Cambridge University Press
9780521862080 - Cultural Translation in Early Modern Europe - Edited by Peter Burke and R. Po-chia Hsia
Index
Abbot, George, Archbishop 138
Abdülaziz, Suphizâde, Effendi 209
Ablancourt, Nicolas Perrot d’ 29–31, 126
Tacitus 25
Abu Bakr bin al-Badr bin al-Mundir Badr ad-Din al-Baitar 196
Abu’l-Fida 210
Acosta, José de, Natural and Moral History of the Indies 130, 140
Acta eruditorum 145
Addison, Joseph 23, 69, 142, 147–8, 151, 156, 157, 159
Cato 148
Aegidius Albertinus 32, 69, 112
Aesop 39–40
Afentopoulo, Kaleb 183
Africa, accounts of 75
Agrafiotis, Nicolaos 190
Ahmad ibn Yusuf al-Tifashi 194
Ahmed II, Sultan 208
al-Cagmînî 193
al-Idrisi 210
al-Samarkandî 193
al-Tûsî, Nasîr al-Dîn 181, 182, 193, 195
al-Zahravi, Abul Qasim 194–5
Alba, Duke of 14
Alberti, Alberto di Giovanni 36
Alemán, Mateo, Guzmán de Alfarache 76
Aleni, Giulio 40, 41, 42–3, 45
Alexander the Great 18
Alexander VI, Pope 134–5
Alexei Mikhailovich, Tsar 190, 216
Alexis II Comnenus, (Byzantine) Emperor 181
Alfonso X ‘the Wise’ of Castile 15, 184–5
Ali Qushji 193, 195
Allestree, Richard 22
Almici, Giambattista 107
Almogáver, Gerónima Palova de 16
Alonso de Madrid 92
Alphonsine Tables 184–5
Amartol, Georgii 213
Ammirato, Scipione, Discorsi sopra Cornelio Tacito 76, 116
‘amplification,’ practice of 32, 134–5
Amyot, Jacques 2
Anchieta, José de 29
Andrewes, Lancelot 131–2
Andronicus II, (Byzantine) Emperor 181
Androvandi, Ulisse 217
Angela of Foligno 92
anthropology 8, 125
Antoine, Jean 173
aphorisms 134
Appian 30
Aquinas, Thomas, St 45, 95
Summa theologica 39, 40–1, 47–9
Arabic, works in/translations from 193–6
Aretino, Pietro 23, 67
Letters 67
Argyropulos, Johannes 29
Ariosto, Ludovico 2, 19, 23, 24, 65
Negromante 75
Orlando furioso 10, 75
I suppositi 75
Aristotle 29, 36, 115, 217
translations into Chinese 42–3, 45, 50
Arnauld, Antoine 77
Aron, Pietro, De institutione harmonica 67
art, works on 77
astrology 213–14
astronomy 181–5, 188–90, 195, 205–6
Athenian Mercury 145, 147
atlases see cartography
Augustine, St 89
Auvergne, Gaspard d’ 110, 113
Avicenna see Ibn Sina
Avila, Juan de 95
Audi filia 92
Avila, Luis de 17
Commentario 130, 140
Aylesbury, William 131
Bacon, Francis 23
Advancement of Learning 168
Considerations Touching a War with Spain 27
Essays 27, 31, 77
Henry VII 73, 129
Baker, Thomas 132
Bakhtin, Mikhail 36
Baldelli, Francesco 126, 132
Bandello, Matteo 30
Barbapiccola, Giuseppa-Eleonora 12
Barbeyrac, Jean 107, 121–4
impact of works 123–4
justification of translation method 122–3
Barclay, Alexander 131
Barezzi, Barezzo 16
Barksdale, Clement 107
Baron, Hans 110
Baronius, Cardinal 17
Barth, Caspar 69
Baxter, Richard 22
Bayle, Pierre 14, 145, 146
Bayly, Lewis, Praxis of Piety 27
Beaufort, Margaret 12
Bede, St, History of the English Church 127
Bedingfield, Thomas 131
Behn, Aphra 12
Bellarmino, Roberto, Cardinal 10, 17, 72, 104
Belleforest, François de 134
Belli, Costantino 129
Bellintani da Salò, Mattia 94, 95
Belon, Pierre 199
Belot, Octavie 12
Bembo, Pietro 79
Benavides, Florez de 135
Berman, Antoine 2
Bernegger, Matthias 74, 174
Bérulle, Pierre de, Cardinal 96
Bessarion, Basilius (Johannes), Cardinal 185
Béthune, Philippe de, Le conseiller d’estat 114
Beverland, Johannes 14
Beyazit II, Sultan 199
Bèze, Theodore 90
Bible translation(s) 2, 11, 17, 20, 24, 57–60, 66, 88, 89–90, 100
accessibility, debates on 52
Chinese, lack of 41, 51
choice of wording 34, 36
Czech/Slovak 56, 57, 61–2, 64
literality vs freedom, debate on 28
Biblical Institute (Halle) 61–2
Bibliothèque universelle et historique 145
Bidpai, fables of 27
Biehl, Dorothea 12
biography 125
Biringuccio, Vannoccio, Pyrotechnica 74
Birk, Sixt, Susanna 75
Bitiskius, Fridericus 173
Blaeu, Jan 165–6
Blaeu, Willem 165–6, 167
Atlas major 205, 216
Blois, Louis de (Blosius) 91, 95
Blosius see Blois
Blundeville, William 114
Boccaccio, Giovanni, Decameron 67, 75
Boccalini, Traiano 76, 116
Bodenstein, Adam von 166–7, 172
Bodin, Jean 69, 70
The Republic 76, 108, 177
Bodmer, Johann Jakob 153, 154
Boeckler, Georg Andreas, Theatrum machinarum 74
Boerhaave, Hermann, Aphorismi 209
Bohannan, Laura 8
Boiastuau, Pierre 30
Boileau, Nicolas 18, 67, 69, 75
Boner, Hieronymus 132
Bonfils de Tarascon, Jacob 183–4
Bong’oron/Bonjorn see Yom-tob
The Book of Secrets of Enoch (anon.) 213
Borges, Jorge Luis 150, 159
Bornemisza, Péter 32–3
Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne 136
Variations 67
Botero, Giovanni 24
Ragione di stato 76, 116
Relazioni 21
Bouhours, Dominique 77
Boulliau, Ismale 181
Bourchier, John 111–12
Bourdieu, Pierre 24–5
bowdlerization 31–2
Boyer, Abel 146
Boyle, Robert 69, 74, 166, 171, 173, 177–8
Spring of the Air 178–9
Bracciolini, Poggio 126
Brant, Sebastian, Narrenschiff 75
Breitinger, Johann Jakob 154
Bremond, Henri 95
Brent, Sir Nathaniel 138
Brentjes, Sonja 210–11
Briani, Girolamo 116
Briencour, Seigneur de 113
Briganti, Annibale 12
Brignon, Jean 15
Browne, Thomas 22
Brucker, Johann, Historia critica philosophiae 67
Bruni, Leonardo 12, 25, 26, 29, 35, 110, 125–6
Bryskett, Lodowick (Lodovico Bruschetto) 14, 33
Bucer, Martin 17
Buchanan, George 119
De iure regni apud Scotos 117
Budden, John 109
Buddhism 49
Budny, Szymon 28
