ACABQ (Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions)
aerial photos, evidence of
Afghanistan
Ahrens, Gert
Akashi, Yasuki
‘Alba’ operation 1997
Albania
attitudes to Macedonia
basis for survival
economy
elections
foreign interests in
geostrategic significance
international relations
migrations from
political history
political/military weaknesses
religion
treatment of minorities
Albanians (in SFRY/Kosovo)
demands for independence
discrimination against
in Macedonia
(planned) expulsion
responses to Serb/SFRY policies
return to homeland
Albright, Madeleine
Alexander I of Yugoslavia
Alexei II, Patriarch
Algeria
Andersen, Hans Christian
Annan, Kofi
Arbour, Louise
Arkan
arms embargo, impact of
Ashdown, Lord (Paddy)
Auden, W. H.
Austria(-Hungary)
relationship with Yugoslav republics
Badinter Commission
Baker, James A.
Bakewell, Oliver
Balkan Conference of Stability and Cooperation in South-East Europe
Banac, Ivo
Banja Luka
Bartolini, Mark
Bavaria
Bejta, Azem
Beli Monastir
Bell, John
Benn, Tony
Berov, Liuben
Berry, Sheila
Bihac
Bildt, Carl
Blair, Tony
Blewitt, Graham
Blitz, Brad K.
Boban, Mate
Boot, Max
Bosnia(-Hercegovina)
attempts to end war in (see also Dayton)
defensive capabilities
economy
(feasibility of) EU membership
government war policy
handling of refugee problem
internal divisions
international intervention in (see also NATO)
international recognition
international support
military hostilities in
multicultural heritage
(plans for) partition
political ideology/conduct
post-war conditions
as precedent for Kosovo
Serb/Croat territorial ambitions in
Western policy towards
Boucher, Richard
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros
Bowman, Laura
bratsvo i jedinstvo (‘brotherhood and unity’)
Brčko
Bukoshi, Bujar
Bulgaria
domestic politics
economy
elections
foreign policy
foreign trade
impact of Western media
impact of Yugoslav crisis
Orthodox Church
(plans for) EU membership
political identity
post-1989 reforms
problems
relations with Macedonia
relations with other neighbours
relations with West
role in peace process
social conditions
treatment of minoritiessee also United States
burden-relieving argument (for refugee return)
Burns, Nicholas
Bush, George (Sr.)
Bush, George W.
Cameron, Fraser
Caracciolo, Lucio
CARDS (Community Assistance for Reconstruction, Development and Stabilisation) programmes
Carrington, Lord
casus belli
Catholicism/Catholic Church
alleged involvement in international conspiracy
comments on Balkan issues
conflict with Protestantism
ceasefire talks see also Dayton; Erdut; Rambouillet; Washington
Ceausescu, Nicolae
Ceka, Neritan
Centre for European Policy Studies
children, violence (threats of) against
Christopher, Warren
Churkin, Vitaly
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)
cities
industrial development
ruralisation
civic contract
Clark, Wesley, Gen.
