Cambridge University Press
9780521850841 - The Ismā‘īlīs - Their History and Doctrines Second Edition - by farhad daftary
Index



Index

Main entries are arranged alphabetically and the sub-headings are arranged thematically rather than alphabetically. The Arabic definite article ‘al-’ is ignored for the purposes of alphabetization. The abbreviation ‘b.’ for ibn (‘son of ’) is alphabetized as written.

Post-Alamūt Qāsim-Shāhī Nizārī imams are referred to as ‘Nizārī imams’, but the full designation is used for Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imams.




Aaron, see Hār ūn

Abaqa, Īlkhānid 379,398,411

ʿAbbās, Saljūq governor of Rayy 357

ʿAbbās, son of Jangī Shāh 480

ʿAbbās I, Ṣafawid shāh 417,422,n:437

al-ʿAbbās b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib, uncle of the Prophet 57,79

ʿAbbās b. Abi’l-Futūḥ, Fāṭimid vizier 250,251

al-ʿAbbās b. al-Karam (or al-Mukarram), Zurayʿid 199,255–256

ʿAbbās b. Muḥammad b. Ḥātim b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 268

ʿAbbās Shāh, Nizārī imam, see Gharīb Mīrzā

ʿAbbāsids 1,2,7,9,48,54,57,58,61,n:71,104,114,153,161,223,318,n:481

   revolt of 76–78,219,327

   social order under 78,114

   became Sunnīs 48,79

   repressed Shīʿism 78–79,89,95,96,112,184

   early Ismāʿīlīs protested against 114–115

   repressed Qarmaṭī revolts in 284–289/897–902, and 293–294/906–907 108,123–124

   threatened by Qarmaṭīs of Baḥrayn 110,148,151

   versus Fāṭimids 137,138–139,140,142,163–164,167,173,176,183,185,195,201,209,212,252

   common enemy of Fāṭimids and Qarmaṭīs 152

   and the Būyids 203

   and Abū Ṭāhir al-Jannābī 148–149,n:151

   sovereignty proclaimed in Damascus, 163; in Egypt 252

   recognized by Mirdāsids, 194; by Zīrids 183,202

   and the Saljūqs 195–196,338,373

   and the Nizārīs 342

   and the Mongols 305,388,398

   in poetry of Ibn Hāniʾ 160–161

   term dāʿī used by 219

   recognized Nizārī state 375–376

ʿAbd al-Aḥad, amīr of Bukhārā 29

ʿAbd ʿAlī Sayf al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 286

ʿAbd Allāh, dāʿī in Gujarāt 200,276–277

ʿAbd Allāh, father of Ibn Sīnā 202–203

ʿAbd Allāh, father of Niʿmat Allāh Walī Kirmānī 428

ʿAbd Allāh, half-brother of Nizār b. al-Mustanṣir 242

ʿAbd Allāh, son of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Muʿizz 172,173,191

ʿAbd Allāh b. al-ʿAbbās, ʿAbbāsid 69

ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbbās, dāʿī in Yaman, see al-Shāwirī

ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Qādir Najm al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī Bohra 288

ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 268

ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAlī al-ʿUyūnī 210

ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥarb (or al-Ḥārith) al-Kindī, eponym of Ḥarbiyya 62

ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥārith 285

ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥasan al-Muthannā b. al-Ḥasan, ʿAlid 68,72,73,74,75,77,89

ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥātim b. al-Ghashīm, Hamdānid 258

ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh, see al-Mahdī, ʿAbd Allāh, first Fāṭimid caliph

ʿAbd Allāh b. Jaʿfar al-Afṭaḥ, ʿAlid 88,91,95,101,107,118–119

ʿAbd Allāh b. Jaʿfar al-Ṭayyār, Ṭālibid 62

ʿAbd Allāh b. Luṭf Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Rashīd al-Bihdādīnī, see Ḥāfiẓ Abrū

ʿAbd Allāh b. Maymūn al-Qaddāḥ 8,25,101–102,103,104,105,106

ʿAbd Allāh b. Muʿāwiya, Ṭālibid, leader of anti-Umayyad revolt 62–63,73,75–76

ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl (al-Akbar), concealed Ismāʿīlī imam 5,96,99–100,104,106,107

ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad al-Makramī, Sayyidnā, Sulaymānī dāʿī 297

ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Nāwūs 88

ʿAbd Allāh b. Qaḥṭān, Yaʿfurid amīr 198

ʿAbd Allāh b. Sabaʾ 63–64,66

ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar, Umayyad governor of ʿIrāq 75

ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar al-Hamdānī, Yamanī author 230

ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr, anti-caliph 51,52,53

ʿAbd Allāh Badr al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 289

ʿAbd Allāh al-Maḥḍ, see ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥasan al-Muthannā

ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī, see al-Mahdī, ʿAbd Allāh, first Fāṭimid caliph

ʿAbd Allāh al-Rāwandī, leader of Rāwandiyya 62

ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Ⅱ, king of Saudi Arabia 297

ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Muḥammad b. al-Nuʿmān, Abu’l-Qāsim, Fāṭimid chief qāḍī, grandson of al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān 172,181,215

ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Muḥammad b. Saʿūd 296

ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd Ⅱ, Ottoman sultan 481

ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq b. Sayf al-Dīn Dihlawī, hagiographer 443

ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn Ḥusām al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 288

ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn Jīwājī, founder of Mahdībāghwālās 288

ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Hamadhānī, al-Qāḍī, Muʿtazilī scholar 235

ʿAbd al-Majīd I, Ottoman sultan 489

ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Ḥāfiẓ, see al-Ḥāfiẓ, Fāṭimid caliph

ʿAbd al-Malik b. ʿAṭṭāsh, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī in Persia, passim 311–314,321,325,327,329,330,339

ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān, Umayyad caliph 53,54,59

ʿAbd al-Malik al-Kawkabī, early Ismāʿīlī dāʿī 112

ʿAbd al-Muʾmin, founder of the Almohad dynasty 202

ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib b. Hāshim, grandfather of the Prophet 57

ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib b. Muḥammad b. Ḥātim b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 268

ʿAbd al-Nabī b. ʿAlī b. al-Mahdī, Mahdid ruler of Zabīd 259

ʿAbd al-Qādir, son of Burhān I Niẓām Shāh 454

ʿAbd al-Qādir Ḥakīm al-Dīn 285

Abd al-Qadir Ibrahimji 289

ʿAbd al-Qādir Najm al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 286–288,289

ʿAbd al-Qawī, adviser to Awrangzīb 283

ʿAbd al-Qays, Banū, of Arabia 210

ʿAbd al-Raḥīm b. Ilyās b. Aḥmad, relative of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Ḥākim and walī al-ʿahd 186,191,247

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Ⅲ, Umayyad caliph in Spain 142,147,156,159

ʿAbd al-Salām Shāh, Nizārī imam 423,432,433

ʿAbd al-Ṭayyib Zakī al-Dīn b. Dāʾūd b. Quṭbshāh, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 282,283

ʿAbd al-Ṭayyib Zakī al-Dīn b. Ismāʿīl Badr al-Dīn, forty-first Dāʾūdī dāʿī 286

ʿAbd al-Ṭayyib Zakī al-Dīn b. Ismāʿīl Badr al-Dīn b. Mullā Rāj, thirty-fifth Dāʾūdī dāʿī 284

ʿAbd al-Wahhāb Badr al-Dīn, Fāṭimid 254

ʿAbdān, Qarmaṭī leader, passim 108–109,116–117,119,120–124,150,167

Abhar, in Persia 377

ʿĀbis b. Abī Ḥabīb 50

Abraham, see  Ibrāhīm

Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Khādim, early Ismāʿīlī dāʿī in Khurāsān 112–113

Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Shīʿī, early Ismāʿīlī dāʿī in North Africa, passim 6,125,126–128,141–142,214

Abū Aḥmad al-Nahrajūrī 235

Abū ʿAlī, brother-in-law of Ibn Madyan 262

Abū ʿAlī Ardistānī, Dihdār, Nizārī dāʿī in Persia 319,343,344,358

Abū ʿAlī Ḥasan b. Aḥmad, dāʿī in Egypt, see Ḥamdān Qarmaṭ

Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī al-Ṭūsī, see Niẓām al-Mulk, Saljūq vizier

Abū ʿAlī al-Manṣūr al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām Allāh, see al-Āmir, Fāṭimid caliph

Abū ʿAlī al-Manṣūr al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh, see al-Ḥākim, Fāṭimid caliph

Abū ʿAmra Kaysān, see Kaysān, Abū ʿAmra

Abū Ashʿath, Sāmānid secretary 113

Abū Bakr, first caliph 36–37,38,39,41,44,66,74

Abū Bakr b. Ḥammād, Qarmaṭī dāʿī 120,155

Abū Dharr ʿAlī (Nūr al-Dīn), Nizārī imam 425,435–436

Abū Dharr al-Ghiffārī 39,43,371

Abū Firās Shihāb al-Dīn b. al-Qāḍī Naṣr al-Maynaqī, Nizārī author in Syria 371,373,408

Abū Ghānim Naṣr, Qarmaṭī dāʿī 123–124

Abū Ḥamza, Nizārī dāʿī, in Persia 321

Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān, eponym of Ḥanafī madhhab 80

Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān (al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān), see al-Nuʿmān b. Muḥammad, al-Qāḍī Abū Ḥanīfa

Abū Ḥarb ʿĪsā b. Zayd 334

Abū Hāshim ʿAbd Allāh, ʿAlid, eponym of Hāshimiyya 60–61,62,64,67,76,n:79

Abū Hāshim ʿAlawī, Zaydī pretender in Daylam 346

Abū Ḥātim al-Rāzī, early Ismāʿīlī (Qarmaṭī)dāʿī and author 111–112,121,133,152,153,154,155,217,225–228,230,233

Abū Ḥātim al-Zuṭṭī, Qarmaṭī dāʿī 124

Abū Ḥayyān al-Tawḥīdī 235,236

Abū ʿĪsā ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Aḥmad, dāʿī 158

Abū ʿĪsā al-Murshid, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī and author 133,233

Abū Isḥāq Quhistānī, Nizārī author 7,406,433–434

Abū Jaʿfar b. Naṣr, dāʿī 158

Abū Jaʿfar al-Manṣūr, ʿAbbāsid caliph, see al-Manṣūr, Abū Jaʿfar

Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-Kulaynī (al-Kulīnī), see, al-Kulaynī

Abū Jaʿfar-i Kabīr, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī 111

Abū Kālījār Marzubān, Būyid 203

Abū Karib (Kurayb) al-Ḍarīr 59–60

Abū Manṣūr, nephew of Abū Muḥammad, Nizārī dāʿī in Syria 368

Abū Manṣūr Aḥmad, Qarmaṭī ruler of Baḥrayn 151,161

Abū Manṣūr b. Muḥammad, Nizārī chief dāʿī in Syria 389

Abū Manṣūr al-ʿIjlī, eponym of Manṣūriyya 64,69,70–71,72

Abū Manṣūr Nizār al-ʿAzīz bi’llāh, see al-ʿAzīz, Fāṭimid caliph

Abū Muḥammad, Shaykh, Nizārī leader in Syria 368

Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī bi’llāh, see al-Mahdī, ʿAbd Allāh, first Fāṭimid caliph

Abū Muḥammad b. Ādam, head of Dār al-ʿIlm 245

Abū Muḥammad Sanbar, Qarmaṭī dignitary in Baḥrayn 151

Abū Muḥammad Zaʿfarānī, Sunnī scholar 324

Abū Muslim, governor of Rayy 314

Abū Muslim b. Ḥammād, Qarmaṭī dāʿī 120,155

Abū Muslim al-Khurāsānī 76,77,78,79,141

Abū Najāḥ b. Qannāʾ, Christian monk and Fāṭimid officer 244

Abū Rakwa Walīd b. Hishām, leader of anti-Fāṭimid revolt 182

Abū Riyāḥ 62

Abū Saʿd al-Tustarī, Jewish merchant, 193

Abū Saʿīd, brother of Nāṣir-i Khusraw 205

Abū Saʿīd, Īlkhānid 307,425

Abū Saʿīd, Tīmūrid 452

Abū Saʿīd al-Jannābī, see al-Jannābī, Abū Saʿīd

Abū Saʿīd al-Shaʿrānī, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī 113

Abū Saʿīdīs, of Baḥrayn 110–111

Abū Salama al-Khallāl 77,78,79

Abū Shāma, historian 23,309

Abū Sufyān, dāʿī 126

Abū Taghlib, Ḥamdānid 162,175

Abū Ṭāhir, family, of Kāshān 307

Abū Ṭāhir Arrānī 319

Abū Ṭāhir Ismāʿīl al-Manṣūr bi’llāh, see al-Manṣūr, Fāṭimid caliph

Abū Ṭāhir al-Ṣāʾigh, Nizārī leader in Syria 333–334,347,349

Abū Ṭāhir Sulaymān al-Jannābī, see al-Jannābī, Abū Ṭāhir

Abū Ṭālib, son of Shāh Ṭāhir Dakkanī 455

Abū Ṭālib, uncle of the Prophet 57

Abū Tamīm Maʿadd al-Muʿizz li-Dīn Allāh, see al-Muʿizz, Fāṭimid caliph

Abū Tamīm Maʿadd al-Mustanṣir bi’llāh, see al-Mustanṣir, Fāṭimid caliph

Abū Yaʿqūb al-Sijistānī, see al-Sijistānī, Abū Yaʿqūb

Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf, Qarmaṭī ruler of Baḥrayn 161

Abū Yazīd Makhlad b. Kaydād, leader of anti-Fāṭimid revolt 145–147,151,156,166

Abū Zakariyyāʾ al-Ṭamāmī (or al-Ẓamāmī), Ismāʿīlī dāʿī 110,121

Abu’l-ʿAbbās al-Faḍl, Qarmaṭī ruler of Baḥrayn 151

Abu’l-ʿAbbās Muḥammad, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī 125,127,141

Abu’l-ʿAbbās al-Saffāḥ, ʿAbbāsid caliph, see al-Saffāḥ

Abu’l-Bahlūl al-ʿAwwām 210

Abu’l-Dawādh Muḥammad, ʿUqaylid ruler of Mawṣil 176

Abu’l-Faḍl ʿAllāmī, secretary to Emperor Akbar 281

Abu’l-Fakhr, Ismāʿīlī jurist 245

Abu’l-Fatḥ, brother of Nāṣir-i Khusraw 205

Abu’l-Fatḥ, Nizārī leader in Afāmiya 333–334

Abu’l-Fatḥ, Nizārī leader in Syria 349

Abu’l-Fawāris Aḥmad b. Yaʿqūb, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī and author 184

Abu’l-Futūḥ Dāʾūd b. Naṣr, ruler of Multān 167

Abu’l-Futūḥ al-Ḥasan b. Jaʿfar, sharīf of Mecca 182

Abu’l-Ghārāt b. al-Masʿūd, Zurayʿid 256

Abu’l-Ḥasan, son of Shāh Ṭāhir Dakkanī 455

Abu’l-Ḥasan, son of Shihāb al-Dīn Shāh al-Ḥusaynī 480

Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī, beglerbegi, Nizārī imam, passim 459–462

Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Samanjānī, Sunnī scholar 336

Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī al-Ẓāhir li-Iʿzāz Dīn Allāh, see al-Ẓāhir, Fāṭimid caliph

Abu’l-Ḥasan Khān, Sardār, brother of Āghā Khān I, passim 464–465,469–472,

Abu’l-Ḥasan Muḥammad, son of Ḥamdān Qarmaṭ 120

Abu’l-Ḥasan Ṣaʿīdī, Fāṭimid qāḍī 363

Abu’l-Hayjāʾ, Ḥamdānid 183

Abu’l-Haytham Aḥmad b. al-Ḥasan al-Jurjānī, Ismāʿīlī author in Persia 155

Abu’l-Khaṭṭāb, eponym of Khaṭṭābiyya 67,85,92,102

   doctrines 86

   influence on early Ismāʿīlism 85,90,93

   in Umm al-kitāb 93,94

Abu’l-Maʿālī, author 206

Abu’l-Maymūm ʿAbd al-Majīd, see al-Ḥāfiẓ, Fāṭimid caliph

Abu’l-Musāfir, Sājid 153

Abu’l-Qāsim Aḥmad al-Mustaʿlī, see al-Mustaʿlī, Fāṭimid caliph

Abu’l-Qāsim ʿAlī b. Jaʿfar, Sājid vizier 154

Abu’l-Qāsim ʿImād al-Dīn, Fāṭimid 254

Abu’l-Qāsim Muḥammad b. al-Mustanṣir, father of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Ḥāfiẓ 246

Abu’l-Qāsim Muḥammad Kūhpayaʾī, see Amrī Shīrāzī

Abu’l-Qāsim Muḥammad al-Qāʾim bi-Amr Allāh, see al-Qāʾim, Fāṭimid caliph

Abu’l-Qāsim Saʿīd, Qarmaṭī ruler of Baḥrayn 121,148,151,161

Abu’l-Qāsim Shāhanshāh, see al-Afḍal b. Badr al-Jamālī

Abu’l-Shalaghlagh (or Shalaʿlaʿ), see Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Saʿīd al-Khayr