Buglio, Ludovico, SJ 39, 40, 45, 47–8, 48–9
Bunyan, John, The Pilgrim’s Progress 23
Burke, Peter 150
Burmann, Peter, the Elder 68, 77
Burnet, Gilbert 14, 22, 73, 129
Busbecq, Ogier Ghislain de 199–200
Busch, Wilhelm, Max und Moritz 68
Buys, Jan 15
Byrd, William 132
Byzantine Empire
influence on Western science 185
political decline 180, 191, 212
Caesar, C. Julius 127
Caffa, Carlo 133
Calvin, Jean 2, 10, 23, 28, 37, 72
Calvinists 17
Calvo, Ignacio 67
Cambini, Andrea 37
History of the Turks 21
Camden, William 131–2, 138
Camões, Luis Vaz de 65
Os Lusíadas 75
Campanella, Tommaso, Città del sole 76
Campion, Edmund 66
Campomanes, Count of 128–9
Canfield, Benedictus de (William Fitch) 95
Cappel, Guillaume 113
Caramuel y Lobkowicz, Juan 76
Carcavy, Pierre de 166, 174
Cardano, Girolamo 36
Carion, Johann 128, 132
Carleton, Sir Dudley 138
Carmichael, Gershom 107
Caroline, Queen, of England 131
Cartagena, Alonso de 29
Carter, Elizabeth 12–13
Carthusians of Cologne 90–1, 95, 99
cartography 201–5, 210–11, 216–17
marine 196–8
Cary, Elizabeth 12
Cary, Henry see Monmouth
Cassini, Jean Dominique 190, 206
Castellion, Sébastien 28, 66
Castiglione, Baldassare, Il cortegiano 16, 19, 23, 24, 32, 33, 67, 79, 113
Castiglione, Giuseppe 42
Castracani, Castruccio 73
Catherine II (the Great) of Russia 15–16, 18
Catherine of Genoa 95
Catherine of Siena 90, 92, 95
Catholicism
Hungarian approach/traditions 63–4
Latin translations of texts 72–3
role of translation in development 83–5
see also clergy
Caxton, William 16, 19, 29
Cecil, William 131
Celebi Mehmed, Sultan 194
Celestina (play) 23
censorship 124, 135–6
see also bowdlerization; Index of Forbidden Books
Ceriol, Federico Furió 24, 76, 113–14
Cervantes, Miguel de 2, 65, 75
Don Quixote 10, 21, 67
Cezmi Effendi 206
Chapelain, Jean 31
Chapman, George 36
Chappelain, Geneviève 12
Chappuys, Gabriel 13
Charles I of England 108, 110, 131
Charles IX of France 131
Charles V, (Holy Roman) Emperor 17
Charles V of France 15
Charrier, Jean 110
Châtelet, Emilie, Marquise du 12
China/Chinese language 39–51
accounts of visits to 75
cultural influence of translations 49–51
decline of interest in European texts 51
European interest in 21, 51
methods of translation into 39–40, 46–7
missions to 9–10
translations from 46
units of book production 47
Chionades, Gregory (George) 181–2
Chomedey, Jérôme de 135
Choumnos (Byzantine official) 180
Christian Fathers, translations of 88–9, 95
Chrysokokkes, George 181, 182
Chrysokokkes, Michael/Manuel 183–4
Chrysoloras, Demetrius 185
Chrysoloras, Emanuel, Erotemata 92
Churchill, Winston 137
Cicero, M. Tullius 26, 28, 42, 115
Cieklinski, Piotr, Protrójny 33
Cisneros, García de 92, 94
Clairaut, Alexis 206
Clarendon, Lord 129
Clarke, Samuel 74, 176
classical literature/era
cultural traditions 104–5, 115
translations 19, 29–30, 40, 42–4, 65, 126, 163
‘classicizing’ 80
Clavius, Christophorus 41–2, 50
Clement VIII, Pope 119–20
clergy
central role in text production/translation 69, 84–5
as focus of scholarship 85
Clerke, Bartholomew 79
Clifford, Lady Anne 132
Climacus, John 92
Cognet, Louis 95
Cohen, Tobia 208
coinages see neologisms
Coke, Sir Edward 132
Collodi, Carlo, Pinocchio 68
Cologne see Carthusians of Cologne
colonial rule, translation under 29
Columbus, Christopher 197–8
Colyer, Justinus 205
comedy, problems of translating 7
commercialism, as motive for translation/publication 173, 176, 177–8
Commynes, Philippe de 12, 73, 129, 140
Concini, Bartolomeo 135
conduct books 76–7
Conegliano, Israel 208
confessional identity, importance of 53–4
Confucius 46, 77
constitution, theoretical studies 108–9
Contarini, Gasparo, De magistratibus et republica Venetorum 110–11
contraction (of translated texts) 31–2
Cook, Ann 12
Copernicus, Nicolaus 182
influence of Eastern scientists 181, 182
later writers’ developments of theory 179, 188–9
Corneille, Pierre 75
Corydaleus, Theophylos 187
Coste, Pierre 14, 121, 146
Cotterell, Charles 131
Counter-Reformation 16–17
Couplet, Philippe 46
Courtin, Antoine de 107
Cowley, Abraham 31
‘creative infidelity’ 150, 159
Cremonini, Cesare 187
Croce, Benedetto 25
Croll, Oswald 207
Cromwell, Oliver 117
Cromwell, Thomas 18
Crusades
literature from conquereed lands 184–5
works on/interest in 127, 130
Cudworth, Ralph, True Intellectual System of the Universe 77
‘cultural translation’ 8–10, 133
availability 103
relationship with linguistic 10
scientific 163
Cumberland, Richard 107, 122, 123
Curione, Celio Secundo 70, 78, 135
Curtius, Qunitus 18
Curtius Rufus, Q. 127
Cyril, St, Archbishop of Great Moravia 61
Czech Brethren 56–7, 61
Czech (language)
(religious) use in Slovakia 54–5, 56–7, 58–60, 61–2, 64
translations into 23–4, 56–7
Dacier, Anne 12
Dacres, Edward 110, 113
Dale, Thomas 33
Dalhem, Josquin 167, 175
Damaskin, I. 213
Daniel, Fr, Cleandre et Eudoxus 72
Dante Alighieri 65, 169
The Divine Comedy 75
Dariot, Claude 167
Darnton, Robert 102
Davila, Enrico Caterina, Civil Wars of France 130, 140
de Bry, Theodor/Johann Theodor 16, 19, 75, 77
De Dominis, Marco Antonio, dedication to History of the Council of Trent 137–8
de Rogeau, Marcus 138–9
de Tournes, Samuel 77, 171, 173, 178
de Veer, Effert 117
de Witt, Johann 171
decontextualization see recontextualization