Clinton, Bill
Cohen, William
Cold War
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor
Collins, Randall
communism
(impact of) collapse
relationship with ethnicity
concentration camps
conflict (in Balkans)
after-effects
blamed on historical factors (see also Germany)
defined as (civil) war
as failure of diplomacy
foreign involvement
international responses
management strategies
moral justification
(perceived) risk of spreading
popular attitudes to
(Western) media coverage see also names of participants/battles/sites
conscription (military)
consent
achievement/maintenance
role in state foundation
‘Contact Group’
Conversi, Daniele
Cook, Robin
‘Corridor No. 8’ see oil pipelines
Ćosić, Dobrica
Crawford, Beverly
crime, organised
Crnobrnja, Mihailo
Croatia
constitution
declaration of independence
departure from Federation
discrimination against Serb residents
discriminatory legislation
elections
end of war in
handling of refugee problem
historical differences with Serbs
hostilities with Bosnia
hostilities with Serbia
international (non-)recognition (see also Germany)
international support
(plans for) EU membership
political/cultural history
political ideology/conduct
postwar conditions
progressive legislation
Serb occupation of territory
Serb residents (postwar)
treatment of minorities (see also discrimination above)
war aims
withdrawal from neighbouring republics see also Tudjman
CRPC (Commission for Real Property Claims of Displaced Persons and Refugees)
Crvenkovski, Stevo
Čubrilović, Vasa
Cutileiro, Jose
Cvijić, Jovan
Czechoslovakia
Daianu, Daniel
Daily Mail
Dayton Agreement
aftermath
Decanci
democratisation, plans for
development, as argument for refugees’ return
weaknesses
Dimitrov, Philip
Dini, Lamberto
Djilas, Aleksa
Djindjić, Zoran
Dogan, Ahmed
Dole, Bob, Senator
Draskovic, Vuk
Drezov, Kyril
Dubrovnik
Eagleburger, Lawrence
Eastern Slavonia
economics, role in break-up of Yugoslavia
economy/ies, Balkan
plans for reconstruction/integration (see also EU see also names of countries
electrical grid, bombing of see NATO
elites, role in formation of identity
Emerson, Michael
Engelbrecht, Walpurga
Erdut Agreement
content
drafting
negotiations over
outcome
ESDP (European Security and Defence Policy)
ethnic cleansing
as euphemism for genocide
as ideological aim
practice of
speed of operation
ethnicity
bases
homogenisation
popular attitudes to
relationship with consent
relationship with nationhood
suppression
EU (European Union)
Balkan policy/relations
CFSP (common foreign and security policy)
finance
internal divisions
operational capacity
(planned) additions to membership (see also names of candidate countries)
policing role
Europe
historical role in Balkan politics
political traditions
as single entity
Europeanisation (of Balkan republics)
rates of progress towards see also Stabilization and Association Process/Agreements
Fassino, Piero
FDI (foreign direct investment)
Florence Protocol (1925)
foreign direct investment
‘Fourth Reich’, fears of
France
anti-German feeling
military presence in Balkans
public opinion on Kosovo
role at Srebrenica
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke
Galbraith, Peter
Ganev, Stoyan
Garasanin, Ilija
Gelbard, Robert
Gellner, Ernst
genocide see ethnic cleansing
Genscher, Hans Dietrich
Georgievski, Ljubco
Germany
domestic politics
ethnic/religious composition
foreign policy
international hostility to (see also France; United Kingdom; United States
neo-Nazi activities
recognition of Croatia/Slovenia
criticisms of
repatriation of refugees
‘responsibility’ for Balkan War
reunification
Gill, Christopher
Glenny, Misha
Gligorov, Kiro
Goldstone, Richard, Judge
Gorazde
Gospic
Gotovina, Ante
‘Great Serbia’
Greece
attitudes to Macedonia
attitudes to US
domestic politics
investment in Balkans
involvement in Albania
political history
position on Kosovo
proposals for Balkan region
relations with neighbours
Grosser, Alfred
ground troops, deployment in Kosovo
arguments for
failure to implement
public demand for
Gulf War (1991)
Haxoi, Batim
Hill, Christopher
Hodge, Carol
Holbrooke, Richard
Hopkinson, Bryan
Hoxha, Enver
human rights
Chamber
debate on issues
treaty provisions
violations see also international humanitarian law
Hungary
relationship with Croatia
Huntington, Samuel
Hussein, Saddam
ICC (International Criminal Court)
ICG (International Crisis Group)
ICTR (International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda)
ICTY (International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia)
establishment
finances
pressure on
sharing of intelligence
workings
identity/ies, collective
ethnic
fluidity
overlapping
urban see also SFRY
Ignatieff, Michael
Illyrianism
IMF (International Monetary Fund)
integration (of refugees)
intelligence, military
failures of see also CIA
Interim Accord (1995)
international humanitarian law
(alleged) violations
as basis of NATO action
IOM (International Organisation for Migration)
Iraq
War (2003)
Ireland, comparisons with Croatia
Islamic Declaration (1970)
Italy
failure of relief delivery
involvement in Albania
military capabilities
plans for Yugoslav regions
Izetbegovic, Alija
international responses
Jacobsen, C. J.
