Adelman, M. A., 134
Adler, F. M., 145, 146, 148, 172, 174
Agarwal, J. P., 281
Agarwal, S., 95, 101
Aggarwal, R., 175, 281
Aghion, P., 170
Agmon, T., 175, 281
Agren, L., 31, 42, 77, 90
Aharoni, Y., 72
Ahmed, A. A., 62, 241, 256
Aitken, B., 158, 217, 218
Aizenman, J., 165, 173
Akhter, S. H., 248
Alam, P., 248
Al-Eryani, F. M., 246, 248
Alfaro, A., 279
Aliber, R. Z., 165, 175, 185
Allayanis, G., 187
Allee, J. M., 175
Almeida, P., 217
Alsegg, R. J., 11, 71, 82
Altshuler, R., 236
Alworth, J., 225, 238
Amano, A., 51
Anand, B. N., 196
Anant, T. C. A., 208
Anderson, E., 94, 263
Andersson, T., 37
Andrews, M., 254
Antonelli, C., 72
Antràs, P., 55–6
Areskoug, K., 276
Arnold, J., 113
Aronson, J. D., 296
Arora, A., 201
Arpan, J. S., 247, 248
Arromdee, V., 64
Arrow, K. J., 17
Auerbach, A. J., 245
Auquier, A. A., 124
Auseer, E. R., 98
Axarloglu, K., 64
Baba, M., 107
Bacchetta, P., 170
Baden-Fuller, C., 117
Bae, S. C., 192
Baerresen, D. W., 261
Baek, Y., 24, 25
Baglini, N. A., 79
Baker M., 167
Balasubramanyam, V. N., 262, 279
Baldwin, J. R., 75, 113
Baldwin, R. E., 71, 220
Baliga, B. R., 302
Ball, C. A., 71
Balough, R. S., 45
Bandera, V. N., 31
Bane, W. T., 75
Banerjee, A., 170
Banks, J. C., 97, 159
Baranson, J., 197, 199, 213
Barbosa, N., 112
Bardham, P., 269
Barkema, H. G., 76, 90
Barlow, E. R., 25, 131
Barrell, R., 43, 164, 167, 181
Barrios, S., 217
Barros, P. P., 125, 235
Bartlett, C. A., 84
Bartov, E., 177
Bassant, R., 218
Batra. R., 42, 51, 232, 265
Baughman, H. G., 9, 107
Baum, D. J., 14
Beamish, P. W., 92, 97
Beechler, S., 159
Beenstock, M., 231
Behrman, J. N., 14, 192, 193, 197, 297, 300, 302, 304, 305
Belderbos, R., 12, 38, 43, 71, 167
Bell, J. H. J., 76
Benito, G. R. G., 45, 74, 77
Benvignati, A. M., 40, 77, 200, 246
Berg, S. V., 234
Bergsten, C. F., 121, 122, 130, 142, 147, 149, 236, 240, 293, 295, 304
Berkova, Z., 74
Bernard, A. B., 76
Bernard, J.-T., 247, 248
Bernheim, B. D., 115
Berry, A., 269
Bertin, G. Y., 9, 192, 198, 202
Bhagwati, J., 290
Bieri, J., 45
Biersteker, T. J., 254, 266, 273, 274, 277
Bird, R. M., 236
Blanchflower, D., 156
Blomström, M., 41, 60, 89, 107, 149, 211, 215, 216, 217, 257, 278
Blonigen, B. A., 38, 56, 64, 74, 75, 152, 179, 182–3, 236
Boatwright, B. D., 164, 165
Boddewyn, J. J., 4, 6, 76
Bodnar, G. M., 176, 177
Bolton, P., 93
Bond, E. W., 128, 129, 234, 260, 263
Booth, E. J. R., 226
Borensztein, E., 279
Borga, M., 272
Bos, H. C., 277
Boskin, M. J., 242
Bosworth, B. P., 277
Braconier, H., 71, 220
Braga, H., 191
Brainard, S. L., 39, 58, 59, 114, 149
Brander, J. S., 280
Brandt, W., 81, 83
Brash, D. T., 42, 214
Brecher, R. A., 279, 280, 290, 292
Brewster, K., 126
Broll, U., 173
Brooke, M. Z., 72, 80, 169, 180, 183, 187, 248
Brouthers, K. D., 89, 96, 100
Brouthers, L. E., 89, 96
Brown, J. R., 101
Bruno, G., 152
Buckley, P. J., 3, 7, 8, 16, 37, 39, 73, 158, 164, 200, 254, 274
Budd, J. W., 157
Buffie, E. F., 280
Burgess, D. F., 52
Burghers, W. P., 26
Burgman, T. A., 24, 177
Burns, J. O., 248
Burns, K., 64
Burton, F. N., 42
Cabral, L., 235
Cakici, N., 178
Calderon-Rossell, J. R., 173
Campa, J. M., 115, 165, 181
Campos, N. F., 285
Cana, Industry Canada, 300
Cantwell, J., 10, 12, 45, 59, 77, 193
Carcovic, M., 279
Carmichael, F., 154–5, 158
Carr, D., 56
Carstensen, K., 286
Casson, M., 3, 8, 16, 21, 72, 197, 200, 245
Caves, R. E., 3, 6, 9, 10, 25, 26, 31, 37, 39, 42, 51, 57, 60, 70, 71, 74, 89, 90, 105, 110, 112, 113, 119, 124, 164, 165, 176, 177, 182, 191, 193, 197, 215, 246
Cavusgil, S. T., 70
Celly, K. S., 18
Chalmin, P., 18
Chang, S. J., 9, 10–11, 74
Chau, N. H., 154
Chen, E. K. Y., 200, 205, 215, 269, 272, 281, 283
Chen, S.-F., 95
Chen, T., 259
Cheung, M., 64
Chipman, J. S., 139
Chisik, R., 236
Chkir, I. E., 24
Cho, K. R., 14
Choi, C.-B., 92
Choi, Y., 129
Chowdhry, B., 244
Christophe, S. C., 177
Chu, W., 18
Chudson, W. A., 271
Clausing, K. A., 38, 246
Clegg, L. J., 62, 201
Cloodt, D., 101
Clunies-Ross, S., 131
Coase, R. H., 1
Cohen, B. I., 24, 260, 266, 267, 270, 273, 274, 275
Cole, H. L., 128
Collins, S. M., 277
Connor, J. M., 107, 120–1
Contractor, F., 94, 196, 197, 198, 264