Dee, John 172
Defoe, Daniel, Robinson Crusoe 68
Dehergne, Joseph, SJ 44
Delacroix, Jacques-Vincent 142, 150–1, 155–9
authorial/editorial persona 158–9
comments on own work 152, 153, 157, 158–9
governmental hostility to 158
Delind, Zuca 217
Della Casa, Giovanni, Il galateo 27
Della Porta, Giambattista 67
Il astrologo 75
Denis the Carthusian (Denis Rijckel) 87
Dentrecolles, François-Xavier 41
Dering, Sir Edward 132
Dernschwam, Hans 200
des Essars, Herberay 111
Desaguliers, John 14
Descartes, René 77
Géométrie 170–1, 178
Desmaizeaux, Pierre 14, 146
devotional texts
centres of origin 86
cultural context 99
definition/range 85–6, 97–9
means of transmission 97
modern studies 97–100
role in religious history 84
Diaz, Emmanuel 41, 45
dictionaries, bilingual 13–14
Dieu, Louis de 72
Diodati, Elio 70, 74, 174
Diodati, Jean 137–8, 139
Diodorus Siculus 127
Dionysius the Areopagite 89, 95
The Discussion of Panaghiostos with Azimyth 213
Dolce, Ludovico 113–14
Dolet, Etienne 16, 25
La manière de bien traduire 25
Dolmatskii, Albert, Prince 215–16
Domenichi, Ludovico 110, 132
‘domestication’ 26–7, 29
see also ‘foreignization’
Domestikos, Meletios 190
Doncker, Hendrick 216–17
Donne, John 34
Dorn, Gerard 172, 175
Douglas, Gavin 19, 29
Drake, Francis 23
Draskovich, János 112
Dryden, John 30–1, 34, 35, 67
Absalom and Achitophel 75
Ovid 25
Du Bartas, Guillaume de Salluste, La semaine 67, 75, 76
Du Bellay, Joachim 25, 30–1, 169
Du Vergerre, Susanne 12
Duan Gun 43
Dulcken, Anton 69
Dunton, John 145
Dupuy, Pierre 138
D’Urfé, Honoré, L’Astrée 67
Durret, Nathalis 205–6
Dutch, translations from/into 23
Duvergier de Hauranne, Jean 96
Eastern European languages, translations from/into 23–4
Eborensis, Andreas 42
Ebreo, Leone 77
Ebubekir b. Behram üd-Dimashqi 205
Eckhart, Johannes, Meister 86, 87
Eco, Umberto 7
Eden, Richard 19
Edward IV of England 108–9
Effen, Justus van 149, 151, 152
elites, religious see clergy
Elizabeth I of England 12, 16, 18, 104, 116
Elsevier (publisher) 164, 174–5, 177
émigrés, role in translation 14–15
Emir Celebi (Seyyid Muhammed et-Tabib) 206–7
England, cultural/scientific importance 165
English, translations from/into 22–3
Enlightenment 37–8
Ens, Caspar 69
Epictetus 39–40, 42
Epiphany of Cyprus 213
Erasmus, Desiderius 10, 12, 20, 23, 87–9, 93
impact on development of Protestantism 88
Enchiridion militis christiani 32, 37, 93
Institutio principis christiani 112
Euclid, Elementa 39, 47
Eugenikos, Marcos 184
Europe
cultural transfers within 1, 10–11, 124
political situation 103
European Community 1
European Science Foundation 1
Eusebius of Caesarea 127
Evans-Pritchard, Edward 8
Evats, W. 107
Even-Zohar, Itamar 2
Everart, Martin 115, 166
Exarch, Ioan, The Six Days 213
fashion, magazine coverage of 145
Fausto da Longiano, Sebastiano 112
Fazio, Bartolomeo 33
Fénelon, François 14, 18
Télémaque 76
Fenton, Sir Geoffrey 26, 135–6
Feofan Prokopovich 72
Ferdinand I, (Holy Roman) Emperor 199
Ferguson, Adam, Essay on the History of Civil Society 38
Fernández, Alonso 32
Fernel, Jean 207
Ferus, Jiři 15
Ficino, Marsilio 89
fiction, translations of 75–6
Fielding, Henry 23
Fieschi, Count 33
Filmer, Sir Robert, Patriarcha 117–18
Filotei (monk) 212
Finé, Oronce 169
Fioravanti, Leonardo 165
Fischart, Johann 31, 32, 33, 36
FIT (Fédération Internationale des Traducteurs) 2–3
Fitch, William see Canfield, Benedictus de
Flacius, Matthias 28, 30
Florence (city-state) 110
Florio, John 2, 14, 116, 120
translations of Montaigne 16, 25, 32, 33–4, 36–7
Fonkich, Boris L. 215
Fonseca, Daniel 208
Fonseca, Rodrigo 208
Forberger, Georg 131, 134–5, 172, 173
foreign language(s), adoption of 54
see also Czech
‘foreignization’ 26, 34
vs ‘domestication’ 80
Fortescue, John, De laudibus legum Angliae 108–9
Foucault, Michel 35
Fracastoro, Girolamo 207
Frachetta, Girolamo 116
France
as devotional centre 95–7, 98
periodicals 144–5, 155
Francis I of France 90, 131
Francis Xavier, St 72
Francke, August Hermann 73
François de Sales, St 72, 95–6
Fraunce, Abraham 33
Frederick II of Prussia 113
French, translations from/into 22
Fréron, Élie-Catherine 155–6
Frobisher, Martin 23
Froidmont, Libert 174
Froissart, Jean, Chroniques 67, 73, 127
Fronsperger, Leonard 216
Fuchs, Leonard 168
Furtado, Francisco 42–3
Gage, Thomas 22
Gagliardi, Achille, Brief Summary of Christian Perfection 86, 94, 96
Galilieo Galilei 10, 42, 74, 166, 170, 174–5, 176–7, 179
Galitzin, Prince 190
Garneau, Michel 33
Garzoni, Tomaso, La piazza universale 31
Gassendi, Pierre 211
Gazette 144
foreign imitations 144–5
Gazette de Leyde 143
Gentile, Scipio 70
Gentili, Alberico 106
Gentillet, Innocent 76
George I of England 108–9
German(y)
civic/religious uses 55, 56
theoretical movements 35
translations from/into 23, 56
Gerson, Jean 85, 86
Gesenius, Justus 134
Geuder, Jacob 80
Geuffroy, Antoine 80
Giannotti, Donato 76
Gibbon, Edward 130
Giolito, Gabriel 16, 132
Giovio, Paolo 79–80
History of His Own Time 130, 132, 140
Giraldi, Giambattista Cinthio 33
Girard, Albert 171
Girard, Pascale 44
Glazemaker, Jan Hendriksz 13
Glyzounis, Emanuel 186–7
God, renderings of name 9–10, 29, 48
Goethe, Cornelia 149
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 68, 149
Gohorry, Jacques 32, 110
