, 148-9
Implementing Regulations (12 May 1980) 32.14, 149
purpose 32.148
Law 7/2571 (1979): see Appointment of Temporary Managers, Act for (1979) above
Law 6738 (1979): see Appointment of Temporary Managers, Act for (1979) above
Management of the Non-Governmental Education Units Bill 27.60
Maritime Act 5.39
Article 1(a) 21.78
Article 52 5.39 n. 1
Article 54(6) 12.145 n. 8
Article 65 5.39
Mining Law of Iran (1957), Article 10 7.4 n. 1
Monetary and Banking Law (1972) 29.138
Article 11(c) 2.220, 3.13
Article 42(a) 3.27, 13.88
Municipalities Act (1955) 29.140-1
National Divisions and the Duties of Province Governors and District Governors, Law on (1937) 5.3
nationality 2.167, 168, 174, 218, 224, 5.272, 334, 9.354, 24.44, 31.43-7, 35.13
see also Civil Code, Article 988 above
Nationality Decree (c. 1896) 33.388-90
Nationality Law (1906) 32.38-9
Nationality Law (1929) 33.389-90
Nationalization of Insurance Corporations Law (1979) 4.117, 120, 8.378, 417, 9.265 n. 17, 10.241
Nationalization of the Iranian Oil Industry Act (1951) 3.309, 15.228, 233
Nationalization of Nation’s Forests Law (1963) 32.150-1
Notaries Public Law (1937) 33.427
Implementing Regulations 33.427-30, 442-3
Organization of Guilds Act (1971) 13.76 n. 26
Organizing the Distribution of Public Necessity Goods and Punishment of Hoarders and Overchargers Act and Executive Regulation (1973) 13.76 n. 26
Pahlavi Properties, Decree of Imam Concerning Confiscation of (1979) 4.168
partnership 21.105 n. 21, 31.87
Penal Code 12.218, 13.76, 22.325
Petroleum Law (1974) 27.96 n. 11
Ports and Shipping Organization, Act on Permission to Establish (1960) 5.3
Ports and Shipping Organization, Regulation of (1970), Article 3 6.195 n. 1
Prevention of Hoarding Act (1942) 13.76 n. 26
Protection and Development of Iranian Industries Act (1979) 2.152 n. 1, 302, 349, 350, 6.241, 7.50 n. 2, 9.273-4, 21.114, 24.206, 215-17, 29.140-1, 33.326-7
Amendment (15 July 1979) 33.52
Article 1(a) 2.302 n. 2, 9.273
Article 1(b) 9.273
Article 1(c) 2.350, 5.244, 6.55, 58, 9.265, 273-4, 10.205-6
Article 1(d) 9.274
Article 2 6.58
Article 3 6.58
Article 15 6.224
Protection and Exploitation of Forests and Pastures Act (1967) 32.150
Protection of Industries and Prevention of the Closure of the Country’s Factories Act (1964) (also referred to as Protection of Industry and Prevention of Shutdowns at the Nation’s Factories, 1964) 4.154, 7.164, 10.129-30, 144-6
Article 2 10.130
Article 7 10.130
Article 10 10.130
Protection of Iranian Small Shareholders in Nationalized Banks and Credit Institutions Act (1980) 28.259-64
Provision of Capital for the Continuation of the Activities of Nationalized Banks and Credit Institutions (1980), Legal Bill concerning 28.259
Public Accounting Law, Articles 71-9 9.103 n. 8
Public Ownership of Productive Units, Law for Expansion of (1975) 35.25, 39-43
Punishment of Merchants and Sellers Hoarding or Overcharging Act (1943) 13.76 n. 26
Punishment of Violators of the Organization of Guilds Act (1973) 13.76 n. 26
Purging the Ministries and State Institutions, Legal Bill on (1979) 30.42, 48, 65-6
Reconstruction of Ministries, State Agencies and Government-affiliated Institutions (1981) 30.42 nn. 9, 10
Registration of Deeds and Realty Act 9.237-41, 29.131, 136, 170-1
Article 34 9.237-8, 240, 241, 245 n. 5
Registration of Property Act
Article 22 7.164, 34.22
Article 41 32.30
Article 46 34.22
Article 48 34.22
Retirement and Pension Law 30.48, 61
retroactivity 22.20
Single Article Act (1980) 1.489, 495, 496, 3.61, 201, 303-6, 308, 309, 313, 314, 323, 324, 4.8, 5.298, 333, 334, 13.168, 170, 15.224, 228-9, 230-1, 233-4, 261, 290, 292-3, 16.17, 25, 43-4, 62 n. 4, 21.105, 114
Social Insurance Act (1960) 24.192, 193 n. 42
Article 28 17.261
Article 38 4.227, 10.313, 315
Social Security Act (1975) 24.192 n. 40
Social Security Law (1976) 23.39, 40-1, 24.192
Social Security Law (1978) 22.20-1
Social Security Organization, Law for the Formation of (1979), Article 7 3.103-4
State Employment Law (1967), Article 1 5.4
Statute of Limitations 3.287, 5.128, 7.116, 8.136, 17.189, 216, 19.329-30, 340-1, 30.157
stay of proceedings 3.388, 4.12, 15
Stock Companies Act, Article 40 17.327-8
Tax Law, Article 85 18.15
taxation 3.115
Temporary Director or Directors for the Supervision of Manufacturing, Industrial, Commercial, Agricultural and Service Units Whether in the Public or the Private Sectors, Law for the Determination of the Limits of the Duties and Authority of (1980) 12.9
Treaty of Amity as part of 4.114
unjust enrichment 6.168 n. 2
Unutilized Urban Lands, Law for the Abolition of Ownership of (1979) 19.60, 23.313, 32.28-9, 31-2, 139-41, 160-1, 33.16-32, 34.84-6
Amendment (27 August 1979) 32.12
Preamble 32.135-6
Article 1 32.10-11, 136, 33.17
Article 3 32.11, 136-7, 33.17
Article 4 32.11
Implementing Regulations 32.11-12, 137-8, 33.24-6, 34.84-6
Urban Lands Extension Act (1979) 32.11, 138-9
Urban Lands Act (1982)
Article 5 32.12-13, 31-2, 33.26-7
Article 9 33.27
violation of 5.19, 21
Wider Share Ownership, Law on 10.242
wife’s property right in husband 2.85-6
Iran-United States Claims Tribunal Reports 6.108 n. 1
Joint and several liability 5.220-2, 7.82
Judgment, quashed 5.46
Judicial economy 35.100
Judicial independence 8.78
Judicial notice 1.459, 460, 480, 481, 2.122 n. 1, 300, 5.244 n. 1, 24.14
in international law 1.481
Judicial proceeding
de novo 5.183
final and binding 5.183
Jurisdiction of Tribunal
in absence of agreement on implementation of General Declaration 12.63
absence of objection 13.263
account stated 23.137
act of State, review 19.286, 292
action in response to seizure of US embassy 28.230-1
admissibility 16.300-3, 18.86
distinguished 16.306-9
admission, effect 1.266, 318, 2.302
advisory opinions 12.82
alternative 16.312-13
applicable law 9.330, 11.30, 142, 15.100, 26.226
assets in domestic branches of US banks 8.201-2, 205-6
availability of local remedy 2.10, 165, 320, 3.151, 4.102, 115 n. 2, 7.10
claims arising out of seizure of hostages 2.39-40, 79, 80, 88, 34.131
Claims Settlement Declaration as basis 9.157, 10.62, 142, 281, 12.273, 275, 13.223-6, 15.196, 197, 215, 16.289, 19.11, 21.104
see also Claims Settlement Declaration, Article VII
compliance with award 23.208
concurrent 1.489, 495, 2.310-11, 371
consent of States 2.210, 213, 3.298, 303, 304, 5.287, 288, 7.200
contested by claimant 8.259-66
continuity 14.332-3
contractual undertakings, dispute arising from 23.137, 34.55
counterclaims: see Counterclaims, jurisdiction of Tribunal
determination by Tribunal 5.99, 8.6, 265, 9.4, 12.66, 17.333, 336, 338, 342, 345, 348, 34.132-3
enforcement of another tribunal’s awards 6.131-3, 8.296, 11.195, 197, 18.118, 146
equitable discretion 12.186-7, 196, 28.14-16
ex aequo et bono 12.82, 21.368
exceeded 13.145-7
excluded issues 6.227, 228, 34.131
exclusion of claims 1.103, 237, 239-40, 489, 490, 495, 2.56-7, 62-4, 66-7, 88, 97-9, 110, 338, 3.60, 61, 99, 151, 198, 199, 201, 246, 260, 286, 313, 314, 321-5, 335, 348, 4.8, 12, 16, 55, 75, 101, 102, 142, 220, 221, 225, 230-2, 244-6, 5.1, 2, 15, 16, 47, 67, 96, 100, 101, 103, 116, 117, 119, 120, 126-30, 171, 182, 192-4, 196, 197, 268, 270, 388, 389, 6.231, 250, 255, 263, 270, 7.7, 33-5, 47, 124, 127, 131, 132, 135, 136, 153, 218, 8.224-5, 229-33, 264-6, 9.355, 10.179, 11.197, 201, 12.16, 35-6, 100-1, 142-3, 149-50, 263, 13.157, 160, 163, 182, 183, 16.17-18, 18.89, 91, 111, 290, 19.177, 180, 26.73-4
see also Claims, by Iranian banks against US banks; Forum selection clause
tortious character of act and 16.79
exclusive 8.266, 11.47, 12.322, 13.306, 22.253
existing contract 22.115
extension 5.13, 16
forum selection clause, determination of enforceability 34.144, 178-9
generalized decision contrary to 16.82
IMF Agreement, alleged violation 16.106
immigration restrictions 28.230-1
insurance payment, relevance 14.292
interest, authority to award 16.289-90
inherent 16.290
uniform rules, desirability 16.290
interim measures: see Interim measures
interpretation of Declarations 1.101-10, 117, 189, 190, 509-18, 2.85-7, 5.113, 7.33, 9.253-7, 11.274, 12.43-5, 65-70, 83, 13.78, 16.289, 18.12, 34.55, 123
Co-Registrars and 3.8-9, 21, 17.332, 335, 338, 341, 344, 348, 19.177, 180, 183, 186, 189, 192, 195, 198
exclusive jurisdiction 7.275, 276
Undertakings as aid 12.51
interpretation of Undertakings 8.206-13, 9.104-6, 12.74 n. 15
Iranian nationality of respondent, relevance 9.40
liquidation proceedings not a bar 14.158
matters of Iranian domestic law 30.42-3, 62, 63
mediation not authorized 12.82
military articles, whether covered 19.290
municipal law 8.258-9, 280
nationality, determination 22.161
over banking institutions (Case A17) 35.92-3, 114-15
over non-government party 5.66, 67, 12.35-6
over partnership 9.292, 10.43
over United States nationals 23.383
parallel proceedings, threat to from 29.218-20
see also General Principle B
parity between governments 5.15-17
parties’ power to amend 8.212-13, 297
performance guarantees 9.222
political claims 2.42-3
primacy 2.58-9, 4.7-8
procedural discretion 16.314
proprio motu consideration 3.298, 9.333, 14.61, 24.27, 25.17, 28.314 n. 3
