Main entries are arranged alphabetically and the sub-headings are arranged thematically rather than alphabetically. The Arabic definite article ‘al-’ is ignored for the purposes of alphabetization. The abbreviation ‘b.’ for ibn (‘son of ’) is alphabetized as written.
Post-Alamūt Qāsim-Shāhī Nizārī imams are referred to as ‘Nizārī imams’, but the full designation is used for Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imams.
Aaron, see Hār ūn
Abaqa, Īlkhānid 379,398,411
ʿAbbās, Saljūq governor of Rayy 357
ʿAbbās, son of Jangī Shāh 480
ʿAbbās I, Ṣafawid shāh 417,422,n:437
al-ʿAbbās b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib, uncle of the Prophet 57,79
ʿAbbās b. Abi’l-Futūḥ, Fāṭimid vizier 250,251
al-ʿAbbās b. al-Karam (or al-Mukarram), Zurayʿid 199,255–256
ʿAbbās b. Muḥammad b. Ḥātim b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 268
ʿAbbās Shāh, Nizārī imam, see Gharīb Mīrzā
ʿAbbāsids 1,2,7,9,48,54,57,58,61,n:71,104,114,153,161,223,318,n:481
revolt of 76–78,219,327
social order under 78,114
became Sunnīs 48,79
repressed Shīʿism 78–79,89,95,96,112,184
early Ismāʿīlīs protested against 114–115
repressed Qarmaṭī revolts in 284–289/897–902, and 293–294/906–907 108,123–124
threatened by Qarmaṭīs of Baḥrayn 110,148,151
versus Fāṭimids 137,138–139,140,142,163–164,167,173,176,183,185,195,201,209,212,252
common enemy of Fāṭimids and Qarmaṭīs 152
and the Būyids 203
and Abū Ṭāhir al-Jannābī 148–149,n:151
sovereignty proclaimed in Damascus, 163; in Egypt 252
recognized by Mirdāsids, 194; by Zīrids 183,202
and the Saljūqs 195–196,338,373
and the Nizārīs 342
and the Mongols 305,388,398
in poetry of Ibn Hāniʾ 160–161
term dāʿī used by 219
recognized Nizārī state 375–376
ʿAbd al-Aḥad, amīr of Bukhārā 29
ʿAbd ʿAlī Sayf al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 286
ʿAbd Allāh, dāʿī in Gujarāt 200,276–277
ʿAbd Allāh, father of Ibn Sīnā 202–203
ʿAbd Allāh, father of Niʿmat Allāh Walī Kirmānī 428
ʿAbd Allāh, half-brother of Nizār b. al-Mustanṣir 242
ʿAbd Allāh, son of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Muʿizz 172,173,191
ʿAbd Allāh b. al-ʿAbbās, ʿAbbāsid 69
ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbbās, dāʿī in Yaman, see al-Shāwirī
ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Qādir Najm al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī Bohra 288
ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 268
ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAlī al-ʿUyūnī 210
ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥarb (or al-Ḥārith) al-Kindī, eponym of Ḥarbiyya 62
ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥārith 285
ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥasan al-Muthannā b. al-Ḥasan, ʿAlid 68,72,73,74,75,77,89
ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥātim b. al-Ghashīm, Hamdānid 258
ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh, see al-Mahdī, ʿAbd Allāh, first Fāṭimid caliph
ʿAbd Allāh b. Jaʿfar al-Afṭaḥ, ʿAlid 88,91,95,101,107,118–119
ʿAbd Allāh b. Jaʿfar al-Ṭayyār, Ṭālibid 62
ʿAbd Allāh b. Luṭf Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Rashīd al-Bihdādīnī, see Ḥāfiẓ Abrū
ʿAbd Allāh b. Maymūn al-Qaddāḥ 8,25,101–102,103,104,105,106
ʿAbd Allāh b. Muʿāwiya, Ṭālibid, leader of anti-Umayyad revolt 62–63,73,75–76
ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl (al-Akbar), concealed Ismāʿīlī imam 5,96,99–100,104,106,107
ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad al-Makramī, Sayyidnā, Sulaymānī dāʿī 297
ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Nāwūs 88
ʿAbd Allāh b. Qaḥṭān, Yaʿfurid amīr 198
ʿAbd Allāh b. Sabaʾ 63–64,66
ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar, Umayyad governor of ʿIrāq 75
ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar al-Hamdānī, Yamanī author 230
ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr, anti-caliph 51,52,53
ʿAbd Allāh Badr al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 289
ʿAbd Allāh al-Maḥḍ, see ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥasan al-Muthannā
ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī, see al-Mahdī, ʿAbd Allāh, first Fāṭimid caliph
ʿAbd Allāh al-Rāwandī, leader of Rāwandiyya 62
ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Ⅱ, king of Saudi Arabia 297
ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Muḥammad b. al-Nuʿmān, Abu’l-Qāsim, Fāṭimid chief qāḍī, grandson of al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān 172,181,215
ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Muḥammad b. Saʿūd 296
ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd Ⅱ, Ottoman sultan 481
ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq b. Sayf al-Dīn Dihlawī, hagiographer 443
ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn Ḥusām al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 288
ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn Jīwājī, founder of Mahdībāghwālās 288
ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Hamadhānī, al-Qāḍī, Muʿtazilī scholar 235
ʿAbd al-Majīd I, Ottoman sultan 489
ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Ḥāfiẓ, see al-Ḥāfiẓ, Fāṭimid caliph
ʿAbd al-Malik b. ʿAṭṭāsh, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī in Persia, passim 311–314,321,325,327,329,330,339
ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān, Umayyad caliph 53,54,59
ʿAbd al-Malik al-Kawkabī, early Ismāʿīlī dāʿī 112
ʿAbd al-Muʾmin, founder of the Almohad dynasty 202
ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib b. Hāshim, grandfather of the Prophet 57
ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib b. Muḥammad b. Ḥātim b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 268
ʿAbd al-Nabī b. ʿAlī b. al-Mahdī, Mahdid ruler of Zabīd 259
ʿAbd al-Qādir, son of Burhān I Niẓām Shāh 454
ʿAbd al-Qādir Ḥakīm al-Dīn 285
Abd al-Qadir Ibrahimji 289
ʿAbd al-Qādir Najm al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 286–288,289
ʿAbd al-Qawī, adviser to Awrangzīb 283
ʿAbd al-Qays, Banū, of Arabia 210
ʿAbd al-Raḥīm b. Ilyās b. Aḥmad, relative of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Ḥākim and walī al-ʿahd 186,191,247
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Ⅲ, Umayyad caliph in Spain 142,147,156,159
ʿAbd al-Salām Shāh, Nizārī imam 423,432,433
ʿAbd al-Ṭayyib Zakī al-Dīn b. Dāʾūd b. Quṭbshāh, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 282,283
ʿAbd al-Ṭayyib Zakī al-Dīn b. Ismāʿīl Badr al-Dīn, forty-first Dāʾūdī dāʿī 286
ʿAbd al-Ṭayyib Zakī al-Dīn b. Ismāʿīl Badr al-Dīn b. Mullā Rāj, thirty-fifth Dāʾūdī dāʿī 284
ʿAbd al-Wahhāb Badr al-Dīn, Fāṭimid 254
ʿAbdān, Qarmaṭī leader, passim 108–109,116–117,119,120–124,150,167
Abhar, in Persia 377
ʿĀbis b. Abī Ḥabīb 50
Abraham, see Ibrāhīm
Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Khādim, early Ismāʿīlī dāʿī in Khurāsān 112–113
Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Shīʿī, early Ismāʿīlī dāʿī in North Africa, passim 6,125,126–128,141–142,214
Abū Aḥmad al-Nahrajūrī 235
Abū ʿAlī, brother-in-law of Ibn Madyan 262
Abū ʿAlī Ardistānī, Dihdār, Nizārī dāʿī in Persia 319,343,344,358
Abū ʿAlī Ḥasan b. Aḥmad, dāʿī in Egypt, see Ḥamdān Qarmaṭ
Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī al-Ṭūsī, see Niẓām al-Mulk, Saljūq vizier
Abū ʿAlī al-Manṣūr al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām Allāh, see al-Āmir, Fāṭimid caliph
Abū ʿAlī al-Manṣūr al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh, see al-Ḥākim, Fāṭimid caliph
Abū ʿAmra Kaysān, see Kaysān, Abū ʿAmra
Abū Ashʿath, Sāmānid secretary 113
Abū Bakr, first caliph 36–37,38,39,41,44,66,74
Abū Bakr b. Ḥammād, Qarmaṭī dāʿī 120,155
Abū Dharr ʿAlī (Nūr al-Dīn), Nizārī imam 425,435–436
Abū Dharr al-Ghiffārī 39,43,371
Abū Firās Shihāb al-Dīn b. al-Qāḍī Naṣr al-Maynaqī, Nizārī author in Syria 371,373,408
Abū Ghānim Naṣr, Qarmaṭī dāʿī 123–124
Abū Ḥamza, Nizārī dāʿī, in Persia 321
Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān, eponym of Ḥanafī madhhab 80
Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān (al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān), see al-Nuʿmān b. Muḥammad, al-Qāḍī Abū Ḥanīfa
Abū Ḥarb ʿĪsā b. Zayd 334
Abū Hāshim ʿAbd Allāh, ʿAlid, eponym of Hāshimiyya 60–61,62,64,67,76,n:79
Abū Hāshim ʿAlawī, Zaydī pretender in Daylam 346
Abū Ḥātim al-Rāzī, early Ismāʿīlī (Qarmaṭī)dāʿī and author 111–112,121,133,152,153,154,155,217,225–228,230,233
Abū Ḥātim al-Zuṭṭī, Qarmaṭī dāʿī 124
Abū Ḥayyān al-Tawḥīdī 235,236
Abū ʿĪsā ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Aḥmad, dāʿī 158
Abū ʿĪsā al-Murshid, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī and author 133,233
Abū Isḥāq Quhistānī, Nizārī author 7,406,433–434
Abū Jaʿfar b. Naṣr, dāʿī 158
Abū Jaʿfar al-Manṣūr, ʿAbbāsid caliph, see al-Manṣūr, Abū Jaʿfar
Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-Kulaynī (al-Kulīnī), see, al-Kulaynī
Abū Jaʿfar-i Kabīr, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī 111
Abū Kālījār Marzubān, Būyid 203
Abū Karib (Kurayb) al-Ḍarīr 59–60
Abū Manṣūr, nephew of Abū Muḥammad, Nizārī dāʿī in Syria 368
Abū Manṣūr Aḥmad, Qarmaṭī ruler of Baḥrayn 151,161
Abū Manṣūr b. Muḥammad, Nizārī chief dāʿī in Syria 389
Abū Manṣūr al-ʿIjlī, eponym of Manṣūriyya 64,69,70–71,72
Abū Manṣūr Nizār al-ʿAzīz bi’llāh, see al-ʿAzīz, Fāṭimid caliph
Abū Muḥammad, Shaykh, Nizārī leader in Syria 368
Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī bi’llāh, see al-Mahdī, ʿAbd Allāh, first Fāṭimid caliph
Abū Muḥammad b. Ādam, head of Dār al-ʿIlm 245
Abū Muḥammad Sanbar, Qarmaṭī dignitary in Baḥrayn 151
Abū Muḥammad Zaʿfarānī, Sunnī scholar 324
Abū Muslim, governor of Rayy 314
Abū Muslim b. Ḥammād, Qarmaṭī dāʿī 120,155
Abū Muslim al-Khurāsānī 76,77,78,79,141
Abū Najāḥ b. Qannāʾ, Christian monk and Fāṭimid officer 244
Abū Rakwa Walīd b. Hishām, leader of anti-Fāṭimid revolt 182
Abū Riyāḥ 62
Abū Saʿd al-Tustarī, Jewish merchant, 193
Abū Saʿīd, brother of Nāṣir-i Khusraw 205
Abū Saʿīd, Īlkhānid 307,425
Abū Saʿīd, Tīmūrid 452
Abū Saʿīd al-Jannābī, see al-Jannābī, Abū Saʿīd
Abū Saʿīd al-Shaʿrānī, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī 113
Abū Saʿīdīs, of Baḥrayn 110–111
Abū Salama al-Khallāl 77,78,79
Abū Shāma, historian 23,309
Abū Sufyān, dāʿī 126
Abū Taghlib, Ḥamdānid 162,175
Abū Ṭāhir, family, of Kāshān 307
Abū Ṭāhir Arrānī 319
Abū Ṭāhir Ismāʿīl al-Manṣūr bi’llāh, see al-Manṣūr, Fāṭimid caliph
Abū Ṭāhir al-Ṣāʾigh, Nizārī leader in Syria 333–334,347,349
Abū Ṭāhir Sulaymān al-Jannābī, see al-Jannābī, Abū Ṭāhir
Abū Ṭālib, son of Shāh Ṭāhir Dakkanī 455
Abū Ṭālib, uncle of the Prophet 57
Abū Tamīm Maʿadd al-Muʿizz li-Dīn Allāh, see al-Muʿizz, Fāṭimid caliph
Abū Tamīm Maʿadd al-Mustanṣir bi’llāh, see al-Mustanṣir, Fāṭimid caliph
Abū Yaʿqūb al-Sijistānī, see al-Sijistānī, Abū Yaʿqūb
Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf, Qarmaṭī ruler of Baḥrayn 161
Abū Yazīd Makhlad b. Kaydād, leader of anti-Fāṭimid revolt 145–147,151,156,166
Abū Zakariyyāʾ al-Ṭamāmī (or al-Ẓamāmī), Ismāʿīlī dāʿī 110,121
Abu’l-ʿAbbās al-Faḍl, Qarmaṭī ruler of Baḥrayn 151
Abu’l-ʿAbbās Muḥammad, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī 125,127,141
Abu’l-ʿAbbās al-Saffāḥ, ʿAbbāsid caliph, see al-Saffāḥ
Abu’l-Bahlūl al-ʿAwwām 210
Abu’l-Dawādh Muḥammad, ʿUqaylid ruler of Mawṣil 176
Abu’l-Faḍl ʿAllāmī, secretary to Emperor Akbar 281
Abu’l-Fakhr, Ismāʿīlī jurist 245
Abu’l-Fatḥ, brother of Nāṣir-i Khusraw 205
Abu’l-Fatḥ, Nizārī leader in Afāmiya 333–334
Abu’l-Fatḥ, Nizārī leader in Syria 349
Abu’l-Fawāris Aḥmad b. Yaʿqūb, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī and author 184
Abu’l-Futūḥ Dāʾūd b. Naṣr, ruler of Multān 167
Abu’l-Futūḥ al-Ḥasan b. Jaʿfar, sharīf of Mecca 182
Abu’l-Ghārāt b. al-Masʿūd, Zurayʿid 256
Abu’l-Ḥasan, son of Shāh Ṭāhir Dakkanī 455
Abu’l-Ḥasan, son of Shihāb al-Dīn Shāh al-Ḥusaynī 480
Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī, beglerbegi, Nizārī imam, passim 459–462
Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Samanjānī, Sunnī scholar 336
Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī al-Ẓāhir li-Iʿzāz Dīn Allāh, see al-Ẓāhir, Fāṭimid caliph
Abu’l-Ḥasan Khān, Sardār, brother of Āghā Khān I, passim 464–465,469–472,
Abu’l-Ḥasan Muḥammad, son of Ḥamdān Qarmaṭ 120
Abu’l-Ḥasan Ṣaʿīdī, Fāṭimid qāḍī 363
Abu’l-Hayjāʾ, Ḥamdānid 183
Abu’l-Haytham Aḥmad b. al-Ḥasan al-Jurjānī, Ismāʿīlī author in Persia 155
Abu’l-Khaṭṭāb, eponym of Khaṭṭābiyya 67,85,92,102
doctrines 86
influence on early Ismāʿīlism 85,90,93
in Umm al-kitāb 93,94
Abu’l-Maʿālī, author 206
Abu’l-Maymūm ʿAbd al-Majīd, see al-Ḥāfiẓ, Fāṭimid caliph
Abu’l-Musāfir, Sājid 153
Abu’l-Qāsim Aḥmad al-Mustaʿlī, see al-Mustaʿlī, Fāṭimid caliph
Abu’l-Qāsim ʿAlī b. Jaʿfar, Sājid vizier 154
Abu’l-Qāsim ʿImād al-Dīn, Fāṭimid 254
Abu’l-Qāsim Muḥammad b. al-Mustanṣir, father of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Ḥāfiẓ 246
Abu’l-Qāsim Muḥammad Kūhpayaʾī, see Amrī Shīrāzī
Abu’l-Qāsim Muḥammad al-Qāʾim bi-Amr Allāh, see al-Qāʾim, Fāṭimid caliph
Abu’l-Qāsim Saʿīd, Qarmaṭī ruler of Baḥrayn 121,148,151,161
Abu’l-Qāsim Shāhanshāh, see al-Afḍal b. Badr al-Jamālī
Abu’l-Shalaghlagh (or Shalaʿlaʿ), see Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Saʿīd al-Khayr
Abu’l-Suʿūd b. ʿImrān, Zurayʿid 257
Abu’l-Suʿūd b. Zurayʿ, Zurayʿid 256
Abu’l-Thurayyā b. Mukhtār, Ismāʿīlī jurist 245
Abu’l-Walīd Muslim 210
al-Abwāʾ, near Medina 74
Abyan, in Yaman 257
Abyssinia, Abyssinians (Ḥabash) 198,218,257
Académie Royale des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris 22
acculturation 404,448–450,494
Acre (ʿAkkā) 14,15,18,194,197,216,244,313,390
Ādam (Adam)
in Mukhammisa doctrine 94
in Umm al-kitāb 94,98
in early Ismāʿīlī doctrine 131,134
in writings of the Iranian school of philosophical Ismāʿīlism 226–228
in writings of Nāṣir-i Khusraw 208
in Ṭayyibī cosmology and eschatology 270–275
in Nizārī doctrine 365,381
Ādam al-awwal al-kullī 271–272
Ādam b. Sulaymān, wālī 277
Ādam al-juzʾī 272,273
Ādam al-rūḥānī 270–271
ʿAdan, in southern Yaman 199,201,238,255–258,259,260
ʿAdan Lāʿa, in Yaman 109
adhān (Muslim call to prayer) 127,196,198,252
Ādharbayjān, region, in northwestern Persia 149,311,312,318,346,379,383,386,412,413,416,419,428,430
early (dissident) Ismāʿīlī daʿwa in 112,121,152,153,154,167
Nizārīs in 342,356,377,411,418
Adhruḥ 45
ʿAdī b. Ḥātim 45
al-ʿĀḍid, Fāṭimid caliph, passim 249–253 ,255,257
al-ʿĀdil I, Ayyūbid ruler of Damascus and Egypt 254,389
al-ʿĀdil b. Salār, Fāṭimid vizier 250
ʿĀdil-Shāhs, of Bījāpūr 455
administration, see Fāṭimid caliphate:
organization; Ṭayyibīs: daʿwa organization: Dāʾūdīs: daʿwa organization; Nizārīs: organization; see also daʿwa
ʿAḍud al-Dawla, Būyid 175,176
adwār, see dawr
Afāmiya (Apamea), in northern Syria 179,333,335
al-Afḍal b. Badr al-Jamālī, Fāṭimid vizier 211,241–242,243–244,246,324,342–343
Afghanistan, Afghans 29,30,207,392,411,436,461
Nizārīs of, 316, 356, 406, 410, 412, 453, 456, 488, 494–495, 501; imams reasserted control, 432; in works of Khayrkhwāh, 433–434; Qāsim-Shāhīs, 438, 456; Muḥammad-Shāhīs 451
invaded Persia 457,460,464
British invasion of 468–470
Āghā Khān I in 469–470,473
Af ʾida, fortress, in Yaman 268
Aflaḥ b. Hārūn al-Malūsī, first Fāṭimid chief qāḍī 168
aflāk (spheres) 229,271
Africa 1,21,291
Nizārī communities of 481,496,504
Aga Khan Ⅳ’s projects in 500,502–503
see further East Africa
Afshārid dynasty, of Persia 459
Afṭaḥiyya, see Faṭḥiyya
Aga Khan Ⅲ, Sulṭān Muḥammad (Mohamed) Shāh, Nizārī imam, passim 31,407,455,477,480–496 ,497,499,503
Aga Khan Ⅳ, Shāh Karīm al-Ḥusaynī, Nizārī imam 33,483,496–504
Aga Khan Award for Architecture 503
Aga Khan Case, of 1866 28,475–476,486
Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) 502–503
Aga Khan Foundation 503
Aga Khan Museum, Toronto 504
Aga Khan Programme for Islamic Architecture 504
Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) 503
Aga Khan University, in Karachi 503
Aga Khan(s), passim 4,28,405,407,413,414,442,480–504
see also Āghā Khān(s)
Āghā Buzurg al-Ṭihrānī, Twelver scholar 168
Āghā Khān I, Ḥasan ʿAlī Shāh, Nizārī imam, passim 462,463–476 ,477,480,481,490–491
Āghā Khān Ⅱ, Āqā ʿAlī Shāh, Nizārī imam 407,476,477–480
Āghā Khān Maḥallātī, see Āghā Khān I
Āghā Khān(s), passim, see also Aga Khan(s) 405,406,463–480
Āghā Muḥammad Khān Qājār, founder of the Qājār dynasty of Persia 459,460,461,462
Aghlabids, of Ifrīqiya 125,126,127,143
Āgra, in northern India 280,283
ʿahd (oath) 129,229,312
ʿahd al-awliyāʾ 293
ahl al-ayyām 42
ahl al-bayt 1,35,38,40,46,56,57–58,72,76,80,82,119,127,128,135,137,169,170,214,215,413,501
‘spiritual adoption’ into 92–93
and naṣṣ imamate 73,81
ḥadīths of, in Ismāʿīlī law 170
Sufi devotion to 426
ahl al-daʿwa 219,222
ahl al-dhimma, see dhimmīs
Ahl al-ʿIrāq 46
ahl al-kitāb (people of the book) 34
Ahl al-Shām 46
Ahl al-Sunna wa’l-Jamāʿa 48
see also Jamāʿa; Sunnīs
ahl-i ḥaqīqat 433,441
ahl-i ḥaqq 433,441
ahl-i taḍādd 365,382,441
ahl-i taʿlīm 379
ahl-i tarattub 366,382,442
ahl-i vaḥdat 366,382,441,442
Aḥmad, founder of the Hujūmiyya subgroup of Dāʾūdī Bohras 283–284
Aḥmad, son of Khalaf, Ismaʿīlī dāʿī 111
Aḥmad I, sultan of Gujarāt 277,278
Aḥmad I Walī, Bahmanid 428–429
Aḥmad Ⅱ b. Ismāʿīl, Sāmānid 113
Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Maymūn al-Qaddāḥ 102
Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl, concealed Ismāʿīlī imam 100,102,106,235
Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, governor of Rayy 112,152
Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, Ikhshīdid 158
Aḥmad b. ʿAṭṭāsh, see Aḥmad Ibn ʿAṭṭāsh
Aḥmad b. al-Ḥasan, Kalbid governor of Sicily 145
Aḥmad b. ʿImrān b. al-Faḍl, al-Qāḍī, Hamdānī leader 258
Aḥmad b. ʿĪsā b. Zayd, Zaydī imam 73
Aḥmad b. al-Kayyāl 112–113
Aḥmad b. Khiḍr, Qarakhānid ruler 203
Aḥmad b. Marzubān b. Isḥāq, dāʿī in India 200
Aḥmad b. al-Mubārak Ibn al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 267
Aḥmad Ibn ʿAṭṭāsh, son of ʿAbd al-Malik b. ʿAṭṭāsh, Nizārī dāʿī of Iṣfahān 330,336–337
Aḥmad Jaʿfar Shīrāzī 279
Aḥmad Mukhtār Pasha, Ottoman general in Yaman 296–297
Aḥmad Shāh, Nizārī imam, see Islām Shāh
Aḥmadābād, in Gujarāt, passim 277,278,280,281,282,283,284,291,298,445–448
Aḥmadnagar, in the Deccan, passim 452–455
al-Aḥsāʾ, capital of the Qarmaṭī state of Baḥrayn 110,149,162,185,210
Ahwāz, in Khūzistān 100,102,149,203
Aiglemont, near Paris, headquarters of Aga Khan Ⅳ 504
al-aʾimma al-mastūrīn, see hidden imams
ʿĀʾisha bint Abū Bakr, wife of the Prophet 44
Ajamiyyūn 124,149,150
Akbar, Mughal emperor 277,280,281,422,436
Akbar Shāh, Āqā, son of Āghā Khān I 476,482
akhaṣṣ-i khāṣṣ 366
Akhbārī school, of Twelver law 171
Akhlāq-i muḥtashamī, of Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī 378–379
Akhlāq-i Nāṣirī, of Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī 378–379,380
al-Akhram, al-Ḥasan b. Ḥaydara, Druze leader 186–187,188
Akhū Muḥsin, see Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn
akwār, see kawr
Āl Khayrāt, of southern Arabia 296
āl Muḥammad, see ahl al-bayt
Āl Saʿūd 296,297,298
ʿAlāʾ al-Dawla Simnānī, Sufi and Sunnī theologian 427
ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Aḥmad Ⅱ, Bahmanid 429
ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Ḥusayn Jahānsūz, Ghūrid 356
ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Kayqubād I, Saljūq ruler of Rūm 390
ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Maḥmūd, governor of Ṭuraythīth 357
ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad, Khwārazmshāh 374,375,376,377,383
ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad Ⅲ, Nizārī imam and lord of Alamūt, passim 18,302,375,377–392 ,417
ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muʾmin Shāh, see Muʾmin Shāh
ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Tekish, Khwārazmshāh 373,374
Alamūt, fortress and seat of Nizārī state, in northern Persia 3–4,18,19,112,314–316,317–318,324,336,367,379,386–387
etymology 318
archaeology of 304
described by Marco Polo 17
Ismāʿīlī library at 302,303,305,306,342,355,376,396
seat of Justānids 152–153
as seat of Nizārī state, 3, 21, 245, 301, 352, 374; taken by Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ, 314–316; Saljūq attempts to take, 337–338; attacked by Shāh Ghāzī, 344–345; Abū Hāshim (Zaydī) at, 346; qiyāma proclaimed at, 358–359, 362; destruction by Mongols, 303, 304, 393–394, 396, 402, 410; Nizārī attempts to reoccupy 410–411,416–417,451
as Ṣafawid prison 417
see also Nizārīs: Alamūt period
ʿAlawīs, ʿAlawiyya, subgroup of Dāʾūdī Bohras 239,241,282
ʿAlawīs, see Nuṣayrīs
ʿAlbāʾiyya, see ʿUlāʾiyya
Alburz mountains, in Persia 318,320–321,339,353
Aleppo (Ḥalab), in northern Syria 27,313,367,372,389,428
under Ḥamdānids 161,176,178
under Fāṭimids 175,183,192,216,250
under Saljūqs 352
during Nizārī-Mustaʿlī schism 325
Nizārī centre 309,332–334,347
attacked by Nizārīs 370
besieged by Saladin 369
Alexander, era of 150
Alexandria (Iskandariyya), in Egypt 182,194,242,250,313
Alftakīn, Turkish commander 163,173,175
Algeria 126,127
ʿAlī, Ṭāhirid ruler of Yaman 268
ʿAlī al-Aʿazz, Zurayʿid, see ʿAlī b. Sabaʾ
ʿAlī al-Aʿlā, Ḥurūfī propagandist 421
ʿAlī (ʿAbd Allāh) b. ʿAbd Allāh, Ṣulayḥid 263–264
ʿAlī al-Asadī 185
ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-ʿAbbās, ʿAbbāsid 61
ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAlī b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 268,278
ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, first Shīʿī imam and fourth caliph, passim 1,37–38,39,41,42,43,44–49 ,52,57,62,63–64,71,81,89,94,137,165,207,273
investiture by the Prophet 39,83,177–178,247
significance for Shīʿīs 37–38
his divinity for ʿUlāʾiyya and Nuṣayrīs 94–95
in Zaydī doctrine 74
in account of Akhū Muḥsin 102
and ʿAbd Allāh b. Sabaʾ 63–64,66
in early Ismāʿīlī enumerations of imams 97,165
in early Qarmaṭī series of ūlu’l-ʿazm prophets 97–98
as Muḥammad’s ḥujja 118
as Muḥammad’s waṣī 129,132,232
ḥadīths of, in Ismāʿīlī law 170
commemorated by Dāʾūdīs 294
as Nizārī imām-qāʾim 365
primacy in Sufi doctrine,passim 426–428 ,431
in religious poems of Nizārīs of Badakhshan 494
ʿAlī b. Abu’l-Ghārāt, Zurayʿid 256
ʿAlī b. Aḥmad, Ṣulayḥid 263
ʿAlī b. al-Asad, Abu’l-Maʿālī, amīr of Badakhshan 206–207
ʿAlī b. al-Faḍl, early Ismāʿīlī dāʿī in Yaman 109–110,122,125
ʿAlī b. al-Ḥākim, Fāṭimid 186
ʿAlī b. Ḥamdūn al-Andalusī 157
ʿAlī b. Ḥanẓala b. Abī Sālim al-Maḥfūẓī al-Wādiʿī, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 267
ʿAlī b. Ḥarb, Naṣrid amīr of Sīstān 384
ʿAlī b. Hārūn al-Zanjānī 235
ʿAlī b. Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya, ʿAlid 61
ʿAlī b. Ḥātim, see al-Ḥāmidī, ʿAlī b. Ḥātim
ʿAlī b. Ḥātim b. Aḥmad b. ʿImrān, Hamdānid 259–260,265
ʿAlī b. Hibat Allāh, Sulaymānī dāʿī 297
ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn, Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn, imam 50,58–59,60,67,90
transmitted naṣṣ 81
in early Ismāʿīlī enumeration of imams 90,97
ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad, see al-Mahdī, ʿAbd Allāh, first Fāṭimid caliph
ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Ḥanẓala, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 268
ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī Ibn al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 267–268
ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn b. Idrīs Ibn al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 269,279
ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī maʾdhūn 265,267
ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-Maghribī, Fāṭimid vizier 181
ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-Qurashī, Ismāʿīlī author 218
ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm, founder of the ʿAlawī subgroup of Dāʾūdī Bohras 282
ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm b. al-Ḥusayn b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 268
ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā, ʿAbbāsid vizier 148
ʿAlī b. Isḥāq b. Yaʿqūb, dāʿī in Gujarāt 277
ʿAlī b. Ismāʿīl b. Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, ʿAlid, 95
ʿAlī b. Ismāʿīl al-Maythamī, Imāmī scholar 84
ʿAlī b. Jaʿfar b. Falāḥ 179
ʿAlī b. Masʿūd, Khwāja, Nizārī dāʿī 368
ʿAlī b. Mufarrij b. Daghfal, Jarrāḥid 182
ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya, ʿAlid 61
ʿAlī b. Muḥammad Ibn al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 210,260,266–267
ʿAlī b. Muḥammad al-Ṣulayḥī, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī and founder of the Ṣulayḥid dynasty of Yaman 198–199,258,263,267
ʿAlī b. Muḥammad al-Zanjī, leader of the Zanj revolt 108
ʿAlī b. Muḥsin, Sulaymānī dāʿī 297
ʿAlī b. al-Nuʿmān b. Muḥammad, Abu’l-Ḥusayn, Fāṭimid chief qāḍī 171,177,214
ʿAlī b. Sabaʾ b. Abu’l-Suʿūd, Zurayʿid 257
ʿAlī b. Saʿīd al-Iṣṭakhrī, Muʿtazilī theologian 185
ʿAlī b. Sulaymān, Sulaymānī dāʿī 296
ʿAlī b. ʿUmar al-Balawī 143
ʿAlī b. Wafāʾ, Nizārī commander 352
ʿAlī b. Wahsūdān, Justānid 153
ʿAlī al-Naqī (al-Hādī), Twelver imam 89
ʿAlī al-Riḍā, Twelver imam 89
ʿAlī Shāh, thirty-second Nizārī imam, see Mustanṣir bi’llāh Ⅱ
ʿAlī Shāh, forty-seventh Nizārī imam, see Āghā Khān Ⅱ
ʿAlī Shāh, Mihrabānid, see Shams al-Dīn ʿAlī
ʿAlī Shams al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 283
ʿAlid loyalism 425,426,427,428,429,431
ʿAlids 1,7,36,49,52,57–58,59,60,78,89,107,158,170,185,214,430,435
exalted by Shīʿīs 66,413
suppressed by ʿAbbāsid al-Manṣūr 79
effect of naṣṣ 82–83
sanctuary in Ṭabaristān 112,314,317
see also Ḥanafids; Ḥasanids; Ḥusaynids; Fāṭimids
Aligarh, University of 482
Alīsaʿ b. Midrār, Midrārid ruler of Tāfilālt 125
ʿAllāqa, leader of anti-Fāṭimid revolt 179
allegorical interpretation, see taʾwīl
All-India Muslim Conference, of 1928 483
All-India Muslim Educational Conferences, of 1903 1904,482
All-India Muslim League 482
Almohads (Muwaḥḥidūn), of North Africa and Spain 180,182
Aloadin (ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad Ⅲ q.v.) 16
Alp Arslān, Saljūq ruler of Aleppo 334
Alp Arslān, Saljūq sultan 197,198
alphabet, see ḥurūf
Alptakīn, see Alftakīn
Aly Khan, Prince, son of Aga Khan Ⅲ and father of Aga Khan Ⅳ 482,483,496