Golding, Arthur 131
Goldoni, Carlo, Pamela 154
Gordon, Thomas 123
Górnicki, Łukasz 33
Góslicki, Wawrzyniec Grzymała, De optimo senatore 114
Gottsched, Louise 12, 149, 154
Goulart, Simon 115
Goupyl, Jacques 166
Gracián, Jeronomo, Summary of the Virtues of St Joseph 86
Graeber, Wilhelm 2
Graevius, Johann Georg 19, 68, 71, 73, 77
Grafton, Anthony 102
Granada, Luís de 10, 12, 40, 85, 92, 95
Grantrye, Pierre de 167
Gray, Thomas, Elegy in a Country Churchyard 21, 67, 75
Greece
political/social conditions under Ottomans 189
scientific aspirations 191
Greek
translations from see classical literature
translations into 181–91
Greflingen, Georg 143
Gregory Nazianzus 88
Grimm, Friedrich Melchior, Baron 155
Grotius (de Groot), Hugo 104, 106, 122, 169
De jure belli et pacis 107, 123
Guarini, Giovanni Battista, Il pastor fido 21, 67
Guerre, Martin 66
Guevara, Antonio de, Reloj de príncipes 76, 111–12, 124
Guevara y Vasconcelos, Manuel de 128–9
Guiccardini, Francesco 20, 21, 23, 26, 38, 70, 76, 78, 113, 131, 133, 134
Dialogo del reggimento del Firenze 110
Storia d’Italia 125, 129, 131–2, 134–6, 137, 139, 140, 141
Guiccardini, Ludovico 21
Guillemeau, Jacques 167–8, 178
Gustav Adolf of Sweden 15–16, 18
Gyllengrip, Catharina 12
Gyllenstierna, Catharina/Maria 12
Haci Pasha (Celalüddin Hizir) 194, 206
Hagenaeus, Melchior 115
hagiographies see saints, lives of
Hakluyt, Richard 18, 19
Hall, Joseph 23
Characters 27
Hamazaspean, Gabriel 112
Hamon, Joseph 199
Hamon, Moses 199
Han Lin 43
Hankins, James 110
Harphius (Hendrik Herp) 87, 90, 95
The Mirror of Perfection 90
Harvey, Gabriel 102
Harvey, William 209
Hassard, Pierre 167
Hatton, Christopher 131, 132
Havercamp, Sigebert 69
Hayâtizâde Mustafa Feyzi 207–8
Haydocke, Richard 12
Hebrew, translations from 183–4
Helmont, Jan van 173
Henri III of France 177
Henry, Prince of Wales (son of James I) 118
Henry VIII of England 17–18
Herder, Johann Gottfried 35
Hermann, Philip 166
Hermans, Theo 2, 26, 28
Herp, Hendrik see Harphius
historical works (in translation) 73, 125–9
areas of interest 128–9
defined 125
‘export’/‘import’ languages 128, 130
translators 132–3
history, ‘translation’ across 7–9
Hobbes, Thomas 22, 104, 106, 107–8, 122
Leviathan 76
Hoby, Sir Thomas 19
Holberg, Ludvig 154–5
Holland, Philemon 132
Holmes, James 2
Holst, Pieter Volck 166
Homer, translations of 11, 35, 36
Hondius, Josse 202
Hooft, Pieter 126
Horace (Q. Horatius Flaccus) 18, 25
horses, care of see veterinary science
Horta, García de 12
Hortensius, Martinus 167, 174
Hostovinus, Balthasar 15
Hotman, François, Francogallia 109
Hotman, Jean 120
Huarte de San Juan, Juan 69
Huguenots 14, 121, 146
Humboldt, Wilhelm 34–5
Hume, David 77
Hungary
civic/social elite (Magyars) 58, 63
ethnic/linguistic divisions 55, 57–8, 60
legislation 55–6, 62
literary imports 56
political conditions 59
religious divisions 52
see also Slovakia
Hus, Jan/Hussites 52, 54, 60
Huser, Johannes 172, 173
Hüseyin bin Abdullah 196
Huyghens, Christiaan 18
hymns 59–60
iatrochemistry 207
Ibn Beithar 194
Ibn Khaldun 127
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) 209–10
Ibn Yunus 206
Illuminism 92–4
‘imitation,’ theory/practice of 30–1
debates on 153–9
Imperial Encyclopedia (Siku quanshu) 49–50
index entries 137, 139
Index of Forbidden Books 93, 113, 120, 128
impact on translation/publication projects 177
Russian Orthodox version 214
India, accounts of 75
Indikoplov, Kosmas 213
Innys, William/John 176
integrity, textual, religious importance 55–6, 57
intellectual property 33, 173
intention, importance of 16
interpreters 13, 14
hereditary 13
inwerken, translation of term 93, 99–100
Isabella, Queen of Spain 91
Isengrin (publisher) 168
Islam see Muslim texts
Ismail, Halifezâde Cinarî, Effendi 206
Isselt, Michael 69
Italian, translations from/into 22–3, 73
Italy, visits to 104
Ivan III, Tsar 212
James I of England/VI of Scotland 12, 23, 104, 131
Basilikon doron 118–21, 124
Japan, accounts of 75
Jardine, Lisa 102
Jerome, St 25, 28, 89
Jesuits 15, 17, 29, 39–51, 83–4, 99
numbers/nationalities 44–5, 46
role in Chinese missions/translations 44
selection of texts 50
timescale of translation production 45–6
Jews
medical knowledge/texts 198–9
Jiménez (Ximenes) de Cisneros, Francisco, Cardinal 15, 91–2, 94
João IV of Portugal 76
John Chrysostom, St 213
John of the Cross, St 92, 94, 95
Johnson, Samuel, Dr 12, 154
Jones, William 115
Josephus, Flavius 126–7
Joubert, Laurent 168
Le journal encyclopédique 156
Le journal étranger 153–4
Journal des savants 144
imitations 145
Jouvancy, Joseph de 72
Juan, Prince, of Spain 111
Justinus 127
Kadizâde-i Rumî (Sheikh Mehmed bin Mustafa) 193, 196
Kangxi, (Chinese) Emperor 42, 43
Kant, Immanuel 77
Karaites (Jewish sect) 183
Karl IX of Sweden 18
Kâtib Çelebi 201–4, 205, 210
Kavoutzes, Ioannes 183
Keller, Christoph 134
Kempis, Thomas 12
Imitatio Christi (attrib.) 20, 85, 86–7
Kennet, Basil 107, 122, 123
Kerbekius, Antonius 69
Kirik of Novgorod 213
Klesch, Daniel 56
Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb, Messiah 75
Koerbagh, Adriaan 9, 36
Kopievich, Ilya 18
Koran, translations of 27
Kralice Bible 58–9
La Beaumelle, Laurent de 150
La Chapelle, Seigneur de 76
La Fontaine, Jean de, Fables 75
La Grise, Berthault de 111