Jajce
Janvier, Bertrand, Gen. et al.
Jashari, Adem
Jelisic, Goran
JNA (Yugoslav armed forces) see also Milošević
John Paul II, Pope
Jović, Borislav
JUL (United Yugoslav Left)
Junik
justice, as argument for refugees’ return
limitations
Kadijević, Veljko
Karadjordjevo agreement
Karadžić, Radovan
indictment/failure to apprehend
Karaosmanoglu, Ali
Kardelj, Edvard
Kasyonov, Mikhail
Kedourie, Ellie
Kerestedzhiyants, Leonid
Kertes, Mihalj
KFOR
KLA (Kosovo Liberation Army)
origins/composition
paramilitary activities
political stance
relations with international forces
Serb moves against
Klein, Jacques
Knin
Koh, Harold
Kohl, Helmut
Kosovo
creation of sustainable society
debate on independence
economy
elections
failure of multi-ethnicity
geographical situation
impact on neighbouring states
international status
lessons for future
postwar social conditions
precedents see under Bosnia
(problems of) international administration (see also UNMIK
proclamation of independence
reduction in hostilities
reprisals against Serb residents
return of refugees (see also Albanians)
riots of March 2004
Serb residents (postwar)
Serbian military activities
spillover of violence see under Macedonia
Western armed intervention (see also NATO)
Western attempts at settlement
Western inaction/delay
Western media coverage/commentary see also Albanians; KLA; LDK; NATO
Kosovo Polje, battle of
Kostov, Ivan
Koštunica, Vojislav
Krajina
Krstić, Radislav
Kucan, Milan
Kuneva, Meglena
Kurspahic, Kemal
Lake, Anthony
language(s)
as basis of ethnicity
local, importance of
LDK (Democratic League of Kosovo)
leadership, role in international relations
Lebanon
Libal, Michel
LiMes (journal)
local elections, role in peace process
Macedonia
(acceptance of) national identity
establishment as independent Republic
ethnic conflicts (in wake of Kosovo)
as focus of conflict
free trade agreement (with Bulgaria)
military resources
neighbours’ attitudes to
(plans for) EU membership
(plans for) unification
problems
proposed alternatives to independence
recognition
relations with neighbours
(studies of) history
Magas, Branka
Majko, Pandeli
Major, John
Malcolm, Noel
Manicheanism
Markovic, Ante
Markovic-Milošević, Mira
Martić, Milan
Marxism
mass executions, investigations into
mass graves
McCain, John, Senator
McKenzie, Louis, Gen et al.
Menzies, John
Mesić, Stipe
Meta, Ilir
Mihailova, Nadezhda
Milanović, Milan
Milošević, Slobodan
approach to UN
attitudes to Western warnings
conduct of hostilities
control of armed forces
dealings with neighbours (see also Tudjman)
early political career
indictment/trial
involvement in negotiations
manoeuvres to gain power
misinterpretations of character/conduct
neighbours’ responses to
personality
political ideology
popular responses to policies
role in division of Yugoslavia
use of propaganda
Western responses to
mines
Minovic, Zivorad
Mitev, Petur-Emil
Mitevic, Dugan
Mitrovica
Mitterrand, François
Mladić, Ratko
indictment/failure to apprehend
monarchy
Montenegro see also Serbia and Montenegro
multilateralism
Multinational Peace Force (SEEBRIG)
Muslims
destruction of culture
enclaves (see also Srebrenica)
hostility towards
international community of
international sympathy for
military/repressive action against
responses to development of conflict
views of Srebrenica massacre see also Bosnia; Islamic Declaration
Mussolini, Benito
Nano, Fatos
national homogeneity, doctrine of
arguments for
international aspects
The National Interest
National Strategy for Resolving the Problems of Refugees and Displaced Persons (30 May 2002)
implementation
principal elements
nationalism, role in break-up of Yugoslavia
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)
air strikes see below
membership
NATO air strikes
(achievement of) aims
(alleged) responsibility for crisis
criticisms of
force protection, emphasis on
impact of
internal divisions over
international consequences
international opposition to
legality of
public opinion of
targets/weaponry
(unanswered) requests for
Neier, Aryeh
Netherlands, peacekeeping activities
Nicholson, Sir Bryan
non-intervention, Western policy of see also United States
Northern Epirus
Norwegian Refugee Council
O’Brien, Jim
Obrinje (Kosovar village)
O’Grady, Scott
oil pipeline, construction of
‘Operation Horseshoe’ see Albanians: planned expulsion
OSCE (Organisation for Security Cooperation in Europe)
Ottoman Empire
Owen, Lord (David)
Panayatov, Plamen
Papandreou, Andreas
Papoulias, Karolos
paramilitaries
Partnership for Peace
Parvanov, Georgi
Pašić, Nikola
Passy, Solomon
Patten, Chris
Pavković, Nebošja, Gen.