Aly Muhammad, Prince, son of Aga Khan Ⅳ 504
ʿamal 226,271,360
Amalric I, king of the Latin state of Jerusalem 251,252,253,369,372
Ambrosiana Library, Milan 28
America(s), immigration to: Druze, 189; Dāʾūdī, 291; Nizārī 497,500
see also United States of America
American University of Beirut 32
Āmid, in Diyār Bakr 345,347
al-ʿAmīd b. Manṣūr (Masʿūd), governor of Ṭuraythīth 357
ʿāmil, Dāʾūdī functionary 292–293,298
Amīnjī b. Jalāl, Ṭayyibī jurist 280
al-Āmir, Fāṭimid caliph, passim 3,10,105,238,239,244–248 ,256,258,261–262,263,277,325,326,343,346
see also al-Hidāya al-Āmiriyya
ʿĀmir, Ṭāhirid ruler of Yaman 268
ʿĀmir b. Rabīʿa, Banū, of eastern Arabia 210
amīr al-juyūsh (commander of the armies) 195,211,212
Amīr Kabīr, Mīrzā Taqī Khān, Qājār chief minister 473
Amīr Khalīl Allāh Anjudānī, see Khalīl Allāh I, Nizārī imam
Amīr Khān Mūṣilū, Ṣafawid governor of Hamadān 436
Amīr Kiyāʾī Sayyids, of Daylamān 415–416,417
Amīr Muḥammad b. Ḥaydar al-Bāqir, last Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 455,456,489
Amīr Muḥammad b. Muʿīn al-Dīn Ⅱ al-Musharraf, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 455
Amīr Sulaymān, grandson of Amīr Ismāʿīl, Nizārī leader in Syria 534
Amīra Ḍarrāb, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī in Rayy 311–312
Amīrdād Ḥabashī, Saljūq amīr 321
Āmiriyya 238,248,261
see also Ṭayyibīs
ʿāmma (ʿawāmm) 129,365
ʿAmmār b. Yāsir 39,43
ʿAmmār b. Yazīd, see Khidāsh
ʿāmmat al-Muslimīn 219
ʿAmr, mosque, Cairo 214
amr (divine command) 40,134,229,230,364
al-amr bi’l-maʿrūf wa’l-nahy ʿan al-munkar 343
Amrī Shīrāzī, poet 422
ʿAmrūn, Banū, of Syria 349–350
Āmū Daryā, see Oxus river
Anatolia, see Rūm
al-Anbār, in ʿIrāq 149
al-Andalus 158,370
Anf, Banu’l-, of Yaman 267,280
Anglo-Persian Treaty, of 1814 472
Anhalwāra, see Pātan
Anjidān, see Anjudān
Anjirūd, village near Alamūt 314,324
Anjudān, village near Maḥallāt, in central Persia 4,404–405,456,459,495
centre of Nizārī revival 406,413,418,422–425,432–442,447,448,449,473
anṣār (Helpers) 36,38,42,127
al-Anṭākī, Yaḥyā b. Saʿīd, historian 180
anthropomorphism, see tashbīh
Antioch (Anṭā) 175,331,333,350,389,399
Anūshtigin al-Duzbarī, Fāṭimid general 192,195
Apulia 145
Aq Qoyunlu, dynasty of Persia and eastern Anatolia 425,430,431
Āqā ʿAlī Shāh, Āghā Khān Ⅱ, see Āghā Khān Ⅱ
Āqā Khān, see Āghā Khān, Aga Khan
Āqā Khān Nūrī, Qājār chief minister 473
ʿāqil, ʿuqqāl (sages) 190
ʿAqīl b. Abī Ṭālib, Ṭālibid 102
ʿaql (intellect) 171,229–230,231,341
al-ʿaql al-awwal 233,270
al-ʿaql al-faʿʿāl 234
al-ʿaql al-kullī 189,190
al-ʿaql al-thānī 234
al-Aqmar, mosque, Cairo 244,290
ʿAqr al-Sudan, village near Baṣra, southern ʿIrāq 367
aqwiyāʾ 382,441
Arabia 36,41,43,47,61,110,198,199,210,287,296,297,468,469
see also Ḥijāz
Arabic (language), passim 1,21,70,233,240,292–299 ,302,309,406,408,449,477,480
Arabs 43,51,150,184,196,197,201,225,461
soldiers 42,126
tribal society 42,114
versus mawālī 51–53,54
belief in hereditary attributes 40–41,47
as ghulāt 66,70
pro-Shīʿī in Kūfa 47–48
hegemony under Umayyads 55–56,78
under al-Mukhtār 53
northern (Nizārī Arabs) 45
southern, see Yamanīs
in Sicily 143
as faction in Fāṭimid army 193
jazīra of 217
Arāk, in central Persia 423,456
Aramaeans 54,55,108
arbāb al-aqlām 212,213
arbāb al-suyūf 213
archaeological evidence 304,309
Ardabīl, in Ādharbayjān 153,430
ʿArīb b. Saʿd al-Qurṭubī, historian 6,103
ʿārif (gnostic) 412,420
Aristotle (Arisṭūṭālīs or Arisṭū) 223,224,233,237
arkān (elements) 234,271
Armenia, Armenians 149,194,246,249,250,399,412
Arnold of Lübeck, German abbot and historian 13,20,24
Arnould, Sir Joseph 476
Arrajān, castles and town, in Khūzistān 321,336,337,353
Arrān 377,412
Arsenius, metropolitan of Cairo 177
ʿarsh (throne) 135,230
Arslān Tāsh, Saljūq amīr 319
Arsūf, in Palestine 243
Artāliswālās, subgroup of Mahdībāghwālās 288–289
Artuqids, of Diyār Bakr 243,347
ʿArūs, fortress, in Yaman 267
Arwā, Ṣulayḥid queen of Yaman, passim 200,243,246,255–265 ,275,277
Asad, Banū 85,185
Asʿad, cousin of al-Mufaḍḍal b. Abi’l-Barakāt 256
Asad b. Abī, Yaʿfur, Yaʿfurid 122
Asʿad b. Shihāb, governor of Ṣanʿāʾ 199,258
Asad al-Dīn, Rasūlid 267
al-Aʿṣam, see al-Ḥasan al-Aʿṣam
Asani, Ali 444
asās 97,105,132,217,231,234
Aṣbagh, Banu’l-, of Syria 122
al-Aṣfar, chief of Banu’l-Muntafiq 185
Asfār b. Shirawayh, Daylamī leader 112,152,153
al-Ashʿarī, Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Ismāʿīl, Sunnī theologian and heresiographer 59
al-Ashʿath, father of Ḥamdān Qarmaṭ 107
Ashīr, in the central Maghrib 156–157,162
Ashkawar, in Daylamān 314,415–416
ashrāf al-qabāʾil 42,45,48,52–53
ʿĀshūrāʾ, of al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī 177,294,492
Asia 1,138,201,290,388
traders to East Africa 291,485–486
Nizārī communities of 496,497,504
Aga Khan Ⅳ’s projects in 500,502–503
Asia Minor, see Rūm
Asiatic Museum, St Petersburg 27,29,30
Aṣīl, nephew of Shīrgīr 345
Aṣīl al-Dīn Zūzanī, Khwāja 395
ʿAskar Mukram, in Khūzistān 100,102
al-aṣlān (the two principles) 229,230–231
aṣnāf, see guilds
ʿAsqalān (Ascalon) 173,179,192,197,216,243,244,250
Assassin legends, passim 12–19 ,22,328–329,368
assassination 12,70,146,328–329,332,352
Assassins 11–22,26
variants of the term, passim 11–18 ,21
origins of the name,passim 13,19–20,21–24
see also assassination; Nizārīs: distorted image
Assemani, Joseph Simonius 21,22
Assemani, Simone 22
Aswan, in Egypt 496
ʿaṭāʾ (stipend) 43
ʿAṭāʾ Allāh, ṭarīqa name of Shāh Nizār Ⅱ (q.v.) 457
ʿAṭāʾ Allāhī tribesmen, of Kirmān 457,461,462,464,468–469
Atbāʿ-i Malak Badr, see Mahdībāghwālās
Atbāʿ-i Malak Vakīl, see Artāliswālās
ʿāṭhṭhiyā, subgroup of Imām-Shāhīs 447
ʿAṭiyyat Allāh b. Muʿīn al-Dīn (Khudāybakhsh), Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 455
Atlanta 497
Atlantic 156,176
Atsiz b. Uvak, Turkoman chieftain 197,313
ʿAṭṭār, Farīd al-Dīn, Sufi poet 420
ʿAttāra, fortress, in Ḥarāz 297,298
Australia 189
avatāra, descent of Vishnu 450
Avicenna, see Ibn Sīnā
ʿawāmm, see ʿāmma
al-Awfī 235
Awrangābād, in India 490
Awrangzīb, Mughal emperor 283–285,447,448,456
Awrās, in North Africa 146,156
al-awwal (the first) 229,270
ʿAydhāb, port on Red Sea 201
ʿAyn Jālūt, in Palestine 399
ʿAyn al-Warda, battle of 51
Ayyūb, father of Saladin 251
Ayyūbids 5,249,251,310,369
origins 252–253
hostility to al-Azhar mosque 159
in Yaman 200,255,257,260,266,267
and Ḥāfiẓīs of Egypt 253
and Nizārīs in Syria 254,376,389–390
in south Arabia 257,260
and the Mongols 398–399
Aʿẓam Khān, Afghan amīr 460
ʿAzāz, in northern Syria 370
al-Azhar, mosque and university, Cairo 159,177,214,215,220,252
Azhar Park, Cairo 504
al-Azharī, Abū Manṣūr, Arab lexicographer 148
al-ʿAẓīmī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī, historian 309
al-ʿAzīz, Ayyūbid ruler of Aleppo 390
al-ʿAzīz, Fāṭimid caliph, passim 171,172–178 ,180,185,191,212
ʿAzīz Allāh Qummī, Nizārī poet 438
ʿAzīz Shāh b. ʿAṭiyyat Allāh, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 455
al-ʿAzīzī, dāʿī 262
Azraqīs, subgroup of Khārijīs 146
Bāb, in Syria 370
bāb, rank in daʿwa hierarchy 94,208,216–217,218,219,220,234,262,n:275
bāb al-abwāb 216–217
see also dāʿī al-duʿāt
Bāb al-Futūḥ, Fāṭimid gate, Cairo 159
Bāb Zuwayla, Fāṭimid gate, Cairo 159
Babylonian 237
badāʾ (change in God’s will or command) 64
Badakhshan 4,29,33,206–207,243,451–452
Nizārīs of, 207, 304, 407–408, 432, 433, 440, 494–495, 502; preserved Nizārī literature, 29, 31, 33, 420, 433, 494–495; deputations to Āghā Khān I, 465, 470; Qāsim-Shāhīs, 438; Muḥammad-Shāhīs 414,451–452,456
Badakhshānī, Sayyid Suhrāb Valī, Nizārī author 408
Badakhshānī, Sayyid Sulaymān, Nizārī muʿallim in Persia 493
Baʿḍī az taʾwīlāt-i gulshan-i rāz, anonymous Nizārī work 419
Bādīs b. Manṣūr, Zīrid 179–180
Badr, in Najrān 296,298
Badr al-Dīn Aḥmad, Nizārī envoy 386–387
Badr al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Ḥātim, Yamanī historian 260
Badr al-Jamālī (Badr al-Mustanṣirī), Fāṭimid vizier 194–195,197,204,211,212,241–242,248,311,313
Badri Mahal, Bombay 292,293
Bādūspānids, of Daylam 344,345,367,387
Baffioni, Carmela 32
Baghdad 8,10,78,79,89,109,148,161,167,313,320,321,336,338,347,379,473
anti-Fāṭimid manifesto, of 402/1011, 101, 102, 103, 185, of 444/1052 209
in campaign of Abū Ṭāhir al-Jannābī 149
taken by Būyids 150
dāʿī al-Kirmānī in 184
Saljūq Ṭughril I in 196–197
in campaign of pro-Fāṭimid al-Basāsīrī 195–196
massacres of Ismāʿīlīs 330
taken by Mongols 305,398
Tīmūr in 418
al-Baghdādī, Abū Manṣūr ʿAbd al-Qāhir b. Ṭāhir, Sunnī jurist and heresiographer 9,59
Bahāʾ al-Dawla, Bahman Mīrzā, Qājār governor of Yazd 468
Bahāʾ al-Dawla Īrānshāh b. Tūrānshāh, Saljūq ruler of Kirmān 321
Bahmanids, of the Deccan 427–428,429,453
Bahr al-ʿUlūm, see Sayyid al-Ṭāʾifa
Bahrain, see Baḥrayn
Bahrām, Fāṭimid vizier 212,249
Bahrām, Nizārī leader in Syria 347–348,352
Baḥrayn, eastern Arabia 2,199,206,327,427,435
Ismāʿīlī daʿwa in 102,110,121
Baqliyya in 124,149
Qarmaṭīs of, see under Qarmaṭīs
Bakhtiyārī tribesmen, of Persia 459
Bakjūr, governor of Ḥimṣ 175
Baku, in Caucasus 412
balāgh (initiation) 9,10,129
Balaghai, Mongol officer 394,396
Balak, nephew of Īlghāzī 347
al-Balāsānī, Saljūq vizier 321
Baldwin I, king of the Latin state of Jerusalem 244
Bālis, fortress, in Syria 334,335
Balkh 205,206,320,335,383,392
Baltakīn, Turkish general 175
Bāltīt, see Karīmābād
Balūchistān, Balūchīs, passim 218,460,463,465,469,470–472
Bam, in Kirmān 460,462,464–465,n:469
Bampūr (Banfahl), fortress, in Balūchistān 471–472
Bandar ʿAbbās, port on Persian Gulf 468,469
Bangalore, in India 473
Bangladesh 501
Bāniyās, fortress, in Syria 348,349
Banū, followed by the name of the eponymous ancestor of a tribe, see under the name of that ancestor
al-Baqīʿ cemetery, in Medina 86,91
Baqīʿa mountains, in Syria 255,261
al-Bāqir, imam, see Muḥammad al-Bāqir
Bāqir ʿAlī, last pīr of the Āṭhṭhiyās 447
Bāqir Shāh, Nizārī imam, see Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī, beglerbegi
Bāqiriyya, subgroup of Imāmiyya 71
Baqliyya, subgroup of Qarmaṭīs 124,149
Bar Dīṣān, see Ibn Dayṣān
Bārakzāy dynasty, of Afghanistan 470
Baraq b. Jandal 348
Barbarossa Frederick I, Holy Roman emperor 12
Barbelo-Gnostic system 135
Barbhai, Nizārī Khoja dissidents 474–476
Bardesanes, see Ibn Dayṣān
Bardesanians, see Dayṣāniyya
Barghash, Fāṭimid vizier 246
Barjawān, Abu’l-Futūḥ, Fāṭimid wāsiṭa 179–180,181
Barkiyāruq, Saljūq sultan 320,321,329,330,331,334,335,347
Baroda (Vadodara), in Gujarāt 241,282,298
Barqa (Cyrenaica) 142,143,179,182,201,202
Barzishābādī Mashhadī, ʿAbd Allāh, Sufi master 427
al-Basāsīrī, Arslān, Turkish general 195–197,204
Bashshār al-Shaʿīrī 94
Basil Ⅱ, Byzantine emperor 176,179,181
Baṣra, in Morocco 156
Baṣra, in southern ʿIrāq 42,43,44,49,51,91,100,102,110
founded 43
in revolt of al-Mukhtār 53
site of Zanj revolt 108,114
attacked by Abū Ṭāhir al-Jannābī 148
dāʿī al-Kirmānī in 184
seized by al-Basāsīrī 196
base of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ 235,236
origin of Rāshid al-Dīn Sinān 367
Bassām b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Ṣayrafī 92
Basṭām, in Persia 394
bāṭin 10
in Shīʿī thought 83
in doctrine of Abu’l-Khaṭṭāb 86
in doctrine of pre-Fāṭimid Ismāʿīlīs 129–131,167
in Fāṭimid doctrine 208,215,221,226
in Ṭayyibī doctrine 269
in Nizārī doctrines of qiyāma and satr 360,362,364–365,366,380–381,382,441
in writings of Nizārī Quhistānī 412
in writings of Ḥaydar Āmulī 420
for Sufis 419
for Ḥurūfiyya 421
in Pandiyāt of Mustanṣir bi’llāh Ⅱ 432–433
in Aga Khan Ⅲ’s teachings 492
Bāṭinīs, Bāṭiniyya (the Esotericists) 8,10,24,85,116,130
Batriyya, branch of Zaydīs 74
Bausani, Alessandro 32
Bāwandids, of Daylam 337,344,346,357,367,374
bayʿa (oath of allegiance) 36,49,178,242,293,496
Bayān b. Samʿān al-Tamīmī, eponym of Bayāniyya 60,61,72
Bayāniyya, extremist Shīʿī group 61,63,72
Baybars I, Mamlūk sultan, passim 309,398–402
Bayhaq (Sabzawār), in Khurāsān 345
Bāysunghur b. Shāhrukh, Tīmūrid, 308
Bayt al-Ḥikma (House of Wisdom), Baghdad 223
bayt al-māl 42
Bazda, village near Nasaf, in Transoxania 113
Bazgash, Saljūq amīr 329
bedouins 14,122–123,201,348
early supporters of Ismāʿīlism 114–116
beglerbegi 460,469
Beirut 313
Bektāshiyya, Sufi order 421
Benjamin of Tudela, Spanish rabbi and traveller 12,20–21
Berbers 54,115,125,126,141,183
in Sicily 143
in Khārijī revolt of Abū Yazīd 146–147
as faction in Fāṭimid army 175,178–179,193
jazīra of 218
see also individual tribes
Berchem, Max van, orientalist 28
Bertel’s, Andrey E. 31
Bhakti tradition, of South Asia 449
Bhārmal, minister to Rājpūt king of Gujarāt 276,284
al-Bharūchī, Ḥasan b. Nūḥ, Ṭayyibī Bohra author 91,279
Bhopal, in India 289
Bhuj, in India 447
Bianquis, Thierry 32
Bībī Sarkāra, wife of Shāh Khalīl Allāh Ⅲ 462,463,464
Bībī Ṭalʿat Murādī, leader of Murād Mīrzāʾīs 491
Bible 11,272,365
Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris 23,28
bidʿa (an innovation in belief or practice) 35,63
Bīdar, in the Deccan 429,455
Bihbahānī, Muḥammad ʿAlī, Twelver mujtahid 462
Bījāpūr 448,453,455
Bilāl b. Jarīr al-Muḥammadī, Zurayʿid vizier 257
Bilbays 178
Billizma, in North Africa 127
Bināltigīn (Inaltigīn), Khwārazmian general 384
Birāsh, fortress, near Ṣanʿāʾ 260
Bīrjand, in Quhistān (southern Khurāsān) 353,359,406,411,412,469,491,494
Bīrjandī, Ḥasan b. Ṣalāḥ, raʾīs, see Ḥasan b. Ṣalāḥ Munshī Bīrjandī
Bishr b. Ḥātim b. Aḥmad b. ʿImrān, Hamdānid 260
Bīsutūn, ruler of Rūyān 374
Biyapīsh, in Gīlān 415,417
Black Stone of the Kaʿba (al-ḥajar al-aswad) 149,151
Blois, F. de 107
Bobrinskoy, Count Alexis A., Russian scholar 29
Bohemond Ⅳ, prince of Antioch 389
Bohemond Ⅵ, prince of Antioch 399,401
Bohras, Bohoras 3,30,31,201,236,238,241,276–279,290–295,298,299
Dāʾūdī–Sulaymānī schism 239,280–282
ʿAlawī schism 282
fiqh for 169,280
Sunnī schism 277–278
of East Africa 291,486
see also Dāʾūdīs; Sulaymānīs
Bombay (Mumbai) 29,31,485
Ivanow’s work 30–31
Ismāʿīlī libraries 33,241
Dāʾūdīs of 288,290–291,292,293,294
Sulaymānīs of 297,298
Āghā Khāns (Aga Khans) at, passim, passim 477,480–497 407,467–468,472,473–476 ,500
Nizārīs (Khojas) of 473–476,484,492
Fidāʾī in 492
Bombay High Court 28,289,474–475,476,481,486,488,491
Bombay Legislative Council 477
Boyle, John Andrew 305
Brethren of Purity, see Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ
Brett, Michael 32
Britain, British, passim 286,291,468–470,469–473 ,474,477,481–482,484,493,495
see also England; India; United Kingdom
Broach, in Gujarāt 447
Browne, Edward Granville 26
Bū Saʿīd dynasty, of ʿUmān and Zanzibar 291
Bughrā Khān, Qarakhānid ruler 203
Bujh Nirañjan, South Asian Sufi work 444
Bujrai, Mongol officer 397
Bukayr b. Māhān 76,77
Bukhārā (now in Uzbekistan) 29,79,113,187,202,203,383,397,470,495
Buluggīn (or Buluqqīn) b. Zīrī, founder of the Zīrid dynasty of Ifrīqiya 157,162,176
al-Bundārī, al-Fatḥ b. ʿAlī, historian 308,337
Buqa-Temür, Mongol general 394
Būrāniyya, see Baqliyya
Burchard (or Gerhard), envoy of Emperor Barbarossa 12–13
Burckhardt, John Lewis, orientalist 27
Burhān I Niẓām Shāh 454–455
Burhānpūr 285,286,447
Burhanpur Durgah Case, of 1925 288
Burhānpūrī, Quṭb al-Dīn Sulaymānjī, Dāʾūdī author 240
Büri, Mongol officer 391
Būrī, Tāj al-Mulūk, Būrid ruler 348
Būrids (Börids), of Damascus and southern Syria 334
Burma 477,481,482
al-Bursuqī, āq Sunqur, governor of Mawṣil 347
Bustān al-jāmiʿ, anonymous history 309
Būyids (Buwayhids), of Persia and ʿIrāq 139,162,176,183,185,203,311,316,363
patrons of ʿAbbāsids 150,185
and Qarmaṭīs: allied against Fāṭimids, 161; fought in southern ʿIrāq 185
declining power in Syria 175
developed Shīʿī practices 177–178
opposed by Saljūqs 195–196
of Fārs 203
Buzāʿa, in Syria 370
Buzurg-Ummīd, Kiyā, Nizārī leader and lord of Alamūt 302,324,343,344–346,352–355,358,360
Byzantine empire: and the Fāṭimids, passim, 180–181, 183, 192, 197; disputed Italy and Sicily, 143–144; Syria 43,138,140,145,156,173–179 ,173,175–176,178
Byzantium, see Byzantine empire
cabalistic traditions 134,421
Caesarea (Qayṣariyya) 243,313
Cahen, Claude 62,426
Cairo (al-Qāhira), passim 5,6,147,175,178,182–199 ,203,205,213,221,242,246,310,312,313,348,401,482,504
founded 138,159
Fāṭimids move from Ifrīqiya to 183
Geniza of 140
attacked by al-Ḥasan al-Aʿṣam 162,163
ravaged in time of al-Mustanṣir 193–194
described by Nāṣir-i Khusraw 206
attacked by Atsiz 197,313
libraries destroyed 253
Calabria, in Italy 143,144,145
Calcutta 472,473,475,481
calendar, of the Ismāʿīlī Bohras 295
caliphate, 36–37; separate from imamate 81
see also Fāṭimid caliphate
Cambay, port, in Gujarāt 200,201,276,277,278,279
Canada 497,501
Canard, Marius 31
cannabis sativa, see ḥashīsh
Caprotti, Giuseppe 28
Carmatians, see Qarmaṭīs
Carron, Andrée, third wife of Aga Khan Ⅲ 483
Casanova, Paul, orientalist 28,235
Caspian provinces, region, in northern Persia 152,313
Zaydī Shīʿīs of 24,153,314
Nāṣir-i Khusraw in 206
histories of 308,408
Nizārīs in 346,387–388,410
after Mongol conquest 415
under Ṣafawids 417
Nuqṭawiyya of 422
see also Daylam; Gīlān; Gurgān; Rūyān; Ṭabaristān
Caspian Sea 19,112
Caucasus 346,383,421,430
Central Asia 2,7,29,30,31,33,79,186,225,316,373,391,420,427,428,n:503
provenance of Umm al-kitāb 93–94
Fāṭimid daʿwa to 139,203
Nizārīs of, 4, 316, 403, 406, 409, 410, 412, 414, 434, 477, 488, 494, 502–503; Qāsim-Shāhī daʿwa to 405,432,440,451,456
and Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism 243
see also Badakhshan; Transoxania; Tajikistan, etc.
Ceylon see Sri Lanka; Sarandīb
Chaghrī Beg, Saljūq amīr 205
chancery, of the Fāṭimids, see dīwān al-inshāʾ
Chandabhai Gulla Case, of 1917 288,289
Chāwlī (Jāwalī), see Fakhr al-Dīn Chāwlī
Cherubim, see karūbiyyūn
China, Chinese 15,19,138,433,494,496
Chingiz Khan 382–383,386,388,397
Chirāgh-rawshan, rite for the dead in Badakhshan 494
Chitral, in northern Pakistan 95,495
Christianity 10,20,130,143,369
and mawālī 56
and Ibn Dayṣān 102
origin of Sabaean doctrines 227
Christians 11,34,335,372,430
appointed to high office by Fāṭimids 177,212,223,244,249
persecuted by the Fāṭimid caliph al-Ḥākim 180–181
formed alliances with/against Muslims 8,388
paying tribute to Nizārīs 389–390
civil wars, see under Islam
clients of Arabs, see mawālī
Collège de France, Paris 22
Companions of the Prophet (ṣaḥāba) 36–37,39,44,74,181
condemned by Shīʿīs 66,74,181
apostasy of 83
Congress Party (of India) 483
Conrad of Montferrat, king of the Latin state of Jerusalem 13,21,372–373
Constantine Ⅶ, Byzantine emperor 144
Constantine Ⅸ Monomachus, Byzantine emperor 197–198
converts to Islam, non-Arab, see mawālī
Copts, Christian community in Egypt 159,177,180
Corbin, Henry 31
on walāya (‘initiation’) 83–84
on early Ismāʿīlism 92
on Umm al-kitāb 93
on Nāṣir-i Khusraw 206
on Ṭayyibī doctrine 270,273
on Nizārī doctrine 361
Cordoba 142,157,161
Corsica 144
cosmogony, see creation
cosmology 440
in doctrine of early Ismāʿīlīs 131,133–136
in Druze doctrine 189–190
Ismāʿīlī Neoplatonic doctrine of, passim 134,222–234
in doctrine of Ḥamīd al-Dīn al-Kirmānī 233–234
in doctrine of Ṭayyibīs 267,269–274
in gināns 409
court cases, see under Khojas
creation
in doctrine of Abū Manṣūr 70
in doctrine of al-Mughīra 69–70
in doctrine of Abu’l-Khaṭṭāb 86
in doctrine of early Ismāʿīlīs 133–135
see also cosmology
Croker-Poole, Sarah (Begum Salimah), first wife of Aga Khan Ⅳ 504
Crusaders 11,331–332,352
provided earliest Christian/Western reports of Nizārīs 11–12,13–15,22,368
and Assassin legends 328–329
and Nizārīs, passim 11,13,301,310,334,347,369–373 ,390
opposed Fāṭimids 243–244,250–251
opposed Saladin 254,369
threatened Damascus 349,350
opposed Nūr al-Dīn 369
opposed Baybars I 400–401
used assassination 328
Crusades
First (1096–1099) 11,244
Third (1189–1192) 13,372
Fifth (1217–1221) 13
Seventh (1248–1254) 14,390
Ctesiphon, see Madāʾin
Curdistan, see Kurdistān
Curzon, George N., Viceroy of India 481
Cutch, in Gujarāt 285,291,447,464,472,485
cyclical history 62,65,226
early Ismāʿīlī 131–133
Fāṭimid Ismāʿīlī 223
Ṭayyibī 238–239,269–272
Nizārī 364–365,381,382,440
Ḥurūfī 421
see also dawr
cyclical interpretation of religious history, see cyclical history
Daʿāʾim al-Islām, of al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān 30,169,170,214,215,222,280,294,297,299
Dachraoui (al-Dashrāwī), Farhat (Farḥāt) 32
Dādū, pīr 447
Ḍaḥḥāk b. Jandal 348,352
dah-yik (tithe) 433,491
dāʿī (summoner) 2,3,98,232
ʿAbbāsid 76
Fāṭimid 141,181,215,219,311
in Druze organization 190
Zurayʿids as 256–257
Ṣulayḥids as 263–264
Ṭayyibī 263–266,275–276
of Daylam 314,327,337,344,365
Nizārī, 301, 331–333, 360–361, 412, 432; in doctrine of qiyāma, 361, 364; Qāsim-Shāhī 439–440,441
see also daʿwa
dāʿī al-balāgh 218,275,285
dāʿī al-duʿāt (chief dāʿī) 6,168,195,204,207,214,216,220,234,253,266,311,340
al-dāʿī al-maḥdūd (or al-maḥṣūr) 218
al-dāʿī al-muṭlaq 218,241
Ṭayyibīpassim 239,264–269 ,275
in Hujūmiyya doctrine 284
Dāʾūdī 285,287,289,290,292
Sulaymānī 298,299
dāʿī qabāʾil Yām 298
Damascus (Dimashq) 8,17,47,74,101,123,191,197,313,334
disputed by Qarmaṭīs of Baḥrayn and ʿAbbāsids 161–162
under Fāṭimids 163,173–175,179,192,216
in Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism 245
Nizārī centre 332,333,347–348
Saladin took 369
under Mongols 398–399
Damāwand, in Persia 321,394
Dāmghān, in Persia 17,313–314,321,353,384,386,387,388
Dāmigh al-bāṭil, of ʿAlī b. Muḥammad Ibn al-Walīd 210
Dante, Italian poet 19
dār al-daʿwa 330,333,348,400
dār al-hijra (abode of emigration) 108–109,126,149,166,326–328,329,339,349
Dār al-ʿIlm (Dār al-Ḥikma), Cairo 181,184,199,204,220,244,253
dār al-inshāʾ, see dīwān al-inshāʾ
Dara, castle, in Quhistān 319,320
Dārā Shukōh, Mughal prince 283
al-Darazī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl, Druze leader 187,188
Daraziyya, see Druzes
Darband (Bāb al-Abwāb) 154
Dar es Salaam, in Tanzania 291,484,486,497
al-Dargazīnī, Qiwām al-Dīn, Saljūq vizier 337–338
Darrūd, village near Nīshāpūr 493
darwīsh (dervish) 412,421,432
Dasa Avatāra, ginān 450
Dashtāb, in Persia 469
Dasht-i Lūt, desert, in Persia 469
dassondh (tithe) 443,445,448,459,474,499
Dastūr al-munajjimīn, anonymous Ismāʿīlī work 95
Dāʾūd, Saljūq sultan 346,356
Dāʾūd b. al-ʿĀḍid, Ḥāfiẓī imam 253,n:254
Dāʾūd b. ʿAjabshāh, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 280–281,295
Dāʾūd b. ʿAlī, governor of Medina 91
Dāʾūd b. Sulaymān b. Dāʾūd b. al-ʿĀḍid 254
Dāʾūd Burhān al-Dīn b. Quṭbshāh, first Dāʾūdī dāʿī 280–282,283,295,296
Dāʾūdī Atbāʿ-i Malak Vakīl, see Artāliswālās
Dāʾūdīs, Dāʾūdiyya, branch of Ṭayyibīs 30,32–33,276,281–295
studied Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ 236
fiqh for 172,294
historiography 240–241
schism with Sulaymānīs 3,239,280–282
daʿwa organization 287,289,292–293
customs 293–295
reformist groups 289–290
in East Africa 291–292
see also Bohras
daʿwa (Persian, daʿwat) 3
ʿAbbāsid 76–77
early Ismāʿīlīpassim 2,98,102,104,107–116 ,128
Fāṭimid, passim 137–138,141,143,144,158,180,183–184,192,198,202–207 ,210,213–214,238,310–314
Ḥāfiẓī 253,255–260
Ṭayyibī 172,260,261,264,271,273,275–276,277,280
Dāʾūdī 287,289,292–293
Sulaymānī 295,298
Nizārī, 301, 325, 340, 344, 365–366, 382; Qāsim-Shāhī, 405, 410, 425, 431, 438–440, 451; to Syria, 331–334; to India 385–386,442–450
related to spiritual hierarchy, passim 134–135,230–234
al-daʿwa al-hādiya (the rightly guiding mission) 2,116,213,216,292
al-daʿwa al-jadīda (the new preaching) 339
al-daʿwa al-qadīma (the old preaching) 339
daʿwat, see daʿwa
daʿwat-i jadīd, see al-daʿwa al-jadīda
daʿwat-i qiyāmat 360
daʿwat-khāna, see dār al-daʿwa
dawla 2,137,211,214
dawr; adwār (cycles, eras)
in doctrine of Ibn al-Ḥarb 62
in ghulāt doctrine 65
in Umm al-kitāb 93,98
in early Ismāʿīlī doctrine 131–132
in Fāṭimid doctrine 164–165,208
in doctrine of Iranian school of philosophical Ismāʿīlism (4th/10th cent.) 226–228,231–232
in Ṭayyibī doctrine 269,282,380–382
in Nizārī doctrine of qiyāma 359–362,380–382
see also cyclical history; dawr al-kashf; dawr al-satr
dawr al-fatra 226–227
dawr al-jirm 165
dawr al-kashf (period of manifestation) 128,132,165,238–239,271,272,288,381
dawr al-satr (period of concealment)
for pre-Fāṭimid Ismāʿīlīs 96,118,128,132,326
for Fāṭimid Ismāʿīlīs 164–165
in Nizārī doctrine of Alamūt period 364,375,380–382,441
in Mustaʿlī-Ṭayyibī doctrine 238–239,262,271–272,284
dawr al-ẓuhūr, see dawr al-kashf
dawr-i qiyāmat 360
dawr-i sharīʿat 361
Day of Judgement 65,133,208,232
see also qiyāma
Daylam, Daylamān, region in northern Persia 314,317,324,327,338,346,355,374,385,392
(dissident) Ismāʿīlīs of 112,121,152,154,167
troops formed faction in Fāṭimid army 178,193
jazīra of 218
Nizārīs of, 304, 316, 320, 358, 410, 416–417; Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ’s activities, 314–316, 324; and the Mongols, 394–395; Muḥammad-Shāhīs 414,415–416,451
under Ṣafawids 417
Daysam b. Ibrāhīm al-Kurdī 154
Dayṣāniyya 102
De la Ravalière, Pierre Alexandre, French bishop and scholar 21
de Sacy, see Silvestre de Sacy
Deccan, the,passim 283,298,428,429,448,452–456 ,461
Defrémery, Charles François, orientalist 26
Delhi 277,482,483
Ḍeorḥī 315
see also daʿwa; Dāʾūdī
dervish, see darwīsh
Dhahabiyya, Sufi order 427,435
Dhimār, in Yaman 265
dhimmīs (adherents of a revealed religion, especially Judaism and Christianity, living under protection or dhimma of Islamic law) 55,177,180–181
Dhū Jibla, Ṣulayḥid capital, in Yaman 200,257,263
Dhū Marmar, fortress, near Ṣanʿāʾ 267,268
al-Dhuʾayb b. Mūsā al-Wādiʿī al-Hamdānī, first Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 264–265,275
Dhuhl, Banū, of ʿIrāq 149
Dhu’l-Faqār ʿAlī, Nizārī imam, see Khalīl Allāh I
Dhu’l-Qarnayn 365
dīdār, visiting the imam 433,434,457,459,463,473,492,502
Dieterici, Friedrich, orientalist 28
Dihkhudā, pseudonym of Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ (q.v.) 314
Ḍirghām, Fāṭimid vizier 251
Dirʿiyya, near Riyāḍ 296
divine command, see amr
divinity of imams 64,86,93,186,189
dīwān
as registry 43
as Fāṭimid administration 213
Dīwān, of Fidāʾī Khurāsānī 407
Dīwān, of Nāṣir-i Khusraw 205
dīwān al-amwāl 213
dīwān al-inshāʾ or al-rasāʾil (chancery) 6,139,203,213,245
dīwān al-jaysh (wa’l-rawātib) 213
dīwān al-majālis 213
Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn Jiwābhāʾī b. Nūḥ, ʿAlawī Bohra dāʿī 282
Ḍiyāʾ al-Mulk Aḥmad b. Niẓām al-Mulk, Saljūq vizier 337
Diyār Bakr 345