La Houssaye, Amelot de 113, 139
La Noue, François de 76
la Rivière, Étienne de 207
Lamoot, Jan 14
Languet, Hubert 117
Lansbergen, Jacob 174
Lansbergen, Philip 173–4, 179
Lansperger, Johannes Justus 91
Lapithe, George 185
Laredo, Bernardino de 92
Latin
‘competition’ with vernacular 167–73, 175–6
as cultural lingua franca 54–5, 104–5, 168, 169–70
as language of law 106
as language of religion 55, 56, 84
Latin, translations from see classical literature
Latin, translations into 4, 19, 21, 65–80, 84, 174–5, 179
choice of material 66–7
chronology 68
quantity 65–6
selection of material 71–7
source languages 69
translation methods 78–80
translators 69–70
see also ‘classicizing’
Lauro, Pietro 132
Lauterbach, Conrad 126
Lauterbeke, George 109
law, works on 77, 106–9
Lazarillo de Tormes (anon.) 31
Le Ber, Charles 115
Le Courayer, Pierre-François 131, 139
Le Noble, Eustache 125
Leclerc, Jean 145
Lefèvre d’Étaples, Jacques 89–90
Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm 51, 77
Leichoudis, Ioannikos/Sofronios 190, 215
Lenglet du Fresnoy, Nicolas 34
Leo Africanus 18
León, Luis de, La perfecta casada (The Perfect Wife) 98
Leunclavius, Johannes 80
Lewkenor, Lewes 111
Li Cibin 43
Li Zhizao 42, 43
libraries, contents of 131–2, 149
linguistic ability, role in European education 104
Lipsius, Justus 23
Politicorum sive civilis doctrinae 115–16
literality, vs freedom 25, 26–30, 133
literary criticism 77
liturgy see prayers
Livy (T. Livius) 102
localization see transposition
Locke, John 10, 14, 18, 22, 23, 37–8, 145
Concerning Human Understanding 27, 77, 121–2
Two Treatises on Government 27, 76, 118
Lok, Ann 12
Lomazzo, Giovanni Paolo 12
Lomonosov, Mikhail 215
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, Hiawatha 68
Longobardo, Niccolò 48
Lopes de Castanheda, Fernão, History of the Discovery of the New World 130, 140
Lorraine, Cardinal of 15
Louis XIII of France 114
Louis XIV of France 8, 76, 108, 144
Loyola, Ignatius, St 15, 83–4, 87, 94
Lubomirski, Stanislas 72
Lucae e Camerino, Johannes 183
Lucena, Juan de 33
Ludolph of Saxony, Life of Christ 83, 87, 92, 94
Ludwig, Prince of Anhalt 12
Luillier, François 211
Lukaris, Cyril, Patriarch 187
Lull, Raymond 92
Lumley, Jane 12
Luther, Martin 2, 23, 60, 88, 172
as Bible translator 17, 28
translations from 10, 17, 20, 23, 37, 72
Little Catechism 53, 57
Sendbrief von Dolmetschen (Epistle on Translation) 25
Lutheran Church 53–4, 56
conflicts with Calvinism 57
presence in Hungary/Slovakia 59–62, 63–4
(supposed) links with Hussism 54, 60
Macault, Antoine 131
Machiavelli, Niccolò 21, 23, 70, 76, 134
Arte della guerra 33
Discorsi 32, 110
Istorie Fiorentine 67, 128, 130, 131, 140
Il principe 31, 76, 78, 104, 105–6, 110, 113
Maffei, Giovanni Pietro 22
Magalhães, Gabriel de 47–8
magazines see periodicals
Magnus, Olaus 132
Maignan, Eloi 168
Maimbourg, Louis 67, 128
History of the Crusades 130, 140
Maire, Jean 178
Malebranche, Nicolas 77
Malvezzi, Virgilio 76
Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad 210
manuscripts 4, 15, 21–2, 34, 67, 126, 164
March, Ausias 75
Marcus Aurelius, (Roman) Emperor 111
Mardrus, Joseph Charles, Arabian Nights 150
Marguerite of Navarre 90
Mariana, Juan de 106
Marivaux, Pierre de 152
Marnix, Philip 131
Marshall, William 17–18
Marsilio of Padua 17
Martin, Henri-Jean 164
Martin, Jean 30
Martini, Martino 21
De bello tartarico 129, 140
Mascardi, Agostino 33
Masník (Masnicius), Tobias 61
mathematics 186–7
Mavrocordato, Alexandre 209
Maximilian II, (Holy Roman) Emperor 177
Mazel, David 146
Medici, Lorenzo de' 116
medicine, works on 190, 194–5, 198–200, 206–10
analogy with political theory 203–4
see also veterinary science
medreses (Ottoman schools) 192, 193, 196, 200–1
Mehmed Ataullah, Tayyarzade 196
Mehmed Ihlasî, Sheikh 203
Mehmed II, Sultan 193, 195
Mehmed IV, Sultan 205, 207
Mehmed Rami Pasha 208
Mehmed Reis ibn Menemenli 198
Melanchthon, Philip 128
Ménage, Gilles 30
Mendoza, Juan González de 21
Mercado, Luis 208
Mercator, Gerhard 201, 202, 216
Le mercure galant 144, 145, 147
Mersenne, Marin 166
Merzifonlu Karamustafa Pasha 208
Methodius, St 61
Metochites (Byzantine official) 180
Meusevoet, Vincentius 13, 14
Mexia, Pedro, Historia Caesarea 67, 133
Micanzio, Fulgencio 137
Middle Ages 52, 86–7
translation methods 26–7
translation of texts from 127
Mikhail Feodorovich, Tsar 216
Milne, A. A., Winnie the Pooh, Latin version 19, 68
Milton, John 65, 67, 104
Paradise Lost 21, 23, 75
Minadoi, Giovanni 80
Mirandola, Pico della 183
missionaries 9–10, 16–17, 29, 39–51, 99
misunderstanding, role of (mis)translation in 35–6
Mitros, Meletios, Bishop, ‘Epitome of Astronomy’ 188, 188–9
Molina, Luis de 106
Molinos, Miguel de 73
monarchy, theories of 109, 111–15, 124
Monardes, Nicolas 12, 207–8
Monmouth, Henry Cary, Earl of 111, 116, 133
Montaigne, Michel de 2, 121
Essais 16, 21, 24, 25, 32, 33–4, 36–7
Montano, Benito Arias 66, 70
Montecuccoli, Raimondo de 76
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de 10
L’esprit des lois 37
Montgomerie, The Cherry and the Plum 75
Moravia, Great 60–1, 63–4
More, Thomas
Utopia 21, 37
Morin, Jean-Baptiste 174
Mornay, Philippe du Plessis 117
Mornet, Daniel 149
Moulin, Louis de 74