ratione materiae 21.68, 26.126, 145
ratione personae 21.67, 68, 26.126, 130
restricted 5.6, 13, 70, 8.3 n. 2, 231, 9.378, 10.139, 11.47, 281, 349, 13.168-9, 22.296-7
settlement: see Settlement
Social Security payments: see Social Security payments
State responsibility: see State responsibility
taxes: see Taxes
tortious acts 23.237, 240 n. 2
unjust enrichment 23.137
Jus cogens 15.266
Laches 9.176
Lease 2.251, 254
see also Contract; Contract, discharge
frustration 2.250-3, 256, 258
attributability 2.251, 253, 256, 258
foreseeability 2.251, 253
Lease agreements 1.411-15, 2.250-9
Legal presumption 6.72
Lender, liability 5.245 n. 1
Letters of credit 1.507, 5.28, 29, 31, 38-40, 58, 67, 68, 6.288, 9.298-9, 13.111-12, 17.31 n. 1
see also Claims, basis, standby letter of credit
creation of special account 2.127
Letters of guarantee 5.96
Licence
see also Contract
anticipatory breach 2.340, 341
breach 2.340, 341
ratification 2.339
termination 2.341
validity 2.339, 340
Limitation of liability clause 6.89, 90, 94, 95-100, 33.137-8
enforceability 6.98
exceptions to 6.97, 99, 100
validity 6.97, 99
Liquidation: see Bankruptcy
Locus standi 7.120, 123, 124, 135, 198, 199, 9.326-33, 10.45-6, 148, 325, 11.86, 213, 311-13, 14.34, 15.195, 16.12-16, 300-3, 305, 310-12, 329, 17.263, 18.166, 209, 20.266, 21.103, 339-40, 35.15-19
Luxembourg Declaration 13.91-2
Majlis position: see Iran, Majlis’ position (including Resolution of 2 November 1980)
Margin of appreciation 16.222
Marital rights 30.49-57
applicable law 30.49-56
as property rights 30.68-9
Materials guarantee 17.316
Measures affecting property rights: see Expropriation; Property rights, measures affecting
Military property 4.28
Minors
as claimants 30.79-80, 185-6, 33.294-6
gifts to 33.321-4
nationality 28.242, 29.12-13, 16-19, 35.13-15
share ownership 35.20
Misrepresentation 5.247
Most favoured nation treatment (MFN) 17.143
Municipal institutions, respect for 7.171
Municipal law 1.108, 421, 422, 451, 464-6, 480, 481, 5.16, 19-21, 269, 270, 286, 292, 294, 302, 7.124, 160, 8.8-10, 258-9, 281-2, 14.331
analogy to 1.362, 374, 432
effect of bribery on contract in 12.270 n. 18
incorporation of Treaty provisions in 12.144-5, 15.219-20
non-compliance with international obligations and 13.177, 19.287-8, 29.43, 34.136-7, 178
obligations under, Tribunal and 8.281-2, 16.302-3
Mutuality of commitments by Iran and US 5.16
Mutually agreeable arbitration principle 5.49
Naples Declaration 13.92
Nationality
see also Dual nationality; Naturalization
applicable law: see Applicable law, nationality
Barcelona Traction 1.466-7
continuing nationality, evidence of 34.10-11
corporations 1.135-9, 223, 224, 384, 385, 392-402, 412, 417, 418, 455-82, 503, 2.9, 16, 3.46, 47, 63, 103, 113, 161, 202, 205 n. 2, 230, 245, 260, 272, 273, 4.100, 273, 5.2, 18, 23, 237, 342-4, 6.57, 80, 93, 7.20, 27-9, 124, 127-30, 185, 8.156, 220-1 n. 4, 234, 307, 9.194, 252-4, 258-64, 291-2, 366-7, 10.166, 11.83-4, 12.251, 13.17-18, 14.226-8, 16.15-16, 104, 259-60, 17.20, 21, 33, 143, 156, 248, 255, 296, 297, 304, 18.102, 189, 227, 20.6, 25.25-8, 29.225-7, 315-16, 31.149
see also Evidence of, nationality of corporation
Certain Norwegian Loans 1.457-8
critical date 28.239-40, 253-4, 30.27-34, 32.26, 45.13
date of acquisition 25.59, 176, 202
determination of as preliminary matter 18.70, 80-3, 25.271
diplomatic protection and 12.284-6, 18.261 n. 20, 22.136, 23.289
domicile 22.143, 147
evidence of: see Evidence of, nationality
Flegenheimer 25.165-6, 31.51-2, 32.86-7, 33.433, 450
jus sanguinis 2.181, 184, 185, 5.274, 305, 22.120, 125, 131-2, 143, 158
jus soli 2.181, 184, 5.274, 305, 22.131, 143, 158
loss of 22.149, 25.170-1
marriage 14.56-7, 22.146, 150, 197, 24.44, 29.10
minor 28.242, 29.12-13, 16-19, 35.13-15
natural persons 1.168, 479, 480, 2.16, 17, 226, 227, 3.286, 5.92, 279, 282, 292, 6.57, 7.5, 19.324, 21.25-6
uncertainty over 9.3-5
non-responsibility principle 2.162-4, 178, 180, 181, 184, 187-91, 194-204, 207, 208, 212, 214, 215, 223, 5.265, 266, 290, 291, 304, 305, 309 n. 1, 310, 311, 315-17, 321, 323, 324, 326-8, 331, 333, 7.171
Nottebohm 25.166, 206, 31.48, 49-51, 32.85, 87, 35.13 n. 7
partnership 6.221, 10.43-4
recognition 5.260, 334
religion 22.165
return of passport, effect 18.237, 261
Nationality of claim 1.384, 385, 392-402, 2.105, 297-300, 378, 3.39, 245, 246, 272, 4.101, 142, 217, 218, 5.209, 365, 6.80, 285, 7.97, 185, 206, 207, 9.255-6, 366-7, 10.126, 12.259, 272-84, 16.239, 19.118
see also Corporations; Evidence of, nationality of claim
beneficial ownership 7.29, 11.85-9, 29.27-8, 242-6
continuity of nationality 11.84
continuity of ownership 2.227, 234, 235, 4.101, 5.92, 93, 377, 8.262, 293-4, 9.38, 264-6, 10.126-7, 140-1, 239, 325, 342, 11.55, 188-9, 220, 12.100, 257-61, 313-14, 13.18, 180, 202, 14.228-30, 243-4, 15.196, 16.259-60, 302, 17.115, 255, 18.95, 96, 158, 166, 19.68, 22.132, 25.28, 27.216-17, 254
corporations 1.135-9, 455-82, 2.9, 10, 16, 3.205, 4.100, 101, 141, 142, 181, 216-18, 5.21, 163, 210, 237, 341, 342, 348, 353, 364, 365, 388, 7.5, 6, 9, 41, 66, 97, 122, 123, 127, 129, 134, 185, 206, 207, 8.156, 9.194, 252-4, 366-7, 10.126, 13.101, 17.105, 272, 301, 353, 395, 396, 19.75-6, 117-18, 202-3, 22.174-5, 26.152-3
determination as prerequisite for Award 5.126
shareholder claims 2.297-300, 377, 378
transfer of claim to non-US nationals and 11.138
Nationalization: see Expropriation
Natural resources 24.97-9
Naturalization 2.192-4, 203, 9.353-5, 356, 26.41, 49, 50, 51, 56, 31.44-7, 64-5, 32.56-7, 85-7
see also Nationality
burden of proof 25.202
Medina 31.52-4
Salem 31.52
Negligence 3.30, 5.398, 6.100, 7.43
Negotiable instruments 1.185-8, 445-7, 5.373, 7.115, 13.21-7
see also Cheque
applicable law 21.44-5, 63-4
cause of action 21.44-5, 62, 63-7
common law and 21.44
as contract 21.77
evidence of debt 21.49
guarantor 5.373
loans 21.50, 65-6
validity 21.51-2, 66-7
Negotiated settlement: see Settlement
Netherlands, law of
application to Tribunal 8.335 n. 8
arbitration 20.207, 210, 217, 250, 274
Code of Civil Procedure
Article 642 1.331, 406
Article 649 5.128
Articles 1029-76 20.207
Article 1033 20.210, 217, 274
enforcement of arbitral award 1.331, 406
Nominalism 8.421, 426
Non-responsibility principle: see Nationality, non-responsibility principle
November Resolution: see Iran, Majlis’ position (including Resolution of 2 November 1980)
Nullification of claims: see Settlement
Nullified oil agreements, jurisdiction of Tribunal 1.487-98, 2.284-7, 3.298-301, 303-5, 309, 313-15, 5.51-3
see also Iran, law of, Single Article Act
Odious debt 8.446-7
Offset: see Counterclaims, offset and; Damages, deduction for
Order
by President, distinguished 3.316
disregard 4.13-16, 73
of exequatur 6.133, 135, 138, 139
reasons not normally given 14.21-2
validity 2.346
Outstanding claims: see Claims, outstanding
Partnership 3.161, 208, 9.327-33, 21.102-5
nationality and 31.87
right of partner to bring suit 9.332, 16.13, 15, 21.102-5
Passports
nationality and
evidence of 18.237, 260-2, 273 n. 46, 23.135
return of passport, effect 18.237, 261
Patent rights 2.339, 341
see also Licence
Pension rights
applicable law 30.42-3, 63
dual nationality, relevance 30.66-8
expropriation 30.41-3, 46-9, 59-66
Performance guarantee 2.241-5, 3.267, 7.42, 53, 121, 8.327-8, 9.22, 26, 29, 35, 12.151-3, 23.363-6
see also Damages, performance withhold; Materials guarantee
cancellation 8.322, 9.130-1, 164-5, 220-2, 242-3, 299, 12.106-7, 14.46-7, 125, 17.31 n. 1, 79-80, 316, 22.57-8, 84-5, 256, 335-6, 23.211-12, 217
counterclaim for 24.275, 26.81
demand for payment 19.212-13, 239-40, 25.53, 62-7, 98, 100-1, 126-9
purpose 22.57-8
reduction 28.45-6, 50
Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) 1.210, 212, 213, 312, 329 n. 1, 402, 405 n. 1, 2.210, 354, 3.20, 21, 32 n. 1, 298 n. 1, 302 n. 4, 305 n. 1, 308 n. 2, 310 n. 1, 313 n. 1, 314 n. 1, 315 n. 3, 4.115, 118, 163, 5.261, 287, 292-5, 316, 342, 346 n. 1, 351, 6.126, 163, 166 n. 3, 7.135 n. 2, 152 n. 4, 8.207 n. 8, 208 n. 9, 211 n. 19, 213, 278 n. 54, 449, 10.197, 11.27 n. 14, 14.234, 321-2, 15.222, 246-7, 300-4, 18.217, 223, 262 n. 22, 264 n. 27, 385-6, 21.155 n. 46, 198, 22.288 n. 34, 296 n. 43, 297 nn. 46, 47, 48
Certain German Interests in Upper Silesia 2.147
Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions 2.149
Revised Rules (1936), Article 69 1.233
stay of proceedings 2.61
Political acts, as proximate cause 2.253, 254, 256-8
Post-hearing submissions: see Procedure, post-hearing submissions
Postponement of hearing 2.124-5, 3.209-11, 316-18, 362, 375, 377, 378, 8.30, 284-9, 11.227, 289-91
Power of attorney: see Representation
Precedent 1.287, 2.185, 186, 189, 191, 301, 9.169, 216, 12.233 n. 5, 16.82, 18.271-2, 349, 22.216-17, 289 n. 40, 23.130, 27.263, 31.67-8, 33.226
Preclusion 21.155 n. 46, 198
general principle of law 21.154-5
Prescription 1.132, 17.189-90, 216, 218, 231-2
general principle of international law 32.180-1
Presidential direction 9.409-13
Presidential Order
No. 1 1.321, 398, 3.365, 7.205, 16.251, 286-90, 21.312
No. 8 21.100
No. 9 3.141
No. 10 3.126, 141
No. 12 3.175
No. 17 5.112
No. 19 21.221