Dizbād, village, in northern Khurāsān 406,407,492–493,494
Diz-i Gunbadān, see Girdkūh
Dizkūh, see Shāhdiz
Dohad, in India 291
Dozy, Reinhart, orientalist 26
‘drama in heaven’, in Ṭayyibī doctrine 269,270–271
Druzes, Druses 22,23,25,67,332,348
origins 186–188
‘hidden imams’ 105
doctrines 189–190,221,372
in Sind 200
designated as Muwaḥḥidūn 189
scriptures 107
Du Cange, Charles du Fresne 21
ḍuʿafāʾ 382,441
dualism 69–70,102,135–136
Dubays, Mazyadid ruler 196,204
Dumluwa, in Yaman 257
Duqāq, Saljūq ruler of Damascus 331,333,334
durkhana (Persian, darb-i khāna) 473
Durūz, see Druzes
Dūst Muḥammad, founder of the Bārakzāy dynasty of Afghanistan 470
East Africa
Dāʾūdīs (Bohras) of 291–292,293,n:486
Nizārīs (Khojas) of 291,477,481,484–487,488,497,499,503
East African Muslim Welfare Society 488
Eastern Ismāʿīlīs, see Nizārīs
École des Langues Orientales Vivantes, Paris 22
economics, see socio-economic conditions
Edessa (al-Ruhāʾ), now in Turkey 102,331
education 289,290,300,487–488,492–493,498,502,503
Edward, prince, of England, the future King Edward I 402
Edward Ⅶ, king of Great Britain 474,481
Egypt, Egyptians 11,12,14,15,21,22,44,78,125,127,142,200,400,428,496
histories of Fāṭimids 139–140
famines 192,194,198
ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī in 125
seat of Fāṭimid empire, 103, 138, 162–163; invasion/conquest, 142, 143, 149, 158–159,161–162; loss, 251–253; daʿwa in, 143, 202, 214–215; organization, 176, 212–213; treatment of non-Ismāʿīlīs 172,180,192
pro-Fāṭimid plots 253–254
in Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism 241–242,324–325,342,363
invaded by Qarmaṭīs, 162; by Crusaders 244,250,251
in Ḥafiẓī–Ṭayyibī schism 248
abandoned Ismāʿīlism 252
Ṭayyibīs of 238,261
under Ayyūbids 253–254
under Mamlūks 398
Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ in 312–313
Elements of Theology, of Proclus 224
Elidigüzids, of Arrān and Ādharbayjān 377,386
Eligidei, Mongol commander 388
Encyclopaedia of Islam 30,32
England 372,388,402
see further Britain; United Kingdom
Enneads, of Plotinus 224
Ephraim, Coptic patriarch 177
Epistles of the Brethren of Purity ( . . . of the Sincere Brethren) see Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ
eras of human history, see cyclical history; dawr
eschatology 60,119,188,189,231–232,267,273–275,366,409
see also qiyāma ; soteriology
esoteric interpretation, see taʾwīl
esotericism 83–84,129–130
see also bāṭin
Euphrates river 45,122,149
Europe, Europeans 1,4,11,144,310,368,388,408,476
Dāʾūdī immigration to 291
Aga Khan Ⅲ in 481–482
Nizārī immigration to 497,500
and Assassin legends, passim 12–19 ,328–329
exaggeration in religion, see ghulāt; ghuluww
Fabri, Felix, Dominican friar and traveller 20
Faḍl ʿAlī Khān Qarabāghī, Qājār governor of Kirmān 469
Faḍl Allāh Astarābādī, founder of the Ḥurūfiyya 421–422
Faḍl b. Abī Yazīd, leader of anti-Fāṭimid revolt 147,157
al-Faḍl b. Jaʿfar b. al-Furāt, Fāṭimid wāsiṭa 181
al-Faḍl b. Ṣāliḥ, Fāṭimid general 175,181,182
al-Faḍl b. Shādhān, Imāmī scholar 108
al-Faʾfāʾ b. ʿAlī b. al-Faḍl, Qarmaṭī dāʿī 122
Fahd, raʾīs 368
Fahd b. Ibrāhīm, Fāṭimid secretary 179,181
Fahrasat al-kutub, of Ismāʿīl b. ʿAbd al-Rasūl al-Majdūʿ, see Fihrist al-kutub
al-Fāʾiz, Fāṭimid caliph 259
Fakhr al-Dawla Namāwar b. Bīsutūn, Bādūspānid 387
Fakhr al-Dīn, son of Tārmal 276–277
Fakhr al-Dīn Chāwlī (Jāwalī), atabeg of Fārs 337
Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad al-Rāzī, Sunnī theologian 367
falāsifa 232,233,234
Falconet, Camille 22
Far East 291
al-Fārābī, Abū Naṣr Muḥammad, philosopher 224,233
Farāhān, in central Persia 423
Faramā 244
Farghāna, in Central Asia 203
Farīdūn Mīrzā, Qājār governor of Fārs 465
Farrukh Shāh, Āqā, son of Akbar Shāh 482
Fārs, in southern Persia 203,461,469
Ibn Muʿāwiya in 75
Ismāʿīlī dāʿīs in 102,109,202
Fāṭimid daʿwa to 203
Nizārīs of 321,337,436
Niʿmat Allāhiyya of 427,428
Shāh Ṭāhir Dakkanī to 453
in Qājār conquest 461
Sardār Abu’l-ḥasan Khān to 465
persecution of Sufis by Twelver ʿulamāʾ 465–466
Fārs-nāma, of Ibn al-Balkhī 337
Fās (Fez), in North Africa 142,156
Fashāfūya, see Pashāpūya
Faṣl min al-lafẓ al-sharīf, of Abū Firās 371
fasting, see ṣawm
fatḥ 134–135,190,230–231
Fatḥ ʿAlī Khān (Shāh) Qājār 27,462,463–464,465,480
Faṭḥiyya, subgroup of Imāmiyya 88
Fatḥ-nāma, written by Juwaynī 305
Fātik, Fāṭimid governor of Aleppo 183
Fāṭima, daughter of the Prophet 38,48,57,83,94,128,273,431
Fāṭima, wife of Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq 91
Fāṭimid caliphate 2,310–311,496
established 102,128
consolidated 141–142,143–144
seat transferred to Egypt 162–163
decline 197,246,311,313
collapse 237,252,369
organization 211–213
denounced in Baghdad manifesto of 402/1011 101,102,103,185
see also Fāṭimids
Fāṭimids 2,3,7,123,137,237
genealogy 100–101,104,185
as a branch of ʿAlids 57,73,79,83,n:96
historiography 32,139,305,308
North African phase, 128, 140–162; Sicily 143–145
Egyptian phase, 140, 162–211; conquest of Egypt 158–159
decline and overthrow 197,246–253,369
in Syria, 173–176, 183, 192, 332; in Aleppo, supported by Saljūq Riḍwān 333
revolts against Ayyūbids 253–254
and Qarmaṭīs of Baḥrayn 9,121,151–152,161–162,185
and Byzantines 143,176,180–181
and Ṣulayḥids 198–200,263–264
and Zurayʿids 256–257
and the Crusaders 11,243–244
Nizārī plots against 244,325–326,343,349
Khārijī revolt against 145–147
supported Ḥāfiẓiyya daʿwa 238
split by Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism, 242; see further Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism
factions in army 175,178–179,193–194,252
trade with Europe 181
trade with India 201
literaturepassim; preserved by Ṭayyibīs 138,221–234 ,241,292
heritage retained by Nizārīs of Syria 302,309
libraries 5,139,253
jurisprudence 167–171
racial and religious tolerance 176–177
doctrine, 221–223, 227–233; imamate, 164–166, 186–188, 207–209; cyclical history, 221; Ismāʿīlī Neoplatonic cosmology 232–233,234
daʿwa, 202–207, 213–220; organization, 213–221; to Ifrīqiya, 126–128; to Muslim East, 183–185, 202–203, 206–207; to Yaman 198–199,263–264
Fāṭimiyyūn 123,128
Fayḍābād, in Afghan Badakhshan 207,495
Fayḍbakhsh, Shāh Qāsim, Sufi master, 427
Fayḍī, Āṣaf b. ʿAlī Aṣghar, see Fyzee, Asaf Ali Asghar
Fayyūm 182
Fergusson, Sir James 477
Fidāʾī Khurāsānī, Muḥammad b. Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn, Nizārī author 407,438,492–493
fidāʾīs (fidāwīs) (self-sacrificing devotees), passim, passim 23,244,328–329,333,336,343–356 12,13–18 ,367,368,370,386,389,395–396,401–402
fidāwīs, see fidāʾīs
Fihrist al-kutub, of Ismāʿīl b. ʿAbd al-Rasūl al-Majdūʿ 285
Filippani-Ronconi, Pio 95,310
financial organization
Dāʾūdī 293–294
Nizārī: Qāsim-Shāhī, 432–434, 443, 445–446, 447–448; Khoja 474–475,488,500–501
fiqh (jurisprudence) 68–69,167–172,181,222,280,407
see also law, of Nizārī community
Firishta, Muḥammad Qāsim Hindū Shāh Astarābādī, historian, passim 452–455
firman (farmān) 433,487–488,492,497,499
First Afghan War 1838–1842,469
Fīrūz, early dāʿī 123,125
Fīrūzkūh, castle, in Daylam 356,394
FitzGerald, Edward 312
fleets 143,144–145,250
France 15,144,390
scientific orientalism 22
embassy from Nizārī Imam Muḥammad Ⅲ 14,388
Aga Khan Ⅲ in 481,483
Nizārī community of 501
Franks, see Crusaders
Fraser, James Baillie, Scottish traveller 27
Frederick I Barbarossa, see Barbarossa
Frederick Ⅱ, emperor of Germany 390
Fundgruben des Orients 23
Fusṭāṭ (Old Cairo) 125,159,177,181,190,194,246
fuṣūl, epistles, of lords of Alamūt 304,361
Fuṣūl-i arbaʿa (al-Fuṣūl al-arbaʿa), of Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ 340–342
Fyzee, Asaf Ali Asghar 30,31,172,300
Gabriel, see Jibrāʾīl
Galen (Jālīnūs) 223
Galiakot, in India 277
Gandhi, Mahatma 483
Ganja, in Transcaucasia 386
Ganod, in Gujarāt 448
garrison town, see miṣr
Gāwbāras, of Rustamdār 417
Geneva 483,496,503
Geniza, collection of papers 140
Genoa, in Italy 144
George V, king of Great Britain 482
Georgia (Gurjistān) 346,356,412
Gerhard, see Burchard
Germany 14,25,390
rule in East Africa 291
agents in First World War 482
Ghadīr, Shīʿī feast 177,293
Ghadīr Khumm 39,97,178,247,293
al-Ghāfāʾ, see al-Faʾfāʾ
Ghālib, Muṣṭafā 32
ghāliya, see ghulāt
ghanīma (booty) 42
al-Gharbiyya, in lower Egypt 249
Gharīb Mīrzā (Mustanṣir bi’llāh Ⅲ), Nizārī imam 423,425,433,435,439
Gharībī, see Khayrkhwāh-i Harātī
Gharjistān 111
Ghāyat al-mawālīd, of al-Khaṭṭāb b. al-Ḥasan 105,107,264
ghayba (occultation) 59,60,64,191
Ghayrat Khān, deputy of Dārā Shukōh in Gujarāt 283
al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad, Sunnī theologian 9–10,209–210,342
Ghāzān, Īlkhānid 305
Ghaẓanfar, mīr of Hunza 495
Ghazna, in eastern Afghanistan 325
Ghaznawids, of Afghanistan and Khurāsān, 139,167,188,195,200,205,316
Ghazza, in Palestine 250,251
Ghiyāth, early Ismāʿīlī dāʿī 111,112–113,121–122
Ghiyāth al-Dīn, brother of Jalāl al-Dīn Khwārazmshāh 386–387
Ghiyāth al-Dīn b. Humām al-Dīn Muḥammad, see Khwānd Amīr
Ghiyāth al-Dīn Muḥammad, Ghūrid 374
Ghiyāth al-Dīn Muḥammad, Īlkhānid vizier, son of Rashīd al-Dīn 307
Ghiyāth al-Dīn Muḥammad I, Saljūq sultan, see Muḥammad Tapar
Ghulām ʿAlī b. Muḥammad, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī author 414,454
Ghulām Ḥusayn (Khan Bahadur H.H. Malik), leader of Mahdībāghwālās 288
Ghulām Ḥusayn al-Ḥājj, see Ḥusam al-Dīn al-Ḥājj Ghulām Ḥusayn
ghulāt 63–67,75,129,430
in Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq’s circle 84
and Umm al-kitāb 93–94
and origin of Druze ideas 186,n:189
term dāʿī used by 219
used assassination 70,328
denounced by Ḥaydar Āmulī 420
ghuluww (exaggeration in religion) 63,64,188
Ghūr, region in Afghanistan 111,356
Ghūrids, of Ghūr and Khurāsān 356,374,376,383
Ghuzz, see Oghuz Turks
Gīlān, in northern Persia 344,357,375
early Ismāʿīlī daʿwa to 112,152
under Saljūqs 337,338
Nizārīs in 342,346,355,387,392,415
under Amīr Kiyāʾī Sayyids 415–416
Nuqṭawīs in 422
under Ṣafawids 417,422
Gīlānī, Mullā Shaykh ʿAlī, historian 417
Gilgit, in northern Pakistan 495
ginān (gnān), passim 32,385–386,409,442–451 ,457
Girdbāzū, son of Shāh Ghāzī Rustam I 344–345,357
Girdkūh, fortress, near Dāmghān, in Persia 112,316,384
Marco Polo’s possible visit to 17
Nizārīs of, 321, 337, 342, 343–344, 353; in Mongol invasions 391,394,397,398,401,410,411
Girgenti, in Sicily 143,144
Girishk, in Afghanistan 469
Global Center for Pluralism, Ottawa, 503
gnosticism (ʿirfān) 84,102,270,273,420–421,428
in doctrine of: Ismāʿīlīs, 84, 130, 135; Mandaeans, 135; Manichaeans, 93, 136; Mughīriyya, 69–70; Mukhammisa, 94; Nuṣayrīs 194
Christian 102
Valentinian 69,93
in Umm al-kitāb 93–94
Goa, in India 453
Goeje, Michael Jan de, orientalist 26,n:151
Golconda, in the Deccan 455
Goldziher, Ignaz, orientalist 34
Gorno-Badakhshan region, in Tājikistān 408,495,502
Gospels 93
Great Britain, see Britain; England; United Kingdom
Great Resurrection, see qiyāmat al-qiyāmāt
Greek philosophy 222,223,237
Greeks, in Sicily 143
Gregory Ⅸ, Pope 390
Griffini, Eugenio, orientalist 28
guilds (aṣnāf), Islamic 115
Gujarāt 30,33,138,280,286,472
daʿwa activities to: early Ismāʿīlī, 201; Fāṭimid, 200–201; Ṭayyibī, 238, 268, 276; Nizārī, 385, 386, 457; Qāsim-Shāhī, 438, 443, 447–448, 457; Ṭayyibīs (subsequently Dāʾūdīs) of, passim 276–280 ,290–291,292,294
Sulaymānīs of 298–299
ʿAlawī Bohras of 282
Nizārīs of, 409, 448, 477; Mōmnas 448
Imām-Shāhīs of 444–447
Niẓām-Shāhī state and 455
emigration to East Africa 485–486
Gujarātī (language) 240,294,299,409,432,446
Gulshan-i Ibrāhīmī, see Taʾrīkh-i Firishta
Gulshan-i rāz, of Maḥmūd Shabistarī 419,427,428,454
Gümüshtigin, ruler of Aleppo 369–370
Gurgān, in Persia 112,152,155
Guyard, Stanislas, orientalist 27–28
Güyük, Great Khan 388
Ḥabbārid dynasty, of Sind 167
Ḥabīb b. Muẓāhir 49,50
Ḥabīb al-Dīn Muḥibb Allāh, grandson of Niʿmat Allāh Walī Kirmānī 429
Ḥabīb Ibrāhīm, leader of the Barbhai dissident Nizārī Khojas 474–476
Habibbhai, Ahmed, Barbhai dissident Khoja 476
al-Hādī, ʿAbbāsid caliph 89
al-Hādī, Nizārī imam 364
Ḥadīqat al-maʿānī, of Fidāʾī Khurāsānī 407
ḥadīth 39,69,80,83,92,103,111,169,170,181,222
Ḥaḍramawt, in Arabia 199,296
al-Ḥāfiẓ, Faṭimid caliph, passim 238,246–248 ,249–250,253,256,257,258,261–262,265,266
Ḥāfiẓ Abrū, historian 307–308
Ḥāfiẓīs, Ḥāfiẓiyya, branch of Mustaʿlians 3,200,238,240,247–248,249–250,253,254,255–260,262,265,325
Haft bāb, of Abū Isḥāq Quhistānī 433
Haft bāb-i Bābā Sayyidnā, anonymous Nizārī work 303,365
Hajar, in eastern Arabia 110,148
al-ḥajar al-aswad, see Black Stone of the Kaʿba
Hajīra, fortress, in Syria 370
ḥajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) 39,126,169,294,359,442,468
al-Ḥajjāj b. Yūsuf, Umayyad governor of ʿIrāq 53–54,56,71
Ḥājjī Ākhūnd, see Fidāʾī Khurāsānī
Ḥājjī Bībī, daughter of Jangī Shāh 481,491
Hajji Bibi Case, of 1908 481,491
Ḥājjī Mīrzā Āqāsī, Qājār chief ministerpassim 467–468 ,472
Ḥājjī Muḥammad ʿAlī, governor of Shahr-i Bābak 468
Ḥājjī Zamān Khān, Qājār governor of Yazd 463
al-Ḥajūr, clan, of Yaman 264
Ḥakam, Banū, of Yaman 266
al-Ḥakam Ⅱ, Umayyad caliph in Spain 157
al-Ḥākim, Fāṭimid caliph, passim 105,155,158,178–181,182–191 ,202,211,215,247
divinity for Druzes 186–189,207
al-Ḥākim, mosque, Cairo 214,290
Ḥakīm ʿAlī Gīlānī, physician to the Mughal emperor Akbar 281
al-Ḥakīm al-Munajjim, Nizārī leader in Syria 332–333,334
Ḥākimiyya, see Druzes
Ḥalam b. Shaybān, dāʿī of Sind 104,167
al-Ḥallāj, al-Ḥusayn b. Manṣūr, Sufi master 148
Halm, Heinz 32,123,133
Ḥamā, in Syria 100,335,349,350,370,398,399,400,401,408,489–490
Hamadān, in Persia 111,202,346,356,377,392,396,418,436
Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī Qazwīnī, historian and geographer 26,307
Hamdān, Banū, of Yaman 198–199,255,257–258,259,264–265,268
Hamdān, district in Yaman 298
Ḥamdān Qarmaṭ, Qarmaṭī leader in ʿIrāq 102,107–109,110,116–117,120,121,124,125
Hamdani, Abbas 32,107,236
al-Hamdānī, al-Ḥusayn b. Fayḍ Allāh 30
al-Hamdānī, Muḥammad ʿAlī b. Fayḍ Allāh, Dāʾūdī Bohra scholar 287
Ḥamdānids, of ʿIrāq and Syria 161,175,177,178,183,194
Hamdānids, of Ṣanʿāʾpassim 200,238,255,257–260 ,266,267
Ḥamdūn, Banū, of North Africa 157,n:160
Ḥamīd al-Dīn al-Kirmānī, see al-Kirmānī, Ḥamīd al-Dīn
al-Ḥamid li’llāh Dāʾūd b. al-ʿĀḍid, Ḥāfiẓī imam, see Dāʾūd b. al-ʿĀḍid
al-Ḥāmidī, ʿAlī b. Ḥātim, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 266
al-Ḥāmidī, Ḥātim b. Ibrāhīm, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 236,259,265–266
al-Ḥāmidī, Ibrāhīm b. al-Ḥusayn, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 106,261,264–265,266,269–270,275
Ḥammād, Banū, of the Maghrib 180,263
Ḥammād b. Buluggīn b. Zīrī, founder of the Ḥammādid dynasty 180
Ḥammādids, of the Maghrib 180,202
Hammer(-Purgstall), Joseph von, orientalist and diplomat 25–26
Ḥamza b. ʿAlī b. Aḥmad, Druze leaderpassim 187–190
Ḥamza b. ʿUmāra al-Barbarī 59–60
Ḥanafī Sunnism 80,172,324,453
Ḥanafids, branch of ʿAlids 57,58,60,76,79–80
Ḥanbalī Sunnism 172,296
Ḥanīfa, Banū 52
ḥaqāʾiq 129–132,169,222,265,267,268,269,381,440
ḥaqīqa
for early Ismāʿīlīs 129–132
in Nizārī doctrine, 360, 361, 364, 366, 380–381, 382; Qāsim-Shāhī 433,442
for Sufis 366,431
in doctrine of Ḥaydar Āmulī 420
in Pandiyāt of Mustanṣir bi’llāh Ⅱ 433
ḥaqq al-nafs 294
ḥaqq-i imām 434
Harāt 111,113,393,411,419,422,428,429,431,434,465,469,470
Ḥarāz, in Yaman 198–199,255,259,265–266,267,268,291,296,297,298
Ḥarbiyya, subgroup of Kaysāniyya 62–63
Hārij, in India 277
Ḥārithiyya, see Ḥarbiyya
Ḥarrān, in ʿIrāq 77,192,227
Hārūn (Aaron) 132
Hārūn b. Gharīb, ʿAbbāsid general 149
Hārūn al-Rashīd, ʿAbbāsid caliph 89,96
Hārūnī Zaydī Sayyids, of Tīmjān 416
Ḥarūrāʾ, in ʿIrāq 46
Ḥarūriyya, early Khārijīs 46
Harvard University 496,504
al-Ḥasā, see al-Aḥsāʾ
Ḥasan, pīr, Ismāʿīlī wālī in Gujarāt 277
Ḥasan, Ḥasan Ibrāhīm 32,151
Ḥasan, son of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Ḥāfiẓ 249
Ḥasan Ⅱ ʿalā dihkrihi’l-salām, Nizārī imam and lord of Alamūt, passim 302,357–363,364–370 ,378,380–381,385
Nizārid Fāṭimid ancestry 363–364
Ḥasan Ⅲ, Nizārī imam, see Jalāl al-Dīn Ḥasan Ⅲ
Ḥasan Ādam Qaṣrānī, Nizārī leader in Persia 343
Ḥasan ʿAlī (Sayyid Ḥasan Beg), Nizārī imam 459
Ḥasan ʿAlī Mīrzā, Murād Mīrzāʾī leader 491
Ḥasan ʿAlī Shāh, Āghā Khān I, see Āghā Khān I, Ḥasan ʿAlī Shāh
al-Ḥasan al-Aʿṣam, Qarmaṭī commander in Baḥrayn 161–162,163,173
al-Ḥasan al-ʿAskarī, Twelver imam 89,108
al-Ḥasan b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAlī b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 268
Ḥasan b. Ādam b. Sulaymān, wālī 278
al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī, Zīrid 202
al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, imam 48–49,52,58,81,83,86,90,91,n:94
transmitted naṣṣ 81
in early Ismāʿīlī enumeration of imams 97
al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya, ʿAlid 61
al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya, ʿAlid 61
al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī al-Kalbī, governor of Sicily 144
al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī al-Uṭrūsh, al-Nāṣir li’l-Ḥaqq, Zaydī imam in Daylam 153,314
al-Ḥasan b. ʿAmmār, Kutāma chief and Fāṭimid wāsiṭa 178–179
al-Ḥasan b. Idrīs b. al-Ḥasan b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 268,279
al-Ḥasan b. Ismāʿīl Āl Shibām al-Makramī, Sulaymānī dāʿī 297
al-Ḥasan b. Jannūn, Idrīsid 156
Ḥasan b. Manṣūr al-Yaman 166
Ḥasan b. Nāmāwar, brother-in-law and murderer of Ḥasan Ⅱ ʿalā dhikrihi’l-salām 363
al-Ḥasan b. al-Qāsim, al-Dāʿī al-Ṣaghīr, Zaydī imam in Daylam 112
al-Ḥasan b. al-Ṣabbāḥ, see Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ
Ḥasan b. Ṣalāḥ Munshī Bīrjandī, raʾīs, Nizārī historian 355–356
al-Ḥasan b. Sanbar, Qarmaṭī dignitary in Baḥrayn 110,151,210
al-Ḥasan b. ʿUbayd Allāh b. Ṭughj, Ikhshīdid governor of Syria 161–162
al-Ḥasan b. Zayd, al-Dāʿī al-Kabīr, founder of an ʿAlid Zaydī dynasty in Ṭabaristān 153
Ḥasan Daryā, Ḥasan Kabīr al-Dīn’s shrine 444
Ḥasan Kabīr al-Dīn, pīr, passim 443–445 ,446,447
Ḥasan Nūrānī, leader of Mahdībāghwālās 288
Ḥasan Pīr, son of Sayyid Fāḍil Shāh 448
Ḥasanābād, in Mazagaon, Bombay, mausoleum of Āghā Khān I 476,480
Ḥasanak, Ghaznawid vizier 200
Ḥasan-i Māzandarānī 392
Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ, Nizārī leader and founder of Nizārī state 3,9,21,243,245,301,302,332,345,355,357,358,368,395,397,402
writings 305
biographies of 305,307,311–312
early career 202,206,311–316
established at Alamūt 318–319,324
as head of the Nizārī daʿwa and state 301–302,326,332,337
recognized as ḥujja of the imam 301,326,342,344,359,360,364,382
and doctrine of taʿlīm 339–342,364
in Nizārī doctrine of the qiyāma 359–360,362
and Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism 242–243
Ḥasan-i Ṣalāḥ Munshī, see Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Ḥasan-i Maḥmūd
Ḥasanids, branch of ʿAlids 57,68,75,79,80
Ḥāṣbayyā, in Syria 348
Hāshim, Banū, see Hāshimids
Hāshimids, the Prophet’s clan of the Quraysh 37,41,43,57–58,64,71,74,79
Hāshimiyya, ʿAbbāsid capital in ʿIrāq 78
Hāshimiyya, early Shīʿī group 61–62,67,76
ḥashīsh 13,23,24,328–329
ḥashīshīs, ḥashīshiyya 10,11,23–24,n:116
Ḥassān b. Jarrāḥ, Jarrāḥid 163,195
Ḥassān b. Mufarrij b. Daghfal, Jarrāḥid 182,192
Ḥātim, Banū, of Yaman 259
Ḥātim b. Aḥmad b. ʿImrān, Ḥamīd al-Dawla, Hamdānid ruler of Ṣanʿāʾ 259,265
Ḥātim b. al-Ghashīm al-Mughallasī, Hamdānid 258
Ḥātim b. Ḥimās b. al-Qubayb, Hamdānid 258–259
Ḥātim b. Ibrāhīm, see al-Ḥāmidī, Ḥātim b. Ibrāhīm
Ḥātim b. Sabaʾ b. al-Yaʿburī 266
Hawdigān range, in the central Alburz mountains 318
Ḥawrān, in Syria 189
Hawzan, in Yaman 298
Ḥaydar, Ṣafawid shaykh 430
Ḥaydar Āmulī, Bahāʾ al-Dīn, Twelver scholar 420
Ḥaydar b. Muḥammad al-Muṭahhar, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 455
Ḥaydar b. Shāh Ṭāhir, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 454–455
Ḥaydara, son of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Ḥāfiẓ 249
Ḥaydarābād, in Gujarāt 30,298,470
Ḥayfā, in Palestine 243
haykal nūrānī (temple of light) 274–275
al-Haytham, early Ismāʿīlī dāʿī in Sind 110
hayūlā (matter), in Ismāʿīlī cosmology 229,234,271
Ḥayyān al-Sarrāj 60
Hazārasf b. Fakhr al-Dawla Namāwar, Bādūspānid 344
Hazārasf b. Shahrnūsh b. Hazārasf, Bādūspānid 344,367
Hazāraspids, of Daylam 416–417
Hazārmard, Hizabr al-Mulūk, Fāṭimid vizier 246
Hebrew language 184,233
Hell 134
denied by ghulāt 65
in doctrine of Abū Manṣūr 70
in Nizārī doctrine 360,413
in Nuqṭawī doctrine 422
in Ṭayyibī doctrine 275
Hellenistic wisdom, see Greek philosophy
Henry Ⅲ, king of England 388
Henry Ⅲ, king of France 20
Henry Ⅳ, king of France 20
Henry of Champagne, ruler of the Latin state of Jerusalem 13
d’Herbelot, Barthélemy, early orientalist 21
hermeneutics, see taʾwīl
Hetʿum, king of Little Armenia 399
Hibat Allāh b. Ibrāhīm al-Makramī, Sulaymānī dāʿī 296
Hibat Allāh b. Ismāʿīl b. ʿAbd al-Rasūl al-Majdūʿ, founder of Hiptias 285–286
Hibat Allāh al-Muʾayyad fi’l-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 285
al-Hidāya al-Āmiriyya, of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Āmir 245–246,325,326,343
Hidāyat, Riḍā Qulī Khān, historian 408
hidden imams (al-aʾimma al-mastūrīn)
for pre-Fāṭimid Ismāʿīlīs 99,100,104,112
in Druze literature 105
in ancestry of ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī, 105–106, 107; pseudonyms 104,118
for Nizārīs 325–326,344,456
for Ṭayyibīs 238–239,285,288,292
see also dawr al-star
hierarchy
in daʿwa organization: early Ismāʿīlī, 117–118, 130, 134; Fāṭimid, 217–219; Druze 190
spiritual, 85–86, 134–135; analogous with terrestrial, passim 230–234
see also ḥudūd
High Court, of Bombay, see Bombay High Court
Ḥijāz, the 51,52,73,80,89,95,103,206,287,468
part of Fāṭimid empire 139,161,176,198
in rebellion of Mufarrij 182
under Saʿūdīs 296–297
hijra (emigration), of the Prophet 36
ḥikma 214,215,379
al-ḥikma al-ilāhiyya 420–421
Hilāl, Banū 201
Hilālī invasion, of North Africa 201–202
Ḥilla, in ʿIrāq 185
Ḥimās b. al-Qubayb, Hamdānid 258
Ḥimṣ (Homs), in Syria 123,175,333,347,369,400,489
Ḥimyar, Banū, of Yaman 199,265
Hind 218,266,298,438
see also India; Indian subcontinent; South Asia
Hindu Kush, mountains, in Central Asia 207,452,494
Hindus, Hinduism 4,276,277,282,n:286,288,294,295,299,385–386,404,444,446,447–450,475–476,n:504
Hindustani language 444
Hiptias (Hibtias), subgroup of Dāʾūdī Bohras 285–286
al-Ḥīra, near Kūfa 92
Hishām Ⅱ, Umayyad caliph in Spain 158
Hishām b. ʿAbd al-Malik, Umayyad caliph 71,72,73,74
Hishām b. al-Ḥakam, Imāmī scholar 81,84,89
Hishām b. al-Qubayb, Hamdānid 258
Hishām b. Sālim al-Jawāliqī, Imāmī scholar 84
Ḥiṣn al-Akrād, see Krak des Chevaliers
Ḥiṣn al-Khaḍrāʾ, fortress, in ʿAdan 255
Ḥiṣn al-Taʿkar, fortress, near Dhū Jibla 255
historiography
of Ismāʿīlīs, 2, 4–10, 99; problems of, 87
of Nizārīs 6–10,304–309,405–409
of Fāṭimids 139–140
of Mustaʿlians 239–241
of Ṭayyibīs 240–241
see also archaeological evidence; literature; numismatic evidence
Hodgson, Marshall Goodwin S. 24,32,310
on Nizārīs 338,355,361,397
on authority of imam 81–82
on ṭarīqa Shīʿism 426
Holy Land 11,14,18,20,352,372,n:390
Holy Sepulchre, church of the, in Jerusalem 180–181,182,192,197
horse racing 476,483
Hospitallers, see Knights Hospitaller
housing 488,503
Huart, Clément, orientalist 30
ḥudūd, ḥudūd al-dīn 118,126,130,164,213–214,217,219,231,234,275
in Druze terminology 190
in Dāʾūdī daʿwa 292
celestial, in Ṭayyibī doctrine 270–274
Hugh of Caesarea, Frankish envoy to Fāṭimid Egypt 251
ḥujja (proof) 127,165,263,288
in Imāmī doctrine 83,364
in early Ismāʿīlī doctrine 117–118
as rank in Ismāʿīlī daʿwa organization 118,200,206,208,218,220,234,264,275
as guardian of imam 106,414
in Nizārī doctrine, 3, 301, 342, 359, 360–361, 364, 365, 382; for Qāsim-Shāhīs, 439–440, 442; Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ as, passim 326,342,344,359–364 ,382
in works of Khayrkhwāh-i Harātī 433,434,441,491
Murād Mīrzā as 491
al-ḥujja al-laylī 285
ḥujjat-i aʿẓam 439
Ḥujr b. ʿAdī al-Kindī 45,49
Hujūmiyya, subgroup of Dāʾūdī Bohras 284,285
Hülegü (Hūlāgū), founder of the Īlkhānid dynasty of Persia and ʿIrāq, passim 13,18,304–305,306,379,388–398 ,411
ḥulūl (incarnation) 64,65,67,189
al-Ḥulwānī, dāʿī 126
Ḥumayma, in Palestine 61,76,77
Hunza, in northern Pakistan 207,433,491,495–496
al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan, Twelver scholar 168
ḥurūf (letters of the alphabet): symbolic nature of 69,134,421–422
al-ḥurūf al-ʿulwiyya (higher letters), in Ismāʿīlī cosmology 134,230,234
Ḥurūfiyya 421–422,426
Ḥusām al-Dawla Ardashīr, Bāwandid 367,374
Ḥusām al-Dawla Shahriyār b. Qārin, Bāwandid 337
Ḥusām al-Dīn b. Dumlāj, Nizārī commander in Aleppo 335
Ḥusām al-Dīn al-Ḥajj Ghulām Ḥusayn, Sulaymānī dāʿī 297
Ḥusayn, Muḥammad Kāmil 31
Ḥusayn, son of Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ 344
al-Ḥusayn, son of Zikrawayh b. Mihrawayh 122–123
al-Ḥusayn al-Ahwāzī, early Ismāʿīlī dāʿī 102,107
al-Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh, concealed Ismāʿīlī imam 100,106–107
al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī, Ṣāḥib Fakhkh, ʿAlid leader of anti-ʿAbbāsid revolt 89
al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, imam 49–50,51,52,57,58,73,83,90,94,109
transmitted naṣṣ 81,83
in early Ismāʿīlī enumeration of imams 97
commemorated on ʿĀshūrāʾ, 177, 294, 492; by Dāʾūdīs 284,294
shrine of 109,455
al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 267
al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. al-Nuʿmān, Abū ʿAbd Allāh, Fāṭimid chief qāḍī, grandson of al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān 172,181
al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī al-Marwazī, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī 111,113,116,122
al-Ḥusayn b. Idrīs b. al-Ḥasan b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 269
al-Ḥusayn b. Jawhar, Fāṭimid wāsiṭa 180,181
Ḥusayn b. Yaʿqūb Shāh Qāʾinī, Nizārī poet 491
al-Ḥusayn b. Ẓāhir al-Wazzān 181
Ḥusayn Iṣfahānī, Ṣafawid official 453
Ḥusayn Qāʾinī, Nizārī dāʿī 314,318–319,344
Ḥusayn Yazdī, Mullā 463
Ḥusaynī Sādāt Amīr, Sufi master 419,428
Ḥusaynids, branch of ʿAlids 57–58,69,71,75,81,83,84,431,452
Hussein, Prince, son of Aga Khan Ⅳ 504
Ḥuṭayb, fortress, in Ḥarāz 266
Hyde, Thomas 21
Hyderabad, see Ḥaydarābād
Iamblichus, philosopher 224
ʿibādāt 169
see further ḥajj; ṣalāt; ṣawm; etc.