Abu’l-Suʿūd b. ʿImrān, Zurayʿid 257

Abu’l-Suʿūd b. Zurayʿ, Zurayʿid 256

Abu’l-Thurayyā b. Mukhtār, Ismāʿīlī jurist 245

Abu’l-Walīd Muslim 210

al-Abwāʾ, near Medina 74

Abyan, in Yaman 257

Abyssinia, Abyssinians (Ḥabash) 198,218,257

Académie Royale des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris 22

acculturation 404,448–450,494

Acre (ʿAkkā) 14,15,18,194,197,216,244,313,390

Ādam (Adam)

   in Mukhammisa doctrine 94

   in Umm al-kitāb 94,98

   in early Ismāʿīlī doctrine 131,134

   in writings of the Iranian school of philosophical Ismāʿīlism 226–228

   in writings of Nāṣir-i Khusraw 208

   in Ṭayyibī cosmology and eschatology 270–275

   in Nizārī doctrine 365,381

Ādam al-awwal al-kullī 271–272

Ādam b. Sulaymān, wālī 277

Ādam al-juzʾī 272,273

Ādam al-rūḥānī 270–271

ʿAdan, in southern Yaman 199,201,238,255–258,259,260

ʿAdan Lāʿa, in Yaman 109

adhān (Muslim call to prayer) 127,196,198,252

Ādharbayjān, region, in northwestern Persia 149,311,312,318,346,379,383,386,412,413,416,419,428,430

   early (dissident) Ismāʿīlī daʿwa in 112,121,152,153,154,167

   Nizārīs in 342,356,377,411,418

Adhruḥ 45

ʿAdī b. Ḥātim 45

al-ʿĀḍid, Fāṭimid caliph, passim 249–253 ,255,257

al-ʿĀdil I, Ayyūbid ruler of Damascus and Egypt 254,389

al-ʿĀdil b. Salār, Fāṭimid vizier 250

ʿĀdil-Shāhs, of Bījāpūr 455

administration, see Fāṭimid caliphate:

   organization; Ṭayyibīs: daʿwa organization: Dāʾūdīs: daʿwa organization; Nizārīs: organization; see also daʿwa

ʿAḍud al-Dawla, Būyid 175,176

adwār, see dawr

Afāmiya (Apamea), in northern Syria 179,333,335

al-Afḍal b. Badr al-Jamālī, Fāṭimid vizier 211,241–242,243–244,246,324,342–343

Afghanistan, Afghans 29,30,207,392,411,436,461

   Nizārīs of, 316, 356, 406, 410, 412, 453, 456, 488, 494–495, 501; imams reasserted control, 432; in works of Khayrkhwāh, 433–434; Qāsim-Shāhīs, 438, 456; Muḥammad-Shāhīs 451

   invaded Persia 457,460,464

   British invasion of 468–470

   Āghā Khān I in 469–470,473

Af ʾida, fortress, in Yaman 268

Aflaḥ b. Hārūn al-Malūsī, first Fāṭimid chief qāḍī 168

aflāk (spheres) 229,271

Africa 1,21,291

   Nizārī communities of 481,496,504

   Aga Khan Ⅳ’s projects in 500,502–503

   see further East Africa

Afshārid dynasty, of Persia 459

Afṭaḥiyya, see Faṭḥiyya

Aga Khan Ⅲ, Sulṭān Muḥammad (Mohamed) Shāh, Nizārī imam, passim 31,407,455,477,480–496 ,497,499,503

Aga Khan Ⅳ, Shāh Karīm al-Ḥusaynī, Nizārī imam 33,483,496–504

Aga Khan Award for Architecture 503

Aga Khan Case, of 1866 28,475–476,486

Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) 502–503

Aga Khan Foundation 503

Aga Khan Museum, Toronto 504

Aga Khan Programme for Islamic Architecture 504

Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) 503

Aga Khan University, in Karachi 503

Aga Khan(s), passim 4,28,405,407,413,414,442,480–504

   see also Āghā Khān(s)

Āghā Buzurg al-Ṭihrānī, Twelver scholar 168

Āghā Khān I, Ḥasan ʿAlī Shāh, Nizārī imam, passim 462,463–476 ,477,480,481,490–491

Āghā Khān Ⅱ, Āqā ʿAlī Shāh, Nizārī imam 407,476,477–480

Āghā Khān Maḥallātī, see Āghā Khān I

Āghā Khān(s), passim, see also Aga Khan(s) 405,406,463–480

Āghā Muḥammad Khān Qājār, founder of the Qājār dynasty of Persia 459,460,461,462

Aghlabids, of Ifrīqiya 125,126,127,143

Āgra, in northern India 280,283

ʿahd (oath) 129,229,312

ʿahd al-awliyāʾ 293

ahl al-ayyām 42

ahl al-bayt 1,35,38,40,46,56,57–58,72,76,80,82,119,127,128,135,137,169,170,214,215,413,501

   ‘spiritual adoption’ into 92–93

   and naṣṣ imamate 73,81

   ḥadīths of, in Ismāʿīlī law 170

   Sufi devotion to 426

ahl al-daʿwa 219,222

ahl al-dhimma, see dhimmīs

Ahl al-ʿIrāq 46

ahl al-kitāb (people of the book) 34

Ahl al-Shām 46

Ahl al-Sunna wa’l-Jamāʿa 48

   see also Jamāʿa; Sunnīs

ahl-i ḥaqīqat 433,441

ahl-i ḥaqq 433,441

ahl-i taḍādd 365,382,441

ahl-i taʿlīm 379

ahl-i tarattub 366,382,442

ahl-i vaḥdat 366,382,441,442

Aḥmad, founder of the Hujūmiyya subgroup of Dāʾūdī Bohras 283–284

Aḥmad, son of Khalaf, Ismaʿīlī dāʿī 111

Aḥmad I, sultan of Gujarāt 277,278

Aḥmad I Walī, Bahmanid 428–429

Aḥmad Ⅱ b. Ismāʿīl, Sāmānid 113

Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Maymūn al-Qaddāḥ 102

Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl, concealed Ismāʿīlī imam 100,102,106,235

Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, governor of Rayy 112,152

Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, Ikhshīdid 158

Aḥmad b. ʿAṭṭāsh, see Aḥmad Ibn ʿAṭṭāsh

Aḥmad b. al-Ḥasan, Kalbid governor of Sicily 145

Aḥmad b. ʿImrān b. al-Faḍl, al-Qāḍī, Hamdānī leader 258

Aḥmad b. ʿĪsā b. Zayd, Zaydī imam 73

Aḥmad b. al-Kayyāl 112–113

Aḥmad b. Khiḍr, Qarakhānid ruler 203

Aḥmad b. Marzubān b. Isḥāq, dāʿī in India 200

Aḥmad b. al-Mubārak Ibn al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 267

Aḥmad Ibn ʿAṭṭāsh, son of ʿAbd al-Malik b. ʿAṭṭāsh, Nizārī dāʿī of Iṣfahān 330,336–337

Aḥmad Jaʿfar Shīrāzī 279

Aḥmad Mukhtār Pasha, Ottoman general in Yaman 296–297

Aḥmad Shāh, Nizārī imam, see Islām Shāh

Aḥmadābād, in Gujarāt, passim 277,278,280,281,282,283,284,291,298,445–448

Aḥmadnagar, in the Deccan, passim 452–455

al-Aḥsāʾ, capital of the Qarmaṭī state of Baḥrayn 110,149,162,185,210

Ahwāz, in Khūzistān 100,102,149,203

Aiglemont, near Paris, headquarters of Aga Khan Ⅳ 504

al-aʾimma al-mastūrīn, see hidden imams

ʿĀʾisha bint Abū Bakr, wife of the Prophet 44

Ajamiyyūn 124,149,150

Akbar, Mughal emperor 277,280,281,422,436

Akbar Shāh, Āqā, son of Āghā Khān I 476,482

akhaṣṣ-i khāṣṣ 366

Akhbārī school, of Twelver law 171

Akhlāq-i muḥtashamī, of Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī 378–379

Akhlāq-i Nāṣirī, of Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī 378–379,380

al-Akhram, al-Ḥasan b. Ḥaydara, Druze leader 186–187,188

Akhū Muḥsin, see Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn

akwār, see kawr

Āl Khayrāt, of southern Arabia 296

āl Muḥammad, see ahl al-bayt

Āl Saʿūd 296,297,298

ʿAlāʾ al-Dawla Simnānī, Sufi and Sunnī theologian 427

ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Aḥmad Ⅱ, Bahmanid 429

ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Ḥusayn Jahānsūz, Ghūrid 356

ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Kayqubād I, Saljūq ruler of Rūm 390

ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Maḥmūd, governor of Ṭuraythīth 357

ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad, Khwārazmshāh 374,375,376,377,383

ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad Ⅲ, Nizārī imam and lord of Alamūt, passim 18,302,375,377–392 ,417

ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muʾmin Shāh, see Muʾmin Shāh

ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Tekish, Khwārazmshāh 373,374

Alamūt, fortress and seat of Nizārī state, in northern Persia 3–4,18,19,112,314–316,317–318,324,336,367,379,386–387

   etymology 318

   archaeology of 304

   described by Marco Polo 17

   Ismāʿīlī library at 302,303,305,306,342,355,376,396

   seat of Justānids 152–153

   as seat of Nizārī state, 3, 21, 245, 301, 352, 374; taken by Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ, 314–316; Saljūq attempts to take, 337–338; attacked by Shāh Ghāzī, 344–345; Abū Hāshim (Zaydī) at, 346; qiyāma proclaimed at, 358–359, 362; destruction by Mongols, 303, 304, 393–394, 396, 402, 410; Nizārī attempts to reoccupy 410–411,416–417,451

   as Ṣafawid prison 417

   see also Nizārīs: Alamūt period

ʿAlawīs, ʿAlawiyya, subgroup of Dāʾūdī Bohras 239,241,282

ʿAlawīs, see Nuṣayrīs

ʿAlbāʾiyya, see ʿUlāʾiyya

Alburz mountains, in Persia 318,320–321,339,353

Aleppo (Ḥalab), in northern Syria 27,313,367,372,389,428

   under Ḥamdānids 161,176,178

   under Fāṭimids 175,183,192,216,250

   under Saljūqs 352

   during Nizārī-Mustaʿlī schism 325

   Nizārī centre 309,332–334,347

   attacked by Nizārīs 370

   besieged by Saladin 369

Alexander, era of 150

Alexandria (Iskandariyya), in Egypt 182,194,242,250,313

Alftakīn, Turkish commander 163,173,175

Algeria 126,127

ʿAlī, Ṭāhirid ruler of Yaman 268

ʿAlī al-Aʿazz, Zurayʿid, see ʿAlī b. Sabaʾ

ʿAlī al-Aʿlā, Ḥurūfī propagandist 421

ʿAlī (ʿAbd Allāh) b. ʿAbd Allāh, Ṣulayḥid 263–264

ʿAlī al-Asadī 185

ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-ʿAbbās, ʿAbbāsid 61

ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAlī b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 268,278

ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, first Shīʿī imam and fourth caliph, passim 1,37–38,39,41,42,43,44–49 ,52,57,62,63–64,71,81,89,94,137,165,207,273

   investiture by the Prophet 39,83,177–178,247

   significance for Shīʿīs 37–38

   his divinity for ʿUlāʾiyya and Nuṣayrīs 94–95

   in Zaydī doctrine 74

   in account of Akhū Muḥsin 102

   and ʿAbd Allāh b. Sabaʾ 63–64,66

   in early Ismāʿīlī enumerations of imams 97,165

   in early Qarmaṭī series of ūlu’l-ʿazm prophets 97–98

   as Muḥammad’s ḥujja 118

   as Muḥammad’s waṣī 129,132,232

   ḥadīths of, in Ismāʿīlī law 170

   commemorated by Dāʾūdīs 294

   as Nizārī imām-qāʾim 365

   primacy in Sufi doctrine,passim 426–428 ,431

   in religious poems of Nizārīs of Badakhshan 494

ʿAlī b. Abu’l-Ghārāt, Zurayʿid 256

ʿAlī b. Aḥmad, Ṣulayḥid 263

ʿAlī b. al-Asad, Abu’l-Maʿālī, amīr of Badakhshan 206–207

ʿAlī b. al-Faḍl, early Ismāʿīlī dāʿī in Yaman 109–110,122,125

ʿAlī b. al-Ḥākim, Fāṭimid 186

ʿAlī b. Ḥamdūn al-Andalusī 157

ʿAlī b. Ḥanẓala b. Abī Sālim al-Maḥfūẓī al-Wādiʿī, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 267

ʿAlī b. Ḥarb, Naṣrid amīr of Sīstān 384

ʿAlī b. Hārūn al-Zanjānī 235

ʿAlī b. Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya, ʿAlid 61

ʿAlī b. Ḥātim, see al-Ḥāmidī, ʿAlī b. Ḥātim

ʿAlī b. Ḥātim b. Aḥmad b. ʿImrān, Hamdānid 259–260,265

ʿAlī b. Hibat Allāh, Sulaymānī dāʿī 297

ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn, Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn, imam 50,58–59,60,67,90

   transmitted naṣṣ 81

   in early Ismāʿīlī enumeration of imams 90,97

ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad, see al-Mahdī, ʿAbd Allāh, first Fāṭimid caliph

ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Ḥanẓala, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 268

ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī Ibn al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 267–268

ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn b. Idrīs Ibn al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 269,279

ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī maʾdhūn 265,267

ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-Maghribī, Fāṭimid vizier 181

ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-Qurashī, Ismāʿīlī author 218

ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm, founder of the ʿAlawī subgroup of Dāʾūdī Bohras 282

ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm b. al-Ḥusayn b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 268

ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā, ʿAbbāsid vizier 148

ʿAlī b. Isḥāq b. Yaʿqūb, dāʿī in Gujarāt 277

ʿAlī b. Ismāʿīl b. Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, ʿAlid, 95

ʿAlī b. Ismāʿīl al-Maythamī, Imāmī scholar 84

ʿAlī b. Jaʿfar b. Falāḥ 179

ʿAlī b. Masʿūd, Khwāja, Nizārī dāʿī 368

ʿAlī b. Mufarrij b. Daghfal, Jarrāḥid 182

ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya, ʿAlid 61

ʿAlī b. Muḥammad Ibn al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 210,260,266–267

ʿAlī b. Muḥammad al-Ṣulayḥī, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī and founder of the Ṣulayḥid dynasty of Yaman 198–199,258,263,267

ʿAlī b. Muḥammad al-Zanjī, leader of the Zanj revolt 108

ʿAlī b. Muḥsin, Sulaymānī dāʿī 297

ʿAlī b. al-Nuʿmān b. Muḥammad, Abu’l-Ḥusayn, Fāṭimid chief qāḍī 171,177,214

ʿAlī b. Sabaʾ b. Abu’l-Suʿūd, Zurayʿid 257

ʿAlī b. Saʿīd al-Iṣṭakhrī, Muʿtazilī theologian 185

ʿAlī b. Sulaymān, Sulaymānī dāʿī 296

ʿAlī b. ʿUmar al-Balawī 143

ʿAlī b. Wafāʾ, Nizārī commander 352

ʿAlī b. Wahsūdān, Justānid 153

ʿAlī al-Naqī (al-Hādī), Twelver imam 89

ʿAlī al-Riḍā, Twelver imam 89

ʿAlī Shāh, thirty-second Nizārī imam, see Mustanṣir bi’llāh Ⅱ

ʿAlī Shāh, forty-seventh Nizārī imam, see Āghā Khān Ⅱ

ʿAlī Shāh, Mihrabānid, see Shams al-Dīn ʿAlī

ʿAlī Shams al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 283

ʿAlid loyalism 425,426,427,428,429,431

ʿAlids 1,7,36,49,52,57–58,59,60,78,89,107,158,170,185,214,430,435

   exalted by Shīʿīs 66,413

   suppressed by ʿAbbāsid al-Manṣūr 79

   effect of naṣṣ 82–83

   sanctuary in Ṭabaristān 112,314,317

   see also Ḥanafids; Ḥasanids; Ḥusaynids; Fāṭimids

Aligarh, University of 482

Alīsaʿ b. Midrār, Midrārid ruler of Tāfilālt 125

ʿAllāqa, leader of anti-Fāṭimid revolt 179

allegorical interpretation, see taʾwīl

All-India Muslim Conference, of 1928 483

All-India Muslim Educational Conferences, of 1903 1904,482

All-India Muslim League 482

Almohads (Muwaḥḥidūn), of North Africa and Spain 180,182

Aloadin (ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad Ⅲ q.v.) 16

Alp Arslān, Saljūq ruler of Aleppo 334

Alp Arslān, Saljūq sultan 197,198

alphabet, see ḥurūf

Alptakīn, see Alftakīn

Aly Khan, Prince, son of Aga Khan Ⅲ and father of Aga Khan Ⅳ 482,483,496

Aly Muhammad, Prince, son of Aga Khan Ⅳ 504

ʿamal 226,271,360

Amalric I, king of the Latin state of Jerusalem 251,252,253,369,372

Ambrosiana Library, Milan 28

America(s), immigration to: Druze, 189; Dāʾūdī, 291; Nizārī 497,500

   see also United States of America

American University of Beirut 32

Āmid, in Diyār Bakr 345,347

al-ʿAmīd b. Manṣūr (Masʿūd), governor of Ṭuraythīth 357

ʿāmil, Dāʾūdī functionary 292–293,298

Amīnjī b. Jalāl, Ṭayyibī jurist 280

al-Āmir, Fāṭimid caliph, passim 3,10,105,238,239,244–248 ,256,258,261–262,263,277,325,326,343,346

   see also al-Hidāya al-Āmiriyya

ʿĀmir, Ṭāhirid ruler of Yaman 268

ʿĀmir b. Rabīʿa, Banū, of eastern Arabia 210

amīr al-juyūsh (commander of the armies) 195,211,212

Amīr Kabīr, Mīrzā Taqī Khān, Qājār chief minister 473

Amīr Khalīl Allāh Anjudānī, see Khalīl Allāh I, Nizārī imam

Amīr Khān Mūṣilū, Ṣafawid governor of Hamadān 436

Amīr Kiyāʾī Sayyids, of Daylamān 415–416,417

Amīr Muḥammad b. Ḥaydar al-Bāqir, last Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 455,456,489