No. 21 20.221
No. 27 8.64
No. 28 8.64
No. 29 7.226, 236, 240, 245, 248, 250, 8.64
No. 33 7.259, 262, 269, 8.2, 14, 16
No. 36 7.262
No. 49 12.389
No. 50 12.389
No. 51 14.174, 341, 353
No. 52 16.287
No. 53 14.354
Principles of law: see General principles of, law
Pro forma invoice: see Contract, pro forma invoice
Procedure
see also Time limits; Tribunal Rules
abuse 3.380, 16.329-34
admissibility of documents (Cases A15(IV) and A24) 34.111-13
agent, role 21.370-1, 376, 392
alteration of captions 11.165, 18.279
applicable law 8.161, 30.55
arbitrator, challenge to 20.184, 188
case resolution techniques 2.301, 302, 3.77, 5.298
consolidation of cases 2.379, 396, 3.99, 105, 112, 213, 4.239-41, 12.99, 109, 132, 345, 366-7, 13.335-6, 16.261-2, 18.58, 21.5, 26.147, 27.296-310, 32.94-5, 164, 34.110
time limits 4.241
consolidation of issues 3.154, 155, 17.97-8
date of receipt of documents 8.53-4, 21.361-3, 376, 379, 391
delays 3.40, 41, 55, 77, 87-9, 129, 296, 317, 318, 376, 383, 4.3, 4, 46, 71, 72, 81, 5.140-3, 146, 7.203, 204, 8.30-40, 134, 284-9, 9.167, 10.15, 210, 17.56, 189-91, 202, 219
Tribunal’s responsibility for 35.93-4
dissipation of judicial resources 10.227
duplicate proceedings, need to avoid 8.363, 365, 367, 372
duty to abide by commitments 8.29-30
equality of parties 9.172, 17.49, 18.187, 283, 325, 20.6, 21.16, 28.6, 29.377-8, 30.121-2, 33.287
error in description of party 9.50
ex parte motion 3.387
excessive formality 8.139
expeditious conduct of business 3.7, 7.204, 8.288
failure to appear 8.40, 27.222
failure to provide translation 10.272, 33.332
fairness to parties 2.9, 123, 284, 288, 289, 346, 356, 3.23, 31, 85, 88, 89, 129, 130, 257, 281, 296, 298, 301, 302, 362, 365, 374-6, 383, 388, 389, 4.58, 64, 65, 67, 70-2, 93-5, 214, 241, 242, 261, 279, 5.140, 7.70, 119, 120, 126, 137, 204, 9.322, 342, 344, 10.4, 5, 108, 128, 210, 324, 341, 12.6, 131, 225, 228, 345, 13.16, 101, 189, 228, 298, 317, 14.155, 226, 16.222, 258, 259, 17.45-52, 56-7, 59, 82, 139, 219, 296, 19.112-13, 238, 21.16, 24.131, 29.377-8
joinder of merits and
determination of date claim arose 19.53
interim measures 18.130 n. 3
jurisdictional issues 29.10, 14, 56-7, 33.402, 35.99-100, 112-13
joinder of parties 3.161
joint filing of submissions 3.373
judicial notice 10.106
late submissions 9.343, 10.5, 128, 272-3, 324-5, 341, 12.324, 13.101, 131, 14.225-6, 291, 16.258, 17.45-52, 18.187-8, 207-8, 226-7, 231, 19.112-13, 238, 21.15-16, 101-2, 23.163-5, 353-5, 24.131, 25.113, 27.135, 29.29, 60, 376-8, 30.25-6, 33.287-9, 332
see also Evidence, late submission
counterclaim 17.57-61, 18.188, 24.131
documents in the public domain 34.70
minutes 13.326 n. 4
need for
adversary process 10.224-5
simplification of proceedings 10.219-22
notice 1.232, 233, 418, 421
post-Award review 8.116
post-Award submissions 8.115
post-hearing submissions 2.9, 122, 123, 139, 345, 3.39, 40, 76, 87-90, 99, 116, 226, 257, 281, 302, 303, 365, 380-3, 5.139, 7.70, 74, 88, 9.300, 10.272-3, 15.271, 17.49, 28.324-5, 30.26, 31.135-40, 33.287, 288
postponement of hearing: see Postponement of hearing
pre-hearing conference 2.125, 327, 3.377, 378, 8.5, 133, 18.54-5
preliminary issues and merits, joinder 10.15
separation 18.79-83
preliminary objection 3.298
Procedural Guideline No. 1 1.285
procedural safeguards 1.215
proper party: see Proper claimant; Proper respondent
reliance on defence not included in Statement of Defence 10.210
reliance on written record 11.73
reopening of hearing 30.104-22, 31.140-5
see also Award, rehearing
reply and rejoinder 3.98, 9.322
request for
further hearing 9.300
hearing 3.387, 388, 25.276
information 18.45-7, 48-54
production of documents 12.345, 367, 13.17, 18.68-9
rehearing 27.210-13
request to, submit further statement 3.362, 363
stay of proceedings: see Interim measures, stay of proceedings; Stay of Tribunal proceedings
submission of
evidence 9.109-11
Memorials 5.144, 146, 147
surprise submissions 3.31, 365, 381, 8.341
suspension of proceedings 3.298, 18.72-3
technical imperfections 14.99
third parties, absence 28.326-7
translation 19.169
validity 2.345-7
violation of 5.2, 335
Promissory notes: see Negotiable instruments
Proper claimant 1.176, 177, 2.82-5, 105, 3.161, 246, 4.101, 143, 181, 210, 211, 5.70, 78, 79, 377, 6.265, 7.35, 120-4, 127, 129, 134-6, 171, 174, 199, 205-7, 8.21-2, 23, 9.378-9, 10.127, 13.96, 16.13, 15, 194, 226, 302, 17.5, 271, 18.166-7, 190-1, 209-11, 19.77-8, 21.102-6, 23.7-8, 142-6, 26.19, 130-2, 27.67-9, 136-7, 141
see also Locus standi
beneficial owner: see Claims, basis, beneficial ownership
claim on behalf of Iranian people 28.228
existence of counterclaim 9.87
identity, certainty 31.145-6, 33.44-5
joint claim 16.13-14, 194
minor 30.79-80, 185-6, 33.294-6
percentage of share ownership, relevance 27.58, 59
Proper law: see Applicable law
Proper respondent 1.134, 219, 389, 412, 413, 418, 427, 484, 503, 2.24-6, 147 n. 1, 338, 3.53, 103, 230, 250, 275, 286, 351, 4.1, 75, 143, 5.138, 6.27-9, 70, 129, 174, 208 n. 1, 7.121, 124-6, 8.133-8, 9.244 n. 2, 323-6, 367, 10.242, 281, 11.55, 215, 247, 12.290, 13.35, 42-3, 97-8, 101, 121-2, 130, 326, 341, 14.26, 71, 197, 292, 15.197-8, 16.17-18, 78, 194, 17.5-6, 30, 52-3, 163-8, 255, 272, 18.230 n. 7, 19.77-118, 20.7-8, 22.10, 254, 23.362-3, 24.132, 27.156, 29.227-8, 31.151-2, 35.68
see also Controlled entity; Corporations, succession
Property rights
see also Iran, law of, immovable property
beneficial ownership 9.230-3, 12.275-84, 29.25-8, 30.56-7, 66, 32.67-70, 33.469, 34.22, 25, 92-3, 35.23
foreign nationals’ rights 32.36-40
inheritance rights 31.105-6, 115-23
loans as 27.28
marital rights 30.68-9
measures affecting 2.41-3, 79-80, 81-8, 207, 3.65, 66, 4.154-6, 162-5, 167-72, 6.260, 17.99-100, 139-40, 169, 174 n. 8, 23.369, 27.13, 18, 32, 61-2, 32.32-6, 141-53, 157-8
immigration restrictions 28.230-1
interference with contractual right 22.79, 33.53-4
obligation to protect 23.369-71, 385-6
unlawful conduct 2.42
pension as 30.63
see also pension rights
in persons 8.22, 23
right in person 2.79-80, 81-8
transfer of ownership, requirements 34.32
Proportionality 22.78
Protection of goods, claimant’s duty 8.271
Protection of parties 6.40, 41
of claimants’ own position 9.5
Public order/ordre public, protection 2.221, 3.14, 5.384, 7.165, 166, 169, 170, 17.143
Purchase order as contract 4.266, 267, 276, 7.108, 109, 113
see also Contract
Quantum meruit 1.287, 309 n. 9, 2.111, 4.220, 221, 228, 230-6, 5.171, 6.169, 7.76, 8.162, 9.218, 402, 11.17-18, 16.272, 18.179, 348, 19.142, 148, 23.200, 26.201, 28.79-80
contract distinguished 4.232, 234, 8.224, 234
Quasi-contract 3.278, 4.231, 235
Real property: see Immovable property transactions
Rebus sic stantibus: see Changed circumstances
Recognition and enforcement of Award 5.130, 6.135-9, 7.219, 14.331, 333-6, 18.131-46
Avco enforcement proceedings 34.44-54
Case A27 34.39-65, 105
defences to enforcement, availability 34.57-8
enforceability 6.271
equality/non-parity of US and Iran 34.42
Gould enforcement proceedings 34.43-4, 57
New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 2.60, 6.137 n. 2, 14.327 n. 8, 18.136 n. 21, 138-9
applicability to Tribunal awards 34.56-8
obligation to provide enforcement procedures 14.331, 333-6, 34.42-3, 56
appeal/relitigation distinguished 34.57, 59
choice 34.56
delay 34.60
effectiveness/refusal 34.56, 62
erroneous reading of Award, relevance 34.58
failure of Iran to pursue 34.43
foreign arbitral award enforcement as standard 34.56
responsibilities of party seeking enforcement 34.60-2
State responsibility for 34.59-60
US government’s failure to intervene, relevance 34.58
State practice 18.124-7, 131-46
US responsibility (Case A21) 34.41-3, 55
Regular course of dealing 7.113
Rehearing: see Award, rehearing; Procedure, reopening of hearing
Representation 1.176, 177
power of attorney 1.167-388
whether needed 9.15
proof of authority 2.30, 35-7
Representative case 2.285, 286, 301, 3.300
Request, meaning 3.175, 388, 389, 4.15 n. 1
res derelicta 6.173
res judicata 1.170, 171, 287, 2.311, 371, 4.16, 73 n. 1, 233 n. 1, 6.227 n. 2, 11.141, 12.174, 367, 15.196, 21.295, 27.266
res litigiosae 27.266
Respondent: see Proper respondent
Restitution 1.287, 309 n. 9, 422, 423, 2.236, 3.57 n. 2, 293, 4.231, 5.112, 6.294, 295, 9.402, 10.204-5, 12.138, 379, 21.198
Rial Account 8.188, 350
Rights of parties 3.300-3, 387, 4.115
argument to Tribunal 3.19, 28, 29, 299-303, 315, 4.242
defence, right of 2.3, 288, 327, 330, 3.87, 127, 128, 130, 315, 4.70, 71, 241, 7.124-6
prejudice to 6.70
Roman law 6.168
Rules of international law: see General principles of, international law
Rules of procedure: see Tribunal Rules
Sales contract 5.38, 40
Security Account 12.50, 54-5, 13.118, 119-20, 276, 345, 360, 361, 22.336, 356
abuse of 4.207, 208, 13.116-17
currency of 8.425-6, 11.32, 340, 16.274, 275-6
disposition of interest 1.189-92, 197-214
effect on
costs 8.334 n. 7
liability 9.367, 17.178-80
rate of interest 8.321, 343-4
indemnification of depositary 1.196, 197, 8.279 n. 56
nature of 12.285
payment of bank fees 1.192-6