Ibāḍiyya, subgroup of Khārijīs 141,n:145
ibāḥa (antinomianism) 66,102,130,154,225,226,372
see also libertinism
ibdāʿ (creation ex nihilo) 229,233,269,274
Iblīs 271–272
Ibn ʿAbd al-Qawī, Fāṭimid chief dāʿī 253
Ibn ʿAbd al-Ẓāhir, biographer of Baybars I 399
Ibn Abī Khinzīr, Fāṭimid amīr of Sicily 143
Ibn Abī Ṭayyiʾ, historian 261
Ibn Abi’l-Baghl 235
Ibn Abi’l-Fawāris, Fāṭimid amīr of Sicily 143
Ibn al-ʿAdīm, Kamāl al-Dīn, historian 6,309,334,372
Ibn ʿAmmār, Fāṭimid qāḍī of Alexandria 242
Ibn ʿAmmār al-Kutāmī, see al-Ḥasan b. ʿAmmār
Ibn Anaz, see Muḥammad b. Anaz
Ibn al-ʿArabī, Sufi master 420
Ibn al-Ashʿath, leader of revolt 56
Ibn al-Ashtar, see Ibrāhīm b. al-Ashtar
Ibn al-Athīr, ʿIzz al-Dīn, historian 6,139,308,309,313,330,362,372–373
Ibn ʿAṭṭāsh, see ʿAbd al-Malik b. ʿAṭṭāsh
Ibn Bābawayh, Imāmī scholar 168,170
Ibn Badīʿ, see Ṣāʿid b. Badīʿ
Ibn al-Balkhī, historian and geographer 337
Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, Moorish traveller 402
Ibn al-Dawādārī, Abū Bakr b. ʿAbd Allāh, historian 8,101
Ibn Dawwās, Kutāma chief 191
Ibn Dayṣān (Bardesanes) 102,227
Ibn al-Faḍl, dāʿī, see ʿAlī b. al-Faḍl
Ibn al-Furāt, ʿAbbāsid vizier 148
Ibn al-Ḥanafiyya, see Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya
Ibn Hāniʾ, Ismāʿīlī poet 30,159–160
Ibn al-Ḥarb, see ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥarb
Ibn Ḥawqal, Abu’l-Qāsim, geographer and traveller 111,120,121,154,218
Ibn Ḥawshab, Manṣūr al-Yaman, early Ismāʿīlī dāʿī and author in Yaman 6,109–110,122,125,126,166,198
Ibn Ḥazm, ʿAlī b. Aḥmad, Sunnī heresiographer 59
Ibn Hubayra, Umayyad governor of ʿIrāq 77
Ibn Isfandiyār, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan, historian 308
Ibn al-Jawzī, Sibṭ, see Sibṭ Ibn al-Jawzī
Ibn Jubayr, Andalusian traveller 370
Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, historian 157
Ibn Khallikān, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad, biographer 168
Ibn al-Khashshāb, qāḍī 347
Ibn Killis, Fāṭimid vizier 158,163,175,176–177,212,214–215
Ibn al-Kurdī, Druze leader 188
Ibn Madyan, dāʿī 261–262
Ibn al-Maghribī, Fāṭimid vizier 196–197
Ibn Mālik al-Ḥammādī al-Yamānī, Muḥammad, Yamanī historian and jurist 120
Ibn al-Maʾmūn al-Baṭāʾiḥī, Jamāl al-Dīn, historian 245
Ibn Maṣāl, Fāṭimid vizier 249,250
Ibn Muʿāwiya, see ʿAbd Allāh b. Muʿāwiya
Ibn Mudabbir, Fāṭimid vizier 204
Ibn al-Muslima, Abu’l-Qāsim ʿAlī, ʿAbbāsid vizier 196,204
Ibn Muyassar, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī, historian 245,246,261,343,399
Ibn al-Nadīm, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq, author 8,9,101,102,107,155
Ibn Nafīs, dāʿī 155
Ibn Najīb al-Dawla, Fāṭimid envoy to Yaman 263–264
Ibn al-Nuʿmān, Fāṭimid chief qāḍī, see ʿAlī b. al-Nuʿmān
Ibn al-Qaddāḥ, see ʿAbd Allāh b. Maymūn al-Qaddāḥ
Ibn al-Qalānisī, Ḥamza b. Asad, historian 6,309,332,347,349
Ibn al-Qifṭī, Jamāl al-Dīn, Arab author 235
Ibn Qurhub, governor of Sicily 143–144
Ibn Raslān, dāʿī 261
Ibn al-Rāwandī, Abu’l-Ḥusayn Aḥmad, Muʿtazilī scholar 204
Ibn Rizām (Razzām), Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad, anti-Ismāʿīlī author 8,99,101,103,105,107,111,117,n:152
alleged Qaddāḥid foundation of Ismāʿīlism 102
myth of Ibn al-Qaddāḥ 104,105
on initiation into Ismāʿīlism 129–130,220–221
on schism in the Ismāʿīlī movement 99,117
preserved in later works 8,101
Ibn Ruzzīk, see Ṭalāʾiʿ b. Ruzzīk
Ibn Sabaʾ, see ʿAbd Allāh b. Sabaʾ
Ibn Saʿdān, Būyid vizier 235
Ibn Ṣalāḥ, Zangid governor of Ḥamā 350
Ibn Sanbar, see al-Ḥasan b. Sanbar
Ibn Saʿūd, see ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Ⅱ
Ibn Sawāda, dāʿī, al-Nasafī’s deputy 113
Ibn al-Ṣayrafī, ʿAlī b. Munjib, secretary in Fāṭimid chancery 245,343
Ibn Shaddād, Bahāʾ al-Dīn Yūsuf, biographer of Saladin 309
Ibn Shahrāshūb, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī, Imāmī scholar 68,168
Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) 202,224,233,340,380
Ibn Taghrībirdī, Abu’l-Maḥāsin Yūsuf, historian 140
Ibn Ṭughj, see Muḥammad b. Ṭughj
Ibn ʿUqayl, Fāṭimid chief qāḍī 245
Ibn Wāṣil, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Jamāl al-Dīn, historian 309
Ibn Ziyād, see ʿUbayd Allāh b. Ziyād
Ibn al-Zubayr, see ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr
Ibrāhīm (Abraham) 94,97,98,131,208,227,365
Ibrāhīm al-ʿAjamī, Nizārī commandant of Bālis 335
Ibrāhīm b. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥasan, ʿAlid, brother of al-Nafs al-Zakiyya 75,80
Ibrāhīm b. Abī Salama 267
Ibrāhīm b. al-Ashtar 52
Ibrāhīm b. Dāʾūd b. ʿAjabshāh 281
Ibrāhīm b. al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 268
Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī (Ibrāhīm al-Imām), ʿAbbāsid 61,75,76–77
Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad b. al-Fahd al-Makramī, Sulaymānī dāʿī 296
Ibrāhīm b. al-Walīd I, Umayyad caliph 74,75
Ibrāhīm al-Imām, see Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī
Ibrāhīm Īnāl, Saljūq amīr 196
Ibrāhīm Pasha, Ottoman general 489
Ibrāhīm Riḍā Ṣāḥib, leader of Mahdībāghwālās 288
Ibrāhīm Wajīh al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 285
Ibrāhīmbhāʾī Ṣafī al-Dīn b. ʿAbd-i ʿAlī ʿImād al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī scholar 287
ʿīd al-naṣr 247
ʿīd-i qiyāmat 359
Idrīs ʿImād al-Dīn b. al-Ḥasan, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq and historian 5,240,268,269,283
on Imam Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl 95
on ‘hidden imams’ 99,106
on Jaʿfar b. Manṣūr al-Yaman 166
on the Epistles 235
on al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān 169,172
on al-Āmir 246
on al-Ṭayyib 261,262
on Ḥāfiẓī Ismāʿīlīs of Yaman 265
see also ʿUyūn al-akhbār; Zahr al-maʿānī
Idrīsids, of Morocco 142,156
Īfran, Banū, branch of the Zanāta 145,156,157
Ifrīqiya 125–136,327
as seat of Fāṭimid caliphate,passim 142,146–162 ,170,212
relations with Sicily 143–144
under Zīrids 157,162,180,201
Ismāʿīlīs persecuted 182–183
Iftitāḥ al-daʿwa, of al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān 56
Ighlamish, Eldigüzid governor of ʿIrāq-i ʿAjam 377
ʿIjl, Banū 69,149
ijtihād 171
ijmāʿ (consensus) 39,171
al-Ikhshīd, ruler of Egypt 143,158
Ikhshīdids, of Egypt and southern Syria 143,158,161,162
Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ (Brethren of Purity) 28,32,234–236
see also Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ
Īkjān, in North Africa 126
Īlghāzī, Artuqid ruler 243,347
Īlkhānids, Mongol dynasty of Persia and ʿIrāq 6,304,307,379,398,411,415,416,425,430,
ʿilm (religious knowledge) 40,41,73,82,83,88,213,271,292,340
see also imamate: principle of ʿilm
ʿilm al-bāṭin 222
ʿilm al-fiqh, see fiqh
ʿilm al-ẓāhir 222
ʿImād al-Dīn, Nizārī vizier to ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad Ⅲ 387
ʿImād al-Dīn Muḥammad?> al-Kātib al-Iṣfahānī, historian 308
imam 7,39–40
mustaqarr, mustawdaʿ 97,106,107
in religious hierarchy 117–118,231,234
absent during dawr al-fatra 226–227
none after the qāʾim 96–97,132
for Fāṭimids, 207–209; see further imamate: in Fāṭimid doctrine
in Ṭayyibī cosmology 272,273–275
in Pandiyāt of Mustanṣir bi’llāh Ⅱ 432–433
as tenth avatāra of Vishnu 450
for Nizārīs: spiritual reality, 360–361, 371, 381–382; succession, post-Alamūt, 413–415, 417–418, 423; authority, 413, 500–501; in Qāsim-Shāhī teaching 440–441
see also hidden imams; imamate
Imām al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥīm b. Ḥasan, see Imām Shāh
Imām Shāh, Imām al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥīm, eponym of Imām-Shāhīs 445–446,450
imamate 40–41
in Imāmī doctrine 81,83
in teachings of Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq 81–83
in early Ismāʿīlī doctrine, 129–133; enumeration 96–98
in Qarmaṭī doctrine 96–97,102–103
in account of Akhū Muḥsin 101–102
in Zaydī doctrine 73
in Shīʿī thought 39–41,83–84
for ghulāt 64–65
succession for Mubārakiyya 90
for Muʿtazilīs 73
in Fāṭimid doctrine, 117, 120, 170; reform of ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī, 116–119, 132; reform of al-Muʿizz, 164–166; during caliphate of the Fāṭimid al-Mustanṣir 207–209
in Druze doctrine 186,189–190
in writings of Nāṣir-i Khusraw, 208–209; of al-Sijistānī 227–228
in Nizārī doctrine, 339–342, 361–365; in gināns 450
in Satpanth Ismāʿīlism 448–450
claimed by Nar (Nūr) Muḥammad 445–446
divinity of 64,65,186–187
principle of ʿilm 82
principle of naṣṣ 61,64,81–82
cycles of 131–132
in Shīʿī schools of fiqh 170–171
transferability between brothers 90,172–173
see also imam
Imāmīs, Imāmiyya 1,35,58–59,88–89,353,410
and the ghulāt 63,67,71
and the Muʿtazilīs 73
under Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn 59,67–68
supported Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq 71
appeal of revolutionary Ismāʿīlism of 260s/870s, for 108
and Zaydism 72,73–74
recognized Mūsā al-Kāẓim 88–89
their use of the term ḥujja 83,118
school of law 170–171,172
in Syria 332
see also Twelvers
imām-qāʾim 272,361,364–365,381
Imām-Shāhīs 442,444,445–447,450
Īmānī Khān Farāhānī 464
Imperial Library, Vienna 25
ʿImrān b. al-Faḍl, al-Qāḍī, governor of Ṣanʿāʾ 258–259
ʿImrān b. Muḥammad b. Sabaʾ, Zurayʿid 257
inbiʿāth (emanation) 228–231,234
incarnation, see ḥulūl
India 3,4,20,30,138,256,260,374,436,440
Fāṭimid influence in, 166; daʿwa 200,203
jazīra 218,298
in Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism 324–325
Muslims of 453–454,482
Nizārīs of, 304, 385–386, 405–406, 409, 432, 438, 465, 481, 488, 497; historiography and literature, 406, 407, 409, 414; post-Alamūt period, 442–451, 456; modern period, 472–484; organization, 484, 499–500, 501, 503; Muḥammad-Shāhīs, 414, 451, 454–456; see further Muḥammad-Shāhīs; seat of Āghā Khāns (Aga Khans), 473–481; see further Imām-Shāhīs; Khojas; Satpanth Ismāʿīlism
Ṭayyibīs (Bohras) of 201,239,267,268,276,280–281
Dāʾūdīs of, 281–295; see further Dāʾūdīs
Sulaymānīs of, 295, 298–299; see further Sulaymānīs
Nuqṭawīs of 422
Niʿmat Allāhīs of 427,428,461,468
and East Africa 485–486
and Yaman 240
British, 286, 288, 481, 482, 484, 491; interest in Āghā Khān I’s rebellion 469
independence, 482–483, and partition 484
see also Indian subcontinent; South Asia
Indian hemp, see ḥashīsh
Indian subcontinent 4,110
Fāṭimid daʿwa to 200–201
Nizārī daʿwa to 385–386,438,442–445
see also India; Pakistan; South Asia
Indic (Indian) languages 1,406,409
Indus valley 54,200,386
inheritance 171,474–475,486
initiation, see balāgh
al-insān al-kāmil (‘perfect man’ of the Sufis) 366
Institute for the Study of Muslim Civilisations, London 503
Institute of Ismaili Studies, London 33,242,408,501,503
intellect, see ʿaql
ʿIqdāniyya, council of 110–111,151
iqṭāʿ 317,318,327,353,386
irāda (divine intention) 134
Iran, Iranians, passim 223–234 ,410,420,501
see further Persia
Iranian school of philosophical Ismāʿīlism, see philosophical Ismāʿīlism
Irano-Zoroastrianism: and mawālī 56
Īrānshāh b. ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad Ⅲ 395
ʿIrāq 42,95,206,327,346,435,453,462,463,468
versus Syria 45,49,76,77–78,80
in the first civil war 47,48
under Umayyads 51,53–54,71,76–77
Qarmaṭī revolts of, 289–294/902–907 122–123
policy of the Fāṭimid caliph al-ʿAzīz towards 176
attacked by Abū Ṭāhir al-Jannābī 148–149
conquered by Saljūqs 195–196
under Jalāyirids 416
in World War I 491
Āghā Khān Ⅱ in 477
Ṣafī ʿAlī Shāh in 479
pro-Shīʿī 46,48
mawālī of 54,58
and later Kaysānī sects 63
seat of ʿAbbāsid caliphate 78
early Ismāʿīlī daʿwa in, 102, 107, 116–117; see further Qarmaṭīs
Fāṭimid daʿwa to 184–185,192,218,310,311
Nizārīs of 342,374
al-ʿIrāq al-ʿAjamī, ʿIrāq-i ʿAjam 184,377,384,394,438
ʿirfān, see gnosticism
Irshād al-sālikīn, of Fidāʾī Khurāsānī 407
Irshād al-ṭālibīn, of Muḥibb ʿAlī Qunduzī 414
ʿĪsā (Jesus) 93,94,97,98,131,208,227,365
ʿĪsā b. Mūsā, ʿAbbāsid governor of Kūfa 80,85
ʿĪsā b. Mūsā, nephew of ʿAbdān, Qarmaṭī dāʿī 120,124,149,150
ʿĪsā b. Nasṭūrus, Fāṭimid vizier 177,179
ʿĪsā b. Zayd b. ʿAlī, Zaydī imam 73
Isabella, wife of Conrad of Montferrat 372
Iṣfahān, in central Persia 150,153,327,345,377,384,418,463
extension of daʿwa to: early Ismāʿīlī, 112, 327; Fāṭimid 202,327
Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ in 312,313
massacres of Nizārīs 329,330,356
Nizārīs active in 329–330,336,339,356
Saljūq capital 311,321,338
Ṣafawid capital 437
Nuqṭawiyya of 422
seized by Qājārs 460
Isfandiyār b. Ādharbād, chief priest of the Zoroastrians 150
Isfandiyār Khān, Qājār commander 469
Isḥāq b. Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, ʿAlid 91
Isḥāq b. Yaʿqūb, dāʿī in Gujarāt 277
Isḥāq Khuttalānī, Sufi master 427
Ishbīliya, see Seville
Ishkāshim, in Badakhshan 29
Ishmael, see Ismāʿīl
Iskandar, Banū, of Ṭabaristān 417
Islam 1,16,155
historiography 34–35
as theocracy 36–37
Shīʿī perspective 38–40
civil wars: first, 45–46, 47; second 50–52
tenets shared by all Muslims 492
era of, would be ended by Mahdī 96–98,132
era of, in philosophical Ismāʿīlism of Iranian school 231–232
era of, extended in Fāṭimid doctrine 132–133,223
converts (non-Arab), see mawālī
non-Muslim subjects, see dhimmīs
Islām Shāh, Nizārī imam 418,443,446
Islamic Research Association, Bombay 31
ʿiṣma (perfect immunity from error and sin) 40,65,83,271,284,292
Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) 132
Ismāʿīl I, founder of the Ṣafawid dynasty of Persia 429,430–431,435,453
Ismāʿīl Ⅱ, Ṣafawid shāh 436
Ismāʿīl ʿĀdil Shāh, ʿĀdil-Shāhī ruler of Bījāpūr 453
Ismāʿīl al-ʿAjamī, Nizārī leader in Syria 348,349
Ismāʿīl b. Hibat Allāh, Sulaymānī dāʿī 296
Ismāʿīl b. Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, Ismāʿīlī imam and eponym of Ismāʿīliyya 1,27,85,88,90–93,95,105–106
as Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq’s successor 88,89,312
position in series of imams 90,97,101
pseudonym 104
and Fāṭimid genealogy 105–107,118–119
in Umm al-kitāb 93
in account of Akhū Muḥsin 102
in writings of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Muʿizz 165–166
Ismāʿīl b. Muḥammad, Nizārī amīr of Qadmūs 489
Ismāʿīl b. Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl b. Jaʿfar, ʿAlid 96
Ismāʿīl b. Muḥammad al-Tamīmī, Druze leader 187,190
Ismāʿīl Badr al-Dīn b. Mullā Rāj b. Ādam, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 284
Ismāʿīl Badr al-Dīn b. Shaykh Ādam Ṣafī al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 285
Ismaili Associations, see Ismaili Tariqah and Religious Education Boards
Ismāʿīl Qazwīnī, Nizārī dāʿī 314
Ismāʿīlī law, see fiqh
Ismaili Society, Bombay 31
Ismaili studies 30–33,503
Ismaili Tariqah and Religious Education Boards (ITREB), formerly Ismailia Associations 499,500,501
Ismāʿīlīs, Ismāʿīliyya 1,35,104
origin of name 1,2,85,88
as a movement of social protest 67,115,310–311
early (pre-Fāṭimid) doctrine, 96–98, 129–136; enumeration of early imams 96–97,117–119
daʿwa, 97–98, 107–127; organization and hierarchy 130–131,219
see further Nizārīs; Muḥammad-Shāhīs; Qāsim-Shāhīs; Khojas; Satpanth Ismāʿīlism; see further Mustaʿlians; Ṭayyibīs; Ḥāfiẓīs; Dāʾūdīs Sulaymānīs; Bohras; ʿAlawīs
see also Fāṭimids; Qarmaṭīs; Shīʿīs
al-Ismāʿīliyya al-khāliṣa, early Ismāʿīlī group 89–90
al-Ismāʿīliyya al-wāqifa 90
isnād (chain of transmitters of ḥadīth) 80,170
Israel 189
Isrāfīl (Seraphiel), archangel 134
Iṣṭakhr, in Fārs 75
Istanbul 25,481
istidlāl 171
istiḥsān 171
istiʿrāḍ 146
istiṣlāḥ 171
Istitār al-imām, of al-Nīsābūrī 5
Italy 18,19,28,143–144
Ithnāʿashariyya, see Twelvers
Iʿtibār al-Salṭana, Mīrzā Ismāʿīl Khān, son of Sardār Abu’l-Ḥasan Khān 472
Iʿtimād al-Salṭana, Muḥammad Ḥasan Khān, historian 408
Ivanow W. (Vladimir Alekseevich Ivanov) 30,310,405
identification of al-Mubārak 90
on Umm al-kitāb 93
on Ibn al-Qaddāḥ 103,106
on Nāṣir-i Khusraw 206
on Anjudān 423
on Fidāʾī Khurāsānī’s works 407
on Amrī Shīrāzī 422
on Khayrkhwāh-i Harātī 433
Ismāʿīlī bibliography of 31,407,438
ʿIzz al-Dawla Bakhtiyār, Būyid 162
ʿIzz al-Dīn al-ʿAdīmī, Mamlūk amīr 400
ʿIzzat ʿAlī Shāh, Muḥammad ʿAlī, Niʿmat Allāhī Sufi, maternal uncle of Āghā Khān I 463
Jabal ʿĀmil, in Lebanon 435
Jabal Anṣāriyya, see Jabal Bahrāʾ
Jabal Bahrāʾ, in Syria 309,332,349,350,352,353,367,369,370,389,391,n:401
Jabal Maghāriba, in Yaman 298
Jabal Maswar, in Yaman 109
Jabal Ṣaʿfān, in Yaman 291
Jabal al-Summāq, in Syria 216,333–334,335,349,372
Jābir b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Anṣārī 93
Jābir b. Ḥayyān 84–85
Jābir al-Juʿfī 85,93
jadd 134–135,190,230–231
Jaʿfar, cousin of al-Ḥasan al-Aʿṣam 173
Jaʿfar, Sayyid, dissident Bohra 277–278,279,284
Jaʿfar b. Abī Ṭālib, al-Ṭayyār, Ṭālibid 57,62
Jaʿfar b. ʿAlī, chamberlain to ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī 6,123,125
Jaʿfar b. ʿAlī b. Ḥamdūn, governor of the Zāb 157
Jaʿfar b. Falāḥ, Fāṭimid general 162
Jaʿfar b. Manṣūr al-Yaman, Ismāʿīlī author 6,98,101,129,164,165–166,207,208,217,225,309
Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl b. Jaʿfar, ʿAlid 96
Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad al-Ṣādiq, see Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, imam
Jaʿfar b. Sulaymān, Sulaymānī dāʿī 295
Jaʿfar al-Juʿfī, see Jābir al-Juʿfī
Jaʿfar Khān Zand, father of Luṭf Alī Khān 460
Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, imam 1,2,36,41,58,60,63,69,71,77,84–85,95,103,118,119,126
and Abū Muslim al-Khurāsānī 77
and the ghulāt 67,71,81,85,94
his interpretation of the law 69
ḥadīths of, in Ismāʿīlī law 170
his tradition, regarding the Mahdī 119
during revolt of Zayd b. ʿAlī 73
withheld approval from al-Nafs al-Zakiyya 75
refused Abū Salama’s offer of caliphate 77
rallying point for Shīʿīs 79–80,84
his religious thought 80–83,128
his circle of associates 80–81,84–85
his death and succession 88–89,101
disapproved of his son Ismāʿīl’s revolutionary activities 91–92
in early Ismāʿīlī enumeration of imams 97,119
and Fāṭimid genealogy 101,104,107
Jaʿfar al-Ṭayyār, see Jaʿfar b. Abī Ṭālib
Jaʿfarī Bohras 278,280
Jaʿfarids, branch of Ṭālibids 62
Jaʿfariyya, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārīs in Syria 455–456,488–490
Jafri, S. Husain M. 85
Jahāngīr, Mughal emperor 168,281,282
Jahāngīr b. Muḥammad b. Jahāngīr, Iskandarid ruler of Kujūr, in Māzandarān 417
jāhil, juhhāl (the ignorant) 190
Jalāl b. Ḥasan, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 279–280
Jalāl al-Dawla, Būyid 192
Jalāl al-Dīn Ḥasan Ⅲ, Nizārī imam and lord of Alamūt 302,375–377,378,380–381,383,386,387,389–390
Jalāl al-Dīn Khwārazmshāh 376,384,386–388
Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī, Mawlānā, Sufi poet 385,413,420
Jalāl Shāh, son of Āghā Khān I 473
Jalam b. Shaybān, see Ḥalam b. Shaybān
Jalāyirids, of Ādharbayjān, Kurdistān and ʿIrāq 416,425
Jamāʿa (the Community) 48,78–79,82
jamāʿat 292,474,484–485,493–494,498,500–501
jamāʿat al-muʾminīn (community of believers) 48
jamāʿat-i kalān 278
jamāʿat-i khurd 278
jamāʿat–khāna (assembly house) 294,443,474–475,477,486–487,494,496,499
al-Jamal (the Camel), battle of 44–45,49
Jamāl al-Dīn Gīlī, Sufi shaykh of Qazwīn 388
Jamāl al-Dīn Ḥasan b. Thābit, Nizārī leader in Syria 399
Jāmāsp 150
Jambet, Christian 32
James of Vitry, bishop of Acre and Crusader historian 13–14
Jāmiʿa Sayfiyya, see Sayfī Dars
Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh, of Rashīd al-Dīn 306,307,380
Jamnagar, in Gujarāt 284,285,447
Janad, in Yaman 109,198
janāḥ, ajniḥa, rank in daʿwa hierarchy 219,231
al-janāḥ al-ayman (the right wing) 190
al-janāḥ al-aysar (the left wing) 190
Janāḥ al-Dawla, ruler of Ḥimṣ 333
Janāḥiyya, subgroup of Kaysāniyya 63,75
see also Ḥarbiyya
janāʾiz (funeral rites) 169
Jangī Shāh, Āqā, son of Āghā Khān I 476,480–481
Jannāba (Gannāva), on the coast of Fārs 109,203
al-Jannābī, Abū Saʿīd, founder of the Qarmaṭī state of Baḥrayn 108,109,110,121,147,151,161,163,210
al-Jannābī, Abū Ṭāhir, Qarmaṭī ruler of Baḥrayn 9,121,124,148–150,152,161,163
al-Jarjarāʾī, ʿAlī b. Aḥmad, Fāṭimid vizier 192,193
Jarrāḥids, of Palestine 163,175,177,182,192
Jārūdiyya, branch of Zaydīs 74
Jawdhar, Ustādh, Fāṭimid functionary 6,172,173,212
Jawḥab, fortress, in Ḥarāz 266
Jawhar, al-Ṣiqillī, Fāṭimid general and administrator 156–157,158–159,161,162,172,173,212
Jawhar b. ʿAbd Allāh, Zurayʿid guardian 257
al-Jayhānī, Abū ʿAlī Muḥammad, Sāmānid vizier 113
Jayns, community of Bohras 290
Jaysh b. Ṣamṣām, Kutāma chief 179
jazīra, jazāʾir 118,217–218,221,226,271,275,298,440
Jazr, in northern Syria 325,333,335,372
Jerruck, in Sind 470
Jerusalem 11,15,180,197,243
Latin state of 331,348,369,372,390
Jesus, see ʿĪsā
Jetpur, in Sind 443
Jews
under Fāṭimids appointed to high office by al-ʿAzīz, 177; persecuted by al-Ḥākim 180–181
Jhun, in Sind 445
Jibāl, region, in Persia 99,111–112,115,121,155,224,311
Jibrāʾīl (Gabriel), archangel 134
Jidda, in Saudi Arabia 480–481
jihād (war) 169
Jinnah, Muhammad Ali 483
Jīruft, in Kirmān 184
Jīza, in Egypt 159
jizya (tribute, poll-tax) 56,145
John of Joinville, French historian and secretary to Louis Ⅸ 14–15,390–391
Joshua, see Yūsha ʿ
Judaeo-Christian traditions 130,132–133,134,135,184,222,233
and mawālī 56
origin of Mahdī concept 60
of taʾwīl 130
of religious history 131
of cosmology 134
in Epistles 237
Judaism 34,56,130,143,177
Junayd, Ṣafawid shaykh 430
jurisprudence, see fiqh
al-Jurjānī, Abu’l-Haytham, see Abu’l-Haytham
Justān Ⅱ b. Wahsūdān, Justānid 153
Justānids, of Daylam 152–153
Juwaynī, ʿAṭāʾ-Malik, historian and Mongol administrator 6,18,25,304–305,306,307,309,408,410
in negotiations between Mongols and Nizārīs 395
on Nizārīs: Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ, 313; Ḥasan Ⅱ’s Nizārid ancestry, 363; qiyāma, 361–362, 367; fortresses, 397–398; Alamūt, 396; Alamūt library 342,396
on assault of Lamasar 324
Jūzjān, in Afghanistan 73
al-Jūzjānī, Minhāj al-Dīn ʿUthmān b. Sirāj al-Dīn, see Minhāj-i Sirāj
Kābul, in Afghanistan 434,456,470
Kabylia, in North Africa 126
Kadi, in Cutch 447
Kadiwala Sayyids, of Sind 448
Kadmus, see Qadmūs
Kafarlāthā, in Syria 334
kāfir (unbeliever) 83,274–275
Kāfūr, Ikhshīdid ruler of Egypt 143,158
Kahak, village near Maḥallāt, in central Persia 27,405,439,456–458,462,463,473
Kahf, castle, in Syria 13,349,350,353,367–368,373,389,400,401,402
kalām (theology) 84,225,379
Kalām fī maḥḍ al-khayr (Liber de causis), pseudo-Aristotelian work 224
Kalām–i pīr, of Khayrkhwāh-i Harātī 433
Kalāt, in Sind 470
Kalb, Banū, of Syria 51,122–123,124,192
Kalbids, of Sicily 144–145,162,202
kalima (divine word) 190,229,230,364
Kalwādhā, near Baghdad 108
Kāmaḍ, Hindu community 450–451
kamadia, (Nizārī Ismāʿīlī functionary) 474,476,501
etymology 443
in Aga Khan Case, of 1866 475–476
in East Africa, 499; Zanzibar 486,499
in South Asia 474,487,500
in Persia 493
in Nizārī Constitution of 1986 501
Kamāl al-Dīn al-Ḥasan b. Masʿūd, Nizārī chief dāʿī in Syria 389
Kamara, near Anjudān 436
al-Kāmil fi’l-taʾrīkh, of Ibn al-Athīr 6
Kampala, in Uganda 486,497
Kanz al-Dawla, leader of pro-Fāṭimid revolt 254
Kapadwanj, in Gujarāt 281
Kār Kiyāʾī Sayyids, see Amīr Kiyāʾī Sayyids
Karachi 290,291,293,294,470,472,477,480,484,497,500
Karakorum (Qaraqorum), in Mongolia 15,397
Karakorum mountains 494
Karbalāʾ, in ʿIrāq 50,51,58,109,294,455,479
Karibiyya (or Kuraybiyya), subgroup of Kaysāniyya 59–60
Karīm al-Ḥusaynī, Aga Khan Ⅳ, see Aga Khan Ⅳ
Karīm Khān Zand, founder of the Zand dynasty of Persia 459,460
Karīmābād (Baltit), in Hunza 495
Kart dynasty, of eastern Khurāsān and northern Afghanistan 393,411
karūbiyyūn (Cherubim) 134,135
Kāshān, in central Persia 111,307,422,431,435,436,453
Kāshānī (al-Qāshānī), Abu’l-Qāsim ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAlī, historian 6,307,309,360
kashf, see dawr al-kashf
Kashf al-ḥaqāʾiq, of Fidāʾī Khurāsānī 407
Kāshghar, in Sinkiang (Xinjiang) province of China 494,496
Kashmir 443
al-Kashshī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar, Imāmī scholar 68,91,168
Kathiawar, in Gujarāt 291,448,472,485
Kawkabān, fortress, near Ṣanʿāʾ 259,265,268
kawr, akwār (aeons) 62,132
al-kawr al-aʿẓam 132,272
Kaykāʾūs b. Hazārasf, Bādūspānid 344,367
Kaykāʾūs b. Shāhanshāh, ruler of Kūtum 375
Kayqubād Daylamī, Ismāʿīlī commandant of Takrīt 321,335
Kaysān, Abū ʿAmra, eponym of Kaysāniyya 59
Kaysāniyya 35,57,59–62,63,79
Kayūmarth b. Bīsutūn, Gāwbāra ruler of Rustamdār 417
Kenya 291,484,487,497,501
Ket-Buqa, Mongol general, passim 391–395 ,399
Khafīf, Ḥabbārid ruler of Sind 167
Khākī Khurāsānī, Imām Qulī, Nizārī poet 406,407,437–438,492
Khalaf b. Aḥmad, Ṣaffārid governor of Khurāsān 155
Khalaf b. Mulāʿib, ruler of Afāmiya 333
Khalaf al-Ḥallāj, early Ismāʿīlī dāʿī in Rayy 111
Khalafiyya 111
Khālid b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Qasrī, Umayyad governor of ʿIrāq 71,72
khalīfa (successor) 36,40
khalīfa, khulafāʾ (lieutenants of the Mahdī; Sufi master, etc.)