Amīr Muḥammad b. Muʿīn al-Dīn Ⅱ al-Musharraf, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 455

Amīr Sulaymān, grandson of Amīr Ismāʿīl, Nizārī leader in Syria 534

Amīra Ḍarrāb, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī in Rayy 311–312

Amīrdād Ḥabashī, Saljūq amīr 321

Āmiriyya 238,248,261

   see also Ṭayyibīs

ʿāmma (ʿawāmm) 129,365

ʿAmmār b. Yāsir 39,43

ʿAmmār b. Yazīd, see Khidāsh

ʿāmmat al-Muslimīn 219

ʿAmr, mosque, Cairo 214

amr (divine command) 40,134,229,230,364

al-amr bi’l-maʿrūf wa’l-nahy ʿan al-munkar 343

Amrī Shīrāzī, poet 422

ʿAmrūn, Banū, of Syria 349–350

Āmū Daryā, see Oxus river

Anatolia, see Rūm

al-Anbār, in ʿIrāq 149

al-Andalus 158,370

Anf, Banu’l-, of Yaman 267,280

Anglo-Persian Treaty, of 1814 472

Anhalwāra, see Pātan

Anjidān, see Anjudān

Anjirūd, village near Alamūt 314,324

Anjudān, village near Maḥallāt, in central Persia 4,404–405,456,459,495

   centre of Nizārī revival 406,413,418,422–425,432–442,447,448,449,473

anṣār (Helpers) 36,38,42,127

al-Anṭākī, Yaḥyā b. Saʿīd, historian 180

anthropomorphism, see tashbīh

Antioch (Anṭā) 175,331,333,350,389,399

Anūshtigin al-Duzbarī, Fāṭimid general 192,195

Apulia 145

Aq Qoyunlu, dynasty of Persia and eastern Anatolia 425,430,431

Āqā ʿAlī Shāh, Āghā Khān Ⅱ, see Āghā Khān Ⅱ

Āqā Khān, see Āghā Khān, Aga Khan

Āqā Khān Nūrī, Qājār chief minister 473

ʿāqil, ʿuqqāl (sages) 190

ʿAqīl b. Abī Ṭālib, Ṭālibid 102

ʿaql (intellect) 171,229–230,231,341

al-ʿaql al-awwal 233,270

al-ʿaql al-faʿʿāl 234

al-ʿaql al-kullī 189,190

al-ʿaql al-thānī 234

al-Aqmar, mosque, Cairo 244,290

ʿAqr al-Sudan, village near Baṣra, southern ʿIrāq 367

aqwiyāʾ 382,441

Arabia 36,41,43,47,61,110,198,199,210,287,296,297,468,469

   see also Ḥijāz

Arabic (language), passim 1,21,70,233,240,292–299 ,302,309,406,408,449,477,480

Arabs 43,51,150,184,196,197,201,225,461

   soldiers 42,126

   tribal society 42,114

   versus mawālī 51–53,54

   belief in hereditary attributes 40–41,47

   as ghulāt 66,70

   pro-Shīʿī in Kūfa 47–48

   hegemony under Umayyads 55–56,78

   under al-Mukhtār 53

   northern (Nizārī Arabs) 45

   southern, see Yamanīs

   in Sicily 143

   as faction in Fāṭimid army 193

   jazīra of 217

Arāk, in central Persia 423,456

Aramaeans 54,55,108

arbāb al-aqlām 212,213

arbāb al-suyūf 213

archaeological evidence 304,309

Ardabīl, in Ādharbayjān 153,430

ʿArīb b. Saʿd al-Qurṭubī, historian 6,103

ʿārif (gnostic) 412,420

Aristotle (Arisṭūṭālīs or Arisṭū) 223,224,233,237

arkān (elements) 234,271

Armenia, Armenians 149,194,246,249,250,399,412

Arnold of Lübeck, German abbot and historian 13,20,24

Arnould, Sir Joseph 476

Arrajān, castles and town, in Khūzistān 321,336,337,353

Arrān 377,412

Arsenius, metropolitan of Cairo 177

ʿarsh (throne) 135,230

Arslān Tāsh, Saljūq amīr 319

Arsūf, in Palestine 243

Artāliswālās, subgroup of Mahdībāghwālās 288–289

Artuqids, of Diyār Bakr 243,347

ʿArūs, fortress, in Yaman 267

Arwā, Ṣulayḥid queen of Yaman, passim 200,243,246,255–265 ,275,277

Asad, Banū 85,185

Asʿad, cousin of al-Mufaḍḍal b. Abi’l-Barakāt 256

Asad b. Abī, Yaʿfur, Yaʿfurid 122

Asʿad b. Shihāb, governor of Ṣanʿāʾ 199,258

Asad al-Dīn, Rasūlid 267

al-Aʿṣam, see al-Ḥasan al-Aʿṣam

Asani, Ali 444

asās 97,105,132,217,231,234

Aṣbagh, Banu’l-, of Syria 122

al-Aṣfar, chief of Banu’l-Muntafiq 185

Asfār b. Shirawayh, Daylamī leader 112,152,153

al-Ashʿarī, Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Ismāʿīl, Sunnī theologian and heresiographer 59

al-Ashʿath, father of Ḥamdān Qarmaṭ 107

Ashīr, in the central Maghrib 156–157,162

Ashkawar, in Daylamān 314,415–416

ashrāf al-qabāʾil 42,45,48,52–53

ʿĀshūrāʾ, of al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī 177,294,492

Asia 1,138,201,290,388

   traders to East Africa 291,485–486

   Nizārī communities of 496,497,504

   Aga Khan Ⅳ’s projects in 500,502–503

Asia Minor, see Rūm

Asiatic Museum, St Petersburg 27,29,30

Aṣīl, nephew of Shīrgīr 345

Aṣīl al-Dīn Zūzanī, Khwāja 395

ʿAskar Mukram, in Khūzistān 100,102

al-aṣlān (the two principles) 229,230–231

aṣnāf, see guilds

ʿAsqalān (Ascalon) 173,179,192,197,216,243,244,250

Assassin legends, passim 12–19 ,22,328–329,368

assassination 12,70,146,328–329,332,352

Assassins 11–22,26

   variants of the term, passim 11–18 ,21

   origins of the name,passim 13,19–20,21–24

   see also assassination; Nizārīs: distorted image

Assemani, Joseph Simonius 21,22

Assemani, Simone 22

Aswan, in Egypt 496

ʿaṭāʾ (stipend) 43

ʿAṭāʾ Allāh, ṭarīqa name of Shāh Nizār Ⅱ (q.v.) 457

ʿAṭāʾ Allāhī tribesmen, of Kirmān 457,461,462,464,468–469

Atbāʿ-i Malak Badr, see Mahdībāghwālās

Atbāʿ-i Malak Vakīl, see Artāliswālās

ʿāṭhṭhiyā, subgroup of Imām-Shāhīs 447

ʿAṭiyyat Allāh b. Muʿīn al-Dīn (Khudāybakhsh), Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 455

Atlanta 497

Atlantic 156,176

Atsiz b. Uvak, Turkoman chieftain 197,313

ʿAṭṭār, Farīd al-Dīn, Sufi poet 420

ʿAttāra, fortress, in Ḥarāz 297,298

Australia 189

avatāra, descent of Vishnu 450

Avicenna, see Ibn Sīnā

ʿawāmm, see ʿāmma

al-Awfī 235

Awrangābād, in India 490

Awrangzīb, Mughal emperor 283–285,447,448,456

Awrās, in North Africa 146,156

al-awwal (the first) 229,270

ʿAydhāb, port on Red Sea 201

ʿAyn Jālūt, in Palestine 399

ʿAyn al-Warda, battle of 51

Ayyūb, father of Saladin 251

Ayyūbids 5,249,251,310,369

   origins 252–253

   hostility to al-Azhar mosque 159

   in Yaman 200,255,257,260,266,267

   and Ḥāfiẓīs of Egypt 253

   and Nizārīs in Syria 254,376,389–390

   in south Arabia 257,260

   and the Mongols 398–399

Aʿẓam Khān, Afghan amīr 460

ʿAzāz, in northern Syria 370

al-Azhar, mosque and university, Cairo 159,177,214,215,220,252

Azhar Park, Cairo 504

al-Azharī, Abū Manṣūr, Arab lexicographer 148

al-ʿAẓīmī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī, historian 309

al-ʿAzīz, Ayyūbid ruler of Aleppo 390

al-ʿAzīz, Fāṭimid caliph, passim 171,172–178 ,180,185,191,212

ʿAzīz Allāh Qummī, Nizārī poet 438

ʿAzīz Shāh b. ʿAṭiyyat Allāh, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 455

al-ʿAzīzī, dāʿī 262

Azraqīs, subgroup of Khārijīs 146

Bāb, in Syria 370

bāb, rank in daʿwa hierarchy 94,208,216–217,218,219,220,234,262,n:275

bāb al-abwāb 216–217

   see also dāʿī al-duʿāt

Bāb al-Futūḥ, Fāṭimid gate, Cairo 159

Bāb Zuwayla, Fāṭimid gate, Cairo 159

Babylonian 237

badāʾ (change in God’s will or command) 64

Badakhshan 4,29,33,206–207,243,451–452

   Nizārīs of, 207, 304, 407–408, 432, 433, 440, 494–495, 502; preserved Nizārī literature, 29, 31, 33, 420, 433, 494–495; deputations to Āghā Khān I, 465, 470; Qāsim-Shāhīs, 438; Muḥammad-Shāhīs 414,451–452,456

Badakhshānī, Sayyid Suhrāb Valī, Nizārī author 408

Badakhshānī, Sayyid Sulaymān, Nizārī muʿallim in Persia 493

Baʿḍī az taʾwīlāt-i gulshan-i rāz, anonymous Nizārī work 419

Bādīs b. Manṣūr, Zīrid 179–180

Badr, in Najrān 296,298

Badr al-Dīn Aḥmad, Nizārī envoy 386–387

Badr al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Ḥātim, Yamanī historian 260

Badr al-Jamālī (Badr al-Mustanṣirī), Fāṭimid vizier 194–195,197,204,211,212,241–242,248,311,313

Badri Mahal, Bombay 292,293

Bādūspānids, of Daylam 344,345,367,387

Baffioni, Carmela 32

Baghdad 8,10,78,79,89,109,148,161,167,313,320,321,336,338,347,379,473

   anti-Fāṭimid manifesto, of 402/1011, 101, 102, 103, 185, of 444/1052 209

   in campaign of Abū Ṭāhir al-Jannābī 149

   taken by Būyids 150

   dāʿī al-Kirmānī in 184

   Saljūq Ṭughril I in 196–197

   in campaign of pro-Fāṭimid al-Basāsīrī 195–196

   massacres of Ismāʿīlīs 330

   taken by Mongols 305,398

   Tīmūr in 418

al-Baghdādī, Abū Manṣūr ʿAbd al-Qāhir b. Ṭāhir, Sunnī jurist and heresiographer 9,59

Bahāʾ al-Dawla, Bahman Mīrzā, Qājār governor of Yazd 468

Bahāʾ al-Dawla Īrānshāh b. Tūrānshāh, Saljūq ruler of Kirmān 321

Bahmanids, of the Deccan 427–428,429,453

Bahr al-ʿUlūm, see Sayyid al-Ṭāʾifa

Bahrain, see Baḥrayn

Bahrām, Fāṭimid vizier 212,249

Bahrām, Nizārī leader in Syria 347–348,352

Baḥrayn, eastern Arabia 2,199,206,327,427,435

   Ismāʿīlī daʿwa in 102,110,121

   Baqliyya in 124,149

   Qarmaṭīs of, see under Qarmaṭīs

Bakhtiyārī tribesmen, of Persia 459

Bakjūr, governor of Ḥimṣ 175

Baku, in Caucasus 412

balāgh (initiation) 9,10,129

Balaghai, Mongol officer 394,396

Balak, nephew of Īlghāzī 347

al-Balāsānī, Saljūq vizier 321

Baldwin I, king of the Latin state of Jerusalem 244

Bālis, fortress, in Syria 334,335

Balkh 205,206,320,335,383,392

Baltakīn, Turkish general 175

Bāltīt, see Karīmābād

Balūchistān, Balūchīs, passim 218,460,463,465,469,470–472

Bam, in Kirmān 460,462,464–465,n:469

Bampūr (Banfahl), fortress, in Balūchistān 471–472

Bandar ʿAbbās, port on Persian Gulf 468,469

Bangalore, in India 473

Bangladesh 501

Bāniyās, fortress, in Syria 348,349

Banū, followed by the name of the eponymous ancestor of a tribe, see under the name of that ancestor

al-Baqīʿ cemetery, in Medina 86,91

Baqīʿa mountains, in Syria 255,261

al-Bāqir, imam, see Muḥammad al-Bāqir

Bāqir ʿAlī, last pīr of the Āṭhṭhiyās 447

Bāqir Shāh, Nizārī imam, see Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī, beglerbegi