Copithorne, L. W., 32
Corden, W. M., 124, 229, 291
Cosset, J.-C., 24
Coughlin, C. C., 64, 200
Counahan, 270
Courtney, W. H., 271
Cousineau, J.-M., 158
Coval, J. D., 244
Cowhey, P., 296
Cowling, K., 115, 154
Creamer, D. B., 193, 194
Creigh, S. W., 158
Crookell, H., 197
Cullen, C. G., 62
Cummins, J G., 242
Curhan, J. P., 76, 99
Cushman, D. O., 166, 181, 182
Dahliwal, N., 75
Dam, K. W., 223
Daniels, J. D., 81
D’Arge, R., 31
Das, S., 211
Davidson, C., 262
Davidson, W. H., 59, 61, 71, 74, 76, 200, 205, 206
Davies, H., 199, 202, 213
Davies, R. B., 56, 236
Davies, S. W., 26,
Davis, S. M., 80
Deane, R. S., 37, 42, 61, 99, 107
de Backer, K., 59, 151
de Bodinat, 80
DeCastro, L. O., 90, 284
De Gregorio, J., 279
Dei, F., 53, 114, 280
Delapierre, M., 61, 86, 197, 201
De la Torre, J., 257
Delios, A., 98
de Lombarde, P., 65
De Melto, D., 214
de Meza, D., 6
Denekamp, J. G., 10
Denis, D. J., 176
Denis, D. K., 176
Denis, J.-E., 74
Depelteau, D., 74
Desai, M. A., 96, 97, 150, 170, 244, 245, 249, 250, 263
De Santis, R. A., 56
Dev, C. S., 101
Dewenter, K. L., 182, 242
Diaz Alejandro, C., 133, 279, 281, 292, 302
Diewert, W. E., 226
di Giovanni, J., 165
Dinopoulos, E., 208
Diwatripont, M., 93
Djankov, S., 285
Dollar, D., 207
Doms, M. E., 157
Donnenfeld, S., 115
Donsimoni, M.-P., 119
Doukos, J., 178
Doz, Y. L., 82, 302
Drake, T. A., 9, 10, 60
Drifield, N. L., 111, 156, 218, 219
Droucopoulos, V., 77
Dubin, M., 25, 74, 87–8, 112
Duerr, M. G., 248
Dumas, B. J., 172, 174
Dunlop, S., 81
Dunning, J. H., 3, 5, 7, 15, 25, 45, 57, 58, 60, 62, 72, 107, 111, 115, 116, 120, 156, 164, 214, 256
Dutton, J., 229
Dyer, J. H., 18
Eastman, H. C., 3, 9
Eaton, J., 128
Eckholm, K., 59
Eden, L., 226
Egelhoff, W. G., 80, 81, 83
Egger, P., 44
Ellis, C. J., 74, 75
Encarnation, D., 280
Enderwick, P., 5, 14, 15, 71, 153, 157, 158, 159
English, W. B., 128
Erdilek, A., 115
Erland, O., 88
Erramilli, M. K., 101
Errunza, V., 172, 175, 176
Esfahani, R. S., 129
Estrin, S., 284
Ethier, W. J., 36, 57, 73
Euh, Y.-D., 281, 282
Eun, C. S., 172
Evans, P., 254, 256, 266, 267, 268
Evenett, S. J., 127
Fagre, N., 264
Fahy, J., 285
Fairchild, L., 267, 268
Falvey, R. E., 51, 227
Falzoni, A. M., 152
Farrell, R., 17
Fatemi, A. M., 175, 178
Fausten, D., 74, 75
Feenstra, R. C., 101, 151
Feinberg, S. E., 17, 44
Feldstein, M. S., 150, 233, 234
Feliciano, Z., 91
Ferrantino, M. J., 201, 281, 283
Figlio, D. N., 64
Fikkert, B., 217
Findlay, R., 208–9, 280
Fischer, W. A., 192, 193
Fishwick, F., 107, 108, 111
Flamm, K., 258
Foley, C. F., 96, 150, 167, 170
Forbes, K. J., 170
Fors, G., 149
Forsgren, M., 80
Forslid, R., 71
Forsyth, D. J. C., 72, 158, 214 272, 273, 274
Forfuri, A., 201
Frank, R. H., 142, 147
Franko, L. G., 59, 81, 93, 98, 99, 116, 117, 118, 204
Fraser, S. P., 187
Freeman, R. T., 142, 147
Fredriksson, G. P., 64
Fredriksson, T., 37
Frey, B. S., 61, 62
Fried., H. O., 227
Fröbel, F., 21, 261
Froot, K. A., 179
Fujii, T., 77
Fuller, M. B., 101
Fumagalli, C., 235
Furtado, E. P. H., 178
Gaba, V., 77
Galbraith, C. S., 71
Gale, W. G., 242
Garnaut, R., 131
Gaston, N., 18
Gatignon, H., 7, 94, 263
Géczy, C., 187
Gehrels, F., 211
Gennard, J. 158, 159
Germidis, D., 193
Geroski, P. A., 111
Gershenberg, I., 267, 268, 269
Gersovich, M., 128, 229
Ghemawat, P., 101, 116, 284
Ghoshal, S., 81, 83, 84
Giddy, I. H., 168
Gilbert, A., 31
Gillis, M., 131
Gilman, M., 174, 180
Girma, S., 17, 37, 44, 156
Giulietti, M., 9
Glass, A. J., 101
Glejser, H., 149
Glick, R., 176
Glickman, N. J., 64, 76, 137
Globerman, S., 62, 91, 108, 156, 205, 215, 301
Goedde, A. G., 9
Goehle, D. G., 82, 83
Goldberg, L. S., 182
Goldsborough, D. J., 41, 42, 164, 180
Gomez-Casseres, B., 94, 101, 264
Gordon, R., 222, 234
Gorecki, P. K., 27, 111
Görg, H., 17, 217
Grace, M. F., 234
Graddy, E., 106, 203
Graham, E. M., 117, 118, 147, 155, 295, 297, 300, 305
Grant, R. M., 77
Greenaway, D., 156
Greenberg, E., 23
Greene, J., 248
Greening, T. S., 19, 134
Greer, C. R., 158
Gresik, T. A., 129
Grieco, J., 264
Griffith, R., 195
Grinols, E. L., 280
Gripsrud, G., 74
Grøgaard, O., 45