Moyriac de Mailla, J. A. M. de 127
Muhammad, the Prophet 193
Muhammed b. Mahmûd-i Sirvânî 194
Muhammed bin Cerkes 196
Muhammed bin Ya’kûb b. Ahi Huzzâm al-Huttalî 196
Mulcaster, Robert 108
Murad IV, Sultan 209
Murner, Thomas 22
Murphy, Arthur, The Orphan of China 154
Muslim texts/science
role in Ottoman thought/education 192–3, 196, 200–1, 210
Western translations 127
see also Ottoman Empire
Mustafa III, Sultan 209
Müteferrika, Ibrahim 203
Mutius, Huldreich, De Germanorum origine 67
Myrepsos, Nicolas 207
The Mystery of Mysteries (anon.) 214
Nadal, Jerónimo 41
Nannini, Remigio 134
Napier, John 42
nationalism
cultural 19, 169
growth of 103
natural philosophy see science
Naudé, Gabriel 69, 77
Considérations politiques sur les coups d’état 116
Nebrija, Antonio 70
Needham, Peter 68
negotiation, role in translation 9–10
Negri, Francesco 70
Nemchin, Nikolai 214
neologisms 36–7, 48–9, 78–80
Neri, Antonio, De arte vitraria 74
Netherlands
cultural/scientific importance 164–6
return of exiles 14–15
Newcastle, Duke of 73
newspapers see periodicals
Newton, Adam 78–9, 138
Newton, Isaac 10, 14, 33, 74
Opticks 176
Nian Xiyao 42
Nicholas V, Pope 15
Nieremberg, Emmanuel 12
Nieremberg, Juan Eusebio 85, 99
Nieuhof, Jan 75
Nikon, Patriarch 216
nineteenth century, translation movements/theories 34–5
Nizamulmulk, Vizier 192
non-fiction, translation of 3, 11, 66–7
Norfolk, Duke of 131
North, Sir Thomas 2, 27, 112
Northampton, Elizabeth, Marchioness of 16
Norton, Thomas 28
Notaras, Chrysanthos 189–90
Notaras, Dositheos, Patriarch 190
Nouvelles de la république des lettres 145
Oldenburg, Henry 74
Origen, St 89
Ortega y Gasset, José 25
Ortelius, Abraham 201, 203, 216
Osman II, Sultan 196
Osuna, Francisco de 92
Ottoman Empire
education system 185, 187, 189, 192–3 (see also medreses)
rise in power 180
scientific attainments 189
Western accounts of 75, 76, 79–80
Western influence on science/culture 192, 196–211
Western physicians in 208
Padua (University) 199
‘school of’ 187–8, 191
Palissy, Bernard 36
Pallavicino, Sforza, Cardinal 137
Palthen, Zacharias 11, 173
Panneel, Michael 14
Papánek, Juraj 63
Papavasilopoulos, Anastasios 186, 187
manuscripts of texts 186
Paracelsus (Theophrastus von Hohenheim) 11, 73–4
influence in East 207
Latin translations 164, 166–7, 172–3, 175, 178
Paré, Ambroise 167–8, 170, 177, 178
Parry, Thomas 120
Parsons, Robert 119, 120
Paruta, Paolo, Della perfettione della vita politica 111
Pascal, Blaise 69
Pensées 77
Patriotiske Tilskuer 153
Patrizzi, Francesco 77
patronage 15–16, 131
Paul, St, Letter to the Romans 89
Paul III, Pope 137
Paulos Aeginata 195
Paz, Octavio 8–9
The Pearl of the Gospel (anon.) 90, 95
Pedro IV of Aragon 184
Peiresc, Nicolas Claude 138, 211
Peletier du Mans, Jacques 25, 169
Algèbre/De occulta parte numerorum 170
Pemberton, John 120
Pepys, Samuel 132
Perez, Miguel 85
periodicals
book reviews 145–6
borrowings from others 143–4
criticisms of others 152
development 143–6
government sponsorship 144
role in cultural exchange 144–6
specialization 144–5
women’s 145, 150, 153
see also The Spectator
Perkins, William 17, 23, 27, 72
Perna, Pietro 136, 167, 172–3, 175, 177
Perne, Andrew 131–2
Persian, translations from 181–2
Peter I (the Great), Tsar 15–16, 18, 20, 215, 217
Petereius, Theodore 69
Petrarch 23
Philip II of Spain 73, 91
Philip IV of Spain 12, 21
Philip V of Spain 12
Phillip, William 18
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 145, 146, 171
philosophy, works on 77
Pibrac, Guy du Four, Seigneur de 67, 75
Piccolomini, Alessandro 166
Pieroni, Giovanni 174, 176, 177
Pindar 31
Pipino, Francesco 31, 32
Pirckheimer, Wilibald 88
Pîrî Reis 197–8
Pitiscus, Bartholomaeus 42
Plato 43–4
Laws 109
Republic 31
Plautus, T. Maccius, Trinummus 33
plays, translations of 32–3, 75
Plutarch 2, 115
Pocock, John 110, 133
poetry, translations of 75
Poirot, Louis de 41
Poland, political system 114
polemic 103
Poleni, Giovanni 191
‘policy,’ translatability of term 7–8
Polish, translations into 24
‘political economy of translation’ 22
political theory, works of
context of creation 101–2
distribution 102
Eastern 203–4
range of ideas 101
translations into Latin 76
transmission of ideas 102–3
see also law; monarchy; ‘reason of state’; republicanism; resistance
Poliziano, Angelo 126
Polo, Gil, Diana 75–6
Polo, Marco 21, 31, 32
Polybius 12, 126, 127
Pope, Alexander 11, 12–13, 154
Essay on Man 21, 75
Porcacchi, Tommaso 132
Pory, John 18
Postel, Guillaume 210
Pozzo, Andrea 42, 50
prayers, translations of 40–1
printers 16
absence (from certain areas) 56
Proclus 182
Procopius 12, 125–6
propaganda
translatability of term 8
works of 76
Protestants/Protestantism
appropriation of Catholic texts 136, 138–9
texts translated into Latin 72
translations of Catholic texts by 72–3, 77
see also Calvinists; Lutheran Church; Reformation
Pseudo-Kallisphenos, Alexandria 213–14
publication, centres of 70–1, 72, 164
Pufendorf, Samuel 18
De jure naturae et gentium 107, 121–3
De officio hominis et civis 107
Introduction (Einleitung) 129, 140
Pym, Anthony 2
Quevedo, Francisco de 76
Rabelais, François 23, 31, 32, 33, 36
Raleigh, Walter 23
Ramus, Peter, Geometriae libri XXVII 216
Ramusio, Giovanni Battista 19
Rawlinson, Richard 34