Bāqiriyya, subgroup of Imāmiyya 71

Baqliyya, subgroup of Qarmaṭīs 124,149

Bar Dīṣān, see Ibn Dayṣān

Bārakzāy dynasty, of Afghanistan 470

Baraq b. Jandal 348

Barbarossa Frederick I, Holy Roman emperor 12

Barbelo-Gnostic system 135

Barbhai, Nizārī Khoja dissidents 474–476

Bardesanes, see Ibn Dayṣān

Bardesanians, see Dayṣāniyya

Barghash, Fāṭimid vizier 246

Barjawān, Abu’l-Futūḥ, Fāṭimid wāsiṭa 179–180,181

Barkiyāruq, Saljūq sultan 320,321,329,330,331,334,335,347

Baroda (Vadodara), in Gujarāt 241,282,298

Barqa (Cyrenaica) 142,143,179,182,201,202

Barzishābādī Mashhadī, ʿAbd Allāh, Sufi master 427

al-Basāsīrī, Arslān, Turkish general 195–197,204

Bashshār al-Shaʿīrī 94

Basil Ⅱ, Byzantine emperor 176,179,181

Baṣra, in Morocco 156

Baṣra, in southern ʿIrāq 42,43,44,49,51,91,100,102,110

   founded 43

   in revolt of al-Mukhtār 53

   site of Zanj revolt 108,114

   attacked by Abū Ṭāhir al-Jannābī 148

   dāʿī al-Kirmānī in 184

   seized by al-Basāsīrī 196

   base of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ 235,236

   origin of Rāshid al-Dīn Sinān 367

Bassām b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Ṣayrafī 92

Basṭām, in Persia 394

bāṭin 10

   in Shīʿī thought 83

   in doctrine of Abu’l-Khaṭṭāb 86

   in doctrine of pre-Fāṭimid Ismāʿīlīs 129–131,167

   in Fāṭimid doctrine 208,215,221,226

   in Ṭayyibī doctrine 269

   in Nizārī doctrines of qiyāma and satr 360,362,364–365,366,380–381,382,441

   in writings of Nizārī Quhistānī 412

   in writings of Ḥaydar Āmulī 420

   for Sufis 419

   for Ḥurūfiyya 421

   in Pandiyāt of Mustanṣir bi’llāh Ⅱ 432–433

   in Aga Khan Ⅲ’s teachings 492

Bāṭinīs, Bāṭiniyya (the Esotericists) 8,10,24,85,116,130

Batriyya, branch of Zaydīs 74

Bausani, Alessandro 32

Bāwandids, of Daylam 337,344,346,357,367,374

bayʿa (oath of allegiance) 36,49,178,242,293,496

Bayān b. Samʿān al-Tamīmī, eponym of Bayāniyya 60,61,72

Bayāniyya, extremist Shīʿī group 61,63,72

Baybars I, Mamlūk sultan, passim 309,398–402

Bayhaq (Sabzawār), in Khurāsān 345

Bāysunghur b. Shāhrukh, Tīmūrid, 308

Bayt al-Ḥikma (House of Wisdom), Baghdad 223

bayt al-māl 42

Bazda, village near Nasaf, in Transoxania 113

Bazgash, Saljūq amīr 329

bedouins 14,122–123,201,348

   early supporters of Ismāʿīlism 114–116

beglerbegi 460,469

Beirut 313

Bektāshiyya, Sufi order 421

Benjamin of Tudela, Spanish rabbi and traveller 12,20–21

Berbers 54,115,125,126,141,183

   in Sicily 143

   in Khārijī revolt of Abū Yazīd 146–147

   as faction in Fāṭimid army 175,178–179,193

   jazīra of 218

   see also individual tribes

Berchem, Max van, orientalist 28

Bertel’s, Andrey E. 31

Bhakti tradition, of South Asia 449

Bhārmal, minister to Rājpūt king of Gujarāt 276,284

al-Bharūchī, Ḥasan b. Nūḥ, Ṭayyibī Bohra author 91,279

Bhopal, in India 289

Bhuj, in India 447

Bianquis, Thierry 32

Bībī Sarkāra, wife of Shāh Khalīl Allāh Ⅲ 462,463,464

Bībī Ṭalʿat Murādī, leader of Murād Mīrzāʾīs 491

Bible 11,272,365

Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris 23,28

bidʿa (an innovation in belief or practice) 35,63

Bīdar, in the Deccan 429,455

Bihbahānī, Muḥammad ʿAlī, Twelver mujtahid 462

Bījāpūr 448,453,455

Bilāl b. Jarīr al-Muḥammadī, Zurayʿid vizier 257

Bilbays 178

Billizma, in North Africa 127

Bināltigīn (Inaltigīn), Khwārazmian general 384

Birāsh, fortress, near Ṣanʿāʾ 260

Bīrjand, in Quhistān (southern Khurāsān) 353,359,406,411,412,469,491,494

Bīrjandī, Ḥasan b. Ṣalāḥ, raʾīs, see Ḥasan b. Ṣalāḥ Munshī Bīrjandī

Bishr b. Ḥātim b. Aḥmad b. ʿImrān, Hamdānid 260

Bīsutūn, ruler of Rūyān 374

Biyapīsh, in Gīlān 415,417

Black Stone of the Kaʿba (al-ḥajar al-aswad) 149,151

Blois, F. de 107

Bobrinskoy, Count Alexis A., Russian scholar 29

Bohemond Ⅳ, prince of Antioch 389

Bohemond Ⅵ, prince of Antioch 399,401

Bohras, Bohoras 3,30,31,201,236,238,241,276–279,290–295,298,299

   Dāʾūdī–Sulaymānī schism 239,280–282

   ʿAlawī schism 282

   fiqh for 169,280

   Sunnī schism 277–278

   of East Africa 291,486

   see also Dāʾūdīs; Sulaymānīs

Bombay (Mumbai) 29,31,485

   Ivanow’s work 30–31

   Ismāʿīlī libraries 33,241

   Dāʾūdīs of 288,290–291,292,293,294

   Sulaymānīs of 297,298

   Āghā Khāns (Aga Khans) at, passim, passim 477,480–497 407,467–468,472,473–476 ,500

   Nizārīs (Khojas) of 473–476,484,492

   Fidāʾī in 492

Bombay High Court 28,289,474–475,476,481,486,488,491

Bombay Legislative Council 477

Boyle, John Andrew 305

Brethren of Purity, see Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ

Brett, Michael 32

Britain, British, passim 286,291,468–470,469–473 ,474,477,481–482,484,493,495

   see also England; India; United Kingdom

Broach, in Gujarāt 447

Browne, Edward Granville 26

Bū Saʿīd dynasty, of ʿUmān and Zanzibar 291

Bughrā Khān, Qarakhānid ruler 203

Bujh Nirañjan, South Asian Sufi work 444

Bujrai, Mongol officer 397

Bukayr b. Māhān 76,77

Bukhārā (now in Uzbekistan) 29,79,113,187,202,203,383,397,470,495

Buluggīn (or Buluqqīn) b. Zīrī, founder of the Zīrid dynasty of Ifrīqiya 157,162,176

al-Bundārī, al-Fatḥ b. ʿAlī, historian 308,337

Buqa-Temür, Mongol general 394

Būrāniyya, see Baqliyya

Burchard (or Gerhard), envoy of Emperor Barbarossa 12–13

Burckhardt, John Lewis, orientalist 27

Burhān I Niẓām Shāh 454–455

Burhānpūr 285,286,447

Burhanpur Durgah Case, of 1925 288

Burhānpūrī, Quṭb al-Dīn Sulaymānjī, Dāʾūdī author 240

Büri, Mongol officer 391

Būrī, Tāj al-Mulūk, Būrid ruler 348

Būrids (Börids), of Damascus and southern Syria 334

Burma 477,481,482

al-Bursuqī, āq Sunqur, governor of Mawṣil 347

Bustān al-jāmiʿ, anonymous history 309

Būyids (Buwayhids), of Persia and ʿIrāq 139,162,176,183,185,203,311,316,363

   patrons of ʿAbbāsids 150,185

   and Qarmaṭīs: allied against Fāṭimids, 161; fought in southern ʿIrāq 185

   declining power in Syria 175

   developed Shīʿī practices 177–178

   opposed by Saljūqs 195–196

   of Fārs 203

Buzāʿa, in Syria 370

Buzurg-Ummīd, Kiyā, Nizārī leader and lord of Alamūt 302,324,343,344–346,352–355,358,360

Byzantine empire: and the Fāṭimids, passim, 180–181, 183, 192, 197; disputed Italy and Sicily, 143–144; Syria 43,138,140,145,156,173–179 ,173,175–176,178

Byzantium, see Byzantine empire

cabalistic traditions 134,421

Caesarea (Qayṣariyya) 243,313

Cahen, Claude 62,426

Cairo (al-Qāhira), passim 5,6,147,175,178,182–199 ,203,205,213,221,242,246,310,312,313,348,401,482,504

   founded 138,159

   Fāṭimids move from Ifrīqiya to 183

   Geniza of 140

   attacked by al-Ḥasan al-Aʿṣam 162,163

   ravaged in time of al-Mustanṣir 193–194

   described by Nāṣir-i Khusraw 206

   attacked by Atsiz 197,313

   libraries destroyed 253

Calabria, in Italy 143,144,145

Calcutta 472,473,475,481

calendar, of the Ismāʿīlī Bohras 295

caliphate, 36–37; separate from imamate 81

   see also Fāṭimid caliphate

Cambay, port, in Gujarāt 200,201,276,277,278,279

Canada 497,501

Canard, Marius 31

cannabis sativa, see ḥashīsh

Caprotti, Giuseppe 28

Carmatians, see Qarmaṭīs

Carron, Andrée, third wife of Aga Khan Ⅲ 483

Casanova, Paul, orientalist 28,235

Caspian provinces, region, in northern Persia 152,313

   Zaydī Shīʿīs of 24,153,314

   Nāṣir-i Khusraw in 206

   histories of 308,408

   Nizārīs in 346,387–388,410

   after Mongol conquest 415

   under Ṣafawids 417

   Nuqṭawiyya of 422

   see also Daylam; Gīlān; Gurgān; Rūyān; Ṭabaristān

Caspian Sea 19,112

Caucasus 346,383,421,430

Central Asia 2,7,29,30,31,33,79,186,225,316,373,391,420,427,428,n:503

   provenance of Umm al-kitāb 93–94

   Fāṭimid daʿwa to 139,203

   Nizārīs of, 4, 316, 403, 406, 409, 410, 412, 414, 434, 477, 488, 494, 502–503; Qāsim-Shāhī daʿwa to 405,432,440,451,456

   and Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism 243

   see also Badakhshan; Transoxania; Tajikistan, etc.

Ceylon see Sri Lanka; Sarandīb

Chaghrī Beg, Saljūq amīr 205

chancery, of the Fāṭimids, see dīwān al-inshāʾ

Chandabhai Gulla Case, of 1917 288,289

Chāwlī (Jāwalī), see Fakhr al-Dīn Chāwlī

Cherubim, see karūbiyyūn

China, Chinese 15,19,138,433,494,496

Chingiz Khan 382–383,386,388,397

Chirāgh-rawshan, rite for the dead in Badakhshan 494

Chitral, in northern Pakistan 95,495

Christianity 10,20,130,143,369

   and mawālī 56

   and Ibn Dayṣān 102

   origin of Sabaean doctrines 227

Christians 11,34,335,372,430

   appointed to high office by Fāṭimids 177,212,223,244,249

   persecuted by the Fāṭimid caliph al-Ḥākim 180–181

   formed alliances with/against Muslims 8,388

   paying tribute to Nizārīs 389–390

civil wars, see under Islam

clients of Arabs, see mawālī

Collège de France, Paris 22

Companions of the Prophet (ṣaḥāba) 36–37,39,44,74,181

   condemned by Shīʿīs 66,74,181

   apostasy of 83

Congress Party (of India) 483

Conrad of Montferrat, king of the Latin state of Jerusalem 13,21,372–373

Constantine Ⅶ, Byzantine emperor 144

Constantine Ⅸ Monomachus, Byzantine emperor 197–198

converts to Islam, non-Arab, see mawālī

Copts, Christian community in Egypt 159,177,180

Corbin, Henry 31

   on walāya (‘initiation’) 83–84

   on early Ismāʿīlism 92

   on Umm al-kitāb 93

   on Nāṣir-i Khusraw 206

   on Ṭayyibī doctrine 270,273

   on Nizārī doctrine 361

Cordoba 142,157,161

Corsica 144

cosmogony, see creation

cosmology 440

   in doctrine of early Ismāʿīlīs 131,133–136

   in Druze doctrine 189–190

   Ismāʿīlī Neoplatonic doctrine of, passim 134,222–234

   in doctrine of Ḥamīd al-Dīn al-Kirmānī 233–234

   in doctrine of Ṭayyibīs 267,269–274

   in gināns 409

court cases, see under Khojas

creation

   in doctrine of Abū Manṣūr 70

   in doctrine of al-Mughīra 69–70

   in doctrine of Abu’l-Khaṭṭāb 86

   in doctrine of early Ismāʿīlīs 133–135

   see also cosmology

Croker-Poole, Sarah (Begum Salimah), first wife of Aga Khan Ⅳ 504

Crusaders 11,331–332,352

   provided earliest Christian/Western reports of Nizārīs 11–12,13–15,22,368

   and Assassin legends 328–329

   and Nizārīs, passim 11,13,301,310,334,347,369–373 ,390

   opposed Fāṭimids 243–244,250–251

   opposed Saladin 254,369

   threatened Damascus 349,350

   opposed Nūr al-Dīn 369

   opposed Baybars I 400–401

   used assassination 328

Crusades

   First (1096–1099) 11,244

   Third (1189–1192) 13,372

   Fifth (1217–1221) 13

   Seventh (1248–1254) 14,390

Ctesiphon, see Madāʾin

Curdistan, see Kurdistān

Curzon, George N., Viceroy of India 481

Cutch, in Gujarāt 285,291,447,464,472,485

cyclical history 62,65,226

   early Ismāʿīlī 131–133

   Fāṭimid Ismāʿīlī 223

   Ṭayyibī 238–239,269–272

   Nizārī 364–365,381,382,440

   Ḥurūfī 421

   see also dawr

cyclical interpretation of religious history, see cyclical history

Daʿāʾim al-Islām, of al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān 30,169,170,214,215,222,280,294,297,299

Dachraoui (al-Dashrāwī), Farhat (Farḥāt) 32

Dādū, pīr 447

Ḍaḥḥāk b. Jandal 348,352

dah-yik (tithe) 433,491

dāʿī (summoner) 2,3,98,232

   ʿAbbāsid 76

   Fāṭimid 141,181,215,219,311

   in Druze organization 190

   Zurayʿids as 256–257

   Ṣulayḥids as 263–264

   Ṭayyibī 263–266,275–276

   of Daylam 314,327,337,344,365

   Nizārī, 301, 331–333, 360–361, 412, 432; in doctrine of qiyāma, 361, 364; Qāsim-Shāhī 439–440,441

   see also daʿwa

dāʿī al-balāgh 218,275,285

dāʿī al-duʿāt (chief dāʿī) 6,168,195,204,207,214,216,220,234,253,266,311,340

al-dāʿī al-maḥdūd (or al-maḥṣūr) 218

al-dāʿī al-muṭlaq 218,241

   Ṭayyibīpassim 239,264–269 ,275

   in Hujūmiyya doctrine 284

   Dāʾūdī 285,287,289,290,292

   Sulaymānī 298,299

dāʿī qabāʾil Yām 298

Damascus (Dimashq) 8,17,47,74,101,123,191,197,313,334

   disputed by Qarmaṭīs of Baḥrayn and ʿAbbāsids 161–162

   under Fāṭimids 163,173–175,179,192,216

   in Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism 245

   Nizārī centre 332,333,347–348

   Saladin took 369

   under Mongols 398–399

Damāwand, in Persia 321,394

Dāmghān, in Persia 17,313–314,321,353,384,386,387,388

Dāmigh al-bāṭil, of ʿAlī b. Muḥammad Ibn al-Walīd 210

Dante, Italian poet 19

dār al-daʿwa 330,333,348,400

dār al-hijra (abode of emigration) 108–109,126,149,166,326–328,329,339,349

Dār al-ʿIlm (Dār al-Ḥikma), Cairo 181,184,199,204,220,244,253

dār al-inshāʾ, see dīwān al-inshāʾ

Dara, castle, in Quhistān 319,320

Dārā Shukōh, Mughal prince 283

al-Darazī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl, Druze leader 187,188

Daraziyya, see Druzes

Darband (Bāb al-Abwāb) 154

Dar es Salaam, in Tanzania 291,484,486,497

al-Dargazīnī, Qiwām al-Dīn, Saljūq vizier 337–338

Darrūd, village near Nīshāpūr 493

darwīsh (dervish) 412,421,432

Dasa Avatāra, ginān 450

Dashtāb, in Persia 469

Dasht-i Lūt, desert, in Persia 469

dassondh (tithe) 443,445,448,459,474,499

Dastūr al-munajjimīn, anonymous Ismāʿīlī work 95

Dāʾūd, Saljūq sultan 346,356

Dāʾūd b. al-ʿĀḍid, Ḥāfiẓī imam 253,n:254

Dāʾūd b. ʿAjabshāh, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 280–281,295

Dāʾūd b. ʿAlī, governor of Medina 91

Dāʾūd b. Sulaymān b. Dāʾūd b. al-ʿĀḍid 254

Dāʾūd Burhān al-Dīn b. Quṭbshāh, first Dāʾūdī dāʿī 280–282,283,295,296

Dāʾūdī Atbāʿ-i Malak Vakīl, see Artāliswālās

Dāʾūdīs, Dāʾūdiyya, branch of Ṭayyibīs 30,32–33,276,281–295

   studied Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ 236

   fiqh for 172,294

   historiography 240–241

   schism with Sulaymānīs 3,239,280–282

   daʿwa organization 287,289,292–293

   customs 293–295

   reformist groups 289–290

   in East Africa 291–292

   see also Bohras

daʿwa (Persian, daʿwat) 3

   ʿAbbāsid 76–77

   early Ismāʿīlīpassim 2,98,102,104,107–116 ,128

   Fāṭimid, passim 137–138,141,143,144,158,180,183–184,192,198,202–207 ,210,213–214,238,310–314

   Ḥāfiẓī 253,255–260

   Ṭayyibī 172,260,261,264,271,273,275–276,277,280

   Dāʾūdī 287,289,292–293

   Sulaymānī 295,298

   Nizārī, 301, 325, 340, 344, 365–366, 382; Qāsim-Shāhī, 405, 410, 425, 431, 438–440, 451; to Syria, 331–334; to India 385–386,442–450

   related to spiritual hierarchy, passim 134–135,230–234

al-daʿwa al-hādiya (the rightly guiding mission) 2,116,213,216,292

al-daʿwa al-jadīda (the new preaching) 339

al-daʿwa al-qadīma (the old preaching) 339

daʿwat, see daʿwa

daʿwat-i jadīd, see al-daʿwa al-jadīda

daʿwat-i qiyāmat 360

daʿwat-khāna, see dār al-daʿwa

dawla 2,137,211,214

dawr; adwār (cycles, eras)

   in doctrine of Ibn al-Ḥarb 62

   in ghulāt doctrine 65

   in Umm al-kitāb 93,98

   in early Ismāʿīlī doctrine 131–132

   in Fāṭimid doctrine 164–165,208

   in doctrine of Iranian school of philosophical Ismāʿīlism (4th/10th cent.) 226–228,231–232

   in Ṭayyibī doctrine 269,282,380–382

   in Nizārī doctrine of qiyāma 359–362,380–382

   see also cyclical history; dawr al-kashf; dawr al-satr

dawr al-fatra 226–227

dawr al-jirm 165

dawr al-kashf (period of manifestation) 128,132,165,238–239,271,272,288,381

dawr al-satr (period of concealment)

   for pre-Fāṭimid Ismāʿīlīs 96,118,128,132,326

   for Fāṭimid Ismāʿīlīs 164–165

   in Nizārī doctrine of Alamūt period 364,375,380–382,441

   in Mustaʿlī-Ṭayyibī doctrine 238–239,262,271–272,284

dawr al-ẓuhūr, see dawr al-kashf

dawr-i qiyāmat 360

dawr-i sharīʿat 361

Day of Judgement 65,133,208,232

   see also qiyāma

Daylam, Daylamān, region in northern Persia 314,317,324,327,338,346,355,374,385,392