Grosse, R. E., 297, 300, 302, 304, 305
Grossman, G. M., 55–6, 211, 271
Grubaugh, S. G., 12, 70, 71
Grubel, H. G., 14, 238, 239
Gruber, W., 204
Grubert, H., 236, 242, 243, 246
Guimarães, P., 112
Guisinger, S. D., 14, 62, 260, 261, 262
Gulati, R., 92
Gunter, H., 159
Gupta, A., 13
Haaland, J. I., 43, 212, 235
Haaparanta, F., 235
Habib, M. M., 84
Hadar, J., 42
Haddad, M., 216
Haendel, D., 293
Hagedorn, J., 101
Hagen, K. P., 226
Håkanson, L., 193, 194
Halbrich, M. B., 5
Hamada, K., 233, 261
Hamilton, C., 262
Hanson, G. H., 18, 38, 40, 101, 151
Harrington, J. W., Jr.,
Harris, D., 242, 247
Harris, R., 195
Harris, R. S., 178, 179
Harrison, A., 158, 170, 216, 217, 218
Hartman, D. G., 141, 174, 225, 230–1, 233, 234, 240, 241, 242, 244
Harzing, A., 89
Haskel, J., 219
Hassett, K., 245
Haufler, A., 235
Hawawini, G., 107
Hawkins, R. G., 302
Hay, G. A., 117
Head, K., 38, 56, 64, 127
Healey, P. J., 90
Hedlund, G., 80
Heeman, D. A., 101, 281
Heinrichs, J., 21, 261
Hejazi, W., 152
Helleiner, G. K., 20, 22, 254, 257, 304
Hellmann, R., 109
Helm, R. J., 168
Helpman, E., 54–5, 57, 114, 140, 211, 233
Henisz, W. J., 97, 98
Heinkel, R. L., 14
Henderson, D. R., 300
Hennart, J.-F., 3, 7, 90, 95, 99
Hershfield, D. C., 153
Herskovic, S., 196, 197
Hertner, P., 60
Hessel, C., 178
Hewitt, G., 193
Hines, J. R., Jr., 64, 96, 97, 150, 194, 222, 227, 236, 243, 245, 247, 250
Hipple, F. S., 40
Hirsch, 32
Hirschey, M., 192
Hirschman, A. O., 298
Hirschey, R. C., 193
Hisey, K. B., 26
Hitt, M. A., 25
Hobday, M., 275
Hodder, J. E., 173
Hodges, M., 297
Hoekmann, B., 285
Hogg, R. D., 244, 245
Hone, A., 257
Hood, N., 81, 194, 254
Horn, H., 57
Hörnell, E., 87, 88
Horst, T., 9, 12, 27, 32–7, 43, 61, 69, 70, 121, 122, 162, 225, 226, 229, 240, 254
Horstmann, I., 35, 36, 56, 115, 125, 196, 199
Hoskisson, R. E., 25
Hu, Y. S., 109, 116
Hubbard, R. G., 242, 243
Hufbauer, G. C., 31, 145, 146, 164, 205, 305
Hughes, H., 239, 255, 272
Hughes, J. C., 24
Hughes, J. S., 175
Hughes, K., 9, 119
Huizinga, H., 233, 234
Hulbert, J. M., 81, 83
Hwang, P., 26, 95
Hymer, S. H., 3, 30, 77, 164
Hymowitz, S. C., 126
Iammarino, S., 193
International Labour Organization, 155, 158, 159
Itagaki, T., 36, 226, 229
Ito, K., 110
Ittner, C. D., 178
Jacquillat, B., 24
Janakiramanan, S., 172
Janne, O., 193
Jarillo, J. C., 81, 82
Jarrett, J. P., 20, 22, 257, 258
Javorcik, B. S., 113, 218, 286
Jedel, M. J., 81, 153, 159
Jenkins, G. P., 238, 249
Jenkins, R., 266, 272, 277
Jensem. J. B., 76, 157
Jensen, O. W., 226
Jilling, M., 184, 185
Johanson, J., 73, 101
Johnson, H. G., 3, 203
Jones, G., 60, 81, 82, 116
Jones, R. J., Jr., 301
Jones, R. W., 51, 52, 53, 202, 209, 232, 280, 292
Jorgenson, D. W., 163
Jorion, P., 178
Juhl, P., 9, 31, 58, 255
Jun, J., 242
Kamauff, J. W., 18
Kanbar, R., 154
Kant, C., 227
Kassalow, E. M., 153, 159
Katrak, H., 124, 197, 227, 263, 264, 295
Katz, J., 281
Katz, M. L., 196
Kaul, A., 177
Kay, N., 71
Keane, M. P., 17, 44
Keddie, J., 273
Keegan, W. J., 281
Kelley, D., 117
Kelly, M. W., 168
Kennedy, R. E., 284
Khanna, T., 196
Killing, J. P., 197
Kim, H., 25
Kim, K., 80
Kim, K. Y., 281
Kim, W. C., 26, 95
Kimura, F., 77
Kimura, Y., 11, 71
Kindleberger C. P., 3, 31, 73, 131, 281, 297
Kinoshita, Y., 285
Kiyota, K., 182
Klein, M. W., 179, 186
Klepper, S., 106, 203
Kneller, R., 37
Knickerbocker, F. T., 108–9, 111, 112, 117
Knight, G. A., 70
Kobrin, S. J., 131, 264
Koechlin, T., 61, 62
Kogut, B., 6, 9, 10–11, 70, 94, 99, 165, 200
Kohlhagen, S. W., 42, 181
Koizumi, T., 142, 208, 211
Kokko, A., 89, 199, 205, 216, 278
Kolstad, C. D., 182
Konings, J., 157
Koo, B.-Y., 255
Kopecky, K. J., 142, 208, 211
Kopits, G. F., 183, 236, 244, 246
Korinne, H., 81
Kosacoff, B., 281
Kragas, E. S., 11
Krainer, R. E., 59
Krause, L. B., 223
Kravis, I. B., 39, 60, 61, 62, 146, 271
Kreinin, M. E., 262
Kreye, O., 21, 261
Krishnan, S., 14
Krugman, P., 54, 114, 125, 147, 155, 207, 275, 294, 295, 297, 300, 305
Kudrle, R. T., 116, 148, 296
Kuemmerle, W., 11
Kujawa, D., 81, 153, 154, 159
Kulatilaka, N., 6
Kulchycky, K., 149
Kumar, K., 281
Kumar, N., 121, 202
Kumar, N. S., 9, 40, 77, 254, 266