in Fāṭimid doctrine 164–166,208,228,247
in doctrine of Iranian school of dissident Ismāʿīlism 226–227
in Nizārī doctrine 359,361,495
in Sufi doctrine 427
khalīfat rasūl Allāh 36
al-Khalīl (Hebron), in Palestine 250
Khalīl Allāh, son of Niʿmat Allāh Walī Kirmānī 428,429
Khalīl Allāh I (Dhu’l-Faqār ʿAlī), Nizārī imam 425,437–438
Khalīl Allāh Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Nizārī imams, see Shāh Khalīl Allāh Ⅱ, Ⅲ
Khaljī dynasty, of India 277
Khalkhāl, in Ādharbayjān 392
khalqān 209
Khāmbāyat (Khambhāt), see Cambay
Khambhlia, in India 284
khānaqāh 412,429
Khāndesh, region in India 447
Khangai mountains, in Mongolia 397
Khānlanjān (Khālanjān), fortress, near Iṣfahān 330,336
kharāj (land tax) 55–56
Kharība, castle, in Syria 350,400
Khārijīs, Khawārij 34,56
origin of the name 45–46
dissidents in first civil war 45–46
in North Africa 125–126,141,163
revolt of Khārijī Berbers in North Africa 145–147
used assassination 146,328
see also Ibāḍiyya; Nukkārīs
khāṣṣa (khawāṣṣ) 129,215,366
khātim al-anbiyāʾ (‘seal of the prophets’) 36,228
khatna (circumcision) 293
al-Khaṭṭāb b. al-Ḥasan b. Abi’l-Ḥifāẓ al-Hamdānī, Ṭayyibī author 105–106,262,264,265
Khaṭṭābiyya, extremist Shīʿī group 67,85–86,90,92,93,94,186,189,n:219
Khawābī, castle, in Syria 350,368,389,400,401
Khawārij, see Khārijīs
khawāṣṣ, see khāṣṣa
Khawla, mother of Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya 52
khayāl 134–135,190,230–231
Khayrkhwāh-i Harātī, Muḥammad Riḍā b. Khwāja Sulṭān Ḥusayn, Nizārī dāʿī and author 7,406,433–434,436,440–441,445,491
Khayyām, ʿUmar, see ʿUmar Khayyām
Khazars 218
al-Khazrajī, Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. al-Ḥasan, Yamanī historian 255
Kheta, mukhi 446
Khidāsh (ʿAmmār b. Yazīd) 76
al-khidma 212
Khiḍr 365
al-khizāna al-maknūna 241
Khojas, Khojahs 4,28,31,32,286,404,442–451,457,459,463,474–481
etymology 443
in court cases 474–476,481,484,486,488,491
gināns of 385,409,442–443,448–451
histories of 409,442–444
preserved Pandiyāt of Mustanṣir bi’llāh Ⅱ 432–433
and Sufism 444
see also East Africa: Nizārīs of; India: Nizārīs of; Pakistan: Nizārīs of
Khojkī, script 409,432,446,447,457
Khorog, capital of Tajik Badakhshan 495,503
khudāwand, lord of Alamūt 302,363
Khudāwand Muḥammad, Nizārī leader in Daylam 415–417,418,451
Khudāybakhsh, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam, see ʿAṭiyyat Allāh b. Muʿīn al-Dīn
al-khulafāʾ al-rāshidūn (the ‘rightly-guided caliphs’) 37,164,208
khums 108,294
Khurāsān 61,76,89,319,321,330,340,345,346,427,430,469
Marco Polo in 17
tradition of Islamic philosophy 224
Zaydīs in 73
anti-Umayyad (ʿAbbāsid) revolt 76–78,219,327
al-Nasafī in 113
al-Sijistānī in 166–167
and Nāṣir-i Khusraw 205,206,493
in Ismāʿīlī schism 121
Ismāʿīlī daʿwa to 99,102,111,112–113,116,224,311
dissident Ismāʿīlism in 154–155
Fāṭimid daʿwa to 202,206
jazīra of 218
Nizārīs of, 318, 342, 358, 397, 434, 452, 457, 465, 490–491, 493–494; daʿwa 432,439
occupied by Khwārazmshāhs 373,386
conquered by Mongols 304,376,383,392,411
Khayrkhwāh-i Harātī in 434
under Karts 411
Khurāsānī tribesmen 456,461,464,468
Khurāsāniyya, army 77,78
Khurramdīniyya, Khurramiyya 63,79,318
Khurshāh, Nizārī imam, see Rukn al-Dīn Khurshāh
Khushk, village, in southern Khurāsān 494
Khusraw Fīrūz, Būyid, see al-Malik al-Raḥīm
Khusraw Fīrūz b. Wahsūdān, Justānid 153
Khusraw Qazwīnī, darwīsh, Nuqṭawī leader 422
khuṭba 182
for Fāṭimid caliphs 127,128,139,159,166–167,176,185,196,199,204,333
for ʿAbbāsid caliphs 194,198,201,210,252
for Dāʾūdīs 294
at proclamation of qiyāma at Alamūt, and Muʾminābād 358–359
Khūzistān, region, in southwestern Persia 96,100,103,107,196,313,321,n:337
Khwāf, in Khurāsān 393
Khwāja Jahān, Bahmanid vizier 453
Khwāja Qāsim, Nizārī dāʿī 434
Khwāja Sulṭān Ḥusayn, father of Khayrkhwāh-i Harātī 434
Khwānd Amīr, Ghiyāth al-Dīn b. Humām al-Dīn, historian 308
al-Khwānsārī, Muḥammad Bāqir, Twelver scholar 168
Khwārazm, in Central Asia 195,373
Khwārazmians, Khwārazmshāhs 353,373–374,377,382,384,386–388,390,411
Khwurshāh, Nizārī imam, see Rukn al-Dīn Khurshāh
Kilāb, Banū (Kilābīs), of Syria 183,192
al-Kindī, Abū Yūsuf Yaʿqūb b. Isḥāq, philosopher 224
Kirmān, city and province, in Persia 384,387,463,472,482
home of dāʿī al-Kirmānī 184
Ismāʿīlī daʿwa to 311
Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ at 313
Nizārīs of, passim, 490, 494; ʿAṭāʾ Allāhīs, 457, 460–469 passim 321,405,408,423,438,457,459–462
under Qājārs 462
Niʿmat Allāhiyya of 427,428–429,461–462
Āghā Khān I in 464–465,468–469
al-Kirmānī, Ḥamīd al-Dīn Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī and author 112,138,184–185,297
on ancestry of Fāṭimids 105
on doctrine of the imamate 188,207
on Druze doctrines 187–188
on daʿwa hierarchy 217,219,275
cosmological system, 233–234; adopted by Ṭayyibīs 234,265,269
on controversy amongst dissident Iranian dāʿīs 225–226
Kish, near Samarqand 392
Kitāb al-ʿālim wa’l-ghulām, of Jaʿfar b. Manṣūr al-Yaman 129
Kitāb al-azhār, of al-Bharūchī 279
Kitāb al-bayān, of Ghiyāth 111
Kitāb al-haft wa’l-aẓilla, attributed to al-Mufaḍḍal 94
Kitāb al-īḍāḥ, of al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān 169
Kitāb al-iftikhār, of Abū Yaʿqūb al-Sijistānī 155
Kitāb al-iṣlāḥ, of Abū Ḥātim al-Rāzī 154,225–226
Kitāb ithbāt al-nubūʾāt (al-nubuwwāt), of Abū Yaʿqūb al-Sijistānī 227–228
Kitāb jāmiʿ al-ḥikmatayn, of Nāṣir-i Khusraw 206–207
Kitāb kanz al-walad, of Ibrāhīm b. al-Ḥusayn al-Ḥāmidī 265
Kitāb al-kashf, of Jaʿfar b. Manṣūr al-Yaman 98,118
Kitāb al-maḥṣūl, of Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Nasafī 133,154,225–226
Kitāb al-nuṣra, of Abū Yaʿqūb al-Sijistānī 154–155,225–226,228
Kitāb al-riyāḍ, of Ḥamīd al-Dīn al-Kirmānī 225–226
Kitāb al-rushd wa’l-hidāya, of Ibn Ḥawshab 98
Kitāb al-siyāsa, anonymous anti-Ismāʿīlī treatise 8,9,102
Kitāb al-yanābīʿ, of Abū Yaʿqūb al-Sijistānī 228
Kitāb al-zumurrudh, of Ibn al-Rāwandī 204
Kitāb-i dānish-i ahl-i bīnish, of Fidāʾī Khurāsānī 407
Kitāb-i hidāyat al-muʾminīn al-ṭālibīn, of Fidāʾī Khurāsānī 407,492
Kiyā Abū ʿAlī, Nizārī commander 324
Kiyā Abū Jaʿfar, Nizārī commander 324
Kiyā Abu’l-Qāsim Lārījānī, Nizārī dāʿī 314
Kiyā ʿAlī, son of Kiyā Buzurg-Ummīd 356
Kiyā Bā Jaʿfar, Nizārī commander 343
Kiyā Buzurg al-Dāʿī ila’l-Ḥaqq b. al-Hādī, ʿAlid Zaydī ruler of Daylamān 344
Kiyā Garshāsb, Nizārī commander 324
Kiyā Jalāl al-Dīn Hazāraspī, Hazāraspid 417
Kiyā Malik Hazāraspī, Hazāraspid ruler of Ashkawar 416–417
Kiyā Muḥammad b. ʿAlī Khusraw Fīrūz, Nizārī commander 356
Kiyā Sayf al-Dīn Kūshayjī, ruler of Daylamān 415
Kiyā Shāh b. Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad 414
Kiyāna mountains, in North Africa 147
Knights Hospitaller, military order 13,14,352,368,369,390,391,400
Knights Templar, military order 13,14,352,369,390,391
knowledge, religious, see ʿilm
Kokcha, tributary of Oxus river 206,452
Köke-Ilgei, Mongol general 393,394
Kotri, in Sind 443
Krak des Chevaliers (Ḥiṣn al-Akrād), castle, in Syria 369,400–401
Kraus, Paul, orientalist 31
Kubrā, Shaykh Najm al-Dīn, founder of the Kubrawiyya Sufi order 427
Kubrawiyya, Sufi order 427
Kūfa, in southern ʿIrāq
founded 43
under ʿUthmān 42–43,44
under Umayyads 45,49,50,51,52,55,72,75,77
mawālī of 52–53
support for ʿAlī 46,47
base of Mughīriyya 72
base of Hāshimiyya 61,76
in revolt of al-Mukhtār 52–53,59,64
al-Saffāḥ, proclaimed caliph 78
rising of Khaṭṭābiyya 85–86
centre of Shīʿism, 43, 56, 60, 95; radical, 92; early Ismāʿīlīs 89–90
Qarmaṭī centre 107–109,149
attacked by followers of Zikrawayh in 293/906 123–124
attacked by Qarmaṭīs of Baḥrayn 149,150,185
under ʿUqaylids 185
Fāṭimid success in 184–185,196
kufr (unbelief) 35,83,188
Kuhandil Khān, Afghan amīr 468
Kuhdum, in Daylam 415
Kūhistān, see Quhistān
Kujūr, in Māzandarān 417
Kulayn (Kulīn), village near Rayy 111
al-Kulaynī (al-Kulīnī), Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb, Imāmī scholar 83,118,168,170
al-Kumayt b. Zayd al-Asadī, Arab poet 68
kun (the Qurʾānic creative imperative) 134,135,230
kūnī 134–135,136,230
Kuraybiyya, see Karibiyya
Kurdistān, Kurds 17,21,251,387,416
kursī (chair) 135,230
Kūshayjān, in Daylam 415
Kūshayjī, amīrs 415–416,417
Kutāma, Berbers 115,125,126,128
supporters of Fāṭimids 126–128,141,142,146,161,162,176,183,214
as faction in Fāṭimid armies 178–179,247
Kutayfāt, Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad, Fāṭimid vizier 246–247,262
Kuthayyir, Arab poet 60
Kūtum, in Gīlān 375
Labrousse, Yvette, fourth wife of Aga Khan Ⅲ 483
Lady ʿAlī Shāh, see Shams al-Mulūk, mother of Aga Khan Ⅲ
Lahāb, in Yaman 298
Lāhījān, in Gīlān 415,416,417
Lāhījī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Yaḥyā, Sufi master and author 419,427
lāḥiq, lawāḥiq, rank in daʿwa hierarchy 218,226–227,231
al-Laḥjī, see Musallam b. Muḥammad al-Laḥjī
Lahore 281,282,438
lāhūt 274
Lamaʿāt al-ṭāhirīn, of Ghulām ʿAlī b. Muḥammad 414,454
Lamak b. Mālik al-Ḥammādī, chief qāḍī and Ismāʿīlī dāʿī in Yaman 199,200,204,258,263,275
Lamasar, Lanbasar, fortress, in Daylamān, passim 324,337,343,346,357,363,393–397 ,411,416
Langarids, see Musāfirids
Lāsh va Juvayn, in Afghanistan 469
Last Judgement, see maʿād; qiyāma; eschatology
law, of Nizārī community, passim, see also fiqh 484,486–487,497–501
lawḥ (tablet) 134,230,270
League of Nations, Geneva 483
Lebanon 189
Lebey de Batilly, Denis, French official and author 20
letters of the alphabet, see ḥurūf
Lev, Yaacov 32
Levant, the 18,244
Lewis, Bernard 19,23,24,32
on mawlā Shīʿism 58
on Abū Hāshim’s testament 62
on ‘spiritual adoption’ for revolutionary Shīʿīs 93
on Qaddāḥids 103,107
on Syrian Nizārīs 309,310
Liber de causis, see Kalām fī maḥḍ al-khayr
libertinism, 361–362, 372, see also ibāḥa
light, divine (nūr) 64,69,86,134,n:273
lisān al-daʿwa, of the Dāʾūdīs 294
Lisān al-Mulk Sipihr, Muḥammad Taqī, historian 408
literature
early Ismāʿīlī 87
Fāṭimid 2,214,222,299
Ṭayyibī 241,253,265,282
Ḥāfiẓī 253
Nizārī 253,303–304,405–406,408,418–420,425,433–434,454,494–495
Dāʾūdī 292
Sulaymānī 299
see also historiography; ginān
Lohana, Hindu caste 443
Lombardy, Lombards 143,144
London 408,501,503
conferences on India 1903–1904,483
Nizārī community of 497
Louis Ⅸ (St Louis), king of France 14–15,22,390–391
Luʾluʾ, Ḥamdānid vizier 183
Luʾluʾa, in Yaman 259
Luqmānjī b. Ḥabīb, Dāʾūdī scholar 285
Luristān, in western Persia 353
Luṭf ʿAlī Khān, Afshārid, son of Shāhrukh 459
Luṭf ʿAlī Khān Zand 460–461,462
maʿād 273,359–360
see also qiyāma; eschatology
Maʿadd 365
Maʿarrat Maṣrīn, in Syria 335
Maʿarrat al-Nuʿmān, in Syria 335
al-Maʿarrī, Abu’l-ʿAlāʾ, Syrian poet-philosopher 204
al-Mabdaʾ wa’l-maʿād, of Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī Ibn al-Walīd 267
Macnaghten, Sir William, British political agent in Kābul 470
Madāʾin (Ctesiphon), in ʿIrāq 43,64,79,185
Madelung, Wilferd 32
on Umm al-kitāb 93
on al-Iṣlāḥ of Abū Ḥātim al-Rāzī 154
on letter of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Muʿizz to the Qarmaṭī al-Ḥasan al-Aʿṣam 163
on Ḥamdān Qarmaṭ 120
on Nāṣir-i Khusraw 209
on Nizārī doctrine of qiyāma 361
madhhab (school of religious law) 80,93,159,167,190,214,426,430,456
maʾdhūn, rank in daʿwa hierarchy 218,220,234,275,284,292,298,440,n:441
al-maʾdhūn al-maḥdūd (or maḥṣūr) 218,275
al-maʾdhūn al-muṭlaq 218
maʾdhūn-i akbar 440
maʾdhūn-i aṣghar 440
Madhya Pradesh, in India 291,447
Mafātīḥ al-asrār, Qurʾān commentary (tafsīr) of al-Shahrastānī 340
Maghāriba, faction in Fāṭimid armies 178–179
Maghrāwa, Berbers 157
Maghrib 102,103,106,110,122,125,141–142,156,158,159,179,201,215,327
Magians, see Zoroastrians
Magliano, Theresa, second wife of Aga Khan Ⅲ 482
Maḥallāt, in central Persia,passim 27,418,423,434,456,459,463–468 ,472,473,477,484,494,
Maḥallātī, ʿAbd al-Muḥammad 467
Māhān, in Kirmān 428,429,461
Maharashtra, in India 291
Mahdī, the 60–61,71
Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya as 52,56
Abū Hāshim ʿAbd Allāh as 61
in ghulāt doctrines 64
in doctrine of Abū Manṣūr 70
in Zaydī doctrine 74
Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq as 88,96–97,132
Ismāʿīl b. Jaʿfar as 89
Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl as 96–97,132,164–165,207,219,226–227
for the Qarmaṭīs 96–98,121,134
in ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī’s reform 98,116–119,164
the ‘Persian Mahdī’ of Abū Ṭāhir al-Jannābī 121,150,152,154,210
Muḥammad Nūrbakhsh as 427
in religious hierarchy 117
in Shīʿī tradition 72,119
Shāh Ismāʿīl I as 430,435,437
see also qāʾim; qāʾim al-qiyāma
al-Mahdī, ʿAbd Allāh (ʿUbayd Allāh), first Fāṭimid caliph 5,96,97,99,100,103,105,113,149,157,168,186,198,381
as caliph 140–141,143–144,145,n:152
flight to the Maghrib 123–128
ancestry, passim 101–107
pseudonym 104
doctrinal reform 99,116–119,121–122,133,164
letter to Yamanī Ismāʿīlīs 101,104,118–119
imamate not recognized by dissident (Qarmaṭī) Ismāʿīlīs, passim 116–124 ,151–152,226–227
in Mustaʿlian doctrine 105–106,238–239
daʿwa: to Khurāsān, 112; in Yaman 166
and Abū Ṭāhir al-Jannābī 149,151
al-Mahdī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh, ʿAbbāsid caliph 79
Mahdī, ʿAlid, holder of Alamūt 314
al-Mahdī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh, ʿAbbāsid caliph, see al-Mahdī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh
al-Mahdī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan, twelfth imam of the Twelver Shīʿīs 38,39,107,247
Mahdī b. Khusraw Fīrūz (Fīrūzān), Siyāhchashm, Justānid 152–153
Mahdībāghwālās, Mahdībāgh party, subgroup of Dāʾūdīs 288
Mahdids, of Zabīd 259–260
Mahdīsm, see Mahdī; qāʾim
Mahdiyya, Fāṭimid capital in Ifrīqiya 142–143,144,146,166,183,n:202
Mahim, in India 475
Maḥmūd I, Saljūq sultan 320
Maḥmūd I Begrā, sultan of Gujarāt 279,445
Maḥmūd Ⅱ, Saljūq sultan 338,345–346
Maḥmūd Ⅲ, sultan of Gujarāt 279
Maḥmūd ʿAlī, Nizārī poet 438
Maḥmūd b. Mufarrij b. Daghfal, Jarrāḥid 182
Maḥmūd of Ghazna, Ghaznawid sultan 116,155,167,185,200,418,449
Maḥmūd Shabistarī, Sufi shaykh 419
Maḥmūdiyya, see Nuqṭawiyya
Mahrīz, near Yazd 468
majālis 6,214–215,221,266
majālis al-daʿwa (‘sessions of wisdom’) 215
majālis al-ḥikma 126–127,204,215–216
al-Majālis al-Muʾayyadiyya, of al-Muʾayyad fi’l-Dīn al-Shīrāzī 204,215
al-Majālis al-Mustanṣiriyya, of al-Malījī 208
Majd al-Dīn, Nizārī chief dāʿī in Syria 389,390
Majdhūb ʿAlī Shāh, Niʿmat Allāhī Sufi master 463,465
al-Majdūʿ, Ismāʿīl b. ʿAbd al-Rasūl, Dāʾūdī author 285–286
Mājid, ʿAbd al-Munʿim 32
Majīdiyya 238,248,256–257,260
see also Ḥāfiẓīs
al-Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir, Twelver scholar 168
Majlis-i maktūb-i Shahrastānī munʿaqid dar Khwārazm, of al-Shahrastānī 340
Majmaʿ al-tawārīkh, of Ḥāfiẓ Abrū 308
al-Majrīṭī, Maslama 236
Majūs, see Zoroastrians
Makhzūm, Banū 103
Makramī, family of Sulaymānī dāʿīs 295–297,299
Makrān, in Persia 166,436
Malagasy Republic, the 501
malāḥida, see mulḥid
Malak Ṣāḥib, see ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn Jīwājī
al-Malāṭī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Sunnī heresiographer 59
Malāṭī Sayyids, see Amīr Kiyāʾī Sayyids
Malaysia 501
al-Malījī, Abu’l-Qāsim ʿAbd al-Ḥākim b. Wahb, Fāṭimid chief qāḍī and author 208
Mālik al-Ashtar 45
al-Malik al-ʿAzīz Ẓahīr al-Dīn Ṭughtakīn, Ayyūbid ruler of Yaman 260
Mālik b. Anas, eponym of Mālikī madhhab 80
Mālik b. Saʿīd, Fāṭimid chief dāʿī 181
Malik Khāmūsh, son of Özbeg 387
al-Malik al-Muẓaffar, Rasūlid 267
al-Malik al-Raḥīm Khusraw Fīrūz, Būyid 195–196
Malik al-Salām 365
al-Malik al-Ṣāliḥ, Zangid 369–370
Malik Shūlīm 365
Malik Yazdāq 365
al-Malik al-Ẓāhir, Rasūlid 268
al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn Baybars I, see Baybars I
al-Malika al-Sayyida, Ṣulayḥid queen, see Arwā
Mālikī Sunnism 80,126,127,128,141,143,144,159,163,168,170,172,181,192,201
Malikshāh I, Saljūq sultan 197,314,319,320,327,330,331
Mālwā, in India 285
Mamlūks, dynasty, of Egypt and Syria
subjugated Syrian Nizārīs 18,301,309,398,399–402,489
succeeded Ayyūbids in Egypt 254
al-Maʾmūn, ʿAbbāsid caliph 88,89,223
al-Maʾmūn, dāʿī, brother of ʿAbdān 109
al-Maʾmūn al-Baṭāʾiḥī, Fāṭimid vizier 244–245,343
Maʾmūniyya 109
Maʿn, Banū 199
Maʿn b. Ḥātim b. al-Ghashīm, Hamdānid 258
Manashshā (Manasseh) b. Ibrāhīm, Fāṭimid official 177
Manāzil al-aqṭāb, of Qāḍī Raḥmat Allāh b. Ghulām Muṣṭafā 444–445
Mandaeans 69,135,227
Mangū Khān, see Möngke
Mangūtakīn, governor of Damascus 176,179
Mānī 227
Manichaeism 56,69,70,93,136,270,273–274
Manīqa (Maynaqa), castle, in Syria 350,400,401,402
manṣūb 298,299,300
al-Manṣūr, Abū Jaʿfar, ʿAbbāsid caliph 75,79,81,84,85,86,91,92
al-Manṣūr, Ayyūbid prince of Ḥamā 399,401
al-Manṣūr, Fāṭimid caliph 140,144,146–147,151,156,157,166,169,n:173
Manṣūr, son of Luʾluʾ 183
al-Manṣūr ʿAlī b. Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn, Zaydī pretender 268
al-Manṣūr b. Buluggīn, Zīrid 176
Manṣūr b. ʿImrān, Zurayʿid 257
al-Manṣūr b. al-Mutawakkil, Zaydī imam in Yaman 296
al-Manṣūr Muḥammad b. Abī ʿĀmir, chamberlain to Hishām Ⅱ 157
Manṣūr al-Yaman, see Ibn Ḥawshab
Manṣūra, fortress, in Daylam 345
Manṣūra, in Sind 167
Manṣūrakūh, fortress, near Dāmghān 320,345
Manṣūriyya, extremist Shīʿī group 70–71,72,328
Manṣūriyya, Fāṭimid capital in Ifrīqiya 142,147,159,169,191
al-Maqdisī, see Muḥammad b. Maʿshar al-Bustī al-Maqdisī
al-Maqrīzī, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad, historian 8,101,139,140,213,254
Marāgha, in Ādharbayjān 346,379
Marʿashī Sayyids, of Māzandarān (Ṭabaristān) 415
marātib al-daʿwa, see ḥudūd
Marcion 227
Marco Polo, Venetian traveller 14,15–18,19,20,24,25,368
Marcus, Valentinian Gnostic 69
Mardāwīj b. Ziyār, founder of the Ziyārid dynasty of Persia 112,152
Mārdīn, in ʿIrāq 347
Marjikūlī, in Daylamān 415
Marqab, castle, in Syria 368
Marquet, Yves 32
Marw, in Khurāsān 76,77,205,383
Marw al-Rūdh, in Khurāsān 111,113
Marwān I b. al-Ḥakam, Umayyad caliph 51
Marwān Ⅱ al-Ḥimār, Umayyad caliph 74,75–76,77,78
al-Marwazī, al-Ḥusayn, see al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī al-Marwazī
Marxism 32,310
Marzubān I b. Muḥammad, Musāfirid 121,153–154
Marzubān b. Isḥāq, dāʿī in India 200
Maṣāla b. Ḥabūs, Fāṭimid general 142
Masār, in Yaman 199
Mashāriqa, faction in Fāṭimid armies 178–179
mashāyikh, see shaykh
Mashāyikh, Pīr, son of Sayyid Fāḍil Shāh 448
Mashhad, in Khurāsān 406,407,492,493,494
Masīla, in North Africa 147,157,160,180
maskh 65
see also tanāsukh
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 504
massacres 185,329,330,335,338,345,347,348,356,357,370,374,383,397,462
Massignon, Louis 31,92,139
on Abu’l-Khaṭṭāb and spiritual parenthood 92
on the Qaddāḥids 103
on Islamic guilds 115
on Fāṭimid–Qarmaṭī relations 151
Mast ʿAlī Shāh, see Shīrwānī, Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn
Masʿūd, Dihqān, Qarmaṭī dāʿī, son of Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Nasafī 113
Masʿūd, Saljūq sultan 338,346,356,357
Masʿūd b. Ḥurayth, Qarmaṭī dāʿī 124
al-Masʿūd b. al-Karam (or al-Mukarram), Zurayʿid 199,255–256
al-Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn, historian 8
maʿṣūm, see ʿiṣma
Maʿṣūm ʿAlī Shāh, Muḥammad Maʿṣūm Shīrāzī, Niʿmat Allāhī Sufi author 468,477
Maʿṣūm ʿAlī Shah, Niʿmat Allāhī envoy to Persia 461,462
Maṣyāf, castle, in Syria
Yves le Breton at 15,391
Ismāʿīlī manuscript from 27
epigraphic evidence from 309,389,390
Nizārī stronghold, 350, 353, 400; lost to Nuṣayrīs 489
Rāshid al-Dīn Sinān at 368
besieged by Saladin 370
surrendered to Mongols 399
under Baybars I 401
and Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārīs 456,488–490
Matiya Kanbis, Hindu caste 446
Matthew Paris, historian 14,388
al-Māturīdī, Abū Manṣūr, Sunnī theologian 232
Māturīdiyya, Sunnī school of theology 232
mawālī (clients), non-Arab Muslims, passim 52–58 ,61,66,70,75,78,114,149
al-Māwardī, Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī, Sunnī scholar 212
Mawdūd, Saljūq amīr of Mawṣil 334
mawlā (client), see mawālī
Mawlāʾīs, Nizārīs of Hunza 495
Mawṣil, in ʿIrāq 120,162,175,176,185,196,203,313,334,347,352,367,369
Mawsim-i bahār, of Muḥammad ʿAlī b. Mullā Jīwābhāʾī Rāmpūrī 240–241
Maymana, in Central Asia 111
al-Maymūn, epithet of Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl b. Jaʿfar 104
Maymūn al-Qaddāḥ, passim 102–105,106,107
Maymūndiz, fortress, in Daylamān 345,393,394–395,397
Maymūniyya, designation of the early Ismāʿīlīs 102,104
Maynaqa, castle, see Manīqa
Mayṣūr, Fāṭimid commander 146
Mayyāfāriqīn 312,347
Mazagaon, Bombay 476
maẓālim 152
Māzandarān, see Ṭabaristān
Mazdāb, village, in Khurāsān 494
Mazdak 227
Mazdakism 56,133
al-Mazdaqānī, Abū ʿAlī Ṭāhir b. Saʿd, Būrid vizier 348
maẓhar (epiphany) 361,364
Mazyadids, of ʿIrāq 335–336
Mecca (Makka) 36,49,53,89,103,124,126,133,139,148,149,161,182,198,199,205,326,375,428,453,480
Medina (Madīna) 36,41,42,44,45,48,49,52,59,60,67,74,85,86,91,96,139,326
see also anṣār
Mediterranean Sea 138,144,176,202
Melchizedec 365
Melkites 177,180
Ménages, Gilles 21
Mengli, Eldigüzid lieutenant in ʿIrāq-i ʿAjam 377
Mesopotamia 42,43,223,227
see also ʿIrāq
Messina, strait of 143
metaphysical systems, see philosophical Ismāʿīlism; cosmology
metempsychosis, see tanāsukh
Michael, see Mīkāʾīl
Middle East 1,11,189,497,504
see also Near East
Midrārids, of Tāfilālt 125,127–128,156
Mihrabānid Maliks, of Sīstān (Nīmrūz) 411,412
Mihr-i Jahān Khānum, Qājār princess, wife of Sardār Abu’l-Ḥasan Khān 472
Mihrīn (Mihrnigār), fortress, near Dāmghān 321,345,391
Mīkāʾīl (Michael), archangel 134
Mikhlāf al-Sulaymānī (Ḥaly), in northwestern Yaman 296
Miknāsa, Berbers 142,157
Mīla, in North Africa 126,127
millenarian 426,435
see also Mahdī
Mīnāb, near Bandar ʿAbbās 469
minbar (pulpit in the mosque) 294,358
Minhāj-i Sirāj (Minhāj al-Dīn ʿUthmān b. Sirāj al-Dīn al-Jūzjānī), historian and Sunnī jurist 383,384
Minto, Earl of, Viceroy of India 482
al-Miqdād b. al-Aswad al-Kindī 39
mīr 405,452,488,495–496
Mīr Dāmād (Mīr Muḥammad Bāqir b. Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad Astarābādī), theosopher 420
Mīr Sayyid Aḥmad Kāshī, Nuqṭawī leader 422
Mīr Sharīf Āmulī, Nuqṭawī leader 422
Mīr Shīr Khān, Balūchī amīr 470
Mīrānshāh, son of Tīmūr 421
Mirʾāt al-zamān, of Sibṭ Ibn al-Jawzī 309
Mirdāsids, of northern Syria 183,192,195
Mīrkhwānd, Muḥammad b. Khwāndshāh, historian 25,308,312
Mīrshāhī, Ṣadr al-Dīn b. Mullā Shams al-Dīn, grandson of Fidāʾī Khurāsānī 407
Mīrzā Ḥasan b. Ḥusayn b. Yaʿqūb Shāh, representative of Āghā Khān I in Persia 490
Mīrzā Ḥusayn Khān, Zand governor of Kirmān 460
Mīrzā Khān, Tīmūrid amīr of Badakhshan 452
Mīrzā Ṣādiq, cousin of the Nizārī Imam Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī 460,461,462
Miskawayh, Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad, historian 139,154
miṣr, amṣār (garrison towns) 42,43,54–55,114
mīthāq (oath), 218, 293–294; see also ʿahd; bayʿa
Miyājiq, Khwārazmian general 374
Miyānī, battle of 470
Mombasa, in Kenya 291,293,486
Mōmnas, subgroup of Khojas 448
Möngke, Great Khan 15,18,388–389,397,399
Mongolia, Mongols 3,4,15,78,378,387,389,391,397,410,452
in medieval (occidental) accounts 15
and medieval (Persian) historians 304–307
French mission (AD 1253) to 15,388–389,390
and Nizārīs of Persia, 18, 376, 377, 382, 388–389; alliances against, 388; conquest of, 301, 391–398; took Girdkūh, 391, 397–398; destroyed Nizārī castles, 304, 375; took Maymūndiz, 394–395; took Alamūt, 395–396, 410; took Lamasar, 396–397; fidāʾīs on mission to 389
and Nizārīs of Syria 397–398
overthrew ʿAbbāsids 78,388,398
attacked Sīstān 384
and the Khwārazmshāhs 386
and Ayyūbids of Syria 398–399
Morbi, in India 278
Morocco 125,145,156
Moses, see Mūsā
Mount Lebanon 21
al-Muʿallā b. Khunays 91
muʿallim (teacher) 341,379,438,440,441,492,493,499
muʿāmalāt (worldly affairs) 169
Muʿāwiya I b. Abī Sufyān, founder of the Umayyad caliphate 44,45–46,48,49
Muʿāwiya Ⅱ, Umayyad caliph 51
Muʿāwiya b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Jaʿfar, Ṭālibid 62
al-Muʾayyad bi’llāh Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn b. Hārūn, Zaydī imam 105
Muʾayyad al-Dīn, Nizārī vizier to Rukn al-Dīn Khurshāh 395
Muʾayyad al-Dīn Muẓaffar b. Aḥmad al-Mustawfī, see Muẓaffar, raʾīs, commandant of Girdkūh
al-Muʾayyad fi’l-Dīn al-Shīrāzī, Abū Naṣr Hibat Allāh, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī and author 6,181,196,199,200,203–204,205,207,215,217,311,312,313
al-Mubārak, epithet of Ismāʿīl b. Jaʿfar 90,104
Mubārakiyya, designation of the early Ismāʿīlīs 90,93,95–96,99,104
Mubārakkūh, castle, in Daylam 356
al-mubdaʿ al-awwal 229,270
Mūchūl Shāh, son of Jalāl Shāh 491
Mudhaykhira, in Yaman 122
al-Mufaḍḍal b. Abi’l-Barakāt, Ṣulayḥid general 256,258
al-Mufaḍḍal b. ʿUmar al-Juʿfī, eponym of Mufaḍḍaliyya 91–92
Mufaḍḍaliyya 92,94
Mufarrij b. Daghfal, Jarrāḥid ruler of Palestine 175,179,182
Mufarrij b. al-Ḥasan b. al-Ṣūfī, prefect of Damascus 348
Mufliḥ, governor of Ādharbayjān 112,153
Mughal empire 277,280,281,282,284,422
al-Mughīra b. Saʿīd, eponym of Mughīriyya 64,69–70,71,72,77
Mughīriyya, extremist Shīʿī group 70,72,326
muhājirūn (Emigrants) 36,38
Muḥammad, the Prophet 1,34,36,48,83,117,234,326,336,501
succession to 1,36–37,38,97
hereditary sanctity of his family 41,47,431
definition of his family 57–58,73,82–83
as one of ūlu’l-ʿazm prophets 97,131
ʿAlī as his successor 39,81–83,97,131–132,247
ʿAlī as his ḥujja 118–119
ended cycle of prophecy (nubuwwa) 65,84
era of 86,131–132,150,164,208,210,223,227,232,274,282,381
in Umm al-kitāb 94,98
in Mukhammisa thought 94
in Nuṣayrī thought 94–95
as sixth nāṭiq 94,97,98,129,131–132
Ismāʿīlī imams’ descent from 128
ḥadīths of, in Ismāʿīlī law 170