   (dissident) Ismāʿīlīs of 112,121,152,154,167

   troops formed faction in Fāṭimid army 178,193

   jazīra of 218

   Nizārīs of, 304, 316, 320, 358, 410, 416–417; Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ’s activities, 314–316, 324; and the Mongols, 394–395; Muḥammad-Shāhīs 414,415–416,451

   under Ṣafawids 417

Daysam b. Ibrāhīm al-Kurdī 154

Dayṣāniyya 102

De la Ravalière, Pierre Alexandre, French bishop and scholar 21

de Sacy, see Silvestre de Sacy

Deccan, the,passim 283,298,428,429,448,452–456 ,461

Defrémery, Charles François, orientalist 26

Delhi 277,482,483

Ḍeorḥī 315

   see also daʿwa; Dāʾūdī

dervish, see darwīsh

Dhahabiyya, Sufi order 427,435

Dhimār, in Yaman 265

dhimmīs (adherents of a revealed religion, especially Judaism and Christianity, living under protection or dhimma of Islamic law) 55,177,180–181

Dhū Jibla, Ṣulayḥid capital, in Yaman 200,257,263

Dhū Marmar, fortress, near Ṣanʿāʾ 267,268

al-Dhuʾayb b. Mūsā al-Wādiʿī al-Hamdānī, first Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 264–265,275

Dhuhl, Banū, of ʿIrāq 149

Dhu’l-Faqār ʿAlī, Nizārī imam, see Khalīl Allāh I

Dhu’l-Qarnayn 365

dīdār, visiting the imam 433,434,457,459,463,473,492,502

Dieterici, Friedrich, orientalist 28

Dihkhudā, pseudonym of Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ (q.v.) 314

Ḍirghām, Fāṭimid vizier 251

Dirʿiyya, near Riyāḍ 296

divine command, see amr

divinity of imams 64,86,93,186,189

dīwān

   as registry 43

   as Fāṭimid administration 213

Dīwān, of Fidāʾī Khurāsānī 407

Dīwān, of Nāṣir-i Khusraw 205

dīwān al-amwāl 213

dīwān al-inshāʾ or al-rasāʾil (chancery) 6,139,203,213,245

dīwān al-jaysh (wa’l-rawātib) 213

dīwān al-majālis 213

Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn Jiwābhāʾī b. Nūḥ, ʿAlawī Bohra dāʿī 282

Ḍiyāʾ al-Mulk Aḥmad b. Niẓām al-Mulk, Saljūq vizier 337

Diyār Bakr 345

Dizbād, village, in northern Khurāsān 406,407,492–493,494

Diz-i Gunbadān, see Girdkūh

Dizkūh, see Shāhdiz

Dohad, in India 291

Dozy, Reinhart, orientalist 26

‘drama in heaven’, in Ṭayyibī doctrine 269,270–271

Druzes, Druses 22,23,25,67,332,348

   origins 186–188

   ‘hidden imams’ 105

   doctrines 189–190,221,372

   in Sind 200

   designated as Muwaḥḥidūn 189

   scriptures 107

Du Cange, Charles du Fresne 21

ḍuʿafāʾ 382,441

dualism 69–70,102,135–136

Dubays, Mazyadid ruler 196,204

Dumluwa, in Yaman 257

Duqāq, Saljūq ruler of Damascus 331,333,334

durkhana (Persian, darb-i khāna) 473

Durūz, see Druzes

Dūst Muḥammad, founder of the Bārakzāy dynasty of Afghanistan 470

East Africa

   Dāʾūdīs (Bohras) of 291–292,293,n:486

   Nizārīs (Khojas) of 291,477,481,484–487,488,497,499,503

East African Muslim Welfare Society 488

Eastern Ismāʿīlīs, see Nizārīs

École des Langues Orientales Vivantes, Paris 22

economics, see socio-economic conditions

Edessa (al-Ruhāʾ), now in Turkey 102,331

education 289,290,300,487–488,492–493,498,502,503

Edward, prince, of England, the future King Edward I 402

Edward Ⅶ, king of Great Britain 474,481

Egypt, Egyptians 11,12,14,15,21,22,44,78,125,127,142,200,400,428,496

   histories of Fāṭimids 139–140

   famines 192,194,198

   ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī in 125

   seat of Fāṭimid empire, 103, 138, 162–163; invasion/conquest, 142, 143, 149, 158–159,161–162; loss, 251–253; daʿwa in, 143, 202, 214–215; organization, 176, 212–213; treatment of non-Ismāʿīlīs 172,180,192

   pro-Fāṭimid plots 253–254

   in Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism 241–242,324–325,342,363

   invaded by Qarmaṭīs, 162; by Crusaders 244,250,251

   in Ḥafiẓī–Ṭayyibī schism 248

   abandoned Ismāʿīlism 252

   Ṭayyibīs of 238,261

   under Ayyūbids 253–254

   under Mamlūks 398

   Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ in 312–313

Elements of Theology, of Proclus 224

Elidigüzids, of Arrān and Ādharbayjān 377,386

Eligidei, Mongol commander 388

Encyclopaedia of Islam 30,32

England 372,388,402

   see further Britain; United Kingdom

Enneads, of Plotinus 224

Ephraim, Coptic patriarch 177

Epistles of the Brethren of Purity ( . . . of the Sincere Brethren) see Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ

eras of human history, see cyclical history; dawr

eschatology 60,119,188,189,231–232,267,273–275,366,409

   see also qiyāma ; soteriology

esoteric interpretation, see taʾwīl

esotericism 83–84,129–130

   see also bāṭin

Euphrates river 45,122,149

Europe, Europeans 1,4,11,144,310,368,388,408,476

   Dāʾūdī immigration to 291

   Aga Khan Ⅲ in 481–482

   Nizārī immigration to 497,500

   and Assassin legends, passim 12–19 ,328–329

exaggeration in religion, see ghulāt; ghuluww

Fabri, Felix, Dominican friar and traveller 20

Faḍl ʿAlī Khān Qarabāghī, Qājār governor of Kirmān 469

Faḍl Allāh Astarābādī, founder of the Ḥurūfiyya 421–422

Faḍl b. Abī Yazīd, leader of anti-Fāṭimid revolt 147,157

al-Faḍl b. Jaʿfar b. al-Furāt, Fāṭimid wāsiṭa 181

al-Faḍl b. Ṣāliḥ, Fāṭimid general 175,181,182

al-Faḍl b. Shādhān, Imāmī scholar 108

al-Faʾfāʾ b. ʿAlī b. al-Faḍl, Qarmaṭī dāʿī 122

Fahd, raʾīs 368

Fahd b. Ibrāhīm, Fāṭimid secretary 179,181

Fahrasat al-kutub, of Ismāʿīl b. ʿAbd al-Rasūl al-Majdūʿ, see Fihrist al-kutub

al-Fāʾiz, Fāṭimid caliph 259

Fakhr al-Dawla Namāwar b. Bīsutūn, Bādūspānid 387

Fakhr al-Dīn, son of Tārmal 276–277

Fakhr al-Dīn Chāwlī (Jāwalī), atabeg of Fārs 337

Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad al-Rāzī, Sunnī theologian 367

falāsifa 232,233,234

Falconet, Camille 22

Far East 291

al-Fārābī, Abū Naṣr Muḥammad, philosopher 224,233

Farāhān, in central Persia 423

Faramā 244

Farghāna, in Central Asia 203

Farīdūn Mīrzā, Qājār governor of Fārs 465

Farrukh Shāh, Āqā, son of Akbar Shāh 482

Fārs, in southern Persia 203,461,469

   Ibn Muʿāwiya in 75

   Ismāʿīlī dāʿīs in 102,109,202

   Fāṭimid daʿwa to 203

   Nizārīs of 321,337,436

   Niʿmat Allāhiyya of 427,428

   Shāh Ṭāhir Dakkanī to 453

   in Qājār conquest 461

   Sardār Abu’l-ḥasan Khān to 465

   persecution of Sufis by Twelver ʿulamāʾ 465–466

Fārs-nāma, of Ibn al-Balkhī 337

Fās (Fez), in North Africa 142,156

Fashāfūya, see Pashāpūya

Faṣl min al-lafẓ al-sharīf, of Abū Firās 371

fasting, see ṣawm

fatḥ 134–135,190,230–231

Fatḥ ʿAlī Khān (Shāh) Qājār 27,462,463–464,465,480

Faṭḥiyya, subgroup of Imāmiyya 88

Fatḥ-nāma, written by Juwaynī 305

Fātik, Fāṭimid governor of Aleppo 183

Fāṭima, daughter of the Prophet 38,48,57,83,94,128,273,431

Fāṭima, wife of Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq 91

Fāṭimid caliphate 2,310–311,496

   established 102,128

   consolidated 141–142,143–144

   seat transferred to Egypt 162–163

   decline 197,246,311,313

   collapse 237,252,369

   organization 211–213

   denounced in Baghdad manifesto of 402/1011 101,102,103,185

   see also Fāṭimids

Fāṭimids 2,3,7,123,137,237

   genealogy 100–101,104,185

   as a branch of ʿAlids 57,73,79,83,n:96

   historiography 32,139,305,308

   North African phase, 128, 140–162; Sicily 143–145

   Egyptian phase, 140, 162–211; conquest of Egypt 158–159

   decline and overthrow 197,246–253,369

   in Syria, 173–176, 183, 192, 332; in Aleppo, supported by Saljūq Riḍwān 333

   revolts against Ayyūbids 253–254

   and Qarmaṭīs of Baḥrayn 9,121,151–152,161–162,185

   and Byzantines 143,176,180–181

   and Ṣulayḥids 198–200,263–264

   and Zurayʿids 256–257

   and the Crusaders 11,243–244

   Nizārī plots against 244,325–326,343,349

   Khārijī revolt against 145–147

   supported Ḥāfiẓiyya daʿwa 238

   split by Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism, 242; see further Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism

   factions in army 175,178–179,193–194,252

   trade with Europe 181

   trade with India 201

   literaturepassim; preserved by Ṭayyibīs 138,221–234 ,241,292

   heritage retained by Nizārīs of Syria 302,309

   libraries 5,139,253

   jurisprudence 167–171

   racial and religious tolerance 176–177

   doctrine, 221–223, 227–233; imamate, 164–166, 186–188, 207–209; cyclical history, 221; Ismāʿīlī Neoplatonic cosmology 232–233,234

   daʿwa, 202–207, 213–220; organization, 213–221; to Ifrīqiya, 126–128; to Muslim East, 183–185, 202–203, 206–207; to Yaman 198–199,263–264

Fāṭimiyyūn 123,128

Fayḍābād, in Afghan Badakhshan 207,495

Fayḍbakhsh, Shāh Qāsim, Sufi master, 427

Fayḍī, Āṣaf b. ʿAlī Aṣghar, see Fyzee, Asaf Ali Asghar

Fayyūm 182

Fergusson, Sir James 477

Fidāʾī Khurāsānī, Muḥammad b. Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn, Nizārī author 407,438,492–493

fidāʾīs (fidāwīs) (self-sacrificing devotees), passim, passim 23,244,328–329,333,336,343–356 12,13–18 ,367,368,370,386,389,395–396,401–402

fidāwīs, see fidāʾīs

Fihrist al-kutub, of Ismāʿīl b. ʿAbd al-Rasūl al-Majdūʿ 285

Filippani-Ronconi, Pio 95,310

financial organization

   Dāʾūdī 293–294

   Nizārī: Qāsim-Shāhī, 432–434, 443, 445–446, 447–448; Khoja 474–475,488,500–501

fiqh (jurisprudence) 68–69,167–172,181,222,280,407

   see also law, of Nizārī community

Firishta, Muḥammad Qāsim Hindū Shāh Astarābādī, historian, passim 452–455

firman (farmān) 433,487–488,492,497,499

First Afghan War 1838–1842,469

Fīrūz, early dāʿī 123,125

Fīrūzkūh, castle, in Daylam 356,394

FitzGerald, Edward 312

fleets 143,144–145,250

France 15,144,390

   scientific orientalism 22

   embassy from Nizārī Imam Muḥammad Ⅲ 14,388

   Aga Khan Ⅲ in 481,483

   Nizārī community of 501

Franks, see Crusaders

Fraser, James Baillie, Scottish traveller 27

Frederick I Barbarossa, see Barbarossa

Frederick Ⅱ, emperor of Germany 390

Fundgruben des Orients 23

Fusṭāṭ (Old Cairo) 125,159,177,181,190,194,246

fuṣūl, epistles, of lords of Alamūt 304,361

Fuṣūl-i arbaʿa (al-Fuṣūl al-arbaʿa), of Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ 340–342

Fyzee, Asaf Ali Asghar 30,31,172,300

Gabriel, see Jibrāʾīl

Galen (Jālīnūs) 223

Galiakot, in India 277

Gandhi, Mahatma 483

Ganja, in Transcaucasia 386

Ganod, in Gujarāt 448

garrison town, see miṣr

Gāwbāras, of Rustamdār 417

Geneva 483,496,503

Geniza, collection of papers 140

Genoa, in Italy 144

George V, king of Great Britain 482

Georgia (Gurjistān) 346,356,412

Gerhard, see Burchard

Germany 14,25,390

   rule in East Africa 291

   agents in First World War 482

Ghadīr, Shīʿī feast 177,293

Ghadīr Khumm 39,97,178,247,293

al-Ghāfāʾ, see al-Faʾfāʾ

Ghālib, Muṣṭafā 32

ghāliya, see ghulāt

ghanīma (booty) 42

al-Gharbiyya, in lower Egypt 249

Gharīb Mīrzā (Mustanṣir bi’llāh Ⅲ), Nizārī imam 423,425,433,435,439

Gharībī, see Khayrkhwāh-i Harātī

Gharjistān 111

Ghāyat al-mawālīd, of al-Khaṭṭāb b. al-Ḥasan 105,107,264

ghayba (occultation) 59,60,64,191

Ghayrat Khān, deputy of Dārā Shukōh in Gujarāt 283

al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad, Sunnī theologian 9–10,209–210,342

Ghāzān, Īlkhānid 305

Ghaẓanfar, mīr of Hunza 495

Ghazna, in eastern Afghanistan 325

Ghaznawids, of Afghanistan and Khurāsān, 139,167,188,195,200,205,316

Ghazza, in Palestine 250,251

Ghiyāth, early Ismāʿīlī dāʿī 111,112–113,121–122

Ghiyāth al-Dīn, brother of Jalāl al-Dīn Khwārazmshāh 386–387

Ghiyāth al-Dīn b. Humām al-Dīn Muḥammad, see Khwānd Amīr

Ghiyāth al-Dīn Muḥammad, Ghūrid 374

Ghiyāth al-Dīn Muḥammad, Īlkhānid vizier, son of Rashīd al-Dīn 307

Ghiyāth al-Dīn Muḥammad I, Saljūq sultan, see Muḥammad Tapar

Ghulām ʿAlī b. Muḥammad, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī author 414,454

Ghulām Ḥusayn (Khan Bahadur H.H. Malik), leader of Mahdībāghwālās 288

Ghulām Ḥusayn al-Ḥājj, see Ḥusam al-Dīn al-Ḥājj Ghulām Ḥusayn

ghulāt 63–67,75,129,430

   in Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq’s circle 84

   and Umm al-kitāb 93–94

   and origin of Druze ideas 186,n:189

   term dāʿī used by 219

   used assassination 70,328

   denounced by Ḥaydar Āmulī 420

ghuluww (exaggeration in religion) 63,64,188

Ghūr, region in Afghanistan 111,356

Ghūrids, of Ghūr and Khurāsān 356,374,376,383

Ghuzz, see Oghuz Turks

Gīlān, in northern Persia 344,357,375

   early Ismāʿīlī daʿwa to 112,152

   under Saljūqs 337,338

   Nizārīs in 342,346,355,387,392,415

   under Amīr Kiyāʾī Sayyids 415–416

   Nuqṭawīs in 422

   under Ṣafawids 417,422

Gīlānī, Mullā Shaykh ʿAlī, historian 417

Gilgit, in northern Pakistan 495

ginān (gnān), passim 32,385–386,409,442–451 ,457

Girdbāzū, son of Shāh Ghāzī Rustam I 344–345,357

Girdkūh, fortress, near Dāmghān, in Persia 112,316,384

   Marco Polo’s possible visit to 17

   Nizārīs of, 321, 337, 342, 343–344, 353; in Mongol invasions 391,394,397,398,401,410,411