Kwack, S. Y., 166
Kwok, C. C. Y., 24, 179
Kyrouz, M. E., 236
Lacroix, R., 158
Ladenson, M. L., 166, 244
Lake, A. W., 205
Lall, S., 9, 21, 38, 39, 77, 111, 193, 245, 254, 255, 265–6, 268, 270, 271, 277, 280, 281, 282
Langdon, S. W., 274
Lapan, H., 269
Lavergne, R., 22
Lawrence, M. M., 121, 191
Lawrence, R. Z., 41
Leahy, D., 109
Lecraw, D., 62, 94, 120–1, 246, 255, 256, 264, 272, 273, 281, 282
Lee, C. L., 179
Lee, J., 20
Lee, J.-W., 279
Lee, J.-Y., 201
Lee, L.-F., 269
Lee, T.-J., 177
Lee, W. Y., 172
Leechor, C., 226
Lees, F. A., 14
Leftwich, R. B., 169, 268
Leipziger, D. M., 271
Leksell, L., 83
Lent, G. E., 236
Leonard, J. S., 155
Leos-Arguelles, V., 119
Leroy, G., 205, 206
Lessard, D. G., 175, 248
Levi, M. D., 14
Levine, R., 279
Levinsohn, J., 234, 280
Li, J., 14, 62
Li, S., 75
Lichtenberg, F., 195
Liliestedt, M., 31
Lim, D., 268, 269
Lin, S. A., 275
Lippman, S. A., 107
Lipsey, R. E., 39, 41, 60, 61, 62, 91, 145, 146, 149, 158, 167, 170, 218, 271, 272
List, J. A., 64
Little,. J. S., 88
Litvak, I. A., 134
Liiu, X., 217
Logue, D. E., 24
Losq, E., 172
Love, J. H., 219
Lu, J. W., 96
Lubitz, R., 150
Luehrman, T. A., 179
Lunn, J., 164
Luo, Y., 98, 100, 101
Lupo, L. A., 31, 77
MacCharles, D. C., 40
Macdougall, G. D. A., 227, 230
Magee, S. P., 3
Mahini, A., 82
Makeham, P., 158
Maki, D. R., 41, 42
Makin, J. H., 176
Makino, S., 97
Malley, J., 275
Malnight, T. W., 80
Manning, R., 234
Mariotti, S., 64
Mansfield, E., 191–2, 193, 194, 200, 201, 214
Mansi, S. A., 175, 177
Marion, B. W., 71
Mariti, P., 97
Markensten, K., 269, 272
Markides, C. C., 178
Markusen, J. R., 24, 36, 50, 53–4, 56, 58, 73, 115, 125, 139, 146, 152, 196, 199, 279
Marshall, W. J., 23
Martin, K., 102
Martinez, J. S., 81, 82
Martinussen, J., 264, 265
Maskus, K. E., 50, 54, 56, 58, 198
Mason, R. H., 273
Mata, J., 75
Mataloni, R. J., 38
Mathewson, G. E., 226
Mattson, L.-G., 101
Matusz, S. J., 262
Mauer, L. J., 183
Maule, C. J., 134
May, J., 153
McAleese, D., 270, 274
McCalman, P., 96, 199
McClain, D. S., 166–7, 182
McCorriston, S., 9
McCulloch, R., 155, 207–8, 209
McDonald, D., 274
McFetridge, D. G., 200, 205, 206
McKern, R. B., 18, 133
McLeod, M. G., 281
McManus, J. C., 3
McMillan, M. A., 170
McMullan, K. E., 200
McQueen, M., 15, 213
Mehra, S., 9, 74, 89, 90, 112
Mehta, D., 204
Melitz, M. J., 56
Melvin, J. R., 279
Meredith, L., 12, 41, 42
Meyer, K. E., 284, 286
Mezias, J. M., 157
Michalet, C.-A., 61, 86, 201
Michel, A., 24
Mikesell, R. F., 133, 197
Miller, K. D., 187
Miller, S., 14
Millimet, D. L., 64
Milner, C., 18, 24
Min, S. H., 281, 282
Minabe, A., 279
Minor, M. S., 133
Minton, B. A., 187
Mintz, J., 226, 244, 245
Mintz, N., 302
Mitchell, W., 76
Miyagiwa, K. E., 280
Mody, A., 58, 62, 301
Mohammed, S., 255
Mohtadi, H., 129
Moran, T. A., 121
Morck, R., 13, 176
More, A., 9, 246
Morgan, E. J., 156
Morgenstern, R., 246
Morley, S. A., 255, 272, 273
Morosini, P., 90
Morrison, A. J., 83
Motta, M., 44
Moutos, T., 275
Mowery, D. C., 102
Moxon, W. S., 271
Mudambi, R., 12
Mueller, D. C., 106
Mueller, W. F., 107
Müller, R., 246
Munday, M., 112
Mundell, R. A., 49, 140
Murrell, P., 285
Murtha, T. P., 260
Musgrave, P. B., 141, 142, 223, 225, 229, 236, 239, 243
Mutti, J., 236, 238, 242, 243
Mytelka, L. K., 102, 197, 264
Nakamura, M., 100
Nankani, G. T., 61, 62, 255, 256, 259
Narula, R., 45
Nash, H. J., 71
Naumann-Etienne, R., 173
Nayyar, D., 257
Neary, J. P., 44, 50, 51, 52
Negandhi, A. R., 82, 268, 302
Nelson, R. R., 4
Ness, W. L., Jr., 236
Neubauer, F.-F., 75
Neupert, K. E., 97
Neven, D., 11
Newbould, G. D., 73, 74
Newfarmer, R. S., 107, 116, 265, 266
Newlon, T. S., 236
Newman, H. H., 118–9, 121
Nicholas, S., 21, 42
Nieckels, L., 226
Nigh, D., 14, 256, 257
Nobel, R., 193
Nocke, V., 91
Noh, S., 192
Nohria, N., 83, 84
Norman, G., 44, 115
Nugent, J. B., 281
Nunnenkamp, P., 199
Nyaw, M.-K., 100
Oblek, D. J., 168
O’Farrell, 31, 37, 58, 62, 274
Ofek, E., 187
O’Loughlin, 31, 37, 58, 62, 274
Olsen, T. E., 235
Olsson, U., 59
Oman, C., 4, 102, 296
Ondrich, J., 64
Onida, F., 61
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 126, 236, 237, 297