in Nizārī doctrine: Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ’s doctrine of taʿlīm, 342; imām-qāʾim in era of, 365; anticipatory qiyāmas in era of 300–381
see also ahl al-bayt; Fāṭimids: genealogy
Muḥammad, son of Aḥmad I, sultan of Gujarāt 278
Muḥammad, son of the Fāṭimid caliph al-ʿAzīz 178
Muḥammad, son of Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ 344
Muḥammad I, Saljūq sultan, see Muḥammad Tapar
Muḥammad Ⅱ, Nizārī imam and lord of Alamūt 302,363–365,366,367,371,374–375
Muḥammad Ⅲ, Nizārī imam, see ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad Ⅲ
Muḥammad Abu’l-Qāsim al-Muntaẓar li-Amr Allāh, al-Imām, see al-Mahdī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan
Muḥammad Akbar Khān, son of Dūst Muḥammad 470
Muḥammad ʿAlī b. Mullā Jiwābhāʾī Rāmpūrī, Dāʾūdī Bohra historian 240
Muhammad Amiruddin, leader of Mahdībāghwālās 288
Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb, founder of the Wahhābī movement 296
Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Saʿīd al-Khayr (al-Ḥakīm), uncle of the Fāṭimid ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī 100
Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-ʿAbbās, ʿAbbāsid 61–62,n:76
Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn, Akhū Muḥsin, anti-Ismāʿīlī author 8,25,107,111,117,119,152
on alleged Qaddāḥid foundation of Ismāʿīlism 101–102
on Qarmaṭī doctrine of the imamate 102–103
on Ismāʿīlī schism 117
on initiation into Ismāʿīlism 129–130,220–221
preserved in later works 8,101,111
preserves letter of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Muʿizz 162
quotes the Kitāb al-siyāsa 8,102
Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-Bāqir, see Muḥammad al-Bāqir, imam
Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-Tanūkhī, see al-ʿAẓīmī
Muḥammad b. Anaz, Saljūq amīr 357
Muḥammad b. Buzurg-Ummīd, Nizārī leader and lord of Alamūt 302,326,355–358,360,361,363,364
Muḥammad b. Dāʾūd al-Jarrāḥ, ʿAbbāsid official 99
Muḥammad b. al-Fatḥ, Midrārid amīr 156
Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya, son of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib 52,58,60,67,90
Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan b. Idrīs b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 269,279
Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-Mahdī, see al-Mahdī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan
Muḥammad b. Ḥātim b. al-Ḥusayn b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 268
Muḥammad b. Ḥaydara, Fāṭimid envoy to Yaman 262
Muḥammad b. ʿImrān, Zurayʿid 257
Muḥammad b. Islām Shāh, Nizārī imam 418,446
Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl b. Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, Ismāʿīlī imam 89,90,93,95–96,99,104,107,111,207,223,235,326,381
position in series of imams 90,97
pseudonym 104
as Ismāʿīlī (Qarmaṭī) Qāʾim 96–97,98,102,108,117–119,132,147,150,152,155,208,210
Mahdīship denied by ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī 116–119,164–165
and Fāṭimid genealogy 90,97,99,100–102,105–107
in epistle, 104, and reform of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Muʿizz 164–167
in account of Ibn Rizām–Akhū Muḥsin 101,102,103
in writing of al-Ṣūrī 208
in Iranian school of philosophical Ismāʿīlism 226–227
in Epistles 236
in Khoja tradition 385
as ancestor of Niʿmat Allāh Walī, 428; of Akhū Muḥsin 101
Muḥammad b. Jahāngīr, Iskandarid ruler of Kujūr 417
Muḥammad b. Khwāndshāh, see Mīrkhwānd
Muḥammad b. Maʿshar al-Bustī al-Maqdisī 235
Muḥammad b. al-Mufaḍḍal 93
Muḥammad b. Muʾmin Shāh, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam, 415
Muḥammad b. Musāfir, founder of the Musāfirid dynasty of Daylam and Ādharbayān 153
Muḥammad b. Muslim al-Ṭāʾifī, Imāmī scholar 68
Muḥammad b. al-Nuʿmān b. Muḥammad, Abū ʿAbd Allāh, Fāṭimid chief qāḍī 172,215
Muḥammad b. Nuṣayr, eponym of Nuṣayriyya 94
Muḥammad b. Sabaʾ, Zurayʿid 256–257
Muḥammad b. Saʿūd, amīr of Dirʿiyya 296
Muḥammad b. Ṯāhir al-Ḥārithī, Ṭayyibī author 266,267
Muḥammad b. Ṭughj al-Ikhshīd, founder of the Ikhshīdid dynasty of Egypt and southern Syria 143
Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb, chamberlain to the ʿAbbāsid al-Rāḍī 151
Muḥammad b. Zayd, ʿAlid ruler of Ṭabaristān 153
Muḥammad Badr al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 286
Muḥammad al-Bāqir, imam 67–69,70,71,81,93,97,103,170
Muḥammad Bāqir Khān, brother of Āghā Khān I 465,468–469,470–471,n:475
Muḥammad Burhān al-Dīn b. ʿAbd al-Qādir Najm al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 288,289
Muḥammad Burhān al-Dīn b. Ṭāhir Sayf al-Dīn, Sayyidnā, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 290–291
Muḥammad Bustī, Nizārī jurist 359
Muḥammad al-Dībāj, ʿAlid, son of Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq 88,91
Muḥammad Ḥasan al-Ḥusaynī, Nizārī imam, see Āghā Khān I
Muḥammad Ḥasan Khān Sīstānī 460
Muḥammad Ḥusayn Maḥmūdī, representative of Aga Khan Ⅲ 492
Muḥammad Jamāl Rāzī, Nizārī dāʿī 314
Muḥammad Khāqān, Nizārī envoy 359
Muḥammad Khudābanda, Īlkhānid, see Öljeytü
Muḥammad Khudābanda, Ṣafawid shāh 436
Muḥammad Maʿṣūm Shīrāzī, see Maʿṣūm ʿAlī Shāh, Muḥammad Maʿṣūm Shīrāzī
Muḥammad Muqīm, Ṣafawid official 436
Muḥammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, see al-Nafs al-Zakiyya
Muḥammad Nāṣḥī Shahrastānī, Khwāja, Nizārī envoy 345–346
Muḥammad Riḍā b. Khwāja Sulṭān Ḥusayn Ghūriyānī Harātī, see Khayrkhwāh-i Harātī
Muḥammad Ṣādiq Maḥallātī, Niʿmat Allāhī Sufi, maternal grandfather of Āghā Khān I 463
Muḥammad Shāh, Imām-Shāhī leader 447
Muḥammad Shāh Ⅲ, Tughluqid 277
Muḥammad Shāh b. Muʾmin Shāh, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 414,451
Muḥammad Shāh Qājār,passim 464–468 ,469–470,472,473
Muḥammad Ṭāhir, leader of Jaʿfarī Bohras 280
Muḥammad Tapar, Saljūq sultan 320,331,334,335–338
Muḥammad al-Taqī (al-Jawād), Twelver imam 89
Muḥammad Tīmūr, governor of Qandahār 469
Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, see Aligarh, University of
Muhammadan National Association 477
Muḥammadiyya, Fāṭimid capital in Ifrīqiya 142
Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārīs, see Muḥammad-Shāhīs
Muḥammad-Shāhīs (or Muʾminiyya), branch of Nizārīs 32,405,415–416,418,435,448,451–456
literature 406,413,454
of Syria 408,413–414,488–490
and Qāsim-Shāhīs 413–414,417,432,433,455–456,490
al-Muḥannak, historian 246
Muḥibb ʿAlī Qunduzī, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī author 414
Muḥibb al-Dīn Ḥabīb Allāh, grandson of Niʿmat Allāh Walī Kirmānī 429
al-Muhtadī, Nizārī imam 363,364
muḥtasham, leader of Nizārīs of Quhistān 319,353,376,378,388,393
Muʿīn al-Dīn Ⅱ b. ʿAzīz Shāh, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam, 455
Muʿīn al-Dīn Abū Naṣr Aḥmad, Saljūq vizier 345
Muʿīn al-Dīn b. Ṣadr al-Dīn, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 455
al-Muʿizz, Fāṭimid caliph 122,133,144,154,156–163,173,176,178
refutes alleged Qaddāḥid ancestry of his family 104–105
attempts to win over dissident Ismāʿīlīs 122,155,164–167,230
doctrinal reform 164–166,207,208,228,230,233
conquest of Egypt 158–161
and the Byzantines 144
and the Qarmaṭīs 154,161–162
and al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān 169
and Jaʿfar b. Manṣūr al-Yaman 165–166
al-Muʿizz b. Bādīs, Zīrid 183,201–202
Muʿizz al-Dawla, Būyid 178
Muʿizzī dynasty, of India 383
Muʿizziyya, in Sicily, see Taormina
mujtahid 461,462
al-Mukarram Aḥmad, Ṣulayḥid 199–200,255,257–258,263
mukāsir, rank in daʿwa hierarchy 190,218–219,275,287,292,298
Mukhammisa (the Pentadists), extremist Shīʿī group 94–95
mukhi (Nizārī Ismāʿīlī functionary) 443,446,474,476,501
etymology 443
in Aga Khan Case, of 1866 475–476
in East Africa, 486, 499; Zanzibar 485–486
in South Asia 474,487,500
in Persia 493
in Nizārī Constitution of 1986 501
al-Mukhtār b. Abī ʿUbayd al-Thaqafī, leader of anti-Umayyad revolt 52–53,56,57,58,59,61,63,64,77
Mukhtāriyya 59,64
see also Kaysāniyya
al-Muktafī, ʿAbbāsid caliph 122,123
mulḥid, malāḥida (heretics) 7,12,17,24,116,206,360,412,422
mullā, in Dāʾūdī daʿwa 293,298
Mullā ʿAbd Allāh, mujtahid in Kirmān 462
Mullā Ḥasan, brother of Fidāʾī Khurāsānī 493
Mullā Ṣadrā Shīrāzī, Ṣadr al-Dīn, theosopher 420
Multān, in Sind
seat of Fāṭimid vassal state 116,166,176
converts to Druze daʿwa of al-Muqtanā 188
attacked by Ghūrids, 374; by Maḥmūd of Ghazna 116,185,200
Nizārīs of 385,438,442–443,444,449,451
Mumbai, see Bombay
muʾmin (believer) 66,273–274,275,293,420,432,448
muʾmin al-balāgh 219
Muʾmin Shāh, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 414
Muʾmin al-Ṭāq, Imāmī scholar 84,89
Muʾminābād, near Bīrjand 319,353,359,361,362,406,438,494
Muʾminiyya, see Muḥammad-Shāhīs
al-Munājāt, of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Muʿizz 165
Munawwar ʿAlī Shāh, Niʿmat Allāhī Sufi master 477
Muʾnis al-Khādim, ʿAbbāsid commander 149
Munqidh, Banū, of Syria 335,350
al-Muntafiq, Banū, of eastern Arabia, 185
Muntazaʿ al-akhbār, of Quṭb al-Dīn Sulaymānjī Burhānpūrī 240
Muqaddim al-Dīn, commandant of Alamūt 396
muqallid (emulator) 171
Muqātil, Banū, of Yaman 291
muqātila 42
Muqaṭṭam hills, near Cairo 190–191
al-Muqtadir, ʿAbbāsid caliph 143,149
al-Muqtafī, ʿAbbāsid caliph 356
al-Muqtanā, Bahāʾ al-Dīn, Druze leader 187–188,189,190
Murād Bakhsh, Mughal ruler in Gujarāt 284
Murād Mīrzā, Nizārī imam 422,425,435–436,437
Murād Mīrzā b. Ḥasan, of Sidih, eponym of Murād Mīrzāʾīs 490–491,492–493
Murād Mīrzāʾīs, dissident Nizārīs of Khurāsān 491–493
murīd, murīdān 419,428,430,431,436,440,444,453,466
Murra b. ʿĀmir, Banū, of eastern Arabia 210
murshid 412,428,431,433,444,476
see also pīr; quṭb; shaykh
Mūsā (Moses) 94,97,98,131,208,227,365
Mūsā b. Abi’l-ʿĀfiya, Berber chief 142
Mūsā b. Sayf al-Mulk b. ʿAmrūn 350
Mūsā Kalīm al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 284–285
Mūsā al-Kāẓim, Twelver imam 88–89,90,91,92,95,96,170,204,430,452
Mūsā Khān b. Muḥammad Khān Khurāsānī 407
Muṣʿab b. al-Zubayr 53
Musāfirids, of Daylam and Ādharbayjān 121,153–154,317
Musallam b. Muḥammad al-Laḥjī, Yamanī Zaydī historian 230
Muṣāraʿat al-falāsifa, of al-Shahrastānī 340,380
Muscat (Masqaṭ), in ʿUmān 291,486
musharrifāt, of Sulaymānī dāʿīs 299
Mushaʿshaʿ 426
Mushtāq ʿAlī Shāh, Mīrzā Muḥammad Turbatī, Niʿmat Allāhī Sufi 461–462
Mushtāqiyya, mausoleum, in Kirmān 462
Muslim b. ʿAqīl, Ṭālibid 50,52
Muslim b. ʿAwsaja 49,50
al-Mustaḍīʾ, ʿAbbāsid caliph 252
al-Muṣṭafā li-Dīn Allāh Nizār, see Nizār b. al-Mustanṣir
Muṣṭafā Mulḥim, Nizārī amīr of Maṣyāf 489
mustajīb 219,220,221,273,275,440,n:442
Mustaʿlawiyya, see Mustaʿlians
al-Mustaʿlī, Fāṭimid caliph 3,211,238,241–243,243–244,245,261,263,277,301,324–325,333,343
Mustaʿlians, Mustaʿliyya (or Mustaʿlawiyya) 1,3,238–239,242–243,332
enumeration of imams 97,238–239
Ḥāfiẓī–Ṭayyibī schism 23,246–248,256–260,262,264,277,325
see also Bohras; Dāʾūdīs; Ḥāfiẓīs; Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism; Sulaymānīs; Ṭayyibīs
Mustaʿliyya, see Mustaʿlians
al-Mustanṣir, ʿAbbāsid caliph 388
al-Mustanṣir, Fāṭimid caliph, passim, 199–211 passim, 217, 237, 244, 258, 263, 310, 313, 332, 359–363 passim 2,137,140,196–198 ,385
accession and early years 193–195
and Fāṭimid doctrine of the imamate 207–209,223
and Badr al-Jamālī 194–195,211
succession to 3,211,241–243,245,301,324–325
and Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ 312,313
Mustanṣir bi’llāh Ⅱ, Nizārī imam 418,422–423,425,431–433,445
Mustanṣir bi’llāh Ⅲ, Nizārī imam, see Gharīb Mīrzā
mustaqarr imam, see under imam
al-Mustarshid, ʿAbbāsid caliph 338,346,356
al-Mustaʿṣim, ʿAbbāsid caliph 388,398
mustawdaʿ imam, see under imam
al-Mustaẓhir, ʿAbbāsid caliph 10,320,336,342
al-Mustaẓhirī, of al-Ghazālī 10,209–210,342
mutʿa (temporary marriage) 69,171
al-Muʿtaḍid, ʿAbbāsid caliph 109,110,122
al-Muṭahhar b. Sharaf al-Dīn, Zaydī imam in Yaman 280
al-Muʿtamid, ʿAbbāsid caliph 108
al-Mutawakkil Aḥmad b. Sulaymān, Zaydī imam in Yaman 259
al-Mutawakkil Yaḥyā, Zaydī imam in Yaman 297
Muʿtazilīs, Muʿtazila, school of theology 73,75,102,219,228,235
al-Muṭīʿ, ʿAbbāsid caliph 159
mutimm, atimmāʾ (completers) 132
Muwaffaq al-Dawla ʿAlī, grandfather of Rashīd al-Dīn Faḍl Allāh 306
Muwaḥḥidūn, see Almohads; Druzes
Muẓaffar, raʾīs, commandant of Girdkūh 315,321
Muẓaffar, raʾīs, Nizārī leader in Quhistān 359
Muẓaffar Ⅱ, sultan of Gujarāt 279
Muẓaffar Ⅲ, sultan of Gujarāt 281
Muẓaffar ʿAlī Shāh, Niʿmat Allāhī Sufi 461,462
Muẓaffar al-Dīn Shāh Qājār 481
al-Muẓaffar Qutuz, Mamlūk sultan 399
nabī, anbiyāʾ (prophets) 36,118
Nādir Shāh Afshār, founder of the Afshārid dynasty of Persia 457–458,459
nafs (soul) 65,229–230,231
al-nafs al-ḥissiyya 229
al-nafs al-kulliyya 190,229
al-nafs al-nāmiya 229
al-nafs al-nāṭiqa 229
al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh, Ḥasanid leader of revolt 68,71,72,73,74,75,80
Nagir, in northern Pakistan 495
Nāgoshiyya, subgroup of ʿAlawī Dāʾūdīs 282
Nagpur, in India 288
Nahrawān, battle of 46
Nāʾib al-Ṣadr, see Maʿṣūm ʿAlī Shāh, Muḥammad Maʿṣūm Shīrāzī
Nāʾīn, in Persia 459
Nairobi, in Kenya 293,483,486,497
Najaf, in ʿIrāq 463,468,472,479,480
al-Najāḥ, founder of the Najāḥid dynasty of Yaman 199
Najāḥids, of Yaman 198,199,256,258,259,264
al-Najāshī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, Imāmī scholar 68,168
Najd, in the Ḥijāz 296,297
Najm al-Dīn Ismāʿīl b. al-Shaʿrānī, Nizārī chief dāʿī in Syria 399–400,401
Najm al-Dīn al-Khabūshānī, Shāfiʿī theologian 252
Najrān, in northeastern Yaman 296,297,298
najwā 215
Nakhshab, see Nasaf
al-Nakhshabī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, see al-Nasafī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad
Nanji, Azim 32,448
Napier, General Sir Charles, conqueror of Sind 470
Naples 32,144
naqīb, nuqabāʾ 76,77,190,218
Naqīl Banī Sharḥa, near Ṣanʿāʾ 265
Naqīl Ṣayd, in Yaman 257
Nar (Nūr) Muḥammad, son of Imām Shāh 445–446
Narmāshīr, in Kirmān 460,464
Nasaf (Nakhshab), in Transoxania 113
Nasafī, Azīz al-Dīn, Sufi author 420
al-Nasafī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Ismāʿīlī (Qarmaṭī) dāʿī and author 113,133,154,155,225–226,230,232,233
al-Nasawī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, secretary and chronicler of Sultan Jalāl al-Dīn Khwārazmshāh 376,386,387
Nashtakīn, Druze leader, see al-Darazī
al-Nāṣir, ʿAbbāsid caliph 373–374,375,376–377,386,389
Nāṣir al-Dawla, Turkish commander 194
Nāṣir al-Dawla Aftakīn, governor of Alexandria 242
Nāṣir al-Dīn, pīr 443
Nāṣir al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥīm b. Abī Manṣūr, Nizārī muḥtasham in Quhistān 378–379,393
Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad, Mihrabānid 411
Nāṣir al-Dīn Shāh Qājār 423,472–473,481
Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī, see al-Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn
Nāṣir al-Dīn ʿUthmān, Naṣrid amīr of Sīstān 383–384
Nāṣir Khān, Tālpur amīr of Kalāt 470
al-Nāṣir li-Dīn Allāh Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā, Zaydī imam in Yaman 230
al-Nāṣir li’l-Ḥaqq, Zaydī imam in Ṭabaristān, see al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī al-Uṭrūsh
al-Nāṣir Nāṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad, Mamlūk sultan 402
Nāṣir-i Khusraw, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī and author 30,205–207,226,233,312,428,440
published in the West 28,30
on Qarmaṭīs of Baḥrayn 111,210
on the doctrine of the imamate 208–209
daʿwa activities in Khurāsān 206,218,325
supposed author of Kalām-i pīr 433
revered by Nizārīs: of Badakhshan, 206–207, 407, 494; of Khurāsān 493
Nāṣiriyya, Zaydī community in Ṭabaristān 314
Nāṣirwands, of Lāhījān 416
Naslān, dāʿī 262
Naṣr Ⅱ, Sāmānid amīr 112,113
Naṣr al-ʿAjamī, see Abū Manṣūr b. Muḥammad
Naṣr b. ʿAbbās b. Abi’l-Futūḥ 250
Naṣr b. Sayyār, Umayyad governor 73,n:77
Naṣrābād, village, in Khurāsān 494
Naṣrid Maliks, of Sīstān (Nīmrūz) 374,383
naṣṣ (designation) 39,60,64,67–68,71,72,73,81,88,211,241,243,245,248,262,275,281,284,286–287,289,292,296,324,375,376,391,417
see also imamate; principle of naṣṣ
nāsūt 274
nāṭiq, nuṭaqāʾ (speaking or law-announcing prophets)
in doctrine of Abu’l-Khaṭṭāb 86
in doctrine of Mukhammisa 94
in early Ismāʿīlī (Qarmaṭī) doctrine 97–98,117–118,120,131–132,134
in Fāṭimid doctrine 164–165,208–209,217,223,272
in writing of Nāṣir-i Khusraw 209
in Iranian school of philosophical Ismāʿīlism 226–228,231,234
Navanagar, see Jamnagar
al-Nawbakhtī, Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan b. Mūsā, Imāmī scholar and heresiographer 9,87,98,102,116,117
on the Kaysāniyya 59,61
on Ismāʿīliyya al-khāliṣa 89–90
on the Khaṭṭābiyya 85,90
on the Qarmaṭīs 96–97,102,107,109
on early Ismāʿīlī imams 96–97,117
omits mention of Ibn al-Qaddāḥ 103
Naw-ḥiṣār, ceremonies of 494
Nawsarī, in Gujarāt 442
Nāwūsiyya, early Shīʿī sect 88
Near East 11,19,20,69,114,115,145,201,243,368
see also Middle East
Neoplatonism 223
Pseudo-Aristotelian works 224
in cosmology of Iranian school of philosophical Ismāʿīlism 228–231
in Fāṭimid teaching 166,230,232–233
of al-Nasafī 113,154,225–226,233
of Abū Ḥātim al-Rāzī 225–227,228,233
of al-Sijistānī 155,225–228
of al-Kirmānī 225–226,233–234
of Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ 235–237
in Druze doctrine 189–190
in Ṭayyibī cosmology 234,269
Nestorian Christianity 15
New Testament 233
Nicephorus Ⅱ Phocas, Byzantine emperor 145
Nih, in Sīstān 384
Nile, river and valley 138,201,251,496
Niʿmat Allāh Walī Kirmānī, Shāh, founder of the Niʿmat Allāhiyya 427–429,461
Niʿmat Allāhiyya (Niʿmat Allāhī), Sufi orderpassim 421,427–429 ,431,435,456,461–462,463–464,465–467,477–479
Nīmrūz, see Sīstān
al-Nīsābūrī, Aḥmad b. Ibrāhīm, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī and author 5,219–220
Nīshāpūr (Nīsābūr), in Khurāsān 108,113,195,206,221,224,312,345,383,406,492,494
al-Nīshāpūrī, Muḥammad b. Surkh, Ismāʿīlī author 155
Niṣībīn, in ʿIrāq 59
Niyāzī, Nizārī poet 438
Niẓām al-Dawla, Mīrzā ʿAlī Muḥammad, maternal grandfather of Aga Khan Ⅲ 480
Niẓām al-Mulk, Saljūq vizier 9,111,197,209,312,314,319,337
Niẓām al-Mulk Masʿūd b. ʿAlī, Khwārazmian vizier 374
Niẓāmiyya, party 320
Niẓāmiyya Madrasa, Baghdad 10
Niẓām-Shāhs, of Aḥmadnagarpassim 452–455
Nizār Ⅱ, Nizārī imam, see Shāh Nizār Ⅱ
Nizār b. al-Mustanṣir, Nizārī imam 3,10,211,241–242,313,325–326,342–343,381,385
succession to imamate 3,241–242,245,301,324–325
as ancestor of Ḥasan Ⅱ ʿalā dhikrihi’l-salām 361,363–364,n:381
Nizārī Quhistānī, Ḥakīm Saʿd al-Dīn b. Shams al-Dīn, Nizārī poet 406,411–413,419
Nizārids, branch of Fāṭimids 325–326,363
Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism, of 487/1094 2–3,221,241–243,245,311,324–325,342–343,449,451
in al-Hidāya al-Āmiriyya, following meeting of 516/1122 in Cairo 245,325,326,343
in Yaman 243,263–264
in Persia 243,324–325,328
in Syria 243,324–325,332
in Egypt 243,324–325
in India 242,325
Nizārīs, Nizāriyya 1,3,24,95,242–243,301–302
historiography, passim 6–30 ,303–310,405–406
distorted image 11,18,19–20,22–24,362
origins 310–318
Alamūt period (483–654/1090–1256), 3, 301, 316–402; revolt against Saljūqs (483–511/1090–1118), passim, 327–331, 335–338; consolidation (511–559/1118–1164), 338–340, 344–346, 350–358; qiyāma (559 –607/1164–1210), 358–367, 373–375; satr (607–654/1210–1256) 243,313–321 ,375–398
Nizārī methods of struggle 326–329,332,355
Nizārī state described 352–355
and the Mongols, passim 382–383,386–389 ,391–398
post-Alamūt period (654/1256 to present), 304, 403, 410–504; initial period (654/1256 to ca. 868/1463), 405–422; Anjudān revival (ca. 868/1463 to ca. 1100/1690), passim; Kahak and Kirmān period (ca. 1100/1690 to 1232/1817), 456–463; modern period (ca. 1257/1841 to present) 405,418,422–442 ,473–504
succession of imams 97,325–326,413–415,417–418,423,425
doctrine: see under imam; imamate; qiyāma; satr; categories of mankind, 365–366, 381–382, 441–442; in India and in ginān literature, 385–386; of al-daʿwa al-jadīda 339
daʿwa, see under daʿwa
literature, see under literature
organization, passim 484–488,493–494,498–501
constitutions 486–487,498–501
and Sufism, see under Sufis, Sufism
Qāsim-Shāhī/Muḥammad-Shāhī schism 413–414
overthrew Musāfirids 154
Nizārīs, Nizāriyya (cont.)
plots in Fāṭimid Egypt 244,325–326,342–343
and the Khwārazmians 384,386–387
against Crusaders; Nuṣayrīs, see under Crusaders; Nuṣayrīs
of named areas, see under Ādharbayjān; Afghanistan; Badakhshan; Central Asia; Daylam; East Africa; India; Pakistan; South Asia; Khurāsān; Kirmān; Persia; Syria; Quhistān; Transoxania; etc.
see also Assassins; Ismāʿīlīs; Khojas; Satpanth Ismāʿīlism; Muḥammad-Shāhīs; Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism; Qāsim-Shāhīs
Noah, see Nūḥ
non-Arab Muslims, see mawālī
Normans 144,202
North Africa 2,5,99,102,115,128,139,142,157,170,176,182,201–202,214,221,225,239,313
see also Ifrīqiya; Maghrib; Morocco
Nott, General William 470
Nubia, Nubians 182,217
nubuwwa (prophecy) 63,83–84
Nubuwwiyya 370
Nūḥ (Noah) 94,97,98,131,208,226,365
Nūḥ I, Sāmānid amīr 113
Nukhayla, near Kūfa 51
Nukkārīs, Nukkāriyya, subgroup of Ibāḍiyya 145–146
al-Nuʿmān b. Muḥammad, al-Qāḍī Abū Ḥanīfa, Ismāʿīlī jurist and author,passim 5,30,104,162,168–170,177,215–225 ,297
on the Mahdī’s role 119,164–165,166
on the ideal dāʿī 219–220
traditions compiled by 83,222
quotes ʿAbdān 120–121
reports Fāṭimid assertion of ʿAlid ancestry 104
on daʿwa, 216–217; to Yaman 109
eulogized by Nāṣir-i Khusraw 205
revered by Ṭayyibī Bohras 280,294
works preserved by Syrian Nizārīs 309
and Ismāʿīlī system of fiqh 168–171,214,222,299
numbers, symbolic nature of 86,131–132,237
numismatic evidence 154,242,247,257,304,326
nuqabāʾ, see naqīb
Nuqṭawiyya 421–422,426,436,437
nūr, see light
Nūr, in Māzandarān 417
Nūr ʿAlī Shāh, Niʿmat Allāhī Sufi 461,462
Nūr Allāh, grandson of Niʿmat Allāh Walī Kirmānī 428
Nūr al-Dahr (Nūr al-Dīn) ʿAlī, Nizārī imam 425,437–439
Nūr al-Dahr Khalīl Allāh, Nizārī imam, see Nūr al-Dahr (Nūr al-Dīn) ʿAlī
Nūr al-Dīn (Nūr al-Dahr) ʿAlī, Nizārī imam, see Nūr al-Dahr (Nūr al-Dīn) ʿAlī
Nūr al-Dīn Maḥmūd b. Zangī, Zangid ruler of Aleppo, passim 250–252 ,253,254,352,367,368,369
Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad, Nizārī imam, see Abū Dharr ʿAlī
Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad Ⅱ b. Ḥasan ʿalā dhikrihi’l-salām, see Muḥammad Ⅱ, Nizārī imam
Nūr al-Dīn Niʿmat Allāh b. ʿAbd Allāh, see Niʿmat Allāh Walī Kirmānī
Nūr al-Dīn Shāh, son of Āghā Khān Ⅱ 480
Nūr Muḥammad Nūr al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 285
Nūrbakhsh, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh, Sufi master 427
Nūrbakhshiyya, Sufi order 419,427,435
Nūrī, Mīrzā Āqā Khān, see Āqā Khān Nūrī
al-Nūrī, Mīrzā Ḥusayn, Twelver scholar 168
Nuṣayrīs, Nuṣayriyya 27,95,332,348,349
rivalry with Nizārīs 94,309,353,408,489,490
doctrines: ghulāt heritage, 67, 94; gnostic, 94–95; of tanāsukh 190,372
Nūshtagīn, Saljūq amīr 324
Nuṣrat al-Dawla, Fīrūz Mīrzā, Qājār governor of Kirmān 465
Nuṣrat al-Dīn, lord of Zawzan 374
Nuṣrat al-Dīn b. Bahrāmshāh, Naṣrid amīr of Sīstān 384
Nuṣrat al-fatra, of ʿImād al-Dīn Muḥammad al-Kātib al-Iṣfahānī 308
al-Nuwayrī, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb, historian 8,25,101
Nuzhat al-afkār, of Idrīs ʿImād al-Dīn 240
Nuzhat al-qulūb, of Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī 307
oath of allegiance, see bayʿa; mīthāq
occultation, see ghayba
Odo of Saint-Amand, Grand Master of the Knights Templar 369
Odoric of Pordenone, Franciscan friar and traveller 19
Ögedei, Great Khan 388
Oghuz Turks 195
Old Man of the Mountain 11,13,14,16,18,19,368,390
Old Testament 233
Öljeytü (Uljāytū), Īlkhānid 305–306,307
Oman, see ʿUmān
Orestes, Melkite patriarch of Jerusalem 177
orientalism 22–26,30
Orontes river, in Syria 123,335
Ötegü-China, Mongol commander in Khurāsān 397
Otto I, emperor of Germany 145
Ottoman Turks 10,20,280,287,296,408,481,489
Ottomans, see Ottoman Turks
Outram, Major James, British political agent in Sind 470
Oxus (Āmū Daryā) river 29,206,325,373,377,383,387,391,392,451,495
Özbeg, Muẓaffar al-Dīn, Eldigüzid 377,386,387
Özbegs 452
Pādiz, in Daylam 415
Padua, in Italy 22
Pakistan 207,483,496
Nizārīs of, 433, 484, 488, 494, 495, 497, 503; organization 499–500,501
Dāʾūdīs of 290–291
Sulaymānīs of 298,299
Niʿmat Allāhīs of 429
see also Chitral; Gilgit; Hunza; Multān; Panjāb; Sind
Palermo, in Sicily 143,144
Palestine 61,123,163,205,399
under Fāṭimids 139,175,176,195,197,221,250
disputed by Fāṭimids and Jarrāḥids 182,192
under Crusaders 13,14,244
Artuqids in 243
Pamir, region and mountains, in Central Asia 29,206,408,452,494
Pamiri languages 495,496
Pandiyāt-i javānmardī, of Mustanṣir bi’llāh Ⅱ 432–433,445,446,447
Panj river, in Transoxania 29,451,495
Panjāb, now in Pakistan 409,410,443,457
Panjābī (language) 444
Paradise 134,274
of the Old Man in Marco Polo’s narrative 16–17
denied by ghulāt 65
in doctrine of Abū Manṣūr 70
in Nizārī doctrine of the qiyāma 360–361,364,411
in Nuqṭawī doctrine 422
in Satpanth Ismāʿīlism 450
pardah (chādur) 300,488
Paris 27,28,31,481,504
Pashāpūya (Fashāfūya), near Rayy 111
Pasīkhānī, Maḥmūd, Nuqṭawī leader 422
Pasīkhāniyya, see Nuqṭawiyya
Pātan, in Gujarāt 276,277–278,385,442
peasantry; early supporters of Ismāʿīlism 108,115
Perry, Sir Erskine 475
Persia (Iran)
Marco Polo in 15–16
Shīʿism in 54,56,420–421,425–427,430–431,435–436
later Kaysānī sects 63,79
Sufism in 420–421,426–431
early Ismāʿīlism in 95,109,115–116,121–122,149,152–155,166
Iranian school of philosophical Ismāʿīlism in 167,225–228
Persia (Iran) (cont.)