Girgenti, in Sicily 143,144

Girishk, in Afghanistan 469

Global Center for Pluralism, Ottawa, 503

gnosticism (ʿirfān) 84,102,270,273,420–421,428

   in doctrine of: Ismāʿīlīs, 84, 130, 135; Mandaeans, 135; Manichaeans, 93, 136; Mughīriyya, 69–70; Mukhammisa, 94; Nuṣayrīs 194

   Christian 102

   Valentinian 69,93

   in Umm al-kitāb 93–94

Goa, in India 453

Goeje, Michael Jan de, orientalist 26,n:151

Golconda, in the Deccan 455

Goldziher, Ignaz, orientalist 34

Gorno-Badakhshan region, in Tājikistān 408,495,502

Gospels 93

Great Britain, see Britain; England; United Kingdom

Great Resurrection, see qiyāmat al-qiyāmāt

Greek philosophy 222,223,237

Greeks, in Sicily 143

Gregory Ⅸ, Pope 390

Griffini, Eugenio, orientalist 28

guilds (aṣnāf), Islamic 115

Gujarāt 30,33,138,280,286,472

   daʿwa activities to: early Ismāʿīlī, 201; Fāṭimid, 200–201; Ṭayyibī, 238, 268, 276; Nizārī, 385, 386, 457; Qāsim-Shāhī, 438, 443, 447–448, 457; Ṭayyibīs (subsequently Dāʾūdīs) of, passim 276–280 ,290–291,292,294

   Sulaymānīs of 298–299

   ʿAlawī Bohras of 282

   Nizārīs of, 409, 448, 477; Mōmnas 448

   Imām-Shāhīs of 444–447

   Niẓām-Shāhī state and 455

   emigration to East Africa 485–486

Gujarātī (language) 240,294,299,409,432,446

Gulshan-i Ibrāhīmī, see Taʾrīkh-i Firishta

Gulshan-i rāz, of Maḥmūd Shabistarī 419,427,428,454

Gümüshtigin, ruler of Aleppo 369–370

Gurgān, in Persia 112,152,155

Guyard, Stanislas, orientalist 27–28

Güyük, Great Khan 388

Ḥabbārid dynasty, of Sind 167

Ḥabīb b. Muẓāhir 49,50

Ḥabīb al-Dīn Muḥibb Allāh, grandson of Niʿmat Allāh Walī Kirmānī 429

Ḥabīb Ibrāhīm, leader of the Barbhai dissident Nizārī Khojas 474–476

Habibbhai, Ahmed, Barbhai dissident Khoja 476

al-Hādī, ʿAbbāsid caliph 89

al-Hādī, Nizārī imam 364

Ḥadīqat al-maʿānī, of Fidāʾī Khurāsānī 407

ḥadīth 39,69,80,83,92,103,111,169,170,181,222

Ḥaḍramawt, in Arabia 199,296

al-Ḥāfiẓ, Faṭimid caliph, passim 238,246–248 ,249–250,253,256,257,258,261–262,265,266

Ḥāfiẓ Abrū, historian 307–308

Ḥāfiẓīs, Ḥāfiẓiyya, branch of Mustaʿlians 3,200,238,240,247–248,249–250,253,254,255–260,262,265,325

Haft bāb, of Abū Isḥāq Quhistānī 433

Haft bāb-i Bābā Sayyidnā, anonymous Nizārī work 303,365

Hajar, in eastern Arabia 110,148

al-ḥajar al-aswad, see Black Stone of the Kaʿba

Hajīra, fortress, in Syria 370

ḥajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) 39,126,169,294,359,442,468

al-Ḥajjāj b. Yūsuf, Umayyad governor of ʿIrāq 53–54,56,71

Ḥājjī Ākhūnd, see Fidāʾī Khurāsānī

Ḥājjī Bībī, daughter of Jangī Shāh 481,491

Hajji Bibi Case, of 1908 481,491

Ḥājjī Mīrzā Āqāsī, Qājār chief ministerpassim 467–468 ,472

Ḥājjī Muḥammad ʿAlī, governor of Shahr-i Bābak 468

Ḥājjī Zamān Khān, Qājār governor of Yazd 463

al-Ḥajūr, clan, of Yaman 264

Ḥakam, Banū, of Yaman 266

al-Ḥakam Ⅱ, Umayyad caliph in Spain 157

al-Ḥākim, Fāṭimid caliph, passim 105,155,158,178–181,182–191 ,202,211,215,247

   divinity for Druzes 186–189,207

al-Ḥākim, mosque, Cairo 214,290

Ḥakīm ʿAlī Gīlānī, physician to the Mughal emperor Akbar 281

al-Ḥakīm al-Munajjim, Nizārī leader in Syria 332–333,334

Ḥākimiyya, see Druzes

Ḥalam b. Shaybān, dāʿī of Sind 104,167

al-Ḥallāj, al-Ḥusayn b. Manṣūr, Sufi master 148

Halm, Heinz 32,123,133

Ḥamā, in Syria 100,335,349,350,370,398,399,400,401,408,489–490

Hamadān, in Persia 111,202,346,356,377,392,396,418,436

Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī Qazwīnī, historian and geographer 26,307

Hamdān, Banū, of Yaman 198–199,255,257–258,259,264–265,268

Hamdān, district in Yaman 298

Ḥamdān Qarmaṭ, Qarmaṭī leader in ʿIrāq 102,107–109,110,116–117,120,121,124,125

Hamdani, Abbas 32,107,236

al-Hamdānī, al-Ḥusayn b. Fayḍ Allāh 30

al-Hamdānī, Muḥammad ʿAlī b. Fayḍ Allāh, Dāʾūdī Bohra scholar 287

Ḥamdānids, of ʿIrāq and Syria 161,175,177,178,183,194

Hamdānids, of Ṣanʿāʾpassim 200,238,255,257–260 ,266,267

Ḥamdūn, Banū, of North Africa 157,n:160

Ḥamīd al-Dīn al-Kirmānī, see al-Kirmānī, Ḥamīd al-Dīn

al-Ḥamid li’llāh Dāʾūd b. al-ʿĀḍid, Ḥāfiẓī imam, see Dāʾūd b. al-ʿĀḍid

al-Ḥāmidī, ʿAlī b. Ḥātim, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 266

al-Ḥāmidī, Ḥātim b. Ibrāhīm, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 236,259,265–266

al-Ḥāmidī, Ibrāhīm b. al-Ḥusayn, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 106,261,264–265,266,269–270,275

Ḥammād, Banū, of the Maghrib 180,263

Ḥammād b. Buluggīn b. Zīrī, founder of the Ḥammādid dynasty 180

Ḥammādids, of the Maghrib 180,202

Hammer(-Purgstall), Joseph von, orientalist and diplomat 25–26

Ḥamza b. ʿAlī b. Aḥmad, Druze leaderpassim 187–190

Ḥamza b. ʿUmāra al-Barbarī 59–60

Ḥanafī Sunnism 80,172,324,453

Ḥanafids, branch of ʿAlids 57,58,60,76,79–80

Ḥanbalī Sunnism 172,296

Ḥanīfa, Banū 52

ḥaqāʾiq 129–132,169,222,265,267,268,269,381,440

ḥaqīqa

   for early Ismāʿīlīs 129–132

   in Nizārī doctrine, 360, 361, 364, 366, 380–381, 382; Qāsim-Shāhī 433,442

   for Sufis 366,431

   in doctrine of Ḥaydar Āmulī 420

   in Pandiyāt of Mustanṣir bi’llāh Ⅱ 433

ḥaqq al-nafs 294

ḥaqq-i imām 434

Harāt 111,113,393,411,419,422,428,429,431,434,465,469,470

Ḥarāz, in Yaman 198–199,255,259,265–266,267,268,291,296,297,298

Ḥarbiyya, subgroup of Kaysāniyya 62–63

Hārij, in India 277

Ḥārithiyya, see Ḥarbiyya

Ḥarrān, in ʿIrāq 77,192,227

Hārūn (Aaron) 132

Hārūn b. Gharīb, ʿAbbāsid general 149

Hārūn al-Rashīd, ʿAbbāsid caliph 89,96

Hārūnī Zaydī Sayyids, of Tīmjān 416

Ḥarūrāʾ, in ʿIrāq 46

Ḥarūriyya, early Khārijīs 46

Harvard University 496,504

al-Ḥasā, see al-Aḥsāʾ

Ḥasan, pīr, Ismāʿīlī wālī in Gujarāt 277

Ḥasan, Ḥasan Ibrāhīm 32,151

Ḥasan, son of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Ḥāfiẓ 249

Ḥasan Ⅱ ʿalā dihkrihi’l-salām, Nizārī imam and lord of Alamūt, passim 302,357–363,364–370 ,378,380–381,385

   Nizārid Fāṭimid ancestry 363–364

Ḥasan Ⅲ, Nizārī imam, see Jalāl al-Dīn Ḥasan Ⅲ

Ḥasan Ādam Qaṣrānī, Nizārī leader in Persia 343

Ḥasan ʿAlī (Sayyid Ḥasan Beg), Nizārī imam 459

Ḥasan ʿAlī Mīrzā, Murād Mīrzāʾī leader 491

Ḥasan ʿAlī Shāh, Āghā Khān I, see Āghā Khān I, Ḥasan ʿAlī Shāh

al-Ḥasan al-Aʿṣam, Qarmaṭī commander in Baḥrayn 161–162,163,173

al-Ḥasan al-ʿAskarī, Twelver imam 89,108

al-Ḥasan b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAlī b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 268

Ḥasan b. Ādam b. Sulaymān, wālī 278

al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī, Zīrid 202

al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, imam 48–49,52,58,81,83,86,90,91,n:94

   transmitted naṣṣ 81

   in early Ismāʿīlī enumeration of imams 97

al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya, ʿAlid 61

al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya, ʿAlid 61

al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī al-Kalbī, governor of Sicily 144

al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī al-Uṭrūsh, al-Nāṣir li’l-Ḥaqq, Zaydī imam in Daylam 153,314

al-Ḥasan b. ʿAmmār, Kutāma chief and Fāṭimid wāsiṭa 178–179

al-Ḥasan b. Idrīs b. al-Ḥasan b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 268,279

al-Ḥasan b. Ismāʿīl Āl Shibām al-Makramī, Sulaymānī dāʿī 297

al-Ḥasan b. Jannūn, Idrīsid 156

Ḥasan b. Manṣūr al-Yaman 166

Ḥasan b. Nāmāwar, brother-in-law and murderer of Ḥasan Ⅱ ʿalā dhikrihi’l-salām 363

al-Ḥasan b. al-Qāsim, al-Dāʿī al-Ṣaghīr, Zaydī imam in Daylam 112

al-Ḥasan b. al-Ṣabbāḥ, see Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ

Ḥasan b. Ṣalāḥ Munshī Bīrjandī, raʾīs, Nizārī historian 355–356

al-Ḥasan b. Sanbar, Qarmaṭī dignitary in Baḥrayn 110,151,210

al-Ḥasan b. ʿUbayd Allāh b. Ṭughj, Ikhshīdid governor of Syria 161–162

al-Ḥasan b. Zayd, al-Dāʿī al-Kabīr, founder of an ʿAlid Zaydī dynasty in Ṭabaristān 153

Ḥasan Daryā, Ḥasan Kabīr al-Dīn’s shrine 444

Ḥasan Kabīr al-Dīn, pīr, passim 443–445 ,446,447

Ḥasan Nūrānī, leader of Mahdībāghwālās 288

Ḥasan Pīr, son of Sayyid Fāḍil Shāh 448

Ḥasanābād, in Mazagaon, Bombay, mausoleum of Āghā Khān I 476,480

Ḥasanak, Ghaznawid vizier 200

Ḥasan-i Māzandarānī 392

Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ, Nizārī leader and founder of Nizārī state 3,9,21,243,245,301,302,332,345,355,357,358,368,395,397,402

   writings 305

   biographies of 305,307,311–312

   early career 202,206,311–316

   established at Alamūt 318–319,324

   as head of the Nizārī daʿwa and state 301–302,326,332,337

   recognized as ḥujja of the imam 301,326,342,344,359,360,364,382

   and doctrine of taʿlīm 339–342,364

   in Nizārī doctrine of the qiyāma 359–360,362

   and Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism 242–243

Ḥasan-i Ṣalāḥ Munshī, see Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Ḥasan-i Maḥmūd

Ḥasanids, branch of ʿAlids 57,68,75,79,80

Ḥāṣbayyā, in Syria 348

Hāshim, Banū, see Hāshimids

Hāshimids, the Prophet’s clan of the Quraysh 37,41,43,57–58,64,71,74,79

Hāshimiyya, ʿAbbāsid capital in ʿIrāq 78

Hāshimiyya, early Shīʿī group 61–62,67,76

ḥashīsh 13,23,24,328–329

ḥashīshīs, ḥashīshiyya 10,11,23–24,n:116

Ḥassān b. Jarrāḥ, Jarrāḥid 163,195

Ḥassān b. Mufarrij b. Daghfal, Jarrāḥid 182,192

Ḥātim, Banū, of Yaman 259

Ḥātim b. Aḥmad b. ʿImrān, Ḥamīd al-Dawla, Hamdānid ruler of Ṣanʿāʾ 259,265

Ḥātim b. al-Ghashīm al-Mughallasī, Hamdānid 258

Ḥātim b. Ḥimās b. al-Qubayb, Hamdānid 258–259

Ḥātim b. Ibrāhīm, see al-Ḥāmidī, Ḥātim b. Ibrāhīm

Ḥātim b. Sabaʾ b. al-Yaʿburī 266

Hawdigān range, in the central Alburz mountains 318

Ḥawrān, in Syria 189

Hawzan, in Yaman 298

Ḥaydar, Ṣafawid shaykh 430

Ḥaydar Āmulī, Bahāʾ al-Dīn, Twelver scholar 420

Ḥaydar b. Muḥammad al-Muṭahhar, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 455

Ḥaydar b. Shāh Ṭāhir, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 454–455

Ḥaydara, son of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Ḥāfiẓ 249

Ḥaydarābād, in Gujarāt 30,298,470

Ḥayfā, in Palestine 243

haykal nūrānī (temple of light) 274–275

al-Haytham, early Ismāʿīlī dāʿī in Sind 110

hayūlā (matter), in Ismāʿīlī cosmology 229,234,271

Ḥayyān al-Sarrāj 60

Hazārasf b. Fakhr al-Dawla Namāwar, Bādūspānid 344

Hazārasf b. Shahrnūsh b. Hazārasf, Bādūspānid 344,367

Hazāraspids, of Daylam 416–417

Hazārmard, Hizabr al-Mulūk, Fāṭimid vizier 246

Hebrew language 184,233

Hell 134

   denied by ghulāt 65

   in doctrine of Abū Manṣūr 70

   in Nizārī doctrine 360,413

   in Nuqṭawī doctrine 422

   in Ṭayyibī doctrine 275

Hellenistic wisdom, see Greek philosophy

Henry Ⅲ, king of England 388

Henry Ⅲ, king of France 20

Henry Ⅳ, king of France 20

Henry of Champagne, ruler of the Latin state of Jerusalem 13

d’Herbelot, Barthélemy, early orientalist 21

hermeneutics, see taʾwīl

Hetʿum, king of Little Armenia 399

Hibat Allāh b. Ibrāhīm al-Makramī, Sulaymānī dāʿī 296

Hibat Allāh b. Ismāʿīl b. ʿAbd al-Rasūl al-Majdūʿ, founder of Hiptias 285–286

Hibat Allāh al-Muʾayyad fi’l-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 285

al-Hidāya al-Āmiriyya, of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Āmir 245–246,325,326,343

Hidāyat, Riḍā Qulī Khān, historian 408

hidden imams (al-aʾimma al-mastūrīn)

   for pre-Fāṭimid Ismāʿīlīs 99,100,104,112

   in Druze literature 105

   in ancestry of ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī, 105–106, 107; pseudonyms 104,118

   for Nizārīs 325–326,344,456

   for Ṭayyibīs 238–239,285,288,292

   see also dawr al-star

hierarchy

   in daʿwa organization: early Ismāʿīlī, 117–118, 130, 134; Fāṭimid, 217–219; Druze 190

   spiritual, 85–86, 134–135; analogous with terrestrial, passim 230–234

   see also ḥudūd

High Court, of Bombay, see Bombay High Court

Ḥijāz, the 51,52,73,80,89,95,103,206,287,468

   part of Fāṭimid empire 139,161,176,198

   in rebellion of Mufarrij 182

   under Saʿūdīs 296–297

hijra (emigration), of the Prophet 36

ḥikma 214,215,379

al-ḥikma al-ilāhiyya 420–421

Hilāl, Banū 201

Hilālī invasion, of North Africa 201–202

Ḥilla, in ʿIrāq 185

Ḥimās b. al-Qubayb, Hamdānid 258

Ḥimṣ (Homs), in Syria 123,175,333,347,369,400,489

Ḥimyar, Banū, of Yaman 199,265

Hind 218,266,298,438

   see also India; Indian subcontinent; South Asia

Hindu Kush, mountains, in Central Asia 207,452,494

Hindus, Hinduism 4,276,277,282,n:286,288,294,295,299,385–386,404,444,446,447–450,475–476,n:504