Orr, D., 43
Orr, J., 149
Osborne, P., 9
Osmundsen, P., 226, 235
Oughton, C., 9, 119
Oxley, J. E., 92, 101
Owen, R. S., 9, 17, 39
Ozawa, T., 60, 255
Pack, H., 273
Pain, N., 43, 164, 167, 181
Palepu, K. G., 90
Pan, Y., 75, 98, 102
Panagariya, A., 52
Pantzalis, C., 187
Papanastassiou, M., 85, 195
Park, S. H., 80, 100
Park, Y.-R., 90
Parry, T. G., 9, 107, 193, 194, 297
Pastré, O., 14
Pauly, P., 151
Pavelin, S., 109
Pearce, R. D., 26, 37, 39, 40, 85, 164, 193, 195
Peck, M. J., 213
Pennings, J. M., 76
Penrose, E. T., 19, 69, 134, 213
Pereira, S., 219
Perlmutter, H. V., 101
Perry, A. C., 5
Perry, M. K., 16
Petrochilas, G. A., 111, 277
Pettit, R., 178
Petzman, J., 239
Pfaffenmeyr, M., 44
Picht, H., 131
Pindyck, R. S., 130
Pisa, M., 37
Piscitello, L., 64
Pitt, M. M., 269
Pitts, R. A., 81
Plasschaert, S., 243, 248
Porter, M. E., 60, 101
Portes, R., 165
Portugal, P., 75
Prahalad, C. K., 82
Pras, B., 24
Prescott, J. H., 80
Provissiero, M., 302
Pugel, T. A., 9, 11, 17, 70, 107, 110, 154, 206, 210
Pursell, G., 276
Purvis, D. D., 50, 53, 139
Quirin, D., 226
Ramachandran, R., 42, 51, 232
Ramachanhran, V., 199, 203
Ramamurti, R., 133
Ramaswami, N., 95
Ramstetter, E. D., 269
Rangan, S., 41
Ranis, G., 261, 271, 282
Rassekh, F., 176
Ratnayaka, R., 9
Ravenscraft, D., 178, 179
Rawlinson, R. A., 101
Ray, E. J., 42, 60
Razin, A., 271
Read, R., 18
Reeb, D. M., 24, 175, 177
Reed, C., 18
Remmers, H. L., 72, 80, 169, 180, 183, 187, 248
Renton, G. A., 164, 165
Reuber, G. L., 43, 88, 157, 167, 254, 256, 258, 259, 260, 269, 270, 271, 274, 280
Reuer, J. J., 187
Rey, H., 165
Rhee., Y. W., 275
Rice, E. M., 243, 247
Richardson, J. D., 163
Richman, P. B., 223
Riedel, J., 258, 267, 273
Ries, J., 38, 64, 127, 156
Riker, D., 149
Rivera-Batiz, F. L., 275
Rivera-Batiz, L. A., 275
Rob, R., 39
Robbins, S. M., 180, 184, 185
Roberts, B. C., 153
Robinson, C., 195
Robson, P., 45
Rodman, K. A., 304
Rodriguez, C. A., 209, 210
Rodriguez, R. M., 184–5, 186
Rodriguez-Clare, A., 212
Rodrik, D., 262
Roldan, R. A., 271
Rolfe, R. J., 62, 260, 261
Romeo, A., 191–2, 193, 194, 214
Rondi, L., 26
Ronstadt, R., 193
Root, E. R., 62, 241, 256
Roseman, F., 88, 167
Rosenblatt, S. M., 196
Rosenbluth, G., 108, 111
Rosengren, E., 179
Roth, K., 83
Rousslang, D., 239
Rowthorn, R., 77, 164
Ruane, F., 52
Rubin,. S. J., 305
Ruckman, K., 11
Ruffin, R. J., 176
Rugman, A. M., 5, 9, 24, 24, 32, 238, 248
Rumelt, R. P., 107
Rutenberg, D. P., 184
Ryan, T. C. I., 267, 268
Sachdeva, K. S., 172
Saelens, F. H., 42
Safarian, A. E., 14, 25, 83, 193, 274, 297, 301, 302
Sagari, S. B., 14
Saggi, K., 101
Saham, J., 25, 42
Salisu, M., 279
Samuelson, L., 128, 226, 227, 234, 263
Sanders, M., 277
Sanna-Randaccio, F., 59, 77
Sanyal, J. R., 158
Sapsford, D., 279
Sato, M., 236
Saunders, R. S., 9
Savary, J., 59
Scaperlanda, A. E., 45, 183
Schelderup, G., 226
Scherer, F. M., 6
Schill, M., 107
Schive, C., 261, 271, 282
Schmitz, A., 45
Schneider, F., 61, 62
Schnitzler, M., 128
Schollhammer, H., 257
Schroath, F., 62
Schrand, C., 187
Sciberras, E., 119
Secchi, C., 277
Sechzer, S. L., 279
Segerstrom, P. S., 208
Sekiguchi, S., 203
Sembenelli, A., 26
Senbet, L. W., 173, 175, 176
Seth, A., 178
Severn, A. K., 121, 164, 166, 191
Shaked, I., 24, 179
Shane, S., 90
Shapiro, A. C., 168, 174, 258
Shapiro, C., 196
Shapiro, D. M., 62, 91, 111, 119
Sharpston, M., 20, 257
Shatz, H., 62, 258
Shaver, J. M., 64, 76, 100
Shea, K. L., 234
Shearer, J. C., 158
Shenkar, O., 100
Siddharthan, N. S., 9, 40, 77
Siegel, M. H., 173, 174
Sigmund, P. E., 132, 302, 304
Silberston, Z. A., 197, 198
Simpson, H., 195
Singer, H. W., 274
Singh, H., 90, 92, 94
Singh, J., 219
Singh, S., 193
Siotis, G.,. 11
Shin, H.-H., 187
Sinn, H.-W., 225, 226
Sjöholm, F., 158
Sjöstrom, F., 76, 217
Skakssen, M. Y., 154
Slaughter, M. J., 38, 152, 157, 219, 220
Slemrod, J., 234, 242
Sleuwaegen, L., 12, 22, 37, 38, 40, 45, 59, 71, 151
Smiley, R. H., 97
Smith, A., 125
Smith, D. N., 130, 131
Smith, G. W., 255, 272, 273
Smith, P. J., 39
Smith, S. C., 301
Smits, W. J., 278
Snoy, B., 236, 240
Soenen, L. A., 175, 187
Solnik, B., 24
Solomon, R., 102, 273