‘reason of state’, theoretical works on 115–17
re-Catholicization, Hungarian programme of 53–4, 55–6, 59, 62–3
recontextualization, processes of 10
Reformation 10, 37
attitudes to Scriptures 52–3
liturgical languages 55–6
refugees see émigrés
Regnault, Noël 33
religion
controversies 96–7, 99, 124
histories 130
texts (and translations) 3, 16–17, 40–1, 61, 62–3, 71–3
Wars of 95, 109
see also Bible; Catholicism; devotional texts; God; missionaries; prayers; Protestants; saints, lives of
Renaissance 10, 37, 163
Renaudot, Théophraste 144
republicanism, theories of 110–11, 115
resistance, political theory of 117–18
Retz, Jean François Paul de Gondi de, Cardinal 33
reviews see periodicals
Rhineland, religious traditions 86–91, 92–4
links/clashes with Catholicism 90–1
Rho, Giacomo 42, 45
Ricci, Matteo 9, 15, 16, 39, 41–2, 45, 47, 48, 50
Jiaoyou lun (De amicitia) 42
Jiren shipian (Ten Essays from a Remarkable Man) 39–40
Richardson, Samuel 2, 23
Pamela 34, 154
Richelieu, Armand Jean Duplessis, Cardinal 114, 205
Ricius, Johannes 79
Rijckel, Denis see Denis the Carthusian
Rivadeneira, Pedro de 15
The Christian Prince (Tratado de la religíon y virtudes que debe tener el príncipe cristiano) 76, 112–13
Robertson, William 130
History of America 128–9
Roche, Geneviève 2
Rohan, Henri de 76
Rojas, Fernando de, Celestina 75
Ronsard, Pierre 75
Franciade 67
Roper, Margaret 12
Rosemond, Jean-Baptiste de 14
Rosenzweig, Franz 8
Roseo da Fabriano, Mambrino 112
Ross, Alexander 174
Rowling, J. K., Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, Latin version 68
Royal Society 74, 166, 169, 170, 175–6
see also Philosophical Transactions …
royalty
as patrons of translation 15–16
as translators 12
Rudolph II, (Holy Roman) Emperor 177
Ruggieri, Michele 39
‘Rules of the Military, Artillery and Other Affairs’ 216
Russia
educational projects 215
literature 213–15
political history 212, 215
social/cultural development 214–17
translation programmes 18–19, 190, 214–17
Ruysbroeck, Jan van 87, 90
Spiritual Espousals 90, 95
Saadi 75
Saavedra, Diego de 76
Sabellico, Marco Antonio 22
Sabuncuoglu Sherefeddin 194–5
Sa’duddin bin Hasan Can 127
Saint-Evremond, Charles de Marquetel de 14
Sainte-Marthe, Scévole de 67
St Petersburg
Academy 13, 18–19, 217
Gazette 145
saints, lives of 41, 71, 86, 98
Sales, François de, St see François de Sales
Salih b. Nasrullah b. Sallum 206, 207, 208
Sallust (C. Sallustius Crispus) 115, 127
Sambiasi, Francesco 42–3
Sandé, Don Alvaro de 200
Sarpi, Paolo 20, 38, 128
History of Benefices 130, 133, 140
History of the Council of Trent 16, 17, 78–9, 125, 129, 131–2, 133, 136–9, 140
Savonarola, Girolamo 92
Saxo Grammaticus 127
Saxony, Elector of 131
see also George I of England
Scalvo, Marco de 67
Scandinavia 24
see also Sweden
Schall von Bell, Adam 42, 45
Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von 68
Schirmbeck, Adam 69
Schlegel, August Wilhelm 8, 154–5
Schleiermacher, Friedrich 34–5
school textbooks 62–3, 186–7
Schooten, Franz van 170, 178
Schottius, Andreas 69
Schreck, Johann Terenz 42
Schroder, Eric 13, 18, 112, 120
Schwartz, Johann Ludwig 63
science
transmission of information 163–4
scientific works 3, 163, 180–211
most translated 165
translation into Chinese 40, 41–2, 50
translation into Latin 73–4
Scot, Reginald 36
Scott, Thomas 116
Scribanius, Carolus 67
scribes, responsibilities/freedoms of 34
Scupoli, Lorenzo, Il combattimento spirituale 72, 94, 95
Second Scholastic 106
Seklucjan, Jan 25
Selden, John 108
Seljukid beg Ilyas 194
Seneca, L. Annaeus 42
Sennert, Daniel 207
Serlio, Sebastiano 37
Settle, Elkanah, The Conquest of China 129
Severian of Gavala, Bishop 213
Severinus, Petrus 173
Seydî Ali Reis 195
Seyssel, Claude de 132
The French Commonwealth 76
La grande monarchie de France 109
Shakespeare, William 7, 24
Hamlet 8
Macbeth 104
The Taming of the Shrew 24
Shams al-Din al-Bukhari 181–2
Shemseddin Itaqi 199, 209–10
Sherlock, William 122
Shute, John 37
Sidney, Algernon, Discourses Concerning Government 118
Sidney, Mary 12, 33
Sidney, Philip 23, 104
A Defence of Poetry 21
Sigismund III of Sweden/Poland 120
Siku quanshu see Imperial Encyclopedia
Silhon, Jean de, Ministre d’état 114
Silvanus, Johannes 53
Sipayllówna, Maria 12
Skinner, Quentin 110
Skylitzes, Ioannis, ‘Introduction to the Cosmographical Sciences’ 188
Sleidan, Johann 12, 73, 128
Commentaries 129, 140
Four World Empires 130, 140
Slovakia/Slovak people
ethnic identity 53, 59–60, 62
exiles from 61
‘first state of’ 63
language(s) 53, 54–6, 58, 59, 61–4 (see also Czech)
religious identity/divisions 53–4, 59–60, 64
Smidt, Frans de 15
Smith, Adam, The Wealth of Nations 31–2, 38
Smith, Samuel 176
Smith, Sir Thomas, De republica Anglorum 109
Snellius, Willebrord 167
Solis, Antonio de, History of the Conquest of Mexico 130, 141
Sophocles, Electra 32–3
Sorbière, Samuel de 107
Soto, Domingo de 106
sound-approximation, as translation technique 48–9
Sousa, Perez de 116
Spain
cultural hegemony within Europe 72, 106
as devotional centre 91–4, 98
Spandugino, Theodoro 21
Spanish, translations from/into 23, 24
The Spectator 142
appeal to readership 147–50
authorial/editorial persona 152
correspondence 153
imitations 142, 148–53, 154–9
influence of earlier trends 142, 146–7