Fāṭimid Ismāʿīlism in 184,202–207,218,310–311
Ismāʿīlī ‘threat’ perceived by Niẓām al-Mulk 209
Ibn Muʿāwiya in 75
under Saljūqs 195–197,313,316,n:346
Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism 324–325
under Khwārazmshāhs 373–374,383,384,386–388
Mongol conquest of 301,388–389,391–397
under Īlkhānids and Tīmūrids 425–426
Ḥurūfīs in 421
under Ṣafawids 430–431,435–437
Afghan invasion of 459
under Zand dynasty 459–462
under Qājār dynasty 459–463,464–468
during Constitutional Revolution 492–493
mawālī of 54–55
Nizārīs of, 3, 4, 13, 209–210, 301, 304, 320–324, 330, 403, 488; literature, 303–304, 406, 418–420, 433–434, 455; establishment of Nizārī state centred at Alamūt, 314–319, 326–330, 335–339, 344–346, 352–355; proclamation of qiyāma at Alamūt, 358–367, 373–374; satr at Alamūt, 375–398; post-Alamūt period: initial period, 410–422; Anjudān revival, 418–420, 422–425, 431–442; Kahak and Kirmān period, 456–463; modern period 463–468,470–472,490–494
Āghā Khān I’s campaign 465–470,471,473
Aga Khan Ⅲ’s visit to 484
Persian (language) 1,21,207,449,447,480
adopted by Nizārīs 302,304,316,406–408,432
Persian Gulf 43,138,148,201,210,291,459,468,500
Persian ‘national sentiment’ 316
Philip Ⅱ Augustus, king of France 22
Philip of Montford, lord of Tyre 402
philosophical Ismāʿīlism 138,222,224–228,230–231,232,233–234,420
see also cosmology; Neoplatonism
pilgrimage to Mecca, see ḥajj
Pipino, Francesco, of Bologna, Dominican friar and author 13
pīr 207,405,412,439–441,442,443,488
analogous with Nizārī imam 366
operated as dāʿīs independently of Nizārī imams 409,432,439,442–443,445,447,452
authors and subjects of gināns 385,409,442–444,450
Qāsim-Shāhī Nizārī imams as 419,431,433,434,440
conversion strategy of 448–450
see also murshid; quṭb
Pīr Muḥammad Shīrwānī, Sunnī scholar 453,454
Pīrāna, near Aḥmadābād 445,446
pīr-i kull 434
Pīrkhān Shujāʿ al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 283–284
Plato (Aflāṭūn) 223,229,237
Plotinus (al-Shaykh al-Yūnānī), philosopher 223–224,228,229,231,234
Polo, Marco, see Marco Polo
Poona, in India 407,473,476,480
Poonawala, Ismail K. 32,407,439
Pope, the 352,390
Porphyry (Furfūriyūs), philosopher 224
Portugal 501
Pragati Mandal (Progressive Group), of Dāʾūdī Bohras 289
prayer, see ṣalāt
Privy Council Judgement, of 1947 289
Proclus (Buruqlus), philosopher 224
prophecy, see nubuwwa
prophets
cycle of 69,70,97–98,135
ūlu’l-ʿazm 97,131,226
in the historical process 231–232
pseudo-Aristotelian works, see Neoplatonism
Qāʾānī, Ḥabīb Allāh, poet 464
qadar 134–135,136,230
Qaddāḥids, passim 101–105 ,106
Qāḍī Aḥmad al-Qummī, historian 436
al-Qāḍī al-Fāḍil, Fāṭimid secretary 255
al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān, see al-Nuʿmān b. Muḥammad
qāḍī al-quḍāt (chief qāḍī) 168,172,181,187,195,208,214,252
Qāḍī Raḥmat Allāh b. Ghulām Muṣṭafā, Imām-Shāhī author 444
al-Qādir, ʿAbbāsid caliph 101,185
Qādiriyya, Sufi order 428,444
Qādisiyya, in ʿIrāq 124
Qadmūs, castle, in Syria 12,349–350,368,400,401,402,456,489,n:490
Qafṣa, in North Africa 127
al-Qāhir b. al-Muhtadī b. al-Hādī b. Nizār, Nizārī imam 364
al-Qāhira, see Cairo
Qaḥṭaba b. Shabīb 77
al-Qāʾid b. Ḥammād, Ḥammādid 202
qāʾim
in doctrine of pre-Fāṭimid Ismāʿīlīs 96–97,98,108,116–119,124,129,132,134
in doctrine of Fāṭimid Ismāʿīlīs 164–165,208,219,222,223
in Druze doctrine 188–189
in Iranian school of philosophical Ismāʿīlism 226–228
in Mustaʿlī-Ṭayyibī doctrine 239,272–275
in Nizārī doctrine of the Alamūt period 326,360,363,412
see also imām-qāʾim; Mahdī; qiyāma; qāʾim al-qiyāma
al-Qāʾim, ʿAbbāsid caliph 194,195,196–197,209,210
al-Qāʾim, Fāṭimid caliph 105,106,119,123,125,140,142–143,144,145–146,156,157,166,173,211–212
qāʾim al-qiyāma 208,272,360–361
Qāʾim-maqām-i Farāhānī, Mīrzā Abu’l-Qāsim, Qājār chief minister 464,467
Qāʾin, in Quhistān 319,353,378,411,427,490,493,494
Qajaq, Saljūq amīr 357
Qājār dynasty, of Persia 459–460,461,462,477
chroniclers of 408
and Nizārīs, 405, 463–465; and Imam Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī, beglerbegi, 459–462; and Shāh Khalīl Allāh (Ⅲ), 27, 463; Āghā Khān I, 463–469, 473; Sardār Abu’l-Ḥasan Khān, 471–472; Aga Khan Ⅲ 481
qalam (pen) 134,230,270
qalandar 412,421
Qalʿat Banī Ḥammād, in the Maghrib 147,180
Qalʿat al-Sharīf, castle, in Syria 347
al-Qalqashandī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, secretary in the Mamlūk chancery and author 6,140,213,247
Qandahār, in Afghanistan 436,460,468,469–470
Qara Qoyunlu dynasty, of Persia, ʿIrāq and eastern Anatolia 425
Qarakhānids, of Transoxania 203,316
Qarāmiṭa, see Qarmaṭīs
Qaraqai Bitikchi, Mongol commander 397
Qarmaṭīs 2,32,96,116,210
origin of the name 108
of Baḥrayn, 110–111, 121, 133, 147–150, 152, 161–162, 235, 310; relations with Fāṭimids, passim, 185; allowed compilation of Epistles 9,26,140–141,149,151–152,161–167 ,235–236
of ʿIrāq 98–99,107–109,115,116–117,120,124,149–150,166–167
of Persia 121,152,167
of Yaman 122
in revolts of, 289–294/902–907 122–124
invasions of Syria 173–174
enumeration of imams 96–97,104–105
series of ūlu’l-ʿazam prophets 97,131
Mahdism of Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl 97–98,131–132,149,152
as dissident Ismāʿīlīs in schism of, 286/899 116–117,120–121,122–123,164
Qashqāʾī tribesmen, of Persia 462
Qāsim ʿAlī, Nizārī imam 459
Qāsim al-Anwār, Sufi poet 420,422,428,430
al-Qāsim b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Muḥammad b. al-Nuʿmān, Fāṭimid chief dāʿī and chief qāḍī, great-grandson of al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān 172,203
al-Qāsim b. Aḥmad, Qarmaṭī dāʿī 124
al-Qāsim al-Manṣūr, Zaydī imam in Yaman 296
Qāsim Shāh, Nizārī imam 385,413–414,418,442
Qāsimābād, village, in northern Khurāsān 494
Qāsimī Zaydīs, of Yaman 199,296–297
Qāsim-Shāhī Nizārīs, see Qāsim-Shāhīs
Qāsim-Shāhīs, Qāsimiyya, branch of Nizārīs 32,405,413–414,417–418
literature 406,413,433–434
Anjudān period, passim; later period, 456–463; see further Nizārīs: post-Alamūt period: modern period and Muḥammad-Shāhīs 413,422–423,425,431–442 ,413–414,417,433,451,455–456,490
of Syria 489–490
see also Khojas; Nizārīs; Satpanth Ismāʿīlism
Qaṣr-i ʿAlī, Dāʾūdī dāʿī’s family 294
Qassām, assistant to Alftakīn 175,177
Qasṭīliya, in North Africa 127,146
Qaṭīf, in eastern Arabia 110,185,210
qawl al-aʾimma 171
Qawnaṣ (Qūniṣ), dāʿī 262
Qayrawān (Kairouan) 125,126,143,146,159,162,168,180,183,201
Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Shīʿī threatened 127
in Khārijī revolt of Abū Yazīd 146–147
Zīrid capital 202
Qays, Banū, of Syria 51
Qayṣariyya, see Caesarea 371–372
Qazvīnī, Muḥammad 103,106,305
Qazwīn, in Persia 307,317,319,324,393,394,396,453
under Saljūqs 338
Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ at 314
relations with Nizārīs of Rūdbār 346,356,374,376,387–388
Mongol massacre of Nizārīs at 397
under Amīr Kiyāʾī Sayyids 415
Jahāngīr (Iskandarid) executed at 417
Nuqṭawiyya of 422
as Ṣafawid capital 437
Qifṭ, in upper Egypt 254
qilāʿ al-daʿwa, Nizārī castles in Syria 350,408
Qirwāsh b. al-Muqallad, ʿUqaylid 185
qiyāma (resurrection) 60,120,132,133,208
in doctrines of the ghulāt 65
denied by Abū Manṣūr 70
in Ṭayyibī doctrine 272–275
Nizārī doctrine of 303,357–361
elaboration of doctrine by
Muḥammad Ⅱ, 363–367, rejected by
Ḥasan Ⅲ, 375; revived under
Muḥammad Ⅲ, 378–382; Syrian
proclamation: at Alamūt, 358–359; at 359,n:370
Muʾminābād, 359; in Syria
for Qāsim-Shāhī Nizārīs 412,433,440–442
in Nizārī gināns 450
in Druze doctrine 188
in Nuqṭawī doctrine 422
see also maʿād; eschatology
qiyāmat al-qiyāmāt (the Great Resurrection) 132,269,272,381
qiyās (analogy) 171
Qizil-bāsh 430,435,437
Qizil Sāriq, Saljūq amīr 319
Quatremère, Étienne Marc, orientalist 24
Qubādiyān, in Khurāsān 205
Qubayb, Banu’l-, of Yaman 259
Qubilai, Great Khan 15
Qūchān (Khabūshān), in Khurāsān 393
Quhistān (Kūhistān), region, in southeastern Khurāsān 311,356,414,427,470,491
Marco Polo in 17
Nizārīs of, 316, 318–319, 320, 329, 336, 339, 352, 358, 376, 378, 452; libraries, 355; Saljūq attacks on, 329, 330, 336, 345, 356; against Sīstān, 345, 383–384; against Ghūrids, 374, 376; Mongol invasions, passim, 397, 411; post-Alamūt centre, 410; Qāsim-Shāhī centre, 438 383,391–394
home of Nizārī Quhistānī 411–412
Qulayʿa, castle, in Syria 350,400,401
Qulīj Khān, Mughal governor of Gujarāt 281
Qūmis, region, in northern Persia 391,397
Nizārīs of 329,339,342,353,376,384
in Mongol invasions
under Saljūqs 321,338,345
Qumm, in central Persia 111,311,418,431,437,455,456,463,464,465
al-Qummī, Saʿd b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Ashʿarī, Imāmī scholar and heresiographer 9,59,87,102,116,117
on the Mukhammisa 94
on the Ismāʿīliyya al-khāliṣa 90
on the Khaṭṭābiyya 85,90
on the Qarmaṭīs 96–97,98,109
on early Ismāʿīlī imams 96–97,117
omits mention of Ibn al-Qaddāḥ 103
Qurʾān 37,39,42,60,66,70,82,86,117,126,135,181,222,227,272,285,396,477,501
ẓāhir and bāṭin aspects 83,129
on evolution 131–132,133–134
understood perfectly by imam 83
taʾwīl of 70,86
in Ismāʿīlī system of law 170–171
as the last Veda 450
al-Qurʾān al-nāṭiq 222
al-Qurʾān al-ṣāmit 222
al-Qurashī, Muḥammad b. al-Wahb, Druze dāʿī 187,190
Quraysh, Meccan tribe 37,44,57,240,267
Quraysh, ʿUqaylid ruler of Mawṣil 196,204
Qurra, Banu 182
qurrāʾ, in early Islam 42–43,44,45,47,51
Qūṣ, in Egypt 249
quṭb (pole), Sufi master 427,429,431,433,461,463,467,468,477
see also murshid; pīr; khalīfa; shaykh
Quṭbkhān Quṭb al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 283
al-Rāḍī, ʿAbbāsid caliph 150,151
Raḍī al-Dīn Ⅱ b. Ṭāhir, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 451,452
Raḍī al-Dīn Abu’l-Maʿālī, Nizārī chief dāʿī in Syria 389,399,400
Raḍī al-Dīn b. Muḥammad Shāh, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 451
Raḍwā mountains, near Medina 59
Rafīʿ al-Dīn Ḥusayn, son of Shāh Ṭāhir Dakkanī 455
Rāfiḍa, Rawāfiḍ 72,206
rafīq, rafīqān (comrades) 317,329,358,365
Rafsanjān, in Kirmān 459
Rāḥat al-ʿaql, of Ḥamīd al-Dīn al-Kirmānī 184,233–234,269,297
Rāḥat al-ṣudūr, of al-Rāwandī 308
Raḥba 196
Rahim, Prince, son of Aga Khan Ⅳ 504
Raḥmat ʿAlī Shāh, Niʿmat Allāhī Sufi master 468,477
Raḥmat Allāh b. Ḥasan Kabīr al-Dīn 447
rajʿa (return) 60,64,65
Rāja Jamāl al-Dīn b. Ḥasan, Mullā 278–279,284
Rajasthan, in India 276,450
Rājī Ṭāhira, wife of Shāhjī Mīrān Shāh 447
Ralph of Merle, Crusader knight 352
Ramdev Pīr, Hindu saint 450
Rametta, in Sicily 145
Ramla, in Palestine 123,125,161,162,173,182,216,244
Rāmpūrī, Muḥammad ʿAlī, see Muḥammad ʿAlī b. Mullā Jīwābhāʾī Rāmpūrī
Rānikūh, in Daylam 416
Raqqa, in Syria 192,335,367
Raqqāda, near Qayrawān 127,128,157
Raqqāmī Khurāsānī, ʿAlī Qulī b. Imām Qulī, Nizārī poet 406
Raṣad, mother of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Mustanṣir 193
Rasāʾil al-ḥikma, scriptures of the Druzes 189
Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ 28,32,100,203,235–236,265,367
influences of different traditions and schools of thought 236,237
see also Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ
Rasāmūj, holder of Lamasar 324
al-Rāshid, ʿAbbāsid caliph 356
al-Rashīd Aḥmad b. ʿAlī b. al-Zubayr, al-Qāḍī 257
Rashīd al-Dīn Faḍl Allāh, historian and Īlkhānid vizier 6,25,305–306,307,309,360,380
on Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ, 313; ‘tale of the three schoolfellows’ 312
on Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī 367
on al-Sijistānī 155
on Mongol invasions 393,398
Rāshid al-Dīn Sinān, Nizārī leader in Syria 11,13,27,254,309,313,367–373,389,402
Rasht, in Gīlān 416
rasūl 97,118
rasūl Allāh 36
Rasūlids, of Yaman 267,268
Rawāfiḍ, see Rāfiḍa
al-Rāwandī, Najm al-Dīn Muḥammad b. ʿAlī, historian 308
Rāwandiyya 62,79
see also Hāshimiyya, Shīʿī group
Rāwar, in Kirmān 465,469
Rawḍat al-akhbār, of Idrīs ʿImād al-Dīn 240
Rawḍat al-taslīm, of Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī 379,380,381
Rawlinson, Major Henry, British political agent in Afghanistan 470
Rayʿān, in Yaman 259
Raydān, confidant of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Ḥākim 180
Raydān, mosque, Cairo 187
Rayḥanīs, faction in Fāṭimid army, 250
Raymond, son of Bohemond Ⅳ, of Antioch 389
Raymond Ⅱ of Tripoli 352
Raymond of Antioch, Crusader knight 352
Rayy, in Persia 153,233,319,320,373,377,427
Ismāʿīlī daʿwa to 102,111–112,113,115,152
joined dissidents in Ismāʿīlī schism of 286/899 121
al-Sijistānī in 112,113,155
Fāṭimid daʿwa to 202
Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ’s early career in 311–312,314
Nizārīs of, 324, 329, 357; daʿwa to 384
in Mongol invasions 394
al-Rāzī (Rhazes), Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Zakariyyāʾ, physician and philosopher 112
al-Rāzī, Abū Ḥātim, see Abū Ḥātim al-Rāzī
Red Sea 296
coast of Africa, part of Fāṭimid empire 138,176
trade routes through 201,256
Reginald of Vichiers, Grand Master of the Knights Templar 390
religious dues, see under dah-yik; dassondh; khums; najwā; zakāt; ḥaqq al-nafs; ḥaqq-i imām; salām
resurrection, see qiyāma
Rhazes, see al-Rāzī, Abū Bakr
Richard I, the Lion Heart, king of England 372,373
Riḍā ʿAlī Shāh Dakkanī, Niʿmat Allāhī Sufi master 461
al-riḍā min āl Muḥammad 76–77,79
Riḍwān, Saljūq ruler of Aleppo, passim 325,331–334 ,348
Riḍwān b. Walakhshī, Fāṭimid vizier 249
Rīf, in North Africa 156
Rifāʿa, Banū, of ʿIrāq 149
Rīgān, in Balūchistān 469
Risāla, of Abū ʿĪsā al-Murshid 133,233
Risāla, of Khayrkhwāh-i Harātī 434
al-Risāla al-jāmiʿa, of Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ 236
al-Risāla al-mudhhiba, of al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān 164
al-Risāla al-Ramaḍāniyya, of Ṭāhir Sayf al-Dīn 290
al-Risāla al-wāʿiẓa, of Ḥamīd al-Dīn al-Kirmānī 188
al-Risāla al-wazīriyya, of Ibn Killis 177
Riyāḥiyya, subgroup of Kaysāniyya 62
Roger Ⅱ, king of Sicily 202,249
Romanus Ⅳ Diogenes, Byzantine emperor 198
Rome 13
Rousseau, Jean Baptiste L. J., French consul in Aleppo 26–27
Rūdbār, district in the upper Shāhrūd, in northern Persia,passim 153,317,318–320 ,324,344
Nizārīs of, 324, 329, 339, 342, 344, 352, 358; Saljūq attacks on, 318, 319, 337, 345, 376; relations with: Caspian provinces, 357, 367, 374, 387; Khwārazmians, 374, 387; Māzandarān, 374; Qazwīn, see under Qazwīn; Mongol invasions: during, passim ; post-Alamūt 391,393–398 ,410–411,415–418
rūḥ, see nafs
rūḥāniyyūn 134
see also jadd; fatḥ; khayāl
Rukn al-Dawla Qārin, Bāwandid 374
Rukn al-Dīn, son of Muḥammad Khwārazmshāh 384
Rukn al-Dīn b. Bahrāmshāh, Naṣrid amīr of Sīstān 384
Rukn al-Dīn Khurshāh (Khwurshāh), Nizārī imam and last lord of Alamūt, passim 18,302,304–305,391–398 ,403,410,411,446
Rūm (Anatolia) 205,217,374,384,390,421,430
Rūmanī, near Shahr-i Bābak 468
Ruṣāfa, castle, in Syria 350,368,400,n:401
Rūshān, in Badakhshan 29,452,502
Russell, Justice Coram 481
Russia 31,495
see also Soviet Central Asia
Rustamdār, in Daylam 344,367,417
Rustamid dynasty, of western Algeria 127,142
Rustichello of Pisa 18
Rūyān, in Daylam 344,367,374,387
Ruzzīk b. Ṭalāʾiʿ, Fāṭimid vizier 251
Saʿādatkūh, castle, in Daylam 345,356
Sabaʾ b. Abu’l-Suʿūd, Zurayʿid 256–257
Sabaʾ b. Yūsuf, Yaʿburī chief in Yaman 266
Sabaeans (Ṣābiʾa) 227
Sabaʾiyya 63–64
Ṣābiʾa, see Sabaeans; Mandaeans
al-sābiq (the preceder) 134,190
sābiqa 42,43,134,229,230
Sabʿiyya (Seveners) 97
Sabta (Ceuta), in the Maghrib 142,156
Sābūr (Shāpūr), son of Abū Ṭāhir al-Jannābī 151,161
Sabz ʿAlī, pīr 495,496
Saʿd al-Dawla, Ḥamdānid amīr of Aleppo 175
Ṣaʿda, in Yaman 198,259
al-sāda al-ruʾasāʾ, Qarmaṭī leaders in Baḥrayn 161
Ṣadaqa b. Yūsuf, Fāṭimid vizier 193
al-Ṣādiq, imam, see Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq
Ṣādiq Khān Zand 460
Ṣadr al-Dīn, Nizārī envoy of Rukn al-Dīn Khurshāh 393
Ṣadr al-Dīn, pīr 443,445,450,476
Ṣadr al-Dīn (Sadruddin), Prince, son of Aga Khan Ⅲ 483
Ṣadr al-Dīn, Ṣafawid shaykh 430
Ṣadr al-Dīn ʿAlī b. Nāṣir al-Ḥusaynī, historian 308
Ṣadr al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Ḥaydar, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 455
Ṣafad, in Syria 255,261
Safar-nāma, of Nāṣir-i Khusraw 28,205,206
Safar-nāma, of Nizārī Quhistānī 411,n:412
Ṣafawid dynasty, of Persia,passim 279,415,417,422,425,426,427,429–430,452–459
established Twelver Shīʿism as state religion 420–421,426,430–431,435
religious policy 435–437
and Niẓām-Shāhī state 454–455
seized Gīlān 417
persecuted Sufis and extremist Shīʿīs 435
Ṣafawiyya, Sufi order 427,430–431
Ṣafdar Khān, mīr of Hunza 495–496
al-Saffāḥ, Abu’l-ʿAbbās, ʿAbbāsid caliph 75,77–78,79
Ṣaffārids, of Sīstān and eastern Afghanistan 114,139,155,316
Ṣafī ʿAlī Shāh, Niʿmat Allāhī Sufi master 477–479
Ṣafī al-Dīn, Ṣafawid shaykh 430
Ṣafī al-Dīn Muḥammad b. al-Fahd al-Makramī, Sulaymānī author 295–296
Safīdrūd river, in Daylam 153,324,415
ṣaḥāba, see Companions of the Prophet
ṣāḥib al-daʿwa 294
Ṣāḥib Fakhkh, see al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī, Ṣāḥib Fakhkh
ṣāḥib al-ḥaqq 101
ṣāḥib al-khāl, see al-Ḥusayn, son of Zikrawayh
ṣāḥib al-nāqa, see Yaḥyā, son of Zikrawayh
ṣāḥib al-shāma, see al-Ḥusayn, son of Zikrawayh
Saʿīd, see al-Mahdī, ʿAbd Allāh, first Fāṭimid caliph
Ṣaʿīd, in Egypt 193–194
Saʿīd b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥanafī 50
Ṣāʿid b. Badīʿ, raʾīs of Aleppo 334,347
Saʿīd b. al-Ḥusayn, see al-Mahdī, ʿAbd Allāh, first Fāṭimid caliph
Saʿīd al-Dawla, Ḥamdānid amīr of Aleppo 176,183
Saʿīd Khān, son of Nar Muḥammad 446
St Catherine, monastery, in Mount Sinai 246
St Louis, king of France, see Louis Ⅸ
St Mercurius, church, near Fusṭāṭ 177
St Petersburg 29
Sājids (Banū Sāj), of Ādharbayjān 153
sajjāda-nishīn 446,453,455
Saladin (Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn), founder of the Ayyūbid dynasty, passim 251–255 ,309,368–369,370,372,373,389
Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn, pīr 385
Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn ʿAlī, Nizārī envoy to Khwārazmshāh 386
Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Ḥasan-i Maḥmūd, Nizārī author 380
Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Yūsuf, Ayyūbid, see Saladin
salām 294
Salāma b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb al-Sāmurrī, Druze leader 187,190
Salamiyya, in central Syria 5,100,102,107,116,117,119,123,145,332,489–490,496
Sālārids, see Musāfirids
ṣalāt (ritual prayer) 169,294,442
Salerno, in Italy 144
Ṣāliḥ b. Mirdās, Kilābid 183,192
Ṣāliḥ b. Mudrik 62
Salīm Khān, mīr of Hunza 495
Saljūq-nāma, attributed to Ẓahīr al-Dīn Nīshāpūrī 308
Saljūqs 9,10,139,195–196,197,204,209,310–311,313,316,320,338,346,373,384
realm, Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism in 324–325
histories of Nizārīs 308
against Nizārīs 301,318–319,327–330,335–338,344–346,397
Sallārids, see Musāfirids
Salmān al-Fārisī 39,92,94,365
salvation, see eschatology; soteriology
Sām (Shem) 132
Sām Mīrzā, Ṣafawid author 455
Ṣamad Shāh, son of Mūchūl Shāh and Ḥājjī Bībī 481,491
Sāmānids, of Khurāsān and Transoxania 112–113,155,202,203,316
Samaritan gnosticism 135
Samarqand, in Central Asia (now in Uzbekistan) 203,383,392,421,n:428
Samāwa, desert 122
ṣāmit
in doctrine of Abu’l-Khaṭṭāb 86
in Imāmī doctrine 83
in Ismāʿīlī doctrine 132
Sammas, of Sind 443
Ṣamṣām al-Dawla, Būyid 235
Ṣanʿāʾpassim 28,110,122,126,198,199,238,255,257–260 ,265,266
Sanāʾī, poet 420
Ṣanhāja (Ṣinhāja), Berbers 141,145,156–157,162,179,183
Sanjar, Saljūq sultan 320,321,335,338,340,345,346,357,373
relations with Nizārīs 329,330,336,342,345–346,357
Sanskrit (language) 409,443,474
Sanudo Torsello, Marino, historian 13
Saoshyant, Zoroastrian saviour 60
Ṣaqāliba, see Slavs
Saracens 15,20
Sarandib (Ceylon) 271
see also Sri Lanka
Sarbadārs, of Khurāsān 426
Sarbīsha, in Persia 469
Sardār Abu’l-Ḥasan Khān, brother of Āghā Khān I, see Abu’l-Ḥasan Khān
Sardinia 144
Sargudhasht-i Sayyidnā, of Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ 304,305,311–312
Sārī, in Māzandarān 417
Ṣārim al-Dīn Mubārak b. Raḍī al-Dīn, Nizārī dāʿī in Syria 400–401
Sarmīn, in northern Syria 333,335
Sartakht, fortress, in Quhistān 393
Sarūj 192
Sarv-i Jahān Khānum, Qājār princess, mother of Āghā Khān Ⅱ 464,477
Sāsānids, Sāsānid empire 42,43,55,78,79
Satgur Nūr, pīr 385,442
Saṭīf, in North Africa 126
Satpanth Ismāʿīlism 32,442–445,446,447,448–450,474
see further ginān; Khojas; Nizārīs
Satpanthīs, see Imām-Shāhīs
satr (concealment) 441
Nizārī doctrine of 378,380–382,436
see also dawr al-satr
Saudi Arabia 297–298
Saʿūdīs, see Āl Saʿūd
Sāwa, near Qumm 337,338,387,416
Sawād, of Kūfa 42,99,107,109,115,124,149,311
ṣawm (fasting) 169,288,442
Ṣaydā, see Sidon
Sayf al-Dawla Ṣadaqa, Mazyadid 335
Sayf al-Dīn Muḥammad, Ghūrid 356
Sayf al-Dīn Sulṭān Malik b. Kiyā Bū Manṣūr b. Muḥammad Ⅱ, Nizārī envoy 394
Sayf al-Mulk b. ʿAmrūn, lord of Kahf 349,350
Sayfī Dars (Jāmiʿa Sayfiyya), Sūrat 286,287,290,292,293,294
Sayfī Masjid, Dāʾūdī mosque, Bombay 290
Sayr va sulūk, of Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī 379
Sayyid, Ayman F. 239
Sayyid Abu’l-Ḥasan Kahakī, Nizārī imam, see Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī, beglerbegi
Sayyid ʿAlī, Nizārī imam 458–459
Sayyid ʿAlī Kiyā b. Amīr Kiyā Malāṭī, founder of the Caspian Zaydī dynasty of Amīr Kiyāʾī Sayyids 415–416,417
Sayyid Fāḍil Shāh, ancestor of Kadiwala Sayyids 448
Sayyid Ḥasan Beg, Nizārī imam, see Ḥasan ʿAlī
al-Sayyid al-Ḥimyarī, poet 60
Sayyid Jaʿfar, Nizārī imam, see Qāsim ʿAlī
Sayyid Jaʿfar Shīrāzī, see Jaʿfar, Sayyid
Sayyid Mahdī Kiyā b. Amīr Kiyā Malāṭī 416
Sayyid Raḍī Kiyā b. Sayyid ʿAlī Kiyā, ruler of Lāhījān 417
Sayyid Saʿīd b. Sulṭān, Āl Bū Saʿīdī sultan of ʿUmān and Zanzibar 291,486
Sayyid Shāh Khāmūsh, Ḥasan, Nizārī dāʿī in Badakhshan 452
Sayyid Shāh Malang, Nizārī dāʿī in Badakhshan 452
Sayyid al-Ṭāʾifa (Baḥr al-ʿUlūm), Muḥammad al-Mahdī al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Twelver scholar 168
al-Sayyida Ḥurra bint Aḥmad al-Ṣulayḥī, see Arwā
Sayyidnā Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ, see Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ
‘school of Iṣfahān’ 420
scriptures, symbolic interpretation of, see taʾwīl
Semenov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich 29,30,31
Seraphiel, see Isrāfīl
Seth, see Shīth
Seven-day Prayers (Adʿiyat al-ayyām al-sabʿa), of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Muʿizz 165
Severus, bishop of Ashmūnayn 177
Seville (Ishbīliya) 159
al-Shabānkāraʾī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī, historian 307
Shabistar, in Ādharbayjān 419
Shādhī al-Khādim 349
Shāfiʿī Sunnism 172,252,376,426,430,456
Shafūrqān, near Balkh 392
Shāh ʿĀlam Ⅱ, Mughal emperor 286
Shāh Bībī, daughter of Shāh Khalīl Allāh (Ⅲ) 464
Shāh Gharīb, Nizārī imam, see Gharīb Mīrzā
Shāh Ghāzī Rustam I b. ʿAlāʾ al-Dawla ʿAlī, Bāwandid 344–345,357
Shāh Ghāzī Rustam Ⅱ, Shams al-Mulūk, Bāwandid 374
Shāh Jaʿfar, brother of Shāh Ṭāhir Dakkanī 454
Shāh Jahān, Mughal emperor 283
Shāh Karīm al-Ḥusaynī, see Aga Khan Ⅳ
Shāh Khalīl Allāh, son of Niʿmat Allāh Walī, see Khalīl Allāh
Shāh Khalīl Allāh Ⅱ, Nizārī imam 425,439,456
Shāh Khalīl Allāh Ⅲ, Nizārī imam 27,462–463,472
Shāh Niʿmat Allāh Walī, see Niʿmat Allāh Walī Kirmānī
Shāh Nizār Ⅱ, Nizārī imam 439,n:456–458
Shāh Qalandar, Nizārī imam, see Mustanṣir bi’llāh Ⅱ
Shāh Raḍī al-Dīn, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī leader, see Raḍī al-Dīn Ⅱ
Shāh Sayyid Nāṣir, see Nāṣir-i Khusraw
Shāh Shujāʿ al-Mulk, Durrānī ruler of Afghanistan 470
Shāh Ṭāhir Dakkanī (Shāh Ṭāhir b. Raḍī al-Dīn Ⅱ al-Ḥusaynī Dakkanī), Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam, passim 413,414,419,435,451–455
Shāh Taqī, village, in northern Khurāsān 494
Shahanshāh, fortress, near Nih 384
Shahanshāh b. ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad Ⅲ 393–394
Shāhdiz, fortress, in Qūmis 391
Shāhdiz (Dizkūh), fortress, near Iṣfahān 330,336–337
Shāhjī Mīrān Shāh, Imām-Shāhī leader 446–447
al-Shahrastānī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Karīm, heresiographer and Ashʿarī theologian 59,90,118,304,340–342,379,380
Shahr-i Bābak, in Kirmān, passim 423,459–462 ,468,473,494
Shahriyārkūh, in Māzandarān 314
Shahrnūsh b. Hazārasf b. Namāwar, Bādūspānid 345
Shāhrūd river, in Daylam 153,317,324
Shāhrukh, Afshārid 459
Shāhrukh, Tīmūrid 308,422,425,427,428,429
Shahzāda Begum, daughter of Jangī Shāh, first wife of Aga Khan Ⅲ 481
Shām, see Syria
Shamir b. Dhi’l-Jawshan 53
Shamīrān, castle, in Ṭārum 153–154,205,415
Shams al-Dīn, Āqā, son of Jangī Shāh 480
Shams al-Dīn, grandson of Niʿmat Allāh Walī Kirmānī 429
Shams al-Dīn, Nizārī muḥtasham in Quhistān 383–384,388
Shams al-Dīn, pīr 385,442–443,450
Shams al-Dīn, qāḍī of Qazwīn 388
Shams al-Dīn ʿAlī, ʿAlawī dāʿī 282
Shams al-Dīn ʿAlī, Mihrabānid 411–412
Shams al-Dīn b. Najm al-Dīn Ismāʿīl, Nizārī dāʿī in Syria 400,401
Shams al-Dīn Gīlakī, Nizārī vizier to Rukn al-Dīn Khurshāh 394
Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad, Nizārī imam 385,411–412,413–414,418,419
Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad I, Kart ruler of Harāt 393,411
Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Yaḥyā Lāhījī, see Lāhījī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad
Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad Tabrīzī, spiritual guide of Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī 385,413,442
Shams al-Mulūk, Qājār princess, mother of Aga Khan Ⅲ 480
Shams-i Dīn Nīmrūz ʿAlī, see Shams al-Dīn ʿAlī, Mihrabānid
Shams-i Tabrīz, see Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad Tabrīzī
Shamsīs, Nizārī community in Panjāb 442–443
Shamʿūn al-Ṣafāʾ (Simon Peter) 132
Sharaf, Ṭāhā A. 151
Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad al-Makramī, Sulaymānī dāʿī 297
Sharaf al-Dīn Muḥammad, son of raʾīs Muẓaffar, commandant of Girdkūh 321
Sharaf al-Maʿālī, son of al-Afḍal 244
Sharaf al-Mulk, vizier to Jalāl al-Dīn Khwārazmshāh 386–387
Sharḥ al-akhbār, of al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān 119,222
Sharḥ al-masāʾil, of Ḥusām al-Dīn al-Ḥajj Ghulām Ḥusayn 297
Sharḥ-i gulshan-i rāz, of Shāh Ṭāhir Dakkanī 419
sharīʿa (religious law) 10
in pre-Fāṭimid Ismāʿīlī doctrine 97–98,131–132
in Fāṭimid writings 167,209,222
in Iranian school of philosophical Ismāʿīlism 226–227
in Nizārī doctrine 364,433,441–442
sharīʿa, sacred law of Islam 40,83,126,164,287,288,420,422
not observed by ghulāt 66
understood perfectly by imam 83
in pre-Fāṭimid Ismāʿīlī doctrine 98,129,130–131
in Druze doctrine 188–189
in Ismāʿīlī system of law 214
in Nizārī doctrine of the Alamūt period 336,358–362,366,375,378,380–381,382–389,410
in Qāsim-Shāhī Nizārī teaching 441
al-Sharīf al-Murtaḍā, ʿAlam al-Hudā, Imāmī theologian 185
al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, Imāmī theologian, 185
Sharīk b. Shaykh al-Mahrī (al-Mahdī), leader of Shīʿī revolt 79
al-Shawāhid wa’l-bayān, of Jaʿfar b. Manṣūr al-Yaman 165
Shāwar, Fāṭimid vizier 251–252,253
al-Shāwirī, ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbbās, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī in Yaman 166,198
Shāyasta Khān, Mughal governor of Gujarāt 283
shaykh (plural, mashāyikh) 19,59,60,72,122,145,405,432
in Druze community 190
for Dāʾūdīs 287,292
for Sulaymānīs 298
for Sufis, passim 366,388,427,428–430
Nizārī imams as 418–420,431
Shaykh Ādam Ṣafī al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 282
Shaykh al-Jabal, see Old Man of the Mountain
Shaykh Jīwanjī Awrangābādī, ancestor of some Dāʾūdī dāʿīs 287
Shaykh al-Ṭāʾifa, see al-Ṭūsī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad
al-Shaykh al-Yūnānī, see Plotinus
al-Shayyāl, Jamāl al-Dīn 32
Shayzar, castle, in central Syria 335,350
Sheil, Justin, British minister in Tehran 472
Shem, see Sām
Shīʿa, see Shīʿīs, Shīʿism
Shiʿāf (or Shaʿāf), in Ḥarāz 265
Shīʿat ʿAlī, see Shīʿīs, Shīʿism
Shīʿat al-Mahdī 53
Shīʿat Muʿāwiya 46
Shīʿat ʿUthmān 46
Shibām, mountain and fortress, in Ḥarāz 259,266,268
shifting identities 450–451
Shihāb al-Dīn, Nizārī muḥtasham in Quhistān 383,388
Shihāb al-Dīn, pīr 443
Shihāb al-Dīn b. al-ʿAjamī, Zangid vizier 370
Shihāb al-Dīn b. Ḥarb, Naṣrid amīr of Sīstān 384
Shihāb al-Dīn Maḥmūd b. Takash, governor of Ḥamā 370
Shihāb al-Dīn Muḥammad, Ghūrid 374
Shihāb al-Dīn Shāh al-Ḥusaynī, pīr, son of Āghā Khān Ⅱ, Nizārī author 407,n:480
Shīʿīs, Shīʿism 1,2,7,34–35,204
origins of (in Shīʿī view) 36–38,39–40,41
early development 41–60
Arab, unified phase 46–51
revolt of al-Mukhtār 52–56
period of fragmentation (al-Mukhtār to ʿAbbāsid revolution), 57–71; radical branch, 59–67, 69–70, 75–78; moderate branch, passim; Zaydiyya 57,67–69,71–80 ,72–74
repressed by ʿAbbāsids 78–81
Shīʿīs, Shīʿism (cont.)
during imamate of Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, passim; in pre-Fāṭimid North Africa 71–80 ,126
(Fāṭimid) caliphate established 127–128,137
in Egypt 158
of ʿIrāq, attracted to Fāṭimid Ismāʿīlism 184–185
in Ifrīqiya, persecuted by Sunnīs 183,201
suppressed in Gujarāt 277
persecuted by Awrangzīb 283–284,456
as state religion of Ṣafawid Persia, 425–426, 430–431, 435; radicals persecuted by Ṣafawids 435–437
adopted by Yūsuf ʿĀdil Shāh and Burhān I Niẓām Shāh 453–454
Sufism and 420–421,425–426,427
and dissident Nizārī Khojas in Aga Khan Case 475–476
conception of religious authority 35,39–40
devotion to ʿAlī 46–47,425,427
hereditary sanctity of the Prophet’s family 37,39–41,57–58
definition of ahl al-bayt 37–38,40–41,57–58,81,82–83
significance of Fāṭimid ancestry for 82–83
tradition of ḥadīth 69–80
significance of naṣṣ imamate 81–82
and taqiyya 68,82,83
imam’s role in 39–40,83,364–365
use of the term ḥujja 83,117–118
martyrology 49,50
eschatology 59–60
doctrine of taʿlīm 40,82,313,340–342
system of law 68–69,80,170–171
ceremonies under Fāṭimids 177–178
mawlā Shīʿism 58,79
contribution of ghulāt to 63,66
and Muʿtazilīs 73
popular motifs in Syrian Nizārī doctrine of qiyāma 371–372
mawālī: their effect on Shīʿism, 55–56, 76; deserted revolutionary Shīʿism 78
elitism among 70
see also imamate; Imāmīs; Ismāʿīlīs; Nuṣayrīs; Qārmaṭīs; Twelvers; Zaydīs
Shīrānshāh b. ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad Ⅲ 394
Shīrāz, in Fārs 203,422,427,461,462,465,477
Shīrgīr, Anūshtagīn, Saljūq amīr 337–338,342,345
Shīrkūh, Asad al-Dīn, Zangid general and Fāṭimid vizier 251–252
Shīrkūh, fortress, near Alamūt 392
Shīrwānī, Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn, Mast ʿAlī Shāh, Niʿmat Allāhī Sufi master 463,465–468
Shīth (Seth) 132
Shughnān, in Badakhshan 29,95,408,452,502
Shujāʿ al-Salṭana, pretender to the Qājār throne 464
Shumayṭiyya, subgroup of Imāmiyya 88
shūrā (consultative council) 37,41
Shurāt, early Khārijīs 46
al-Shūshtarī, Nūr Allāh, Qāḍī, Twelver scholar and jurist 168,281
Sibṭ Ibn al-Jawzī, historian 309
Sicily (Ṣiqilliyya) 138,143–144,162,202,390
Siddharāja Jayasingha, Rājpūt Hindu king of Gujarāt 276,385
Sidhpūr, in Gujarāt 269,277,279,291
Sidih, village, in southern Khurāsān 490–491
Sidon (Ṣaydā) 244,313,369
Ṣidq ʿAlī Shāh, see Muḥammad Ṣādiq Maḥallātī
Ṣiffīn, battle of 43,45–46,47,49
sijill 140,245,247
Sijilmāsa 125–126,127,128,142,156,157
Sijistān, see Sīstān
al-Sijistānī, Abū Yaʿqūb Isḥāq b. Aḥmad, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī and author 112,113,138,154–155,166
provides evidence of pre-Fāṭimid cosmology 133–135
as member of Iranian school of philosophical Ismāʿīlism, passim 225–228 ,229,230–231,233
sijjīn 275
al-Sijzī, see al-Sijistānī
silsila, chain of spiritual masters in Sufism 426
Silvestre de Sacy, Antoine Isaac, orientalist 22–24,25,26,n:27
al-Simʿānī, see Assemani
Simla, in India 482
Simnān, in Persia 394
Simon Peter, see Shamʿūn al-Ṣafāʾ
al-Ṣīn, see China
Sinān b. Salmān (or Sulaymān) b. Muḥammad Abu’l-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī, Nizārī leader in Syria, see Rāshid al-Dīn Sinān
Sinān b. Sulaymān, Kalbid 192
Sind, now in Pakistan 104,279,298,442,445,463
Ismāʿīlī daʿwa to 99,110,116,164,220,266
Fāṭimid suzerainty acknowledged in 166–167
jazīra of 218,298
and Maḥmūd of Ghazna 200
Nizārīs in, 385–386, 409, 410, 449; Qāsim-Shāhīs, passim, 457; Āghā Khān I in, 470–472; Āghā Khān Ⅱ visited 436,442–451 ,477
British conquest of 470–472
see also Pakistan
Sindhī (language) 432,444,445,457
ṣinf (guild), see guilds
Singapore 501
Ṣinhāja, see Ṣanhāja
Sinjār 196
Sinkiang (Xinjiang), region, in China 496
Ṣiqilliyya, see Sicily
Sīra, of Jawdhar 6,172
Sīra, of al-Muʾayyad fi’l-Dīn al-Shīrāzī 6,203
Sīrāf, port on Persian Gulf 148
Sirāj al-Dīn Muẓaffar b. al-Ḥusayn, Nizārī chief dāʿī in Syria 389
Sirāj al-Dīn Najm b. Jaʿfar, Fāṭimid chief dāʿī and chief qāḍī 253
Sīrjān, in Kirmān 457,459,460,461,462,468,469,494
Sīstān (Arabic, Sijistān; also called Nīmrūz), in eastern Persia 113,153,353,383–384,452
Ismāʿīlī daʿwa to 113
supported Fāṭimid cause 166
relations with Nizārīs of Quhistān 319,345,374,383–384,411
Sitt al-Mulk, sister of Fāṭimid caliph al-Ḥākim 191–192
Siyāhchashm, see Mahdī b. Khusraw Fīrūz
Siyāsat-nāma, of Niẓām al-Mulk 9,209
slaves’ revolt, see Zanj
Slavs (Ṣaqāliba) 156,217
Société Asiatique, Paris 23,27,28
socio-economic conditions 486,493,500,502
for early Ismāʿīlī 114–115
leading to early support for Shīʿism 54–57
under ʿAbbāsids 78–79,114–115
in Qarmaṭī state of Baḥrayn 110–111
see also mawālī
soteriology
in doctrine of early Ismāʿīlīs 135
in Iranian school of philosophical Ismāʿīlism 231–232,234
in doctrine of Ṭayyibīs 271,273–275
see also eschatology; qiyāma
soul, see nafs
South Asia 3,4,7,30,290,298,299,n:300,403,408,442–451,484,494,n:497
see also India; Pakistan; Sind; etc.