Song, J., 77, 178
Sorenson, J. R., 154
Sosin, K., 267, 268
Spatz, J., 199
Spekman, R. E., 18
Spencer, B. J., 280
Sprietsma, H. B., 257
Stähler, F., 56
Standing, G., 157
Stanley, T. W., 196
Stein, J., 179
Steuer, M. D., 79, 108, 111, 158, 159
Stevens, G. V. G., 148, 161, 163, 164, 166, 167, 180
Stewart, J. C., 246
Stieber, J., 159
Stobaugh, R. B., 180, 184, 185, 205
Stopford, J. M., 78, 80, 87, 97, 99, 117, 159, 297
Strange, S., 297
Strassmann, W. P., 272
Streeten, P., 254, 268, 277, 280
Strobl, E., 217
Stubenisky, R., 21, 88
Stuckey, J. A., 18–19, 134–5
Stulz, R. M., 172, 175
Sturm, J. E., 18
Stüven, V., 131
Stykolt, S., 3, 9
Sugden, R., 115, 154
Suh, T., 101
Suri, R., 76
Svedberg, P., 61, 124, 229, 266, 270, 279
Svejnar, J., 301
Swann, D., 117
Swedenborg, B., 9, 36–7, 41, 43, 59, 61, 62, 70, 71, 77, 119
Swenson, D. L., 38, 64, 178
Swensson, L. E. O., 262, 291
Swensson, R., 38
Sweeney, R. J., 24
Szulanski, G., 81
Taira, K., 157
Talerngsri, P., 18
Tallman, S. B., 61
Tandon, K., 178
Tang, D., 247, 248, 259
Taylor, C. T., 197, 198
Teece, D. J., 5, 19, 106, 134, 193, 194, 202, 239
Telesio, P., 199, 200, 201, 202
Terpstra, V., 14
Terza, J. V., 64
Thomas, C., 116
Thomas, J., 128
Thompson, H., 58
Thompson, R. S., 24
Thruwell, J. C., 73
Thurow, L. C., 142
Tilton, J. E., 106, 204, 213
Tomlinson, J. W. C., 99
Tornedon, R. L., 76
Toubal, F., 286
Travlos, N. G., 178
Truitt, J. F., 132, 302
Tsai, P., 52, 280
Tschoegl, A. E., 71
Tse, D. K., 75, 102
Tsurumi, Y., 11, 19, 20, 60, 61, 86, 118, 203, 204, 255
Turner, L., 97, 159
Tyler, W. G., 268, 269
Uhlenbruck, K., 90, 284
Ungson, G. R., 100
United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations (UNCTC), 5, 8, 60, 133, 239, 246, 260, 262, 278, 282, 296, 301
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 307
U.S. Tariff Commission, 21, 31, 58, 155, 157, 169
Urata, S., 182
Vachon, D., 158
Vahlne, J.-E., 73, 87, 88
Vaitsos, C. V., 245, 246, 249
van den Bulcke, D., 40, 65, 88
Vandenbussche, H., 43
van der Ploeg, 6
van Krankenburg, H., 101
Van Loo, F., 150
van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, R., 195
Venables, A. J., 53, 115, 152
Vendrell-Alda, J. L. M., 219, 268
Verlage, H. C., 226
Vermeulen, F., 90
Vernon, R., 73, 107, 112, 115, 117, 119, 130, 134, 203, 204, 205, 206, 254, 267, 296, 297
Vertinsky, I., 156
Vettas, N., 39
Veuglers, R., 43, 62, 128
Victor, B., 84
Viesti, G., 61
Wasserfallen, W., 175
Wagner, S., 191–2
Wallace, C. D., 297, 301
Wang, J.-Y., 208, 211, 216
Wasylenko, M., 64
Watson, J. F., 193, 194
Webster, A., 50
Weekly, J. L., 281
Weiner, R. J., 247, 248
Weintrop, J., 177
Weiss, M. Y., 149
Weisskopf, T. E., 277
Wells, L. T., 74, 78, 80, 82, 99, 130, 131, 204, 264, 271, 273, 280, 281, 282
Wender, I. T., 25, 131
Wesson, T. J., 9
Westphal, L. E., 276
Wheeler, D., 58, 62
Whinston, M. D., 115
White, J. T., 31
White, L. J., 273
Wichard, O. G., 155
Wickham, E., 58
Wilkins, M., 32, 42, 73, 116, 117, 126, 134
Williams, M. D., 126
Williams, M. L., 132, 302
Williamson, O. E., 16
Williamson, P. J., 22, 120
Willmore, L., 41, 107, 191, 268, 269, 277
Wilson, B. D., 76, 87, 88
Wilson, G. P., 241
Wilson, R. W., 196, 206
Winter, S. G., 4
Wolf, B. N., 9, 26, 70, 71
Wolff, E., 216
Wong, K., 50
Wonnacott, P., 35
Wonnacott, R. J., 35
Woodward, D. P., 62, 64, 76, 112, 137, 260, 261
Wooton, I., 43, 212, 235
Worrall, T., 128
Wright, B. D., 249
Wurgler, J., 167
Wyatt, S., 9, 198, 202
Yamawaki, H., 9, 22, 62, 76, 90
Yang, G., 198
Yang, J. Z., 159
Yannopoulos, G. N., 14
Yawitz, J. B., 23
Yeaple, S. R., 13, 56, 91
Yellen, J. L., 207–8, 209
Yeoman, W. S., 271, 272, 273
Yeung, B., 13, 76, 100, 175
Yoffie, D. B., 42
Yoshida, M., 11
Yoshihara, K., 61, 268, 281, 282
Yoshino, M. Y., 60, 83
Yost, J., 176
You., P. S., 239, 255, 272
Young, L., 280
Young, S., 81, 194, 254
Yu, C.-M., 14, 110
Yunker, P. J., 248, 249
Zander, U., 200
Zeile, W. J., 17
Zejan, M. C., 40, 89, 90, 193, 194, 278
Zeng, M., 99
Zenoff, D. B., 183
Zhao, H., 101, 154
Zhou, Z., 101
Zilcha, I., 173
acquisitions. See mergers