reliance on collaborators 152–3
translations 148
speeches, collections of 133–4
Speidell, John, Geometrical Extraction 215–16
Spenser, Edmund 33
The Shepherd’s Calendar 21, 75
Speroni, Sperone 169
Sporck, Eleonora von 12
Sprat, Thomas 74
Staden, Heinrich von 75
Standaert, Nicolas 39, 49–50
Stapleton, Sir Robert 131
Steele, Richard 142, 147–8, 151, 156, 157, 159
Steiner, George 8
Stevens, John, Capt. 133
Stevin, Simon 165, 167, 169, 171
Stillingfleet, Edward 14
Stoppani, Giovanni Niccolò 70
Stoudites, Damaskinos, Bishop 183
Strada, Famiano 128
De bello belgico 130, 141
Suarez, Francisco 106
Suleiman I ‘the Magnificent’, Sultan 199
Surius, Laurence 90–1
Suso, Heinrich 87
Sweden, translation campaign 18, 19
Swieten, Gerard van 209
synopsis, translation by 40
syntax, reproduction of original 35
Szafarzyński, Jacob 15
Tacitus, P. Cornelius 126
Tasso, Torquato 19, 24, 33, 65, 70
Aminta 75
Gerusalemme liberata 20–1, 75
Tauler, Johannes 87
technical language, translation of 9
technology 74
Teelinck, Willem 15
Teglio, Silvestro 31, 70, 78
Temple, William 22
Tende, Gaspard de 30
Règles de la traduction 25
Teresa of Avila, St 72, 92, 94, 95
Terracini, Benvenuto 8
Tezkireci Köse Ibrahim Effendi 205–6
Thompson, Emmanuel 120
Thott, Birgitte 12
Thucydides 127
Topal Recep Pasha 209
Toury, Gideon 2
Toxites, Michael 172
Traheron, William 133
Tranovský, Juraj 59
‘translatability’ 7
Translation Studies 2–3
translation(s)
bibliography 100
choice of material 20–1
collaborative 11, 46–7, 205
cultural impact 35–8, 99–100, 173–5, 192
defined 67
historical role 1–3
ideological grounds for 173–5, 176, 178–9 (see also translators: motives)
inaccurate 56, 93 (see also misunderstanding)
programmes 16–19, 120–1
(proposed) areas of study 99–100
role in cultural exchange 10, 97, 98, 102–3
second-hand 27
target readership 21–2, 70–1, 72, 84, 102, 106, 131–2, 164
terminology 25–6
theories/methods 11, 24–35, 105–6, 124, 150
translators
amateur 12
anonymous/pseudonymous 69
categories 11–16
errors see misunderstanding translation(s): inaccurate
improvements on original 30
motives 105, 118, 121, 124, 148 (see also commercialism; translation(s): ideological grounds for)
nationalities 70
omissions see bowdlerization; contraction
oral see interpreters
professional 12–13, 132–3, 200, 201
reversal of authorial intent 33, 38
teams see translation(s): collaborative
see also clergy; royalty; women
transposition (of action/settings) 32–3
travel
books on 21, 74–5
role in European education 103–4
Trediakovsky, Vasilij 13
Trenchard, John 123
Trent, Council of 62, 124
Tuck, Richard 113
Tuning, Jan 167
Turkish
original works in 197–8, 209–10
translations into 193–6, 200–6, 207–8, 209, 211
Turks/Turkey see Ottoman Empire
Turler, Johannes 79
Tyler, Margaret 12
Ulloa, Alfonso de 16, 132
Ulugh Beg 193, 206
Umur Beg 194
Union of Brothers 58
universities
admissions policy 198–9
linguistic preferences 175–6
‘untranslatability’ 25
Urquhart, Sir Thomas 32
Utraquists 56–7, 61
Vagnoni, Alfonso 42–3, 45
Valdés, Juan/Alfonso de 93
Valla, Lorenzo 17, 89, 126
Valverde de Hamusco, Juan 210
van den Bos, Lambert 133
Varenius, Bernhardus 18
Varthema, Ludovico de 21
Vasilii Shuiskii, Tsar 216
Vasilii the Great 213
Vaughn, William 116
Vazquez del Marmol, Juan 91
Venice (city-state) 202
Greek community 185
political treatises from/on 110–11
Venuti, Lawrence 2, 26
Verbiest, Ferdinand 43, 45, 190
Vergil, Polydore 22
History of Inventors 129, 132, 141
vernaculars
defined 67
increase in use/prestige 168–70
(studies of) translations between 3–4, 22–4, 84, 165–7
see also Latin
Vesalius, Andreas 18
De humani corporis fabrica 217
veterinary science 195–6
Vetter, Conrad 15
Vienne, Philibert de, Le philosophe de court 36
Vigenère, Blaise de 126
Vignola, Giacomo Barozzi da 18
Villehardouin, Geoffroy de 126, 130
Vindiciae contra tyrannos (anon.) 105–6, 117
Virgil (P. Vergilius Maro) 18, 35
Aeneid 19, 29
Vladimir, St 212–13
Vlahos, Gerasimos
‘Harmonia definitive entium’ 188
translation of Hippocrates 190
Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet) 51, 155–6
Henriade 75
L’orphelin de la Chine 154
Vondel, Joost van, Zungchin 129
Voragine, Jacob, Legenda aurea 83, 86, 94
Waesberge, Jan van 165, 176
Wagenaer, Lucas Jansz, Speculum nauticum 74
Waldergrave, William 118
Walford, Benjamin 176
Walker, William 117
Wallenstein, Albrecht von 73
Wallis, John 169
Algebra 171, 175
Wanckel, Johannes 112
war(s)
news reports 143
see also names of conflicts
Waucquier, Mateo Martinez 69
Webster, Charles 164, 172
Wei Douxu 43
Weisse, Christian 13
Welsaer, Mark 74
Weyer, Johan 36
Wheler, Sir George 208
White Mountain, Battle of 59
Willymat, William 119
Władislaw (Ladislaus), Prince 72
Wolff, Christian, Cogitationes rationales 77
women
as patrons of translation 16
role in devotional life 99
as translators 12–13
see also periodicals
Wood, Anthony, History of Oxford 67
word-for-word see literality
Wysocki, Simon 15
Xenophon 127
Ximenes, Cardinal see Jiménez de Cisneros
Xu Guangqi, Paul 39, 41, 43, 47
Xu Zongze 39
Yaroslav the Wise 213
Yom-tob, Jacob ben David 184
Yushkevich, A. P. 216
Zhu Sihan 43
Žilina, Synod of 57, 58–9
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