payments from 3.128, 195, 196, 5.49, 8.14, 16, 43, 62, 98, 178, 188, 237, 327, 354, 361, 9.8, 45, 60, 63, 71, 137, 168, 186, 200, 243, 301, 307, 309, 312, 339, 348, 358, 377, 10.55, 81, 134, 175, 257, 258, 317-18, 328, 347, 358, 359, 361, 11.30, 34-5, 69, 137, 179, 207, 250, 267, 344, 365, 12.16, 17, 38, 72, 107, 138, 159, 169, 231, 232, 233, 298, 323, 389, 392, 13.36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 145, 191, 310, 14.16, 52, 81, 168, 169, 170, 184, 212, 243, 283, 342, 15.22, 186, 187, 16.235, 236, 274, 276, 319, 320, 17.19, 22, 113, 130, 288, 324, 355, 358, 363, 18.148, 174, 244, 278, 322, 373, 374, 19.72, 93, 161, 231, 255, 331, 346, 347, 353, 355, 362, 367, 368, 20.129, 21.61, 161, 287, 289, 22.85, 116, 256, 23.74-8, 148, 149, 216, 377, 24.84, 85, 115, 156, 25.110, 111, 151, 26.5, 31, 127, 128, 184, 27.23, 120, 121, 186, 28.50, 111, 369, 370, 391, 393, 401, 29.56, 240-1, 293, 349, 397, 404, 413, 30.295, 31.88, 123, 32.183, 223, 34.38, 101, 186, 35.84
basis for 17.173
deduction from 14.16-17
deemed to be by principal debtor 7.115
deferment 13.242
unauthorized items 3.82, 358, 359, 4.208
possible dissipation 10.363
purpose 17.167, 179, 18.147, 21.51, 25.144
repayment to 7.210, 211, 214, 9.9
Separate opinion
see also Concurring opinion; Concurring and dissenting opinion; Declaration; Dissenting opinion; Explanatory remarks; Separate statement; Supplemental Opinion
Aghahosseini 28.303, 29.122, 31.3, 34.64
Aldrich 1.200, 21.61, 26.58, 28.142, 33.195, 34.169
Allison 28.142, 30.160, 236, 34.65, 169
Ameli 16.330, 29.241
Ansari 6.66, 8.65, 11.45, 165, 277, 13.244, 14.332, 17.23, 130, 290, 325, 19.243, 20.151, 22.109, 25.162
Bahrami 8.65, 11.277, 14.334
Böckstiegel 16.329, 333
Brower 8.29, 10.189, 11.289, 13.240
Duncan 34.169
Holtzmann 1.200, 5.82, 101, 138, 6.175, 8.329, 391, 9.138-52, 200-2, 13.319, 14.82, 149 n. 2, 16.329, 17.87, 23.338, 24.156, 227, 248, 259, 25.201, 29.16, 30.163
Kashani 1.115, 203, 329, 404, 4.67
Khalilian 18.278, 19.310, 22.109, 23.389
Lagergren 8.385
Mosk 1.132, 200, 6.95
Mostafavi 8.65, 11.255, 277, 283 n. 1, 298, 12.80, 14.81, 334
Noori 22.109, 23.239, 34.64
Sani 1.452
Shafeiei 1.115, 203, 2.356, 5.175, 6.288
Separate statement
see also Concurring opinion; Concurring and dissenting opinion; Declaration; Dissenting opinion; Explanatory remarks; Separate opinion; Supplemental opinion
Aldrich 21.256
Ameli 31.34
Böckstiegel 26.5
Briner 21.240
Holtzmann 22.218 n. 2, 26.5, 29.221, 383 n. 2
Khalilian 21.194, 245, 263
Noori 28.189, 243, 29.14, 65, 383 n. 1
Separation of issues 2.146, 285, 287, 3.297-301, 4.82, 5.54, 377
Services, meaning 5.101, 102
Settlement 1.123-6, 140-3, 156, 157, 160-5, 181-4, 216, 217, 220-1, 327-33, 342-6, 403-10, 2.44-50, 90-5, 126-31, 132-7, 228-31, 261-7, 269-77, 278-80, 291-3, 305-9, 332, 333, 348-61, 364, 365, 366, 367, 3.34-5, 36-8, 73-5, 91-6, 119-23, 169-72, 176-80, 181-5, 186-97, 212-17, 218-24, 326-30, 338-48, 351-7, 366-71, 390-4, 4.20-5, 29-32, 33-8, 39-46, 47-52, 83-8, 183-91, 192-6, 197-8, 199-204, 205-9, 280-5, 5.76-7, 80-4, 88-9, 148-9, 150-1, 155-9, 249-50, 354-6, 6.1-3, 4-11, 20-6, 33-7, 38-42, 118-19, 120-4, 147-8, 7.209-16, 220-2, 223-4, 225-35, 236-8, 239-43, 244-6, 247-8, 249-57, 258-9, 260-8, 269-74, 8.11-12, 13-14, 18-19, 42-3, 66-71, 72-4, 79-80, 81-2, 83-4, 97-8, 183-8, 236-7, 249-352, 353-9, 9.6-9, 306-7, 308-9, 310-12, 347-9, 357-9, 10.357-65, 11.363-72, 12.385-404, 13.359-70, 14.339-49, 16.54-5, 317-35, 17.353-68, 18.377-82, 390, 19.345-74, 21.285-93, 22.365-79, 23.401-13, 24.291-305, 25.4-5, 301-39, 26.265-75, 27.275-81, 282-8, 28.389-91, 392-3, 394-400, 401-2, 29.395-400, 401-10, 411-19, 34.185, 198, 35.127-42
absence of financial obligations noted 8.82
agreement not to pursue claims 6.36, 8.67
amendment 7.238, 8.214-15, 9.348, 12.388
applicable law 7.268
approval of Iranian bank 3.193, 194, 213, 220, 359, 360, 4.34
assignment of rights 6.6, 12.394
authority of representative 6.39-41, 7.221, 12.395, 28.67-70
availability 3.79
binding nature 6.22
concurring opinion 2.357, 358, 3.78, 358, 10.363-5
conditional agreement 7.213, 214, 237, 240-2, 263, 267
conditional award 3.340, 352, 358
conditions for recording 1.149-53, 3.78, 82, 192-4, 358
jurisdiction 1.152
reasonableness 1.152, 153
confidentiality of
negotiations 2.356
terms 3.37, 74, 79, 80, 83, 169, 212, 339, 4.207, 209, 5.81, 82, 84, 88, 6.25, 34, 35, 7.210, 211, 222, 237, 8.185, 10.128, 358, 359, 12.388
correction, request for 22.151-4
costs, waiver 18.381
currency of payment 24.187-90
default 7.211
delays in payment of award 3.196
dissent from 3.37, 38, 74, 78, 177, 182, 187, 192, 194, 327, 330, 352, 360, 4.22, 34, 84, 198, 200, 206, 5.77, 82, 355, 6.3, 21, 121, 16.327, 22.370 n. 1
documents, conformity 16.327
effect on contract 10.13-14, 17-19, 25.227
enforcement 1.330, 331, 406, 407, 3.37, 38, 74, 177, 182, 187, 194, 195, 327, 330, 353, 360, 4.22, 34, 41, 48, 84, 198, 200, 206, 5.77, 82, 355, 6.3, 21, 121, 10.18
Security Account 17.167
escrow payment 7.210
exception to 7.220, 226-8, 230
extinction of claims 8.264
failure to
agree 16.54-5, 29.465 n. 2
implement 10.13-14, 16.328
form of award 1.329, 330, 405
formation of agreement 25.222-7
indemnity from costs and taxes 12.392-3
interdependence of terms 6.121
interpretation 10.283, 16.328, 18.382
“upon execution” 8.105
invitation to negotiate 7.177-9
joint request for award on agreed terms as basis 19.366, 22.152
jurisdiction of Tribunal 1.161, 5.83, 353
modified 6.120, 7.261, 9.358
null and void 7.210, 211, 213, 214
payment to Iranian bank 3.192
performance 7.213, 214
precedential value 6.122, 124
prejudicial to one party 6.40
ratification 7.222, 240, 8.19, 185, 186
reach 7.215, 8.105, 270-1, 282, 10.46-53, 282-3
damages for 8.105-6
reasons omitted 17.259
reciprocal obligations of parties 3.75, 80, 177, 182, 194, 195, 327, 330, 353, 360, 4.22, 34, 84, 198, 200, 206, 5.77, 82, 355, 6.3, 21, 121, 7.220, 8.66, 97
release from liability 8.214, 12.387, 388, 392, 393, 18.380-1
request for, need for agreement 25.5
revocation 7.214
separate opinion 18.382-90, 21.293, 294
signature of parties 4.22, 23, 39, 29.397
simultaneous settlement of ICJ case 32.207-20
standards for acceptance by Tribunal 3.78, 82, 358, 4.208
status 5.353
suspension of
contract rights 8.105, 10.13-14
proceedings 7.237, 18.380
terms of attempted settlement not admission 14.77
third party claims 6.24
waiver of claims 8.81-2
withdrawal 3.99
withdrawal of claims 9.9, 14.343
without payment from Security Account 7.236
without prejudice 1.161, 5.159
Shareholders
see also Nationality of claim, shareholder claims
duties 30.165-7
evidence of status 30.161-2, 184, 185-6, 223-6, 33.321-4
rights 2.352, 4.242, 243, 7.120, 122, 130-4
to bring claim 11.87
Shares
assignment/transfer 15.101
applicable law 19.272
compliance with formalities, relevance 35.66-7
ownership
minors 35.20
restrictions on holdings by non-Iranian nationals 35.37-43
ownership, evidence of 35.54-68
bearer shares 35.21-31
Census of Claims filed by US citizens prior to Algiers Declarations 35.26-7, 60-1
circumstantial evidence 35.62-6
minutes of Board meetings 35.24, 28-9
registered shares 35.19-21
share certificates/stock transfer ledger 35.54-5
authenticity, expert evidence 35.55-60
share verification report 35.26
tax returns 35.61-2
value, evidence of 33.258-9
Social security payments 3.248, 249, 7.69, 9.132, 10.54, 78, 313-16, 13.340-3, 17.31 n. 1, 259-64, 20.28, 24.156-61, 190-6, 200-1, 287, 25.42-4, 28.48
clearance certificate 20.13-14, 15, 28, 85, 95-7, 99, 156-8, 24.144-8, 157-8, 159
contractual obligation, whether 9.167, 177, 225-6, 15.18, 93-4, 221-3, 24.157, 159, 26.181
counterclaim for 3.116, 167, 236, 4.246-8, 5.233, 234, 6.84, 85, 90, 91, 96, 174, 7.87, 8.326, 347-8, 9.135-6, 167, 177, 299-300, 10.313-16, 11.26, 39, 51-2, 67, 172, 184 n. 1, 204-5, 248-9, 317-19, 349-55, 12.157, 233 n. 5, 13.182-3, 307, 342-3, 14.79-80, 168, 281, 15.19-20, 91-4, 17.83, 262-3, 18.167, 197, 221-3, 297-8, 349-50, 20.35-6, 82, 118-19, 22.254, 337, 23.62, 215, 25.90, 94, 101, 26.83-4, 97-8, 99, 143-4, 180, 27.103-4, 119, 29.348, 33.193
effect of contract on 6.91, 92, 12.157
indemnity, request for 23.213
payment, evidence of 20.14-15, 28, 161, 163
withhold, liability for 22.20, 26.77-80, 88, 94-7, 137-43
Sole jurisdiction: see Forum selection clause, jurisdiction of Tribunal
Sources of international law 2.84, 196, 4.114, 5.233, 332, 8.397-401, 407-9
see also Customary international law; General principles of, international law; Treaties
international tribunals 15.223, 17.142, 18.216
State practice 15.223, 16.310-12, 17.142
UN General Assembly Resolutions and Declarations 10.185-6, 198-200, 15.223
writings of scholars 17.142, 18.216
Sovereign immunity 1.107, 207, 2.149, 212, 259, 4.115 n. 2, 5.6, 7, 10, 16, 117
customary international law confirming US law 28.133, 156, 158
lien on property of foreign government and 28.130, 154-8
restrictive theory 28.155-6
waiver 28.156-7
Sovereignty 1.105, 106, 192, 210, 212, 213, 516, 2.183, 188, 205, 206, 210, 224, 353 n. 1, 3.298, 308 n. 2, 312-14, 5.11, 7.47, 135, 170, 8.340, 12.19, 22, 49, 287, 314, 315, 330, 337
Soviet Union, law of 5.19