advertising: basis for foreign investment, 9, 12; entry barrier, 105; exports-foreign investment choice, 39
agglomeration effects, 64
aluminum industry, 18–19, 134–5
asset-augmenting foreign investments, 11, 219
Australia, 9, 12, 18, 133
banking sector, 14
borrowing, host countries, 180, 258–9
“brown-field” foreign investments, 286
Canada: attraction to MNEs, 61; concentration-foreign investment correlation, 108; corporate finance, 167; corporate tax gains, 238; export substitution, 150–1; foreign subsidiaries in, 9, 12, 17; inter-affiliate trade, 44–5; market size, 37; technology transfers, 214
Canada-United States Free Trade Area, 44–5
capital arbitrage, 29–32, 170–1, 173–4
capital asset pricing model, 171–2
capital controls, 263
capital cost: entry barrier, 106
cement industry, 116
China, 13, 75, 98, 100
colonial ties, 61
competition policy: national vs. global, 122–3, 293–4; international mergers, 127; practice, 126–7; profit-shifting, 125–6
concentration, sellers: effect of foreign investment, 110–13
contracts: alternative to equity joint ventures, 100–2; empirical evidence, 18; theory of, 16, 93–4; resource rents, 117–19
coordination costs, intra-MNE: 82–4
corruption, 64
cultural distance, 76, 83, 89, 90, 96–7, 201
depreciation, currency: financial crises, 170; merger decisions, 179
developing countries’ policies: incentive benefits, 259; infrastructure provision, 260; local participants, 259; R&D mandates, 267; tariff protection, 259–60; tax holidays, 260
development, MNEs’ effects on: entrepreneurship, 257; growth rate, 278–9; industry structure, performance, 265–7; linkages induced, 274–8; productivity, 268–9; technology, suitability of, 270–4; wages, employment, 269–70
diffusion speeds, technologies, 205–6
distribution systems, 12, 21, 22
diversification, enterprise: borrowing in host country, 180; debt ratio effect, 24; geographic dispersion effect, 23–7; geographic vs. product diversification, 25–7, 88–9; market’s valuation of, 175–7; multinational scope and risk, 22–3; relatedness of activities, 71
diversification, portfolio risk:, 175–9
economies in transition: MNEs’ acquisitions, 283–6; spillovers, 218
electronics industry, 12
entry barriers: foreign investment correlates, 107; licensing, effect on, 200; types, 105–6
exchange rates: effect on foreign investment, 42; MNEs’ borrowing decisions, 174; 181–3; MNEs’ output decisions, 173; MNEs’ short-term financing, 183–7
expectations, exchange rates, 184–5
export processing, developing countries, 257–9
export processing zones, 261–2
export substitution, 146–8
exports-foreign investment relationship: evidence, 36–40; theory, 32–6
expropriation, 130–2
factor-price equalization, 54–5
financial crises, 170
financial market valuations, 12–13
food processing industry, 12
franchise systems, 15, 101
free cash flow, 167
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. See World Trade Organization
Germany, 9, 21
globalization, 84
green-field entry, 85–8
Heckscher-Ohlin model, 46–50, 138–40, 232, 261–2, 292
human capital, 13
import-competing foreign investment, 279–80
India, 9
inter-affiliate trade: determinants, 21–2, 38, 40–1; vertical integration, 18
intra-industry trade, 114–5
investment substitution, 143–6
Japan: Asian foreign investments, 77; cultural distance, 97; keiretsu, 74; outbound foreign investment bases, 9, 60; joint ventures, 95, 99–100; MNEs based in, 10
joint ventures: conditions for prevalence, 92–3; contractual vs. equity ventures, 95–6, 101; experience alternative, 87; licensing as alternative, 202; longevity, 93, 99, 101; performance, 98–100, 102; theory of, 93–4; wholly owned alternative, 94–7
labor-management relations: collective bargaining, 155–8; MNEs’ disadvantage, 157; MNEs’ internal organization, 155
leverage, financial, 177
licenses, technology: alternative to direct investment, 198–202; competition, licensors-licensees, 196–7; licenses’ duration, 196, 198; terms, 195–6
local ownership requirements, 263–5
managers’ preferences, 167, 178