Perry, William
Philpott, Charles
PLIP (Property Law Implementation Plan)
police forces
Polluzha, Shaban
Poos, Jacques
Popovic, Srdja
Powell, Colin, Gen et al.
Prekaz (Kosovar village)
Presevo
presidency, role in SFRY
Priest, Dana
Primakov, Yevgeni
Pristina
Prlic, Jadranko (et al)
Prodi, Romano
purges
Putin, Vladimir
Quayle, Dan, Senator
Racakj (Kosovar village)
Račan, Ivica
Radić, Stjepan
‘Rainbow Mission’
Rakhmanin, Vladimir
Rambouillet talks
Ranković, Alexander
rape, as military strategy
rationalism
Redman, Charles
refugees
centres, closing of
‘cycle’
defined
deterrents to return
employment
forced return
housing
(limited) success of return programme
limitations on right of return
mechanisms for return
motivations for return
numbers
objections to forced return
occupation of former homes
pace of return programme
placement by area
political security
problems faced on return
responsibility for creation
voluntary return see also under names of peoples/territories
Rehn, Olli
religion
attacks on icons/premises
role in group identity see also Catholicism; Muslims
repatriation
republicanisation, processes of
Republika Srpska
revolutionaries, aims/mindset
Rhode, David
Richardson, Bill
Ridley, Nicholas
Rifkind, Malcolm
robbery, role in ‘cleansing’
Romania
Rose, Michael, Gen.
Rossos, Andrew
RRTF (Return and Reconstruction Task Force)
Rugova, Ibrahim
Russia
relations with Balkan countries
Rwanda
Sacirbey, Muhammad
sacralisation
‘safe areas’ see also names of areas, e.g. Srebrenica
Sanader, Ivo
Sarajevo
Sarinic, Hrvoje
Scanlan, John
Scharf, Michael
Scheffer, David
Schöpflin, George
Scowcroft, Brent
secession, confusion over significance see also names of seceding territories
self-determination, principle of
Sendov, Blagovest
Serbia
aggression towards neighbours/minorities (see also Bosnia; Croatia; Kosovo
attitudes to Macedonia
Bulgarian residents in
claim to Kosovo
collective responsibility (for acts of war)
discriminatory legislation
economy
establishment/proclamation of independence
exodus from/by
hegemony within SFRY
international support for (see also United Kingdom
involvement in hostilities see Bosnia; Croatia; Kosovo nationalist
nationalist/expansionist policy see also ‘Great Serbia’
political/cultural history
popular responses to developments
refugee legislation
relations (non-violent) with neighbours
separatist constitution
war aims see also Milošević; Serbia and Montenegro
Serbia and Montenegro
handling of refugee problem
Šešelj, Vojislav
Seton-Watson, R. W.