Stabilization clause 9.178, 15.239-41, 243, 294, 297, 16.27, 64-8, 21.140-1, 162-3
see also State contracts
whether binding on government 15.240-1, 16.65-8
conditions 16.66-7
State
government as synonym 23.136-7
“political subdivision” 23.384
State contracts
see also Stabilization clause
applicable law 16.27-8, 19.30-1, 22.287-9
evidence of 21.154
limitation period 32.177-8
State organ 9.238-9
State practice 15.223, 16.310-12, 17.142
arbitral award, enforcement 18.124-7, 131-46
expropriation, compensation 15.266
limitation period for settlement of contractual debt 32.177-8
State responsibility
see also Act of State; Aliens, treatment of; Expulsion; Public order/ordre public, protection
abusive practice 2.188, 189, 6.210
acts and omissions of
bank 9.238-9
banking institutions 35.118
controlled entity 1.421-2, 12.352, 364, 366, 15.237-9, 17.178-9, 21.67-73, 25.144, 27.96 n. 11
Foundation for the Oppressed 35.68
judiciary 2.64, 4.15, 34.59-60
officials 6.202, 203, 27.13-14
overthrown government 16.84-5
of predecessor 32.175-7
revolutionary movement and 2.88-9, 17.102-5, 23.361-2, 24.119, 152, 234-6
individuals 18.266-73
organ not formally recognised 17.103-5
which becomes government 16.84-5, 98-100, 17.101-3, 143-4, 147
Revolutionary Prosecutor 31.114-15
attribution 3.153, 4.143, 165-7, 171, 173, 5.12, 6.79, 83-6, 94-5, 99-102, 166, 201, 203, 7.152, 173, 10.75, 17.100-5, 110-11, 141, 147, 256-7, 18.162, 178-9, 21.110-11, 112 n. 26, 23.387, 396, 26.108-9, 27.92, 31.113-15
contract
breach 22.288 n. 34
termination 17.148
due diligence 2.78-9, 81, 84, 89
duty to act, need for 30.158-9
for effect of acts 6.207, 17.147, 23.387
enforcement of contracts 2.220, 221
expropriation 15.246-7, 16.43, 21.70-3
expulsion 17.100-7, 256-8
fault, need for 31.7-11
ILC Draft Articles on 9.238, 16.83, 99, 100, 141, 143, 147-8, 17.100-1, 111, 141, 143, 147-8, 20.205 n. 4, 21.112 n. 26, 23.386, 24.234, 31.7
international obligations 8.8-9, 9.142 n. 7, 18.288
lawful measures 2.257, 258, 7.166, 169
legal obligations of previous government 21.111
minimum standard 23.386
for nationals 7.124
non-discrimination 23.387, 388
omission 30.168
protection of
aliens 7.169, 17.111, 143
foreign investments 7.151, 152, 159, 160
property 23.385-6, 392-6
treaty obligations 3.388, 6.111, 8.78
unjust enrichment 2.237, 8.390
visa acknowledgment 23.382
State-controlled entity: see Controlled entity
Statement of claim 1.134, 6.60, 62, 70, 8.136, 9.401, 10.12, 17.183 n. 3, 253-4, 19.53, 24.271, 28.193-4, 378-80
amendment 1.173, 174 n. 2, 176, 177, 392-402, 2.338, 3.11, 30, 31, 81, 82, 358, 359, 4.1, 101, 5.30, 377, 6.28, 29, 60, 63, 68, 8.126, 134-40, 297, 9.127, 10.12, 14-15, 16-17, 11.17, 12.6, 18-21, 131, 289-90, 346 n. 9, 13.17, 97-8, 14.26, 90-3, 94-9, 148, 310, 16.304, 312, 17.53-7, 138-9, 253-4, 18.64-5, 19.53, 23.165-7, 382, 397, 24.270-1, 26.150-1, 239, 28.58-60, 169, 377-9, 29.264-5, 33.75-6, 154, 198-200, 34.92, 35.90-4
time limits: see Time limits, amendment of claim
failure to include specific plea 13.142, 148-50
preparation 4.26
required elements 35.92
specificity, need for 19.76-7
time limits: see Time limits
video tapes 4.26
Statement of counterclaim 7.88
Statement of defence 1.166, 5.138, 139
act of State, whether 17.172
amendment 3.116
clarification 8.269 n. 41
failure to file 2.1-3, 3.374, 375
preparation 2.288
summary nature 3.378
time limits: see Time limits, statement of defence
Stay of Tribunal proceedings 9.254, 13.16
see also Interim measures, stay of proceedings
Stock certificates, to be delivered 10.253
Subcontractor 3.273, 274, 278, 279, 5.166
Subjects of international law, individuals, right to bring claims 18.283
Subrogation 10.133
Succession: see Contract; Corporations
Summary enforcement procedures: see Award, basis for legal action
Supplemental opinion
Allison 29.364
Arangio-Ruiz 29.364
Suspension of claims: see General Principle B
Sweden
arbitration 7.204
law of, RB 13:5(2), Grade 139 1.233
Switzerland
law of
Code of Obligations 7.191, 20.228, 21.75 n. 25, 103
company law 20.242
resignation of director 8.20, 230
Taking: see Expropriation
Taxes 2.324, 7.69, 10.290-8, 13.304, 15.64, 16.274, 276, 280, 21.733-75, 24.200-1, 25.52, 53-4, 74, 87, 99, 29.284-93, 30.228-30, 31.21-5
see also Customs dues; Social Security payments
applicability 3.115
contract liability 10.294-8, 11.94-6, 244-5, 18.221-3, 28.47-8
contract tax 3.114
counterclaim for 15.272-9, 23.62, 68, 69, 25.89-90
jurisdiction of Tribunal 2.113, 3.115, 167, 236, 252, 288, 4.246-8, 5.233, 234, 6.84, 85, 90, 96, 9.37-8, 134, 167, 177, 225-6, 10.54, 102, 287, 306-13, 346, 11.26, 39, 51-2, 172, 245, 248, 317-19, 349-56, 12.157-8, 233 n. 5, 13.182, 192, 307, 343, 14.50-1, 168, 210, 15.279, 17.263, 319, 18.196-7, 221-3, 349-50, 19.154, 20.36-8, 119, 21.45-6, 150-2, 22.254, 337, 25.89-90, 94, 26.97-8, 99, 180-1, 27.103-4, 119, 28.48, 33.193
taxes outstanding on expropriated property 11.318
deductibility 3.114, 235, 262, 264, 288, 15.14, 22.19-20
effect of contract on 6.91, 92
enforcement of laws relating to 5.233, 234, 9.152 n. 21, 10.312-13, 346
income tax 3.288, 34.99
indemnity, request for 23.213
production of receipts 3.368
reimbursement 11.95-6, 20.90-1, 114-15
release from liability 14.47-8
tax returns
authenticity 35.61-2
as evidence of share ownership 35.61-2
Technical Agreement with De Nederlandsche Bank NV (1981) 1.192-9, 204-12, 12.55, 13.43-4, 59 n. 14
Appendix I 1.204, 207
Paragraph 1 1.196, 198, 3.196, 6.66, 8.279 n. 56
Paragraph 3 1.193, 194
Technical Arrangement between Banque Centrale d’Algérie, Bank of England and Federal Reserve Bank of New York 8.209 n. 2, 12.53, 78 n. 16, 192-9, 204-12
see also Dollar Account No. 1; Dollar Account No. 2
Paragraph 7 5.68, 69
Paragraph 10 1.193
Time limits
see also Procedure
amendment of claim 2.338, 3.11, 30, 31, 6.60, 68, 8.134-40, 12.20, 14.93, 16.303, 304, 306-9, 17.53-7, 296, 22.215, 216-17, 234, 28.378-9, 33.154-5, 198-200, 35.152-3
arbitrator, challenge to 20.234, 237, 21.348, 349, 352, 355, 360-4, 375-7, 379, 391-4, 399-402
consolidation of cases 4.241
contractual 17.189-90, 217, 232, 240-1
correction of award 5.73, 30.19, 31.288
counterclaims 2.113, 268, 283, 286-9, 347, 3.116, 226, 253, 4.182, 5.400, 9.37-8, 227, 11.205, 12.100, 123, 225, 227-9, 17.57-61, 252-3, 296, 18.188, 20.6, 22.234-5, 24.131, 275, 26.102-3, 151-2, 27.154-5, 30.6, 11, 16
enforcement 3.85, 379
exceptions 2.315, 320
extension 1.119, 120, 173-5, 230, 231, 320-5, 483, 2.3, 125, 283-90, 311, 327-31, 345-7, 3.41, 60, 85, 89, 90, 200, 301-3, 372-5, 377-9, 4.13, 17, 59, 63-7, 71-3, 76, 5.139, 140, 8.28, 39, 361, 9.348, 13.310-17, 18.56-7, 60-1, 73, 21.12, 34.6-9
justification for 3.84, 18.56-7
when imposed by Award 2.283
failure to meet 1.132, 133, 171, 226-9, 334-6, 391, 485, 2.3, 123, 312, 313, 317, 318, 320, 321, 3.85, 90, 116, 226, 253, 380, 382, 4.3, 61, 64, 67, 73, 76, 143, 182, 214, 227, 5.400, 7.116, 117, 182, 11.181, 182, 287, 15.20, 21.7
delay by Registrar 28.57
delay in mail 1.127, 129-31, 226-9
excused 2.317
failure of courier 1.128-31, 2.313, 318, 3.5, 4.76, 21.3
failure to set 1.158, 159, 178-80, 4.66, 5.141-3
fairness to parties 28.61, 379
filing of claims 8.369, 9.4, 28.56-7
filing of documents 12.131-2, 17.98, 22.234
filing of Settlement Agreement, amendment 9.62, 71, 348
implied modification 8.185, 186
interest, claim for 17.50-1
new claim 16.259, 33.76, 290-1, 35.152-3
notification of costs 13.299, 16.258, 17.50-1
payments from Security Account, effect on 17.367
performance of obligations
dies certus quando 21.64 n. 3
dies incertus quando 21.64 n. 3
request for hearing 22.208-9
request for interpretation and correction of Award 9.405
request for revision of Award 4.11, 182, 22.208
statement of defence 2.283, 286-9, 3.85, 89, 253, 374, 375
statutes of limitations and 3.287, 5.128, 7.116, 8.136, 16.306, 17.189-90, 216, 231, 240, 19.329-30, 340-1, 30.157, 33.319
submission of evidence 17.52, 28.249-50
Undertakings: see Undertakings, time limits
Trade law 3.54, 5.394
Trade practice 5.32, 33, 13.232-3, 16.25, 48
applicable law 16.27
Transfer of cases 7.183, 200, 205
Transfer of documents 3.108, 119, 120
Translation: see Award, language; Evidence, translation
Treaties
see also Treaties (and analogous instruments)
customary international law and 10.192, 202, 15.34-5, 16.69, 88, 17.264, 21.120-2, 330-1
form 32.110-11
interpretation: see Treaty interpretation
obligations
means of fulfilling, choice 34.136-7, 171-2
municipal law and 19.287-8, 34.136-7, 178
pre-existing obligations, effect on 19.286-7
reservations 19.287-8
right to invoke 10.148, 150, 192
termination
evidence of 15.218
parties’ rights and 10.191 n. 9, 15.218
validity
duress or fraud 15.214-15
jus cogens 15.216
violation of internal laws 3.303-9
Treaties (and analogous instruments)
Agreement between US and Egypt Concerning Claims of Nationals of the United States (1976) 5.283, 285, 329
Agreement Providing for Determination of Amount of Claims Against Germany, US-Germany (1922) 2.83
Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights, Iran-US (1955) 1.313, 365, 501, 2.84, 161, 257, 353, 4.103-5, 109, 112-17, 155, 156, 174, 179, 5.381-3, 6.151, 168, 178, 200, 201 n. 1, 208, 7.41, 47, 50, 51, 8.378-9, 428-50, 9.272-3, 10.106, 267, 15.29, 34-5, 214, 16.249, 17.143, 147, 18.161, 23.395, 26.227
applicability
dual nationals 31.120
indirect claim 15.34 n. 14
Article II 4.174 n. 2, 6.168, 16.88, 89, 17.107
Article III(1) 21.71 n. 17
Article IV 2.353, 388, 4.102, 112, 114 n. 1, 116, 174 n. 2, 234 n. 10, 6.168, 200 n. 2, 225 n. 1, 7.40, 46, 51, 8.379, 404, 10.131-3, 148, 184, 192-6, 203, 204 n. 38, 12.12, 15.34 n. 14, 219-22, 230, 231, 246, 252, 290, 292, 298, 16.88 n. 5, 195 n. 29, 239, 241, 17.107, 21.118, 161, 29.271, 30.196, 31.5
Article V 6.183 n. 1, 16.88 n. 5
Article VII 3.28 n. 1, 5.382, 6.211, 212, 7.40, 46, 47
Article XVII 5.270
Article XX 4.174 n. 2
Article XXI 8.405
Article XXIII 4.112, 113, 10.131, 190, 15.218
and customary international law 9.273, 10.151, 184, 192, 14.234, 15.214, 300, 16.69 n. 19, 88-9, 238 n. 5, 21.125, 31.5-6
expropriation, applicable law 16.25, 68-9, 194-5, 239, 21.118-19, 121, 125, 30.255-7, 31.3-6, 85
expulsion and 16.88, 17.107, 143
“interests in property” 16.195-6, 21.118-19
as lex specialis 8.378, 428, 21.121, 125, 330, 30.255
source of law 10.132, 150, 184, 17.143
termination or breach 4.112-14, 5.381, 383, 15.218
validity 7.8, 379, 431-51, 10.149, 190-1, 17.143
whether binding 5.381
Claims Settlement Declaration: see Claims Settlement Declaration
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 5.273 n. 1
Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments (1983) 5.233, 18.138-9
Convention on the Settlement of Matters Arising out of the War and Occupation (1952) 5.272, 298
Draft Articles on Sovereign Immunity of States and State Properties 5.11 n. 1
Draft Code of Conduct for Transnational Corporations 10.204 n. 39
Draft Convention on Arbitral Procedure 3.301 n. 1
Draft Convention on the International Responsibility of States for Injuries to Aliens 10.259 n. 6
Draft Convention on the Protection of Foreign Property (1967) 4.118 n. 2, 174
Draft Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters 9.152 n. 21
European Convention on Foreign Money Liabilities (1967) 8.424
European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration (1961) 1.292 n. 24
Federal Republic of Germany-Iran, Double Taxation Agreement 16.223
General Convention providing a Uniform Law for Bills of Exchange (1930) 13.32-3, 69, 21.63 n. 2
General Declaration: see General Declaration
Geneva Convention providing a Uniform Law for Cheques (1931), 2.168, 235, 3.19
see also European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration above
Germany-US, Treaty of Peace of Berlin (1921) 2.80, 83, 84
Hague Conventions: see Hague Convention on
Hague Rules: see International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Bills of Lading (1924) (amended 1968 and 1979) below
Harvard Draft Convention on the International Responsibility of States for Injuries to Aliens (1961) 2.84, 89, 351, 352, 388, 4.115, 118 n. 2, 162, 166 n. 1, 173, 7.51
Harvard Draft Convention on the Responsibility of States (1929) 2.196, 197, 205, 5.326
Human Rights of Individuals who are not Citizens of the Country in which they live, Draft Declaration 16.88-9
ILC Draft Articles on State Responsibility 5.12, 12.318 n. 4, 16.83, 84, 99, 100
International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Bills of Lading (1924) (amended 1968 and 1979) 12.143-5
International Monetary Fund Agreement: see International Monetary Fund, Agreement
New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards: see Recognition and enforcement of Award
Seoul Declaration on the Progressive Development of Principles of Public
International Law Relating to a New International Economic Order 14.235
Treaty of Neuilly 3.311, 5.320
Treaty of Paris, France-Great Britain (1814) 2.181, 5.304, 312
Treaty of Peace, UN and Italy 2.206, 5.310, 326
Treaty of Rome (1957) 13.92
Treaty of Versailles (1919) 2.80, 83, 84, 186
Treaty of Washington, Great Britain-US (1871) 2.181, 190, 5.305
Tripartite Treaty of Alliance (Iran, United Kingdom, USSR) (1942) 32.96-7
UN Charter 3.24 n. 1
Article 51 2.258 n. 1
UN Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States 4.105, 106, 114 n. 1, 5.11, 7.170, 10.185, 198, 15.223
UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 5.45, 13.50, 19.34, 22.244, 245 n. 18, 318 n. 92, 329
UN Convention on the Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods (1974) 32.177-8
UN Declaration on the Establishment of a New Economic Order 10.185, 198
UN Declaration on the Human Rights of Individuals who are not Nationals of the Country in which they live 14.20
UN Declaration on Inadmissibility of Intervention into Domestic Affairs of States 8.445
UN Declaration on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources (1962) 4.114 n. 1, 10.186, 198, 204 n. 38, 14.235, 15.242, 294 n. 12
UN Declaration on Principles of Friendly Relations 3.8, 445
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5.273 n. 1
US-Iran Guaranty of Private Investments (1957) 10.141, 148, 151-2
US-Mexican Claims Convention (1868) 2.83
US-Mexican General Claims Convention (1923) 2.80, 83
US-Mexican Special Claims Convention (1923) 2.80
US-Poland Agreement (1960), Article 3 1.466 n. 1
Vienna Convention: see Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
Warsaw Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air 17.230 n. 5
Treaty interpretation 1.101-10, 190-2, 198-201, 205, 207-13, 288, 289, 292-5, 307, 308, 310, 2.160-8, 178-215, 311, 315, 320, 363, 371, 402, 3.305, 5.2, 67, 83, 253, 259, 271, 273, 277, 294, 329-33, 341-6, 351, 6.168, 7.33, 8.92, 95, 207-13, 295, 10.140, 14.328-30, 18.123
see also Contract, interpretation; Jurisdiction of Tribunal, interpretation of Declarations; Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969)
aids 2.161-4, 179-215, 3.310, 5.262, 281, 290, 291, 329, 8.211, 19.288, 28.138
context 17.166, 28.151
judicial precedents 5.262, 271, 304-28, 331, 332
negotiating history 1.245, 246, 255, 256, 265, 266, 276, 277, 284-6, 310-12, 477, 2.161, 165, 196-8, 201, 202, 210, 212, 3.303, 304, 305-11, 313-15, 5.261, 300, 301, 304, 10.193, 12.75-6, 13.168, 329, 16.239, 19.288-90, 21.118, 34.133-4
subsequent practice 2.149, 5.71, 268, 271, 289, 332, 346, 347, 353, 8.201, 407, 440, 447-50, 9.104-5, 411-13, 18.384, 19.294, 304, 21.28, 120-1, 129, 151
writings of scholars 5.262, 264, 328
ambiguity, effect 2.317, 5.287, 289, 290, 11.87
applicable law 12.82
associated agreements 12.51
good faith 6.251, 270, 12.60-1, 14.330, 16.310
guidelines
clear language required to vary existing rule 10.313
contra proferentem rule: see verba ambigua accipiuntur contra proferentem below
effectiveness 6.251, 12.46, 68 n. 7, 14.330-1, 25.258
eiusdem generis 2.79, 86-7, 5.3, 23.240
equilibrium to be maintained 12.54-5, 79-80
express terms 34.135
expressio unius est exclusio alterius 8.264, 12.59, 78, 13.252, 16.307
flexible 1.199 n. 1, 309 n. 8
generalia specialibus non derogant 13.88, 14.329
intention of parties 1.103-5, 107-10, 190, 191, 198, 201, 205-7, 210, 211, 213, 245, 246, 255, 256, 265, 266, 276, 277, 284-6, 311, 312, 489, 491, 492, 495, 497, 498, 516, 2.166, 210, 211, 213, 223, 315, 316, 320, 3.303-5, 307-10, 312-15, 5.14, 260, 267, 270, 272, 280, 281, 288, 329, 352, 6.270, 7.33
language, structure and purpose 12.74
object and purpose 5.261, 268, 270, 271, 281, 284, 285, 8.200-1, 18.387, 19.287, 294, 28.149-50
obligatio tertio non contrahitur 13.43
ordinary meaning 2.55, 63, 8.207-8, 10.193-5, 12.46, 14.329, 18.123-4, 19.287, 25.258, 28.150, 33.197
pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt 13.43
plain language 28.152, 34.148-9
reasonableness 10.83
relevant rules of international law 31.6
restrictive 1.192, 198, 211-13, 309 n. 8, 480, 2.80, 179, 211, 223, 3.309, 312, 313, 5.13, 93, 95, 99, 126, 281, 287, 288, 330, 351, 7.135, 11.87, 13.168-9
specialia derogant generalibus 1.104, 410 n. 3, 15.222, 21.121, 125
ut res magis valeat quam pereat 1.292 n. 25, 12.46, 68 n. 7, 89, 25.258
verba ambigua accipiuntur contra proferentem 2.211, 5.281, 286, 288, 330, 9.255, 10.329, 331
international claims practice 10.83
lacunae 12.54, 58-60, 21.330
pacta sunt servanda 1.114, 210, 9.140, 13.231-3, 15.294 n. 10
State’s duty to respect contracts distinguished 15.242-3
phrases
“control” 2.16-22, 147-52, 17.166-7, 178-9
“property rights” 2.82-5
“terminate” 34.135
preamble, status 12.46-8, 67-8
procès-verbaux 2.198
rebus sic stantibus: see Changed circumstances
reciprocity 1.106, 107, 8.432-41
terms, meaning 3.311, 314, 315, 5.4, 260, 267, 268, 270, 280, 281, 284, 285, 289, 290
Tribunal
see also International tribunals
absence of arbitrator: see Arbitrator, absence
applicable law 20.204
international law 34.55-6
arbitrary action 6.232
authority of President 5.51, 52, 9.409-13
Chambers
see also Full Tribunal below
assignment of cases to 3.92, 126, 141, 237, 254, 268, 276, 292
authority 5.47, 53
composition 9.409-13
independence 5.251, 16.290
claims, see also Claims
competence 5.127, 6.52