Southern, Richard W. 11
Soviet Central Asia 408,455,495,502
see also Central Asia; Transoxania
Spain 157,159
see also al-Andalus
Sri Lanka (Ceylon) 291
see also Sarandīb
Stern, Samuel Miklos 32,106,133,n:235
Stroeva, Lyudmila V. 31,310
Strothmann, Rudolf 31
Ṣubḥ al-aʿshāʾ, of al-Qalqashandī 6,n:140
Sūdānīs 193–194
al-Ṣufāt (the Pure) 372
Sufis, Sufism 148,426–431,449,501
role in spreading Shīʿism in Persia 420–421,426–427
suppressed by Ṣafawids 435,437
analogies with Nizārī teaching 361,366,382
Nizārī association with, 388, 404, 406, 407, 418–420, 425, 431–433, 444, 456–457, 461–462, 465, 477, 504; Nizārī imams disguised as Sufi pīrs 412,418,419,431–432,435,437
and Twelver Shīʿism 420–421
and Satpanth 444
Shāh Ṭāhir as 454
in poetry of Nizārī Quhistānī 412–413
Ṣufriyya, subgroup of Khārijīs 145
Suhrāb Khān, Qājār commander 465
Suhrawardiyya, Sufi order 444
Sukayn, Druze leader 188–189
Sukmān, Artuqid ruler of Palestine 243
Ṣulayḥids, of Yaman 3,138,198–201,203,210,243,255–258,262–263,264,277
historiography 239–241
supported Ṭayyibīs 238,246,262–263
Sulaym, Banū 201
Sulaymān, son of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Ḥāfiẓ 248–249
Sulaymān b. ʿAbd al-Malik, Umayyad caliph 61,62,71
Sulaymān b. Dāʾūd b. al-ʿĀḍid, Badr al-Dīn, Ḥāfiẓī imam 254
Sulaymān b. Ḥasan, Sulaymānī dāʿī 281–282,295,296
Sulaymān b. al-Ḥasan b. Abi’l-Ḥifāẓ 264
Sulaymān b. Ḥaydar, Shaykh, Nizārī leader at Maṣyāf 489
Sulaymān b. Jaʿfar b. Falāḥ 179
Sulaymān b. Kathīr 76,79
Sulaymān b. Ṣurad al-Khuzāʿī 49,51
Sulaymānīs, Sulaymāniyya, branch of Ṭayyibīs 30,241,276,281–282,295–300
fiqh 169,280,294–295
daʿwa organization 298–299
schism with Dāʾūdīs 3,239,280–282,298–299
Sulaymānshāh, Saljūq sultan 338
Sullam al-najāt, of Abū Yaʿqūb al-Sijistānī 231–232
Sulṭān ʿAlī, Ṣafawid shaykh 430
Sulṭān Khwārazmshāh, see ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad
Sulṭān Muḥammad Shāh, Aga Khan Ⅲ, see Aga Khan Ⅲ
Sulṭānābād, see Arāk
Sulṭāniyya, in northwestern Persia 416,417,451,453
Sultans of Delhi 277
see further Khaljī dynasty; Muʿizzī dynasty; Tughluqid dynasty
Sūmras, of Sind 167,443
sunna 37,48,68,170–171
Sunnīs, Sunnism 2,34–35,340–341
origin of name 48
hostility to the ghulāt 63,66
respect for Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq 80–81
and Zaydīs 74
ʿAbbāsid support for 78–79
view of chief offence of Shīʿīs 66
failure to absorb Shīʿism 82
system of fiqh 170
anti-Ismāʿīlī accounts 7–10,99
failed to distinguish early Ismāʿīlī groups 152
and history of Fāṭimids 139–140
on Nizārī declaration of the qiyāma 362,367
persecuted Shīʿīs in Ifrīqiya 182–183,201
persecuted Ismāʿīlī Bohras in India 283–285,286
massacres of Nizārīs 329,374
Jalāl al-Dīn Ḥasan Ⅲ’s rapprochement with 375–377,389
Nizārī alliances with 375–376,404,504
and Sufism 425–426,427,428
‘Shīʿitization’ of 426,429–430
opposed Fāṭimids in North Africa 141
in Khārijī Berber revolt 145–146
in Egypt 159–161,177,181,192,252–253,261
in Ṣafawid Persia 435–436
of Syria 331–332
institute at Fusṭāṭ 181
championed by Saljūqs 195–196
Zurayʿid territories reverted to 257
Ismāʿīlī Bohras converted to 277–279,283,285,290,299
Khojas as 474–476,484,488
Imām-Shāhīs as 446–447
Mōmnas as 448
and Nāṣir-i Khusraw 205,206–207
see also Ahl al-Sunna wa’l-Jamāʿa; Jamāʿa
Sunqur, holder of Maṣyāf 350
Ṣūr, see Tyre
al-ṣūra al-nūrāniyya 273
Sūrat, in Gujarāt 33,241,286,287,291,292,294,442,472,485
al-Ṣūrī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī and author in Syria 208
Surūr, Muḥammad J. 32
Sūsa, in North Africa 147
Switzerland 482–483,496
symbolic exegesis, see taʾwīl
Syria 3,4,12,22,45,204,313,430
histories of 309–310
Ismāʿīlī libraries 30,32
versus ʿIrāq 44,46,77–78
opposed ʿAlī 44–46
as Umayyad rule collapsed 75
Ismāʿīlī daʿwa in 5,99,221
Qarmaṭī revolts of, 289–294/902–907 122–123
under Ṭūlūnids 123–124
disputed by Fāṭimids and Qarmaṭīs 161–162,166–167
under Fāṭimids 103,139,161,173–176,182–183,192,195
under Mirdāsids 183
under Zangids 250–251
under Ayyūbids 253
Crusaders in 11,18,244,331,350–352,368
under Saljūqs 331
in Mongol invasions 398–399
under Mamlūks 399–401
in Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism 245,324–325
home of Druze movement 188
in Ḥāfiẓī–Ṭayyibī schism 248
Ṭayyibīs of 236,261
Ḥāfiẓīs of 254–255
Nizārīs of, passim, 28, 254, 301, 304, 309, 403; literature, 406; preserved Fāṭimid traditions, 302, 408; Aleppo period (to 507/1113), 331–334; Damascus period (507–523/1113–1129), 347–349; Jabal Bahrāʾ period (524–545/1130–1151), 349–352; under Rāshid al-Dīn Sinān (557–589/1162–1193), 367–373; post-qiyāma (589–654/1193–1256), 376, 389–391, 397, 398–399; under Baybars I, 399–402; under Mamlūks, 401–402, 489; under Ottomans, 408, 489; modern period 11–19 ,488–490,501
Muḥammad-Shāhī subgroup 408,413–414,451,455–456
see also Crusaders: and Nizārīs; Nuṣayrīs: rivalry with Nizārīs
Syriac (-Aramaic) language 184,223,233
al-Ṭabarī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad b. Jarīr, historian 6,99,103,107,109,147
Ṭabaristān (Māzandarān), in northern Persia 152,344,367,415,417,420
early Ismāʿīlī daʿwa to 102,112
Nāṣir-i Khusraw in 206
Zaydīs in 313–314
controlled by Sanjar 338
Nizārī daʿwa to 314,342,346
against Nizārīs of Rūdbār 337,357,374
in Mongol invasions 394
Tīmūr in 418
Ṣafawid conquest of 417
Ṭabas, in Quhistān 17,319,329
Tabrīz, in Ādharbayjān 356,412,416,419,430,431
Tabūk, battle of 41
Tāfilālt, in North Africa 125
tafsīr (Qurʾān commentary) 130,222,340
Taft, near Yazd 429
ṭahāra (ritual purity) 169
Tāhart, in western Algeria 127,142,156,157
Ṭāhir b. Raḍī al-Dīn, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 451
Ṭāhir Sayf al-Dīn, Sayyidnā, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 289–290
Ṭāhirids, of southern Yaman 267,268
Ṭahmāsp I, Ṣafawid shāh 422,435–436,454,455
al-Ṭāʾī, ʿAlī b. Aḥmad, see al-Muqtanā
Ṭāʾif, in Saudi Arabia 297
Taʿizz, in Yaman 257
Tāj al-Dīn, Mihrabānid 412
Tāj al-Dīn, pīr 445–446,447
Tāj al-Dīn Abu’l-Futūḥ b. Muḥammad, Nizārī chief dāʿī in Syria 389,390
Tāj al-Dīn Āmulī, Zaydī sayyid 416
Tāj al-Dīn Mardānshāh, qāḍī, governor of Girdkūh 394
Tajikistan 29,207,408,494–495,502,n:503
Tajrīd al-ʿaqāʾid, of Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī 379–380
Takrīt, in ʿIrāq 321,324,335
Ṭalāʾiʿ b. Ruzzīk, Fāṭimid vizier 250–251,253
Ṭalḥa b. ʿUbayd Allāh 41,44
al-tālī (the follower) 134,190,229,n:230
Ṭālibids, branch of Hāshimids 57,73
taʿlīm 339,500
in Shīʿī thought 40,82–84
in teaching of Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ 313,339–342,366
Taʿlīmiyya 24,342
Ṭāliqān, in Daylam 319,324,345,394
Ṭāliqān, in Khurāsān 111,383
Tamīm b. al-Muʿizz, poet, son of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Muʿizz 172–173
Tamīm b. al-Muʿizz, Zīrid 201,202
Tāmir, ʿĀrif 32
Ṭamūrṭughān, Saljūq amīr 345
tanāsukh (metempsychosis)
in doctrine of ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥarb 62
in doctrines of the ghulāt 65
in Druze doctrine 190
in Syrian Nizārī doctrine 372
rejected by Ṭayyibīs 273
in Nuqṭawī doctrine 422
Tancred, prince of Antioch 333–334
Tando Muḥammad Khān, in Sind 448
Tanga, in East Africa 291,486
Tanganyika, in East Africa 291,487
see also Tanzania
Tangier 156
Tantrism 449
Tanzania 291,484,497–498,501
see also Tanganyika; Zanzibar
tanzīl 130
Taormina, in Sicily 145
taqiyya (precautionary dissimulation) 4,5,68,74,82,83,87,101,118–119,129,137,167,170,277,279,280,283,376,379–380,382,396,404,410,412,419,425,435,441,444,448,449–450,453–454,492
taqlīd (emulation) 171
Ṭarablus, see Tripoli, in Syria
Ṭarāʾiq al-ḥaqāʾiq, of Maʿṣūm ʿAlī Shāh, Muḥammad Maʿṣūm Shīrāzī 477
Taʾrīkh al-rusul wa’l-mulūk, of al-Ṭabarī 99
Taʾrīkh al-Yaman, of ʿUmāra b. ʿAlī al-Ḥakamī al-Yamanī 239–240,255
Taʾrīkh-i alfī 436
Taʾrīkh-i Firishta, of Firishta 452
Taʾrīkh-i guzida, of Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī 307
Taʾrīkh-i jahān-gushā, of Juwaynī 305
Taʾrīkh-i Ṭabaristān, of Ibn Isfandiyār, 308
ṭarīqa 420,423,426,427,428–429,431,433,444,461–462,465,477,501
Ṭarm, see Ṭārum
Tārmal, minister to Rājpūt king of Gujarāt 276
Tartars, see Mongolia, Mongols
Ṭārum, in Persia 153,154,384,391,397,415
Ṭarz, in Khurāsān 345
taṣawwuf, see Sufis
tashbīh (anthropomorphism) 61,64,228
Tashkent, in Uzbekistan 29
Tashkorghan, in Sinkiang (Xinjiang) region of China 494
taʿṭīl 228
tawḥīd 188,189,228,233,270
taʾwīl (esoteric interpretation)
in doctrine of al-Mughīra 70
in Shīʿī thought 83–84
in doctrine of early Khaṭṭābīs 86
in early Ismāʿīlī doctrine 129–130
in Druze religion 188–189
in Fāṭimid doctrine 166,169,208,213,221,228,232
in Nizārī doctrine of qiyāma 358,360,364,366,411
in Sufi doctrine 419
for Ḥurūfiyya 421
Taʾwīl al-daʿāʾim, of al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān 215
Taʾwīl al-zakāt, of Jaʿfar b. Manṣūr al-Yaman 165
Tawwābūn (the Penitents) 51,52
taxation 108,141,185,317,330,n:400
see also jizya; kharāj
Tayir-Buqa, Mongol general 396
Ṭayy tribesmen 192
al-Ṭayyib, son of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Āmir, Mustaʿlī-Ṭayyibī imam 105,238–239,246,247,256,261–262,264,274,275
Ṭayyib Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn b. Nūr al-Dīn Yūsuf, ʿAlawī Bohra dāʿī 282
Ṭayyib Zayn al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 287
Tayyibhai Razzak, Malik Shahanshah, leader of Artāliswālās 289
Ṭayyibī Bohras, see India: Ṭayyibīs of
Ṭayyibīs, Ṭayyibiyya, branch of Mustaʿlians 1,3,94,201,246,287,385
historiography 239–241,261
preserved Fāṭimid literature 172,207,236,265
doctrine 269–275
system of law 169
epistle announcing birth of al-Ṭayyib 246,261
tradition concerning fate of al-Ṭayyib 261–262
tradition concerning early dāʿīs 263–264
daʿwa organization 219,275–276
schism with Ḥāfiẓiyya 246–248,259,260,264,277,325
Dāʾūdī–Sulaymānī–ʿAlawī schism 239,280–282,295–296,299–300
Jaʿfarī secession 278–279
of named areas see under Egypt; India; Syria; Yaman
see also Mustaʿlians; Dāʾūdīs; Sulaymānīs; ʿAlawīs (ʿAlawiyya)
taʿziya (popular religious play) 50
Tāzrūt, in North Africa 126
Tegüder, Mongol general 394
Tehran 31,111,427,460,463,464,465,466,469,470,472,473,493,494
Templars, see Knights Templar
temporary marriage, see mutʿa
Terken Khātūn, Malikshāh’s wife 319,320
ṭhākur (ṭhākkar) 443
Thanapipli, near Jūnāgarh 448
al-thānī (the second) 229
Thatta, in Sind 167,443
Theology, of Aristotle, see Uthūlūjiyā
Thietmar, M., German traveller 14
Thimāl b. Mirdās 195,204
Third World 497,503
‘three schoolfellows’, legend of 312
Tiflīs 356
Tigris river 321
Tihāma, in Yaman 198,199
Tīmjān, in Daylam 416
Tīmūr (Temür), founder of the Tīmūrid dynasty 308,415,416,418,421,422,425,426,428,451,452
Tīmūrids, of Persia and Transoxania 308,415,425,427,429,431,452
Tinnīs, in Egypt 244
tolerance, racial and religious 137,176,177,212,236
Toluy, son of Chingiz Khan 383
Toronto 497,504
Tortosa (Ṭarṭūs) 389
trade 138,176,181,201,285,290,291
Transcaucasia 154,356
transmigration of souls, see tanāsukh
Transoxania (Mā warāʾ al-nahr) 29,54,218,224,334,415
later Kaysānī sects of 63
and Umm al-kitāb 95
Ismāʿīlī daʿwa to 99,111,116,122,203
al-Nasafī’s mission to 113
following of Aḥmad b. al-Kayyāl 112–113
Fāṭimid daʿwa to 202,209,325
followed dissident Ismāʿīlīs 154,121–122
origin of Saljūqs 195
conquered by Mongols 382
Niʿmat Allāh Walī in 428
Nizārīs of, 407, 451–452, 455, 456, 494–495, 502; literature and historiography 406,407–408,494–495
see also Badakhshan; Central Asia
Tripoli, in North Africa 125,162,169,183
Tripoli (Ṭarablus), in Syria 22,179,244,331,350,352,369,402
Tübingen University Library 32
Ṭubna, in North Africa 127,147
Tughluqid dynasty, of India 277
Ṭughril I, Saljūq sultan 195–197,205
Ṭughril Ⅱ, Saljūq sultan 338,346
Ṭughril Ⅲ, Saljūq sultan 373
Ṭughtigīn, founder of the Būrid (Börid) dynasty of Damascus and southern Syria 334,347–348
Tuḥfat al-qulūb, of Ḥātim b. Ibrāhīm al-Ḥāmidī 275
Tukhāristān 320
Tükel Bahadur, Mongol officer 393
Ṭūlūnids, of Egypt and Syria 125
Tūn, in Quhistān 17,319,353,391,392–393,412
Tunis 146,183
Tunisia 127
see also Ifrīqiya
Tūrānshāh, Ayyūbid ruler of Yaman 257,260
Ṭuraythīth, in Quhistān 345,357
Turbat-i Ḥaydariya, in Khurāsān 494
Turkey 421
Turkistān 29,374,438
Turkomans 196,197,210,331,425,430
Turks 175,178,187,193,218,316,331,332,352,373
see also Ottoman Turks; Saljūqs; Turkomans
Turshīz, in Khurāsān 329,391
Ṭūs, in Khurāsān 378,393
al-Ṭūsī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan, Shaykh al-Ṭāʾifa, Imāmī scholar 68,168,170
al-Ṭūsī, Khwāja Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Muḥammad, Shīʿī scholar 304,340,378–382,393,395,398,440
Tutar, Mongol officer 394
Tutush, Saljūq ruler of Syria 197,320,325,331
Twelvers, Twelver Shīʿism (Ithnāʿashariyya) 1,35,58,63,81,89,117,206,311,495
as majority branch of the Shīʿa 58–59,89
definition of ahl al-bayt 57–58,82–83
use of the term ḥujja 117–118
Mahdī concept 60
and taqiyya 68,82,129,404
and the ghulāt 63,67
supported imamate of Mūsā al-Kāẓim 89
hostile to Ismāʿīl b. Jaʿfar 89,91
hostile to Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl 96
practices developed under Būyids 178
system of law 80,170–171,172
persecuted under ʿAbbāsids 78–79
proclaimed as state religion in Fāṭimid Egypt 247,262
on Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī 379
proclaimed as state religion in Ṣafawid Persia 405,431,435
proclaimed as state religion in Niẓām-Shāhī Deccan 454
and Sufism 420,429–430
guise for Qāsim-Shāhī Nizārīs, 437, 451, 490, 504; campaigns against Nizārīs, 463, 490–491, 492–493; guise for Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārīs, 454–455; relations with contemporary Nizārīs of Persia, 494; rituals observed by Persian Nizārīs 492,493
of Anjudān 423
of Khojas 474,481,484,486,488
hostile to Niʿmat Allāhīs 461–462
of East Africa 486
Imām-Shāhīs as 446–447
Mōmnas as 448
hostile to Shāh Khalīl Allāh (Ⅲ) 463
Murād Mīrzāʾīs embraced 491
al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān depicted as 168
Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī as 379–380
see also imamate; Imāmīs; Shīʿīs
Tyabji family, of Bombay 300
Tyre (Ṣūr) 179,197,216,243,244,313,372,402
ʿUbayd Allāh b. Ziyād, Umayyad governor of Baṣra and Kūfa 50,51
ʿUbayd Allāh al-Mahdī, see al-Mahdī, ʿAbd Allāh, first Fāṭimid caliph
Uchchh, in Sind 442–443,444,450
Udaipur, in India 291
Uganda 291,484,487,497,501
Ujjain, in India 285–286,291
ʿUlāʾiyya 94–95
ʿulamāʾ (religious scholars) 7,34,35,201,203,206,281,287,288,312,321,336,341,435,461,466
ʿUlaym, Banū, of Syria 335
ʿUlayṣ, Banu’l-, of Syria 122
‘Ullayqa, castle, in Syria 368,400,401,402
ūlu’l-ʿazm 97,131,226
ʿUmān 110,199,291,486
ʿUmar Ⅱ, Umayyad caliph 71
ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb, second caliph 36,37,41,42,43,55,66,74
ʿUmar b. Saʿd 53
ʿUmar b. Yaḥyā 151
ʿUmar Khayyām, poet and astronomer 312
ʿUmāra b. ʿAlī al-Ḥakamī, Yamanī historian and poet 239–240,253–254,255,261,263
Umayyads, Banū Umayya 37,44,45,48,49,52,56,58,62,66,114,223
control over ʿIrāq 51,53–54
challenged ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib 44–46
cursed by radical Shīʿīs 66
collapse 71,72,74
overthrown by ʿAbbāsids 62,78
Umayyads, of Spain 140,141,156,182
Umm al-kitāb, anonymous Shīʿī work 29,93–94,95,98,407
umma (community of believers) 1,34,36,39
United Arab Emirates 501
United Kingdom
in East Africa 291
invasion of Afghanistan 468,469–470
and Āghā Khān I 469–472,473–474
and Āghā Khān Ⅱ 477
and Aga Khan Ⅲ 481–483,493
Nizārī community of 501
see also England; India; Britain
United Nations 496
United States of America 497,501
University of Central Asia, in Tajikistan 503
upper Oxus region, see Transoxania
ʿUqayl, Banū 176
ʿUqaylids, of ʿIrāq and northern Syria 176,183,185,196
al-Uqḥuwāna, in Palestine 192
al-Urbus (Laribus), in North Africa 127
Urdu (language) 30,297,299
ūrkhān, Khwārazmian commander 386
ʿUṣfūn, village, in upper Egypt 255
ʿUslūj b. al-Ḥasan, Fāṭimid administrator 212
Ustūnāwand, fortress, in Damāwand 321
uṣūl al-fiqh 171
see also fiqh
al-Uṣūl min al-Kāfī, of al-Kulaynī 118
Uṣūlī school, of Twelver law 171
Usyūṭ (Asyūṭ), in upper Egypt 250
ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān, third caliph 37,41,42–44,45,46,48,66,74
ʿUthmāniyya 45,46
Uthūlūjiyā (Theology), of Aristotle, Pseudo-Aristotelian treatise 224
Uwāl, island, in Persian Gulf 210
Uways I, Jalāyirid ruler of Ādharbayjān 416
ʿUyūn al-akhbār wa-funūn al-āthār, of Idrīs ʿImād al-Dīn 5,90,99,240
on ‘hidden imams’ 106
on al-Ṭayyib 262
ʿUyūnids, of eastern Arabia 210
Uzbekistan 113
Vaishnavism 450
Valentinian Gnosticism 69,93
Vancouver, in Canada 497
Vasak, brother of the Fāṭimid vizier Bahrām 249
Vatican Library, Vatican 21
Vazīrī Kirmānī, Aḥmad ʿAlī Khān, historian 408,459
Veda 450
vegetarianism 124,204,282
Venice, in Italy 15,18
Vetus de Montanis, see Old Man of the Mountain
Victoria, queen of Great Britain and empress of India 481
Vieux de la Montagne, le, see Old Man of the Mountain
Villani, Giovanni, historian 19
Vishnu, Hindu deity 450
vizier, vizierate, see wazīr
Vohra, Hindu caste 276
Wādī al-Taym, in Syria 348,352
waezeen, Nizārī preachers 499
waḥda, see ahl-i vaḥdat
Wahhābiyya 86,296
Wahsūdān b. Muḥammad, Musāfirid 121,153,154
Wahsūdān b. Murzubān, Justānid 153
waḥy (divine revelation) 83
Wajh-i dīn, of Nāṣir-i Khusraw 30,208–209
wājib al-wujūd, ‘the necessary existent’ 233,234
Wakhān, in Badakhshan 29,95
wakīl 447
walāʾ,(clientage) 54
see also mawālī
al-walad al-tāmm (the perfect child) 273
walāya (Persian walāyat) 83–84,169,170
walī, awliyāʾ 84,134,215,428
wālī, head of Ṭayyibī daʿwa in India 276,277,278
Walī al-Dawla Abu’l-Barakāt b. ʿAbd al-Ḥaqīq, chief dāʿī 245
wālī mullā, rank in Dāʾūdī daʿwa 293
al-Walīd I, Umayyad caliph 54,61
al-Walīd Ⅱ, Umayyad caliph 74,75
al-Walīd b. ‘Utba b. Abī Sufyān, Umayyad 267
Walīd, Banu’l-, of Yaman 240,267,269
Walker, Paul E. 32,231
Walter of Mesnil, Templar knight 369
wāqifiyya 96
Waṣāyā, attributed to Niẓām al-Mulk 312
waṣī, awṣiyāʾ (legatees) 40,81,83,85,129,130,132,217,232,234,365
Wāṣil b. ʿAṭāʾ, founder of the Muʿtazila 73
Wāsiṭ, in ʿIrāq 54,149,196,367
wāsiṭa 179,180,181,191,212
Watt, William Montgomery 47
wazīr (vizier) 52,77,158,172,176,179,180,181,191,211–212,248,252,312
wazīr al-sayf (wa’l-qalam) 194,212,248
wazīr al-tafwīḍ 212
wazīr al-tanfīdh 212
Wellhausen, Julius, orientalist 34,74
West: Ismāʿīlīs migrated to 290,291,497,500,504
West Africa 189
Western Ismāʿīlīs, see Mustaʿlians
wilāya 428
Wilhelm Ⅱ, Kaiser, emperor of Germany 481
William of Châteauneuf, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller 390
William of Rubruck (Rubruquis), Franciscan friar and envoy of Louis Ⅸ to Mongolia 15,17,389
William of Tyre, archbishop and Crusader historian 13,310,350,369
Windsor Castle 481
women, emancipation of 290,300,487–488
World War I 482,483,486,491
World War Ⅱ 483,491
Wuṣafāʾ (the Servants) 70
see also Mughīriyya
Yaʿburīs, branch of Banū Hamdān 266,268
yad, rank in daʿwa hierarchy 218
al-Yāfiʿī, ʿAbd Allāh, Sufi master 428
Yāfiʿiyya, Sufi order 428
Yaʿfurid (or Yaʿfirid) dynasty, of Yaman 122,198
Yaḥyā, son of Zikrawayh b. Mihrawayh 122–123
Yaḥyā Ⅳ, Idrīsid 142
Yaḥyā b. ʿAbbās 210
Yaḥyā b. Abi’l-Shumayṭ 88
Yaḥyā b. ʿAlī b. Ḥamdūn 157,158
Yaḥyā b. al-ʿAzīz, Ḥammādid 202
Yaḥyā b. Lamak al-Ḥammādī, dāʿī in Yaman 243,263–264
Yaḥyā b. Zayd b. ʿAlī, Zaydī imam 73,77
Yaʿlā b. Muḥammad, İfranid 156
Yalaoui (al-Yaʿlāwī), Mohammed (Muḥammad) 32
Yām, Banū, of Yaman 255,258,295–296,297,298
Yamāma 99,110,206
Yaman 3,5,20,28,30,400
Ismāʿīlī daʿwa to 102,109–110,327
Qarmaṭīs of 99,122
in Ismāʿīlī schism of 286/899 122
under Fāṭimids, 176, 218; Fāṭimid daʿwa to, 198–201, 204, 220, 256–257, 263–264; daʿwa to India 200–201
Ḥāfiẓiyya supported in 238,248,255–260
Ḥāfiẓī–Ṭayyibī schism 258–259,263–264
in Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism 262–263,324–325
Zurayʿids of 255–257
Ṭayyibīs of, passim 94,256,262–269 ,276–277,281
Dāʾūdīs of 281–282,291
Sulaymānīs of, 281–282, 295–300; jazīra of 298
revolt of Fīrūz 125
Ayyūbid conquest of 253
Ottoman occupation of 280,296
war with Saʿūdīs 297
see also Ṣulayḥids, of Yaman
Yamanīs
Shīʿī tendencies 41,43,45,47–48,51,77
traditions of kingship and hereditary attributes 41,47,55–56
Yamīn al-Dīn Bahrāmshāh, Naṣrid amīr of Sīstān 383–384
Yānis, Fāṭimid vizier 246,247,248
Yānisiyya 248
Yaʿqūb, son of Bhārmal, dāʿī in Gujarāt 276
Yaranqush, Saljūq amīr 353
Yarde-Buller, Joan, mother of Aga Khan Ⅳ 483
Yarīm, in Yaman 298
Yarkand, in Sinkiang (Xinjiang) province of China 494,496
Yārūkh, Fāṭimid governor of Damascus 182
Yasaʾur Noyan, Mongol commander 392,393
Yāsir b. Bilāl, Zurayʿid vizier 257
Yazd, in Persia 313,427,429,459,463,468,494
Yazdī, Sharaf al-Dīn ʿAlī, historian 418
Yazīd I, Umayyad caliph 49–50,51,52
Yazīd Ⅱ, Umayyad caliph 71
Yazīd Ⅲ, Umayyad caliph 74–75
al-Yāzurī, al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī, Fāṭimid vizier 172,193–194,197,201,203–204
Yināltigīn, see Bināltigīn
Yule, Sir Henry 16–17
Yumgān, in Badakhshan 206–207
Yūrun Tāsh, Saljūq amīr 318
Yūshaʿ (Joshua) 132
Yūsuf, father of the Fāṭimid caliph al-ʿĀḍid 251
Yūsuf ʿĀdil Khān, ʿĀdil-Shāhī ruler, 453
Yūsuf b. Abi’l-Sāj, Sājid amīr of Ādharbayjān 149,153
Yūsuf b. Fīrūz 348
Yūsuf b. Sulaymān, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 269,279–280
Yūsuf b. ʿUmar al-Thaqafī, Umayyad governor of ʿIrāq 72
Yūsuf Najm al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 286
Yves le Breton, friar and envoy to Syrian Nizarīs 14–15,391
Zāb, battle of 78
Zāb, in North Africa 147,157
Zabīd, in Tihāma 198,199,256,259–260,268
Zābūd mountains, in Syria 261
al-Zabūr, of the founder of the Sabaean religion 227
Zād al-musāfirīn, of Nāṣir-i Khusraw 206
Ẓafar, fortress, in Badakhshan 452
Ẓafar Khān Muẓaffar, sultan of Gujarāt 277
al-Zaʿfarānī, Sunnī jurist 111
al-Ẓāfir, Fāṭimid caliph 249–250,251
Zagros mountains, in western Persia 321,339,353,384
Zāhid ʿAlī 30
ẓāhir 10,83,129–131,167,221–222,226,269,361,362,366,381,412,420,n:441
al-Ẓāhir, Ayyūbid ruler of Aleppo 389
al-Ẓāhir, Fāṭimid caliph 191–192,198,200
Ẓahīr al-Dīn Nīshāpūrī, historian 308
Zahr al-maʿānī, of Idrīs ʿImād al-Dīn 106,269
Ẓahra, fortress, in Ḥarāz 266
Zahra, Princess, daughter of Aga Khan Ⅳ 504
Zakarī or Zakariyyāʾ, the ‘Persian Mahdī’ of the Qarmaṭīs 150
zakāt (alms) 169,294
Zakī al-Dīn Ṭayyib b. Shaykh Ādam, ʿAlawī Bohra dāʿī 282
Zanāta, Berbers 141,142,145–146,156,157,182
Zand dynasty, of Persia 405,408,459–461
Zangī b. Āq Sunqur, founder of the Zangid dynasty 352
Zangids, of Syria and northern ʿIrāq 250–251,350,368,369,370,372,373
Zanj 108,109,114,115,218
Zanjān, in Persia 377
al-Zanjānī, see ʿAlī b. Hārūn al-Zanjānī
Zanzibar 291–292,293,485–487,497
see also Tanzania
Zarand, in Kirmān 460
Zarang, in Sīstān 384
Zardusht, see Zoroaster
Zarubin, Ivan I. 29,30
Zāwa, in Khurāsān 393
al-Zawāḥī, Sulaymān b. ʿAbd Allāh, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī in Yaman 198,199
zāwiya 429
see also khānaqāh
Zawzan, see Zūzan
Zayd b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn, Zaydī imam 68,72–73,75,76
Zayd b. Rifāʿa 235
Zaydābād, fortress, in Sīrjān 469
Zaydīs, Zaydiyya 35,69,73–74,75,153,199,257,344,353
sources, on pre-Fāṭimid Ismāʿīlī cosmology 133–134,230
term dāʿī used by 219
transmitters of ḥadīth for al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān 170
against Ismāʿīlīs 110
system of law 171
forced Ismāʿīlīs to retreat in Yaman 109–110
against Nizārīs 10,24
against Ṣulayḥids 198–199
against Hamdānids 259
escaped Ayyūbid control 260
against Ṭayyibīs 239,240,264,267,268,280
against Sulaymānīs 296,297
at war with Saʿūdīs 296
in Caspian region 112,114,178,314,317,344,346,415,416
at Alamūt 314,415–416
Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn, imam, see ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn
Zervān, angel 270
Zikrawayh b. Mihrawayh, Qarmaṭī dāʿī 99,108,117,122–124,125
Zīrī b. Manād, amīr of Ṣanhāja and Fāṭimid general 146,147,156,157
Zīrids, of Ifrīqiya 157,162,176,179–180,183,201
Ziyād b. Abīhi, Umayyad governor of Baṣra and Kūfa 49
Ziyādat Allāh Ⅲ, Aghlabid 127
Ziyādids, of Yaman 198
Ziyārid dynasty, of Ṭabaristān and Gurgān, in northern Persia 112,n:152
Zoroaster 150,227
Zoroastrians, Zoroastrianism 56,60,133,136,150,227,270
al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām 41,44
Zubayr Rāghī, ruler in Badakhshan 452
Zubayrid anti-caliphate 53,58
Zubdat al-asrār, of Ṣafī ʿAlī Shāh 479
Zubdat al-ḥaqāʾiq, of ʿAzīz al-Dīn Nasafī 420
Zubdat al-nuṣra, of al-Bundārī 308
Zubdat al-tawārīkh, of Kāshānī 307
Zuhayr b. al-Qayn 50
ẓuhūr (manifestation) 65,89,238–239
see also dawr al-kashf
Zurāra b. Aʿyan, Imāmī scholar 68,84
Zurayʿ, Banū, of ʿAdan 255
Zurayʿ b. al-ʿAbbās, Zurayʿid 255–256
Zurayʿids, Zurayʿiyya, of ʿAdan 199,200,238,255–257,258,260,265
Zūzan, in Quhistān 319,374