Hindustani language 444

Hiptias (Hibtias), subgroup of Dāʾūdī Bohras 285–286

al-Ḥīra, near Kūfa 92

Hishām Ⅱ, Umayyad caliph in Spain 158

Hishām b. ʿAbd al-Malik, Umayyad caliph 71,72,73,74

Hishām b. al-Ḥakam, Imāmī scholar 81,84,89

Hishām b. al-Qubayb, Hamdānid 258

Hishām b. Sālim al-Jawāliqī, Imāmī scholar 84

Ḥiṣn al-Akrād, see Krak des Chevaliers

Ḥiṣn al-Khaḍrāʾ, fortress, in ʿAdan 255

Ḥiṣn al-Taʿkar, fortress, near Dhū Jibla 255

historiography

   of Ismāʿīlīs, 2, 4–10, 99; problems of, 87

   of Nizārīs 6–10,304–309,405–409

   of Fāṭimids 139–140

   of Mustaʿlians 239–241

   of Ṭayyibīs 240–241

   see also archaeological evidence; literature; numismatic evidence

Hodgson, Marshall Goodwin S. 24,32,310

   on Nizārīs 338,355,361,397

   on authority of imam 81–82

   on ṭarīqa Shīʿism 426

Holy Land 11,14,18,20,352,372,n:390

Holy Sepulchre, church of the, in Jerusalem 180–181,182,192,197

horse racing 476,483

Hospitallers, see Knights Hospitaller

housing 488,503

Huart, Clément, orientalist 30

ḥudūd, ḥudūd al-dīn 118,126,130,164,213–214,217,219,231,234,275

   in Druze terminology 190

   in Dāʾūdī daʿwa 292

   celestial, in Ṭayyibī doctrine 270–274

Hugh of Caesarea, Frankish envoy to Fāṭimid Egypt 251

ḥujja (proof) 127,165,263,288

   in Imāmī doctrine 83,364

   in early Ismāʿīlī doctrine 117–118

   as rank in Ismāʿīlī daʿwa organization 118,200,206,208,218,220,234,264,275

   as guardian of imam 106,414

   in Nizārī doctrine, 3, 301, 342, 359, 360–361, 364, 365, 382; for Qāsim-Shāhīs, 439–440, 442; Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ as, passim 326,342,344,359–364 ,382

   in works of Khayrkhwāh-i Harātī 433,434,441,491

   Murād Mīrzā as 491

al-ḥujja al-laylī 285

ḥujjat-i aʿẓam 439

Ḥujr b. ʿAdī al-Kindī 45,49

Hujūmiyya, subgroup of Dāʾūdī Bohras 284,285

Hülegü (Hūlāgū), founder of the Īlkhānid dynasty of Persia and ʿIrāq, passim 13,18,304–305,306,379,388–398 ,411

ḥulūl (incarnation) 64,65,67,189

al-Ḥulwānī, dāʿī 126

Ḥumayma, in Palestine 61,76,77

Hunza, in northern Pakistan 207,433,491,495–496

al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan, Twelver scholar 168

ḥurūf (letters of the alphabet): symbolic nature of 69,134,421–422

al-ḥurūf al-ʿulwiyya (higher letters), in Ismāʿīlī cosmology 134,230,234

Ḥurūfiyya 421–422,426

Ḥusām al-Dawla Ardashīr, Bāwandid 367,374

Ḥusām al-Dawla Shahriyār b. Qārin, Bāwandid 337

Ḥusām al-Dīn b. Dumlāj, Nizārī commander in Aleppo 335

Ḥusām al-Dīn al-Ḥajj Ghulām Ḥusayn, Sulaymānī dāʿī 297

Ḥusayn, Muḥammad Kāmil 31

Ḥusayn, son of Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ 344

al-Ḥusayn, son of Zikrawayh b. Mihrawayh 122–123

al-Ḥusayn al-Ahwāzī, early Ismāʿīlī dāʿī 102,107

al-Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh, concealed Ismāʿīlī imam 100,106–107

al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī, Ṣāḥib Fakhkh, ʿAlid leader of anti-ʿAbbāsid revolt 89

al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, imam 49–50,51,52,57,58,73,83,90,94,109

   transmitted naṣṣ 81,83

   in early Ismāʿīlī enumeration of imams 97

   commemorated on ʿĀshūrāʾ, 177, 294, 492; by Dāʾūdīs 284,294

   shrine of 109,455

al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 267

al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. al-Nuʿmān, Abū ʿAbd Allāh, Fāṭimid chief qāḍī, grandson of al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān 172,181

al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī al-Marwazī, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī 111,113,116,122

al-Ḥusayn b. Idrīs b. al-Ḥasan b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 269

al-Ḥusayn b. Jawhar, Fāṭimid wāsiṭa 180,181

Ḥusayn b. Yaʿqūb Shāh Qāʾinī, Nizārī poet 491

al-Ḥusayn b. Ẓāhir al-Wazzān 181

Ḥusayn Iṣfahānī, Ṣafawid official 453

Ḥusayn Qāʾinī, Nizārī dāʿī 314,318–319,344

Ḥusayn Yazdī, Mullā 463

Ḥusaynī Sādāt Amīr, Sufi master 419,428

Ḥusaynids, branch of ʿAlids 57–58,69,71,75,81,83,84,431,452

Hussein, Prince, son of Aga Khan Ⅳ 504

Ḥuṭayb, fortress, in Ḥarāz 266

Hyde, Thomas 21

Hyderabad, see Ḥaydarābād

Iamblichus, philosopher 224

ʿibādāt 169

   see further ḥajj; ṣalāt; ṣawm; etc.

Ibāḍiyya, subgroup of Khārijīs 141,n:145

ibāḥa (antinomianism) 66,102,130,154,225,226,372

   see also libertinism

ibdāʿ (creation ex nihilo) 229,233,269,274

Iblīs 271–272

Ibn ʿAbd al-Qawī, Fāṭimid chief dāʿī 253

Ibn ʿAbd al-Ẓāhir, biographer of Baybars I 399

Ibn Abī Khinzīr, Fāṭimid amīr of Sicily 143

Ibn Abī Ṭayyiʾ, historian 261

Ibn Abi’l-Baghl 235

Ibn Abi’l-Fawāris, Fāṭimid amīr of Sicily 143

Ibn al-ʿAdīm, Kamāl al-Dīn, historian 6,309,334,372

Ibn ʿAmmār, Fāṭimid qāḍī of Alexandria 242

Ibn ʿAmmār al-Kutāmī, see al-Ḥasan b. ʿAmmār

Ibn Anaz, see Muḥammad b. Anaz

Ibn al-ʿArabī, Sufi master 420

Ibn al-Ashʿath, leader of revolt 56

Ibn al-Ashtar, see Ibrāhīm b. al-Ashtar

Ibn al-Athīr, ʿIzz al-Dīn, historian 6,139,308,309,313,330,362,372–373

Ibn ʿAṭṭāsh, see ʿAbd al-Malik b. ʿAṭṭāsh

Ibn Bābawayh, Imāmī scholar 168,170

Ibn Badīʿ, see Ṣāʿid b. Badīʿ

Ibn al-Balkhī, historian and geographer 337

Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, Moorish traveller 402

Ibn al-Dawādārī, Abū Bakr b. ʿAbd Allāh, historian 8,101

Ibn Dawwās, Kutāma chief 191

Ibn Dayṣān (Bardesanes) 102,227

Ibn al-Faḍl, dāʿī, see ʿAlī b. al-Faḍl

Ibn al-Furāt, ʿAbbāsid vizier 148

Ibn al-Ḥanafiyya, see Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya

Ibn Hāniʾ, Ismāʿīlī poet 30,159–160

Ibn al-Ḥarb, see ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥarb

Ibn Ḥawqal, Abu’l-Qāsim, geographer and traveller 111,120,121,154,218

Ibn Ḥawshab, Manṣūr al-Yaman, early Ismāʿīlī dāʿī and author in Yaman 6,109–110,122,125,126,166,198

Ibn Ḥazm, ʿAlī b. Aḥmad, Sunnī heresiographer 59

Ibn Hubayra, Umayyad governor of ʿIrāq 77

Ibn Isfandiyār, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan, historian 308

Ibn al-Jawzī, Sibṭ, see Sibṭ Ibn al-Jawzī

Ibn Jubayr, Andalusian traveller 370

Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, historian 157

Ibn Khallikān, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad, biographer 168

Ibn al-Khashshāb, qāḍī 347

Ibn Killis, Fāṭimid vizier 158,163,175,176–177,212,214–215

Ibn al-Kurdī, Druze leader 188

Ibn Madyan, dāʿī 261–262

Ibn al-Maghribī, Fāṭimid vizier 196–197

Ibn Mālik al-Ḥammādī al-Yamānī, Muḥammad, Yamanī historian and jurist 120

Ibn al-Maʾmūn al-Baṭāʾiḥī, Jamāl al-Dīn, historian 245

Ibn Maṣāl, Fāṭimid vizier 249,250

Ibn Muʿāwiya, see ʿAbd Allāh b. Muʿāwiya

Ibn Mudabbir, Fāṭimid vizier 204

Ibn al-Muslima, Abu’l-Qāsim ʿAlī, ʿAbbāsid vizier 196,204

Ibn Muyassar, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī, historian 245,246,261,343,399

Ibn al-Nadīm, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq, author 8,9,101,102,107,155

Ibn Nafīs, dāʿī 155

Ibn Najīb al-Dawla, Fāṭimid envoy to Yaman 263–264

Ibn al-Nuʿmān, Fāṭimid chief qāḍī, see ʿAlī b. al-Nuʿmān

Ibn al-Qaddāḥ, see ʿAbd Allāh b. Maymūn al-Qaddāḥ

Ibn al-Qalānisī, Ḥamza b. Asad, historian 6,309,332,347,349

Ibn al-Qifṭī, Jamāl al-Dīn, Arab author 235

Ibn Qurhub, governor of Sicily 143–144

Ibn Raslān, dāʿī 261

Ibn al-Rāwandī, Abu’l-Ḥusayn Aḥmad, Muʿtazilī scholar 204

Ibn Rizām (Razzām), Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad, anti-Ismāʿīlī author 8,99,101,103,105,107,111,117,n:152

   alleged Qaddāḥid foundation of Ismāʿīlism 102

   myth of Ibn al-Qaddāḥ 104,105

   on initiation into Ismāʿīlism 129–130,220–221

   on schism in the Ismāʿīlī movement 99,117

   preserved in later works 8,101

Ibn Ruzzīk, see Ṭalāʾiʿ b. Ruzzīk

Ibn Sabaʾ, see ʿAbd Allāh b. Sabaʾ

Ibn Saʿdān, Būyid vizier 235

Ibn Ṣalāḥ, Zangid governor of Ḥamā 350

Ibn Sanbar, see al-Ḥasan b. Sanbar

Ibn Saʿūd, see ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Ⅱ

Ibn Sawāda, dāʿī, al-Nasafī’s deputy 113

Ibn al-Ṣayrafī, ʿAlī b. Munjib, secretary in Fāṭimid chancery 245,343

Ibn Shaddād, Bahāʾ al-Dīn Yūsuf, biographer of Saladin 309

Ibn Shahrāshūb, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī, Imāmī scholar 68,168

Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) 202,224,233,340,380

Ibn Taghrībirdī, Abu’l-Maḥāsin Yūsuf, historian 140

Ibn Ṭughj, see Muḥammad b. Ṭughj

Ibn ʿUqayl, Fāṭimid chief qāḍī 245

Ibn Wāṣil, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Jamāl al-Dīn, historian 309

Ibn Ziyād, see ʿUbayd Allāh b. Ziyād

Ibn al-Zubayr, see ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr

Ibrāhīm (Abraham) 94,97,98,131,208,227,365

Ibrāhīm al-ʿAjamī, Nizārī commandant of Bālis 335

Ibrāhīm b. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥasan, ʿAlid, brother of al-Nafs al-Zakiyya 75,80

Ibrāhīm b. Abī Salama 267

Ibrāhīm b. al-Ashtar 52

Ibrāhīm b. Dāʾūd b. ʿAjabshāh 281

Ibrāhīm b. al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 268

Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī (Ibrāhīm al-Imām), ʿAbbāsid 61,75,76–77

Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad b. al-Fahd al-Makramī, Sulaymānī dāʿī 296

Ibrāhīm b. al-Walīd I, Umayyad caliph 74,75

Ibrāhīm al-Imām, see Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī

Ibrāhīm Īnāl, Saljūq amīr 196

Ibrāhīm Pasha, Ottoman general 489

Ibrāhīm Riḍā Ṣāḥib, leader of Mahdībāghwālās 288

Ibrāhīm Wajīh al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 285

Ibrāhīmbhāʾī Ṣafī al-Dīn b. ʿAbd-i ʿAlī ʿImād al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī scholar 287

ʿīd al-naṣr 247

ʿīd-i qiyāmat 359

Idrīs ʿImād al-Dīn b. al-Ḥasan, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq and historian 5,240,268,269,283

   on Imam Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl 95

   on ‘hidden imams’ 99,106

   on Jaʿfar b. Manṣūr al-Yaman 166

   on the Epistles 235

   on al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān 169,172

   on al-Āmir 246

   on al-Ṭayyib 261,262

   on Ḥāfiẓī Ismāʿīlīs of Yaman 265

   see also ʿUyūn al-akhbār; Zahr al-maʿānī

Idrīsids, of Morocco 142,156

Īfran, Banū, branch of the Zanāta 145,156,157

Ifrīqiya 125–136,327

   as seat of Fāṭimid caliphate,passim 142,146–162 ,170,212

   relations with Sicily 143–144

   under Zīrids 157,162,180,201

   Ismāʿīlīs persecuted 182–183

Iftitāḥ al-daʿwa, of al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān 56

Ighlamish, Eldigüzid governor of ʿIrāq-i ʿAjam 377

ʿIjl, Banū 69,149

ijtihād 171

ijmāʿ (consensus) 39,171

al-Ikhshīd, ruler of Egypt 143,158

Ikhshīdids, of Egypt and southern Syria 143,158,161,162

Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ (Brethren of Purity) 28,32,234–236

   see also Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ

Īkjān, in North Africa 126

Īlghāzī, Artuqid ruler 243,347

Īlkhānids, Mongol dynasty of Persia and ʿIrāq 6,304,307,379,398,411,415,416,425,430,

ʿilm (religious knowledge) 40,41,73,82,83,88,213,271,292,340

   see also imamate: principle of ʿilm

ʿilm al-bāṭin 222

ʿilm al-fiqh, see fiqh

ʿilm al-ẓāhir 222

ʿImād al-Dīn, Nizārī vizier to ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad Ⅲ 387

ʿImād al-Dīn Muḥammad?> al-Kātib al-Iṣfahānī, historian 308

imam 7,39–40

   mustaqarr, mustawdaʿ 97,106,107

   in religious hierarchy 117–118,231,234

   absent during dawr al-fatra 226–227

   none after the qāʾim 96–97,132

   for Fāṭimids, 207–209; see further imamate: in Fāṭimid doctrine

   in Ṭayyibī cosmology 272,273–275

   in Pandiyāt of Mustanṣir bi’llāh Ⅱ 432–433

   as tenth avatāra of Vishnu 450

   for Nizārīs: spiritual reality, 360–361, 371, 381–382; succession, post-Alamūt, 413–415, 417–418, 423; authority, 413, 500–501; in Qāsim-Shāhī teaching 440–441

   see also hidden imams; imamate

Imām al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥīm b. Ḥasan, see Imām Shāh

Imām Shāh, Imām al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥīm, eponym of Imām-Shāhīs 445–446,450

imamate 40–41

   in Imāmī doctrine 81,83

   in teachings of Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq 81–83

   in early Ismāʿīlī doctrine, 129–133; enumeration 96–98

   in Qarmaṭī doctrine 96–97,102–103

   in account of Akhū Muḥsin 101–102

   in Zaydī doctrine 73

   in Shīʿī thought 39–41,83–84

   for ghulāt 64–65

   succession for Mubārakiyya 90

   for Muʿtazilīs 73

   in Fāṭimid doctrine, 117, 120, 170; reform of ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī, 116–119, 132; reform of al-Muʿizz, 164–166; during caliphate of the Fāṭimid al-Mustanṣir 207–209

   in Druze doctrine 186,189–190

   in writings of Nāṣir-i Khusraw, 208–209; of al-Sijistānī 227–228

   in Nizārī doctrine, 339–342, 361–365; in gināns 450

   in Satpanth Ismāʿīlism 448–450

   claimed by Nar (Nūr) Muḥammad 445–446

   divinity of 64,65,186–187

   principle of ʿilm 82

   principle of naṣṣ 61,64,81–82

   cycles of 131–132

   in Shīʿī schools of fiqh 170–171

   transferability between brothers 90,172–173

   see also imam

Imāmīs, Imāmiyya 1,35,58–59,88–89,353,410

   and the ghulāt 63,67,71

   and the Muʿtazilīs 73

   under Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn 59,67–68

   supported Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq 71

   appeal of revolutionary Ismāʿīlism of 260s/870s, for 108

   and Zaydism 72,73–74

   recognized Mūsā al-Kāẓim 88–89

   their use of the term ḥujja 83,118

   school of law 170–171,172

   in Syria 332

   see also Twelvers

imām-qāʾim 272,361,364–365,381

Imām-Shāhīs 442,444,445–447,450

Īmānī Khān Farāhānī 464

Imperial Library, Vienna 25

ʿImrān b. al-Faḍl, al-Qāḍī, governor of Ṣanʿāʾ 258–259

ʿImrān b. Muḥammad b. Sabaʾ, Zurayʿid 257

inbiʿāth (emanation) 228–231,234

incarnation, see ḥulūl

India 3,4,20,30,138,256,260,374,436,440

   Fāṭimid influence in, 166; daʿwa 200,203

   jazīra 218,298

   in Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism 324–325

   Muslims of 453–454,482

   Nizārīs of, 304, 385–386, 405–406, 409, 432, 438, 465, 481, 488, 497; historiography and literature, 406, 407, 409, 414; post-Alamūt period, 442–451, 456; modern period, 472–484; organization, 484, 499–500, 501, 503; Muḥammad-Shāhīs, 414, 451, 454–456; see further Muḥammad-Shāhīs; seat of Āghā Khāns (Aga Khans), 473–481; see further Imām-Shāhīs; Khojas; Satpanth Ismāʿīlism