SFRY (Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia)
(alleged) reasons for dissolution
armed forces see JNA; Milošević bureaucracy
bureaucracy
Constituent Assembly (1921)
constitutions
decline
dissolution
history
human rights record
internal politics
international attitudes to
international trade
national identity (absence of)
nationality policies
plans for preservation
problems
proposals for reduction/partition
value of membership
Shain, Yossi, and Juan Linz
Shakespeare, William, Othello
Shashko, Philip
Shattuck, John
Silajdžić, Haris
Silber, Laura, and Alan Little
Silk, Robert
Simeon II (Simeon Sakskoburggotski)
Simitis, Kostas
Simms, Brendan
Slovenia
declaration of independence
departure from Federation
EU membership
international (non-)recognition (see also Germany)
Solana, Javier
solidarity (state)
Sontag, Susan
Soros, George
South Africa
South Slav statesee also Illyrianism
Soviet Union
decline/fall
Yugoslav relations with see also Russia
Spanish Civil War
Spencer, ‘Spence’
Srebrenica massacre
cable relating to
(debate over) responsibility for
UN report on
Stability Pact for South-Eastern Europe (1999)
stabilisation, and returning refugees
Stabilization and Association Process/Agreements
Stanchev, Krasen
‘Standards before Status’ (slogan for Kosovo)
states
civic dimension
creation
failure
nature of
role in modern world
success, requirements for
Steubner, William
Stoilov, Konstantin
Stojanović, Nikola
Stoltenberg, Thorvald
Stoyanov, Petar
Students Against Genocide
v. US Department of State
Susak, Gojko
sustainability (of refugee return)
difficulties of attaining
Switzerland
Tadic, Boris
Taylor, John D.
Tetovo
Thatcher, Margaret
Thessaloniki summit (2003)
Tito, Josip Broz, Marshal
death/political legacy
international responses
Todorović, Stevan
Trepca mines
Treverton, Gregory F.
Tudjman, Franjo
conduct of hostilities
dealings with ICTY
engagement with Miloić
international responses
involvement in negotiations
Nacionalno piotanje a suvremenoj Europi
use of propaganda
war aims
Turkey
foreign policy
policy inconsistencies
political/economic interest in Balkans
relations with neighbours
relations with West
role in peace operations
UCK see KLA
United Kingdom
anti-German feeling/journalism
economy
Euro-scepticism
policy towards Balkan war
public opinion on Kosovo
repatriation of refugees
stereotypical views of foreigners
support (moral/financial) for Serbia
United Nations
Convention on the Status of Refugees (1951)
failings
High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR)
problems over Kosovo
Protection Force (UNPROFOR)
requests for aid
role at Srebrenica
role in peace agreements
Security Council
Security Council Resolutions
Transitional Adinistration for Eastern Slavonia (UNTAES) see also UNMIK
United States
active Balkan policy
(alleged) role in Srebrenica massacre
anti-German feeling
contribution to development of hostilities
failure to support ICTY
financial support for Balkan regions
flaws in Balkan policy
focus of Balkan policy
governmental policy/workings
internal divisions
involvement in peace initiatives (see also Dayton; Erdut; Washington
military presence/activities in Balkans
non-interventionist Balkan policy
plans for Bosnia
relations with Bulgaria
relations with Italy
support (moral/financial) for ICTY see also CIA
UNMIK (United Nations Administration Mission in Kosovo)
acceptance by local population
demands on
handling of refugee problem
planned withdrawal
positive achievements
problems of handover
Urban, Jan
urbanisation see cities
van Boven, Theo
van der Stoel, Max
Vance, Cyrus
Veremis, Thanos
‘Verification Mission’
Videnov, Zhan
Visegrad
Vojvodina
Vukovar
Vulkov, Viktor
war see conflict
war crimes
War Crimes Commission
Warner, John, Senator
Washington agreement
West, Rebecca, Dame
West, Richard
Western Borderlands
Western powers, policies on Balkan region arms embargo; Bosnia; conflict; European Union; Kosovo; NATO; non-intervention; SFRY; United States
Wilson, Joe, Congressman
Woodward, Susan
World War I
World War II
after-effects
Yanulatos, Anastasios
Yeltsin, Boris
Yugoslavia see SFRY
Zagreb (Z-4) talks
Žepa
Zhelev, Zheliu
Zhivkov, Todor
Zimmermann, Warren