confidentiality of proceedings 1.424, 428-31, 441, 449, 2.29, 343, 357, 19.106, 167, 170, 21.365-6, 387, 394, 29.364-6
dicta 4.178, 180
disclosure of documents 21.354, 372-4, 389
discretion 3.192, 207, 212, 234, 316, 339, 362, 382 n. 1, 4.12, 224, 5.262, 7.116, 15.148
duty to
act in informed way 18.111
apply principles of law 9.146
avoid entering into execution of Award 13.40
avoid excessive technicality 8.139
avoid unjust enrichment 15.257
clarify aim 7.121, 126
clarify requests 5.147
determine legitimate expectation 16.54
enforce law of Iran 9.177
examine jurisdiction 9.34, 332
execute Algiers Declarations 8.65
exercise equitable discretion 16.221
fill omissions in UNCITRAL rules 11.278
give reasoned decision 10.330
implement international law 7.171
respect laws of Iran 7.136
respect legal facts 5.12
respond to arguments 5.289
settle disputes 14.64, 18.106, 146-7
equity and 18.334
exceeding powers 5.335
expenses 1.107, 108
Full Tribunal
see also Chambers above
binding nature of finding 11.197
disputes relating to CSD, Article 11, reservation to 35.155
preemption by Chamber 10.85-6
relinquishment of cases to 21.98, 100-2
residual authority 21.283-4
functus officio rule (dessaisissement de juge) 3.177, 182, 187, 195, 196, 330 n. 3
impartiality 5.36, 41, 42, 49, 86, 6.41, 251, 252, 270, 271, 31.246-85
inherent powers 5.129, 6.108, 7.219, 8.117, 118, 25.187, 28.221-3, 29.383, 387-90
interim measures 2.59-62
revision of award 31.289-90, 33.58-9
as international tribunal 5.261, 284, 294-7, 299, 9.177, 330, 34.55-6
interstate nature 18.385
juge d’instruction 2.285, 286, 346, 3.300, 5.54
jurisdiction: see Jurisdiction of Tribunal
majority decision 2.29, 114, 123, 146, 390, 3.55, 199, 210, 211, 277, 293, 295, 325, 4.82, 111, 159, 5.269, 277 n. 1, 8.143, 9.140, 409-13, 10.96, 18.47-8
moral issues 13.117, 119 n. 3
neutrality 5.15, 16, 24, 49
obligation to comply with decisions of 9.394
parties’ legal theories, relevance 13.101, 17.50
powers
to investigate 2.115, 122 n. 1, 284, 285, 3.88, 89
to secure compliance with General Declaration 25.261
precedent, effect: see Precedent
President
absence 21.282
appointment 21.201-3, 309-17
powers 21.311-12
quorum 1.117
refusal of Claims, responsibility for 19.178, 181, 183, 184, 185, 193, 195, 199
statements contrary to fact 5.36, 37
suspension of proceedings 7.281, 289, 301-2, 8.64
ultra petitio 13.41, 43
ultra vires conduct 3.125-9, 140-4, 146, 297-301, 302 n. 2, 315, 324, 5.335, 336, 6.252, 271, 13.41, 43, 18.48, 21.400, 22.296
workload 4.68, 69, 71, 7.203, 8.415 n. 23
Tribunal Rules
Article 1 19.314
Article 2 1.127, 128, 130, 226, 228, 337, 398, 7.275, 8.54 n. 4, 134, 361, 370, 376, 379, 391, 11.183, 287, 13.54, 17.332, 335, 338, 341, 344, 347, 19.180, 183, 186, 189, 192, 195, 198, 21.3, 23.245, 248, 251, 254, 257, 25.237, 274, 28.57
Article 4 1.167, 2.36, 28.219-20, 223-4, 32.154
Article 5 9.407
Article 6 1.113, 511-14
Article 7 1.113
Article 8 1.113
Article 9 1.113, 114, 20.179, 203, 204-6, 220, 221, 222, 273, 276, 278-9, 282-3, 285, 324, 21.391, 24.310, 312, 314, 316, 317, 318
Articles 9-12 21.312, 24.309, 311, 312, 316, 323, 324
Article 10 1.112-15, 509, 512, 514, 516-18, 3.209, 20.183, 184, 220, 233, 241, 273, 278-9, 282, 315, 21.318, 355, 390, 391, 395, 24.324
Articles 10-12 20.206-8
Article 11 1.112-15, 509, 512, 516, 517, 20.183, 184, 187, 188, 234, 266, 315, 21.318, 348, 350, 352, 360, 375, 379, 391, 392, 393, 395, 399, 24.319, 320, 27.297, 312
Article 12 1.112-15, 509, 512-14, 516-18, 20.181, 183, 27.297
Article 13 3.126, 139, 209 n. 4, 215, 9.409-13, 10.96, 14.271 n. 2, 312, 353, 354, 16.284, 19.106, 117, 162, 164, 167-9, 170, 21.282, 393, 23.234, 26.5, 150, 189, 27.293-336, 30.22 n. 2
Amendment to 7.56, 92, 14.271 n. 2
Article 14 3.209 n. 4, 316 n. 3, 4.214, 5.362, 7.56, 183, 20.238
Article 15 1.167, 306, 2.54, 59 n. 1, 122 n. 1, 3.88, 362, 372, 387, 389, 4.64, 70, 95, 7.126, 8.115-16, 10.109, 13.130, 14.71, 17.45, 18.111, 283, 21.282, 393, 22.209, 25.187, 276, 27.308 n. 5, 28.6, 380, 29.370, 33.287
Article 15(1) 30.105, 112, 121-2, 31.135, 142, 143-4, 33.202
Article 15(2) 30.109-11, 120-1, 31.142-3
Article 17 1.234, 2.368, 4.206, 8.54, 10.272, 13.54, 17.62, 21.10, 293, 28.384
Article 18 1.134, 167, 396, 3.378, 4.26, 7.88, 9.109, 17.254, 19.313, 314, 21.6, 10, 35.92
advisory 9.109
Article 19 1.120, 159, 167, 171, 175, 179, 498, 2.268, 289, 3.116, 226, 253, 374, 377, 378, 4.143, 182, 227, 5.400, 6.83, 101, 7.88, 116, 8.428-9, 9.38, 167, 168, 227, 10.108, 308, 310, 11.135, 12.100, 13.83 n. 31, 225, 228, 14.281, 15.20, 17.57, 60-1, 254, 19.313, 314, 21.146, 147, 23.188, 353, 354, 24.131, 25.13, 26.151-2, 27.154
Article 19(2) 2.36
Article 19(3) 2.70-1, 113, 33.197-8
Article 20 1.309 n. 9, 393, 395, 399-401, 2.338, 3.11, 31, 4.101, 5.378, 6.28, 60, 63, 68, 70, 102, 8.137, 297 n. 16, 9.127, 10.12, 16-17, 11.17, 108, 12.6, 20, 100, 131, 289, 13.97, 228, 14.26, 90, 95, 148, 308, 310, 16.302, 306, 310, 17.55, 138, 254, 18.64, 19.53, 60, 76, 22.216, 234, 23.166, 382, 397, 24.131, 270-1, 26.150, 239, 28.58-60, 169, 192-4, 377, 379, 29.269, 33.75-6, 154, 198-200, 290, 34.92, 35.94, 152
Article 21 1.284, 285, 292, 294, 308, 320, 334, 335, 7.136, 8.44, 13.162, 17.184, 18.80-1, 231
Article 21(3) 35.145
Article 21(4) 35.145
Article 22 3.382 n. 1, 17.45, 18.187, 29.377, 31.135, 33.287
Article 23 17.45
Article 24 1.323, 464, 477, 2.300, 389, 3.20, 294, 4.58, 80, 268, 5.22, 6.210, 9.244, 11.274, 327, 13.54-5, 16.106-7, 17.47, 263, 285, 18.105, 111, 325, 20.87, 24.23, 25.275 n. 6, 27.52, 28.249, 287-8
Article 24(1) 2.115, 121, 33.316, 320 n. 40
Article 24(3) 2.122, 30.58 n. 8
Article 25 1.306, 458, 484, 485, 2.122, 3.381, 5.59 n. 1, 11.274, 276, 278, 281, 13.326 n. 4, 14.197-8, 200, 291, 17.52, 62-3, 19.113-15, 23.342, 25.7, 27.153, 29.245, 259, 313
note 6 31.144-5
Article 25(2) 30.180, 181
Article 25(6) 2.122, 31.135
Article 26 1.154, 390, 2.65-6, 370, 371, 402, 3.60, 175, 4.7, 58, 5.128, 6.140, 8.47, 65, 218, 275, 278 n. 55, 280, 13.176, 177, 196, 257, 258-9, 16.197 n. 37, 18.122 n. 3, 21.4
Article 26(1) 2.60-1
Article 27 1.235, 4.95, 158, 8.276 n. 31, 9.34-5, 13.351, 16.190, 198, 245, 24.24, 26
Article 28 1.324, 3.85, 363, 382 n. 2, 8.40, 10.179, 11.181, 17.46, 254, 18.89, 187, 23.265, 283, 286, 25.230, 236, 26.191, 29.377, 33.287
Article 29 2.101, 122, 8.115-16, 27.52, 210-13
Article 29(2) 30.104-5, 108-11, 112, 116-22, 31.135, 141-2, 145
Article 30 9.410, 412, 25.6
Article 31 1.200 n. 2, 323, 424, 429, 449 n. 1, 2.29, 121, 3.55, 4.82, 159, 9.410, 12.233 n. 2, 268 n. 9, 16.238 n. 4, 334, 18.47, 19.106, 167, 170, 21.256, 349, 366, 367-8, 387, 394, 23.218 n. 4, 29.364
Article 32 1.330, 331, 406, 420, 422, 449, 452, 454, 2.333, 365, 367, 3.37, 74, 79,
83, 109, 118, 155, 168, 169, 212, 238, 255, 269, 293, 294, 339, 365, 4.180, 198, 206, 209, 5.81, 84, 252, 6.34, 109, 268, 7.183, 210, 222, 8.114, 185, 9.400, 10.152, 358, 12.21, 119 n. 4, 388, 394, 14.10, 174, 15.187, 16.256, 19.163, 21.338, 349, 352, 375, 26.6, 189, 259, 260, 29.23, 387, 397, 402, 413
Article 32(1) 2.101
Article 32(2) 34.64
Article 32(3) 30.169, 33.439
Article 33 16.256, 18.334
Article 34 1.140, 149, 150-3, 156, 160, 161, 163, 182-4, 216, 220, 221, 328-31, 342, 343, 404-6, 409, 2.45, 126, 133, 134, 229, 262, 269, 279, 292, 306, 333, 348, 356, 357, 364, 367, 3.35, 37, 38, 74, 75, 78, 92, 119, 141, 169, 176, 181, 182, 187, 192, 194-6, 213, 219, 327, 328, 330, 338, 352, 353, 360, 390-2, 4.21, 22, 29, 30, 33, 34, 42, 47, 49, 83, 85, 86, 183, 185, 193, 194, 197-201, 205, 206, 282, 5.74, 76, 77, 80, 82, 149, 151, 156, 250, 355, 6.2, 3, 5, 21, 23, 34, 39, 121, 147, 7.210, 221, 224, 227, 236, 237, 242, 245, 248, 250, 253, 259, 262, 264, 269, 8.12, 14, 16, 18, 43, 67, 73, 80, 82, 84, 97, 184, 186, 187, 215, 237, 349, 354, 361, 9.8, 63, 71, 185, 204, 205, 307, 309, 312, 348, 358, 10.358, 359, 11.365, 12.394, 13.361, 14.342, 16.294, 317, 319, 320, 17.61, 355, 362, 363, 18.63, 93-4, 377, 378, 19.310, 345, 346, 352, 353, 354, 361, 362, 367, 21.296-9, 302, 22.208, 365, 366, 372, 373, 23.403, 407, 409, 25.5, 26.252, 27.275, 282, 284, 28.222, 316-17, 376, 381, 389, 390, 393, 394, 401, 402, 29.188, 192, 196, 200, 204, 208, 213, 30.284, 295, 302, 32.208, 212, 221, 224, 34.185-6, 188, 35.129, 136
Article 34(1) 2.90, 30.8-9, 10, 14, 15, 284, 292, 33.483, 35.135
Article 34(2) 30.7, 10, 12, 18, 173 n. 4
Article 35 3.364, 4.60, 5.74, 8.115, 9.405, 406, 11.182-3, 274, 287, 12.305, 307, 388, 13.327-8, 14.70 n. 6, 101-2, 173-5, 256-7, 261-2, 16.282-4, 19.171-3, 318, 22.208, 25.187, 26.186-7, 188, 258, 260, 27.195, 270-1, 31.288-9, 33.204
Articles 35-7 33.348
Article 36 3.364, 4.60, 81, 82, 111, 5.73, 74, 6.269, 8.117 n. 11, 133, 9.405, 406, 11.182-3, 274, 283-4, 285-6, 300, 12.306, 13.93-4, 14.70 n. 6, 101, 173-5, 256, 16.282-4, 18.76-7, 114, 19.171-5, 253, 255, 20.171, 21.293, 22.153, 208, 23.122-5, 230, 231, 25.187, 188, 275, 26.186-7, 258, 261, 27.195, 264-5, 268, 271, 28.308, 29.387, 30.19, 20, 31.288, 33.204
Article 36(1) 31.125, 33.57-8
Article 37 3.364, 4.18, 5.73, 74, 8.53, 116-17, 9.406, 11.182-3, 13.324, 327, 14.70 n. 6, 257-8, 280-1, 16.110, 282-4, 18.76-7, 19.253, 256, 318, 319-20, 22.208, 25.187, 274, 26.258, 267, 27.195, 271, 28.51, 196, 29.294, 387, 30.19, 20-1, 31.289, 33.204-5