mergers: acquirers’ experience, 87; competitive conditions, 89, 112; conditions for profitability, 86–7; domestic, 11; green-field alternative, 91; international, 11, 13, 26; managers’ preferemces, 178; outcomes’ uncertainty, 177; partners’ propinquity, 165; productivity, 113
migration, 151
multiplant operation, 1–2, 6, 9, 73
obsolescing bargain, 131–2
offshore processing, 20, 151
oligopoly: agreements to divide markets, 115–16; entry barriers, 105–8; imitative foreign investment, 108–10, 117–18; MNEs’ presence, influence of, 113–14
OLI paradigm, 5
organizational structures, MNEs: basic types, 78; incorporating foreign organizational structures (cont.) subsidiaries, 78–82; information and transfer pricing, 249–50
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, 134
outsourcing. See offshore procurement
partial credit tax system, 224
performance requirements, 262–3
petroleum industry, 19, 133–4, 249
pharmaceutical industry, 11–12
policy models, host countries: government policy, 298–9; national preference, 297–8
preferential trading arrangements, 44–5
product cycle, 202–6
product differentiation, 58, 59, 114
productivity differentials, MNEs, domestic firms compared: evidence 37, 41; theory, 55
profitability, MNE components, 120–2
proprietary assets: defined, 3–5; depreciation, 6; development, 10–11, 69–71; extractive industries, 16; 18; international mobility, 12; service industries, 13–15; transfer costs, 202–3
regional location choice, 63–5
real options, 165
rents, natural resource: division of, 129–30, 132; MNE role, 127–30; viable contracts, 118–19, 292–3
research and development outlays: basis for MNEs, 9, 11, 12–13, 74–5; efficient agreements, 294–5; entry barrier, 106; exports-foreign investment choice, 39; inter-affiliate trade, 40; joint ventures role, 98; location determinants, 192–4; MNEs’ host-country outlays, 192–5
review boards, foreign investment, 302–3
scale economies (production), 35–6, 106
specific factors of production, 50–3, 141
spillovers, productivity: agglomeration’s effect, 217; conditions favoring, 217–20; evidence from panel data, 217–20; MNEs to competitors, 215–16; parents’ previous experience, 76
strategic groups, 119–20, 121
swap transactions, 185, 186
Sweden, 9
switching costs, 6, 17
tariffs: exports-foreign investment choice, 10, 33–5, 39–40, 42–4; for monopoly, 124
tax competition: international, 234–5, 291; strategic behavior, 223–5
tax credit, MNEs’ tax payments abroad, 224, 229
tax deduction, MNEs’ tax payments abroad, 224, 229
tax deferral, 225–6, 291
tax effects: acquisition vs. green-field, 245; borrowing, financial leverage, 244, 245; inter-affiliate dividend payments, 244; MNEs’ capital expenditures, 241–2; MNEs’ location choices, 236–8, 243; subsidiaries’ profit retention, 244; subsidiaries’ R&D, 245; tax-haven subsidiaries, 245
tax exemption, MNEs’ tax payments abroad, 224
tax havens, 243, 244–5
tax neutrality: capital export, 223; capital import, 223; empirical extent, 236–8
tax treaties, 236
technology transfer: diffusion, theory, 211–12; general equilibrium models, 206–11; public policy, 213; transfer costs, 202–3. See also spillovers
third-world multinationals, 280–3
tobacco industry, 115–6
trade policy, strategic, 294
transaction-specific assets, 14
transfer pricing: practice 9, 245–9; theory, 225–6, 292
transition, economies in: acquisition, performance, 283–5; aggregate performance, 285–6
treaties, foreign investment, 306–7
turnover, foreign subsidiaries, 74–8
two-gap model, development, 277
two-way foreign investment, 57–9; 115, 118
United Kingdom: base for MNEs, 81; labor relations, 254–5; MNEs’ wages, 155, 157–8; R&D activity, 195
United Sates: antitrust policy, 117; foreign investment, 9; income distribution, 141–2; labor relations, 155; low-skill labor, 152 product cycle role, 204; taxation of MNEs, 224–6, 234, 238–9, 240
vertical integration: bases for MNEs, 15–20; general equilibrium, 54–6; theoretical models, 15–16
wages: collective bargaining, practice, 155–8; collective bargaining, theory, 154–5; effect on foreign investment, 64; low-skill labor, 151–2
withholding taxes, 236
World Trade Organization, 305–6