Article 38 1.414, 447, 451, 2.113, 259, 385, 400, 3.33, 58, 71, 253, 275, 291, 4.79, 5.231, 7.47, 88, 197, 8.330, 9.60, 242, 10.34, 35, 316, 11.43, 14.282, 16.111, 25.109, 176, 26.183, 260, 27.260, 263, 28.234
Article 38(1) 2.12, 33.268
Article 40 1.414, 447, 451, 508, 2.113, 245, 259, 385, 400, 3.33, 58, 71, 253, 275, 391, 4.79, 6.217, 7.47, 197, 8.330, 331, 9.60, 10.34, 35, 103, 11.43, 12.38-9, 16.254, 281, 21.19, 23.229, 25.109, 176, 26.183, 260, 27.260, 29.120, 30.234
Article 40(1) 2.40, 30.168 n. 8, 33.268
Article 40(2) 2.12, 33.268
Article 41(2) 2.75, 76, 3.166, 4.92, 93, 158, 5.186, 8.41, 47, 331, 10.21, 35
effect 33.198
interpretation 16.295
travaux préparatoires 27.317-22, 324, 332
Introductory Rules, Article 3 1.431
parties’ agreement on 5.268
Section II 21.309
violation 4.81, 6.70
Tribunal Staff Rules
Article 1 16.331, 332
Article 9 16.331
UNCITRAL Rules 20.210, 235 n. 4, 247-8, 27.293-336
see also Tribunal Rules
travaux préparatoires 20.247, 276, 315
UNCTAD 8.409
Undertakings 12.50-2
interpretation, Tribunal’s jurisdiction 8.206-13, 9.104-6
object and purpose 12.50, 73 n. 4
Paragraph 1 12.50
Paragraph 2 6.66
Paragraph 2(A) 5.67, 10.83, 12.55, 72
Paragraph 2(B) 1.137 n. 1, 2.312-21, 3.3-6, 381, 5.58, 61, 67-70, 71, 8.197-206, 9.97-106, 12.55, 72, 77, 16.293 n. 4, 294, 29.187, 191, 195, 199-200, 203-4, 207-8, 212, 30.16-17, 32.213, 217, 35.92-3, 114
ambiguity 8.198-200, 205
procedural requirements 2.313, 319, 3.5, 6, 35.92
time limits 2.313-19, 3.5, 6
Undue influence 21.52
Unequal bargaining power 3.320, 325
Unilateral commitments, binding nature 14.321-3
United Kingdom
arbitration law 20.213-14, 242 n. 18
interest on debt 2.12, 27
United Kingdom, law of
Misrepresentation Act 1967 3.30
Oil and Undersea Pipeline Act 1975 7.168
Sale of Goods Act 1979 19.32 n. 16, 33
United Nations 7.170, 171
Charter, Article 11 10.186 n. 19
resolutions, effect 30.240-1
Security Council Resolution 598 of 20 July 1987 19.293
United States
courts
expropriation 14.236
injunction 3.267
John Doe action 3.15, 25
jurisdiction 9.136-7, 34.134-5
stay of proceedings 5.154, 344 n. 1, 32.115-23
termination of claims, need to contest lien and 28.129-30, 152-3
enforcement procedures 34.56
Federal Reserve banks, status 35.99-100, 111, 114-22
force majeure, right to invoke 35.111
Foreign Claims Settlement Commission 5.350, 10.140, 12.23, 18.273 n. 46, 31.59
law of 1.459, 460, 464, 467-74, 479-81
Agricultural Foreign Investment Disclosure Act (1978) 1.472
antitrust 13.83-6
arbitration 3.210, 211, 295, 20.207, 215, 216, 243-4, 253-4, 274-5, 278, 305-14
Arbitration Act 20.309, 310-11, 312-13
Arms Export Control Act 19.289-93
Atomic Energy Act 1954 28.134
Bankruptcy Act 8.257-9, 19.118
California
Civil Code 14.229, 30.50-2
Code of Civil Procedure 6.102
Constitution 7.204
marital rights 30.49-56
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 12.145
citizenship 5.270
Code of Ethics for Arbitrators in Commercial Disputes 7.180 n. 1, 204
Code of Federal Regulations 7.192, 11.176, 17.217
Code of Judicial Conduct 20.275, 278, 310
Code (USC) 7.10, 122, 17.22 n. 4, 217-18, 25.204 n. 11
Constitution 5.296
Article II(2) 3.307 n. 1
Article VI 4.114
contract 3.163, 6.196, 274
corporations 7.205, 21.77
Domestic International Sales Corporation 3.40, 7.186, 205
Executive Order 12170 of 14 November 1979 (freezing Iranian assets) 7.192, 13.52 n. 7, 19.288, 289-93, 23.206-7, 34.113, 35.104, 110-12
Executive Order 12205 of 7 April 1980 29.340
Executive Order 12211 of 17 April 1980 17.190-1, 233, 23.391
Executive Orders implementing Algiers Declarations
Executive Order 12277 34.149-54
Executive Order 12279 34.149-54
Executive Order 12280 34.149-54
Executive Order 12281 28.125, 126-7, 129, 151, 34.149-54, 170-2
Executive Order 12294 of 24 February 1981 (implementation of Algiers Declarations) 12.287, 34.116-18, 135-7, 145-7, 156-9, 167
Executive Orders Prohibiting Transactions with Iran 2.249, 251, 255 n. 1, 5.60, 61, 6.28, 13.28, 19.216-17, 247, 29.340-2
disposal of blocked property 19.217-18
Export on Administration Act 1979 28.134
extraterritorial effect 8.258-9
Federal Communications Act (1934) 1.468
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
Rule 13(a) 6.101, 13.78-83
Rule 15 8.136 n. 3, 16.311 n. 19
Rule 17 16.310-11
Rule 41 1.233
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 12.218
Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (1976) 2.148-9, 10.205 n. 40, 28.130, 157-8
government agencies 5.8-11
Immigration and Nationality Acts 2.222, 5.100, 102, 22.149, 25.64 n. 5, 169-71, 26.41, 49, 50, 51, 31.45-7, 54-9
International Claims Settlement Act 5.346 n. 1
International Investment Survey Act (1976) 1.460
Iranian Assets Control Regulations 2.248, 251, 252, 255 n. 1, 5.14 n. 1, 60, 13.52 n. 7, 90, 24.39
Merchant Marine Acts (1920 and 1936) 1.471
military equipment, export 19.289-93
naturalization 32.85-6
non-profit corporations 5.345, 10.325
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act 1978 28.134
offset 21.74 n. 25
partnership 3.161
receivership 21.69
Restatement of Agency (Second) 19.126, 135 n. 14, 23.146 n. 9
Restatement of Conflict of Laws (Second) 7.99 n. 1, 30.53
Restatement of Foreign Relations Law (Revised) (Draft) (1986) 10.202 n. 35
Restatement of Foreign Relations Law (Second) (1965) 2.84, 5.297, 7.169, 8.135, 397-9, 9.142 n. 7, 18.388
Restatement of Foreign Relations Law (Second) (Revised) (Tentative Final Draft) (1985) 8.11, 40
Restatement of Foreign Relations Law (Third) 19.56 n. 6, 23.387
Restatement of the Law of Contracts 13.50-1, 24.86
Restatement of the Law of Contracts (Second) 28.209, 30.54, 55
Restatement of the Law of Restitution 12.379
Restatement of Trusts (Second) 10.239 n. 6
Rules for the ICC Court of Arbitration 7.204
Securities Act (1933) 2.148 n. 1
Shipping Act (1916) 1.471
Statute of Limitations 17.216-19, 231, 240
Tax Reform Act (1984) 7.205
Tentative Final Draft Restatement, Foreign Relations Law (Revised) (1985) 9.275
Treasury Regulations 5.14, 25.256-62, 263, 28.124-5, 127-37
Uniform Commercial Code 4.268, 5.45, 7.99, 102, 109, 113, 114, 8.140
s 1-105 22.287 n. 33
s 1-106 3.57 n. 2
s 1-201 3.20 n. 2
s 2-204 3.48
s 2-206 3.50
s 2-207 3.49
s 2-208 13.51-2
s 2-235 13.51
s 2-240 7.109 n. 2
s 2-301(a) 12.300 n. 4
s 2-313 19.31, 32
s 2-319 7.100 n. 2
s 2-325 7.109
s 2-504 7.100 n. 2
s 2-509 7.100
s 2-602 7.101 n. 1
s 2-609 22.318 n. 92
s 2-612 13.50 n. 4
s 2-703 7.110 n. 1, 13.50 n. 4
s 2-706 7.110 n. 1, 111, 114 n. 1, 22.245 n. 18
s 2-708 7.111, 26.165
s 2-709 3.52, 56
s 2-710 3.52, 56, 7.111
s 2-714 19.33, 39 n. 35
s 3-122 7.115, 21.44
s 3-302 2.235, 3.20 n. 2, 7.99
s 3-305 3.20 n. 2, 7.99, 100 n. 1
s 3-307 3.20
s 3-309 3.51
s 3-413 2.168, 3.19
s 3-506 3.20 n. 2
s 3-507 2.169
Uniform Partnership Act 11.313, 348
nationality of corporation, proof 1.456-74
termination of proceedings/claims: see General Principle B, termination of claims; General Principle B, termination of litigation/legal proceedings
validity of claims, duty to examine 5.85
Unjust enrichment 1.287, 309 n. 9, 2.155, 234-9, 3.30-2, 278, 279, 4.231, 232, 278, 279, 5.171, 172, 6.168, 169, 172, 177, 213, 215, 8.60, 390, 9.56-8, 401, 402-3, 10.107, 171, 11.238, 335-6, 351, 12.352-6, 363, 375-80, 13.101, 115, 116, 117, 119 n. 3, 120, 14.180-9, 15.257, 268-9, 308, 16.19, 18.222, 309-10, 323-4, 347, 19.139, 142, 146, 148, 150, 152, 295, 21.70-1, 73, 22.354, 23.146, 26.26-7, 251, 28.16, 85-7, 205-8, 215
Unlawful acts 6.169
Valuation: see Damages, valuation
Video tapes: see Statement of claim, video tapes
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) 1.190, 205, 209, 289, 5.281, 351, 353, 8.443, 9.256, 12.68 n. 7, 82
Article 2 19.287
Article 12 1.200
Article 19 19.287-8
Article 26 1.109, 12.61, 13.231
Article 27 1.490, 495, 3.304, 305, 34.137, 178
Article 31 1.109, 198, 200, 211, 288, 307, 2.160, 161, 209, 210, 3.305 n. 1, 310, 312 n. 1, 5.83, 259, 260, 265, 273, 279, 281, 289, 290, 329-32, 341, 346, 8.92, 95, 201 n. 12, 207, 295, 440, 447, 10.193 n. 12, 11.87, 12.46, 51, 74, 89, 273, 13.168, 14.328, 16.310, 18.123, 385, 19.287, 294, 304, 25.258, 259, 28.129, 151 n. 7, 31.197, 34.129, 136
Article 31(1) 2.82, 147
Article 31(3) 2.149
Article 32 1.109, 211 n. 3, 288, 307, 2.160, 3.305 n. 1, 310, 5.259, 279, 280, 11.46, 13.168, 15.221, 19.288, 34.133
Article 33 11.8, 9, 36, 46, 12.82, 22.295
Article 34 13.43-4
Article 45 4.112 n. 3, 113
Article 46 1.490, 495, 3.304-6
Article 47 1.489, 495, 3.304, 306
Article 49 15.215
Article 51 15.215
Article 52 15.215
Article 53 15.216
Article 54 4.112 n. 3, 10.191
Article 60 2.257
Article 62 1.314, 4.112 n. 3, 8.443-4, 9.122, 15.217
Article 65 4.112 n. 3, 8.444, 10.191
Article 67 4.112 n. 3, 10.191
Article 70 10.191 n. 9
Visa, suspension 23.382, 385, 390-2
Warranty
breach 19.12-14, 31-8
implied 19.31 n. 16
testing to confirm specifications distinguished 19.14
Wholly-owned subsidiary 7.206
see also Nationality of claim, corporations
Withdrawal of action: see Claims, withdrawal
Witnesses: see Evidence, witnesses