   Ṭayyibīs (Bohras) of 201,239,267,268,276,280–281

   Dāʾūdīs of, 281–295; see further Dāʾūdīs

   Sulaymānīs of, 295, 298–299; see further Sulaymānīs

   Nuqṭawīs of 422

   Niʿmat Allāhīs of 427,428,461,468

   and East Africa 485–486

   and Yaman 240

   British, 286, 288, 481, 482, 484, 491; interest in Āghā Khān I’s rebellion 469

   independence, 482–483, and partition 484

   see also Indian subcontinent; South Asia

Indian hemp, see ḥashīsh

Indian subcontinent 4,110

   Fāṭimid daʿwa to 200–201

   Nizārī daʿwa to 385–386,438,442–445

   see also India; Pakistan; South Asia

Indic (Indian) languages 1,406,409

Indus valley 54,200,386

inheritance 171,474–475,486

initiation, see balāgh

al-insān al-kāmil (‘perfect man’ of the Sufis) 366

Institute for the Study of Muslim Civilisations, London 503

Institute of Ismaili Studies, London 33,242,408,501,503

intellect, see ʿaql

ʿIqdāniyya, council of 110–111,151

iqṭāʿ 317,318,327,353,386

irāda (divine intention) 134

Iran, Iranians, passim 223–234 ,410,420,501

   see further Persia

Iranian school of philosophical Ismāʿīlism, see philosophical Ismāʿīlism

Irano-Zoroastrianism: and mawālī 56

Īrānshāh b. ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad Ⅲ 395

ʿIrāq 42,95,206,327,346,435,453,462,463,468

   versus Syria 45,49,76,77–78,80

   in the first civil war 47,48

   under Umayyads 51,53–54,71,76–77

   Qarmaṭī revolts of, 289–294/902–907 122–123

   policy of the Fāṭimid caliph al-ʿAzīz towards 176

   attacked by Abū Ṭāhir al-Jannābī 148–149

   conquered by Saljūqs 195–196

   under Jalāyirids 416

   in World War I 491

   Āghā Khān Ⅱ in 477

   Ṣafī ʿAlī Shāh in 479

   pro-Shīʿī 46,48

   mawālī of 54,58

   and later Kaysānī sects 63

   seat of ʿAbbāsid caliphate 78

   early Ismāʿīlī daʿwa in, 102, 107, 116–117; see further Qarmaṭīs

   Fāṭimid daʿwa to 184–185,192,218,310,311

   Nizārīs of 342,374

al-ʿIrāq al-ʿAjamī, ʿIrāq-i ʿAjam 184,377,384,394,438

ʿirfān, see gnosticism

Irshād al-sālikīn, of Fidāʾī Khurāsānī 407

Irshād al-ṭālibīn, of Muḥibb ʿAlī Qunduzī 414

ʿĪsā (Jesus) 93,94,97,98,131,208,227,365

ʿĪsā b. Mūsā, ʿAbbāsid governor of Kūfa 80,85

ʿĪsā b. Mūsā, nephew of ʿAbdān, Qarmaṭī dāʿī 120,124,149,150

ʿĪsā b. Nasṭūrus, Fāṭimid vizier 177,179

ʿĪsā b. Zayd b. ʿAlī, Zaydī imam 73

Isabella, wife of Conrad of Montferrat 372

Iṣfahān, in central Persia 150,153,327,345,377,384,418,463

   extension of daʿwa to: early Ismāʿīlī, 112, 327; Fāṭimid 202,327

   Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ in 312,313

   massacres of Nizārīs 329,330,356

   Nizārīs active in 329–330,336,339,356

   Saljūq capital 311,321,338

   Ṣafawid capital 437

   Nuqṭawiyya of 422

   seized by Qājārs 460

Isfandiyār b. Ādharbād, chief priest of the Zoroastrians 150

Isfandiyār Khān, Qājār commander 469

Isḥāq b. Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, ʿAlid 91

Isḥāq b. Yaʿqūb, dāʿī in Gujarāt 277

Isḥāq Khuttalānī, Sufi master 427

Ishbīliya, see Seville

Ishkāshim, in Badakhshan 29

Ishmael, see Ismāʿīl

Iskandar, Banū, of Ṭabaristān 417

Islam 1,16,155

   historiography 34–35

   as theocracy 36–37

   Shīʿī perspective 38–40

   civil wars: first, 45–46, 47; second 50–52

   tenets shared by all Muslims 492

   era of, would be ended by Mahdī 96–98,132

   era of, in philosophical Ismāʿīlism of Iranian school 231–232

   era of, extended in Fāṭimid doctrine 132–133,223

   converts (non-Arab), see mawālī

   non-Muslim subjects, see dhimmīs

Islām Shāh, Nizārī imam 418,443,446

Islamic Research Association, Bombay 31

ʿiṣma (perfect immunity from error and sin) 40,65,83,271,284,292

Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) 132

Ismāʿīl I, founder of the Ṣafawid dynasty of Persia 429,430–431,435,453

Ismāʿīl Ⅱ, Ṣafawid shāh 436

Ismāʿīl ʿĀdil Shāh, ʿĀdil-Shāhī ruler of Bījāpūr 453

Ismāʿīl al-ʿAjamī, Nizārī leader in Syria 348,349

Ismāʿīl b. Hibat Allāh, Sulaymānī dāʿī 296

Ismāʿīl b. Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, Ismāʿīlī imam and eponym of Ismāʿīliyya 1,27,85,88,90–93,95,105–106

   as Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq’s successor 88,89,312

   position in series of imams 90,97,101

   pseudonym 104

   and Fāṭimid genealogy 105–107,118–119

   in Umm al-kitāb 93

   in account of Akhū Muḥsin 102

   in writings of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Muʿizz 165–166

Ismāʿīl b. Muḥammad, Nizārī amīr of Qadmūs 489

Ismāʿīl b. Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl b. Jaʿfar, ʿAlid 96

Ismāʿīl b. Muḥammad al-Tamīmī, Druze leader 187,190

Ismāʿīl Badr al-Dīn b. Mullā Rāj b. Ādam, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 284

Ismāʿīl Badr al-Dīn b. Shaykh Ādam Ṣafī al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 285

Ismaili Associations, see Ismaili Tariqah and Religious Education Boards

Ismāʿīl Qazwīnī, Nizārī dāʿī 314

Ismāʿīlī law, see fiqh

Ismaili Society, Bombay 31

Ismaili studies 30–33,503

Ismaili Tariqah and Religious Education Boards (ITREB), formerly Ismailia Associations 499,500,501

Ismāʿīlīs, Ismāʿīliyya 1,35,104

   origin of name 1,2,85,88

   as a movement of social protest 67,115,310–311

   early (pre-Fāṭimid) doctrine, 96–98, 129–136; enumeration of early imams 96–97,117–119

   daʿwa, 97–98, 107–127; organization and hierarchy 130–131,219

   see further Nizārīs; Muḥammad-Shāhīs; Qāsim-Shāhīs; Khojas; Satpanth Ismāʿīlism; see further Mustaʿlians; Ṭayyibīs; Ḥāfiẓīs; Dāʾūdīs Sulaymānīs; Bohras; ʿAlawīs

   see also Fāṭimids; Qarmaṭīs; Shīʿīs

al-Ismāʿīliyya al-khāliṣa, early Ismāʿīlī group 89–90

al-Ismāʿīliyya al-wāqifa 90

isnād (chain of transmitters of ḥadīth) 80,170

Israel 189

Isrāfīl (Seraphiel), archangel 134

Iṣṭakhr, in Fārs 75

Istanbul 25,481

istidlāl 171

istiḥsān 171

istiʿrāḍ 146

istiṣlāḥ 171

Istitār al-imām, of al-Nīsābūrī 5

Italy 18,19,28,143–144

Ithnāʿashariyya, see Twelvers

Iʿtibār al-Salṭana, Mīrzā Ismāʿīl Khān, son of Sardār Abu’l-Ḥasan Khān 472

Iʿtimād al-Salṭana, Muḥammad Ḥasan Khān, historian 408

Ivanow W. (Vladimir Alekseevich Ivanov) 30,310,405

   identification of al-Mubārak 90

   on Umm al-kitāb 93

   on Ibn al-Qaddāḥ 103,106

   on Nāṣir-i Khusraw 206

   on Anjudān 423

   on Fidāʾī Khurāsānī’s works 407

   on Amrī Shīrāzī 422

   on Khayrkhwāh-i Harātī 433

   Ismāʿīlī bibliography of 31,407,438

ʿIzz al-Dawla Bakhtiyār, Būyid 162

ʿIzz al-Dīn al-ʿAdīmī, Mamlūk amīr 400

ʿIzzat ʿAlī Shāh, Muḥammad ʿAlī, Niʿmat Allāhī Sufi, maternal uncle of Āghā Khān I 463

Jabal ʿĀmil, in Lebanon 435

Jabal Anṣāriyya, see Jabal Bahrāʾ

Jabal Bahrāʾ, in Syria 309,332,349,350,352,353,367,369,370,389,391,n:401

Jabal Maghāriba, in Yaman 298

Jabal Maswar, in Yaman 109

Jabal Ṣaʿfān, in Yaman 291

Jabal al-Summāq, in Syria 216,333–334,335,349,372

Jābir b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Anṣārī 93

Jābir b. Ḥayyān 84–85

Jābir al-Juʿfī 85,93

jadd 134–135,190,230–231

Jaʿfar, cousin of al-Ḥasan al-Aʿṣam 173

Jaʿfar, Sayyid, dissident Bohra 277–278,279,284

Jaʿfar b. Abī Ṭālib, al-Ṭayyār, Ṭālibid 57,62

Jaʿfar b. ʿAlī, chamberlain to ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī 6,123,125

Jaʿfar b. ʿAlī b. Ḥamdūn, governor of the Zāb 157

Jaʿfar b. Falāḥ, Fāṭimid general 162

Jaʿfar b. Manṣūr al-Yaman, Ismāʿīlī author 6,98,101,129,164,165–166,207,208,217,225,309

Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl b. Jaʿfar, ʿAlid 96

Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad al-Ṣādiq, see Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, imam

Jaʿfar b. Sulaymān, Sulaymānī dāʿī 295

Jaʿfar al-Juʿfī, see Jābir al-Juʿfī

Jaʿfar Khān Zand, father of Luṭf Alī Khān 460

Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, imam 1,2,36,41,58,60,63,69,71,77,84–85,95,103,118,119,126

   and Abū Muslim al-Khurāsānī 77

   and the ghulāt 67,71,81,85,94

   his interpretation of the law 69

   ḥadīths of, in Ismāʿīlī law 170

   his tradition, regarding the Mahdī 119

   during revolt of Zayd b. ʿAlī 73

   withheld approval from al-Nafs al-Zakiyya 75

   refused Abū Salama’s offer of caliphate 77

   rallying point for Shīʿīs 79–80,84

   his religious thought 80–83,128

   his circle of associates 80–81,84–85

   his death and succession 88–89,101

   disapproved of his son Ismāʿīl’s revolutionary activities 91–92

   in early Ismāʿīlī enumeration of imams 97,119

   and Fāṭimid genealogy 101,104,107

Jaʿfar al-Ṭayyār, see Jaʿfar b. Abī Ṭālib

Jaʿfarī Bohras 278,280

Jaʿfarids, branch of Ṭālibids 62

Jaʿfariyya, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārīs in Syria 455–456,488–490

Jafri, S. Husain M. 85

Jahāngīr, Mughal emperor 168,281,282

Jahāngīr b. Muḥammad b. Jahāngīr, Iskandarid ruler of Kujūr, in Māzandarān 417

jāhil, juhhāl (the ignorant) 190

Jalāl b. Ḥasan, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 279–280

Jalāl al-Dawla, Būyid 192

Jalāl al-Dīn Ḥasan Ⅲ, Nizārī imam and lord of Alamūt 302,375–377,378,380–381,383,386,387,389–390

Jalāl al-Dīn Khwārazmshāh 376,384,386–388

Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī, Mawlānā, Sufi poet 385,413,420

Jalāl Shāh, son of Āghā Khān I 473

Jalam b. Shaybān, see Ḥalam b. Shaybān

Jalāyirids, of Ādharbayjān, Kurdistān and ʿIrāq 416,425

Jamāʿa (the Community) 48,78–79,82

jamāʿat 292,474,484–485,493–494,498,500–501

jamāʿat al-muʾminīn (community of believers) 48

jamāʿat-i kalān 278

jamāʿat-i khurd 278

jamāʿat–khāna (assembly house) 294,443,474–475,477,486–487,494,496,499

al-Jamal (the Camel), battle of 44–45,49

Jamāl al-Dīn Gīlī, Sufi shaykh of Qazwīn 388

Jamāl al-Dīn Ḥasan b. Thābit, Nizārī leader in Syria 399

Jāmāsp 150

Jambet, Christian 32

James of Vitry, bishop of Acre and Crusader historian 13–14

Jāmiʿa Sayfiyya, see Sayfī Dars

Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh, of Rashīd al-Dīn 306,307,380

Jamnagar, in Gujarāt 284,285,447

Janad, in Yaman 109,198

janāḥ, ajniḥa, rank in daʿwa hierarchy 219,231

al-janāḥ al-ayman (the right wing) 190

al-janāḥ al-aysar (the left wing) 190

Janāḥ al-Dawla, ruler of Ḥimṣ 333

Janāḥiyya, subgroup of Kaysāniyya 63,75

   see also Ḥarbiyya

janāʾiz (funeral rites) 169

Jangī Shāh, Āqā, son of Āghā Khān I 476,480–481

Jannāba (Gannāva), on the coast of Fārs 109,203

al-Jannābī, Abū Saʿīd, founder of the Qarmaṭī state of Baḥrayn 108,109,110,121,147,151,161,163,210

al-Jannābī, Abū Ṭāhir, Qarmaṭī ruler of Baḥrayn 9,121,124,148–150,152,161,163

al-Jarjarāʾī, ʿAlī b. Aḥmad, Fāṭimid vizier 192,193

Jarrāḥids, of Palestine 163,175,177,182,192

Jārūdiyya, branch of Zaydīs 74

Jawdhar, Ustādh, Fāṭimid functionary 6,172,173,212

Jawḥab, fortress, in Ḥarāz 266

Jawhar, al-Ṣiqillī, Fāṭimid general and administrator 156–157,158–159,161,162,172,173,212

Jawhar b. ʿAbd Allāh, Zurayʿid guardian 257

al-Jayhānī, Abū ʿAlī Muḥammad, Sāmānid vizier 113

Jayns, community of Bohras 290

Jaysh b. Ṣamṣām, Kutāma chief 179

jazīra, jazāʾir 118,217–218,221,226,271,275,298,440

Jazr, in northern Syria 325,333,335,372

Jerruck, in Sind 470

Jerusalem 11,15,180,197,243

   Latin state of 331,348,369,372,390

Jesus, see ʿĪsā

Jetpur, in Sind 443

Jews

   under Fāṭimids appointed to high office by al-ʿAzīz, 177; persecuted by al-Ḥākim 180–181

Jhun, in Sind 445

Jibāl, region, in Persia 99,111–112,115,121,155,224,311

Jibrāʾīl (Gabriel), archangel 134

Jidda, in Saudi Arabia 480–481

jihād (war) 169

Jinnah, Muhammad Ali 483

Jīruft, in Kirmān 184

Jīza, in Egypt 159

jizya (tribute, poll-tax) 56,145

John of Joinville, French historian and secretary to Louis Ⅸ 14–15,390–391

Joshua, see Yūsha ʿ

Judaeo-Christian traditions 130,132–133,134,135,184,222,233

   and mawālī 56

   origin of Mahdī concept 60

   of taʾwīl 130

   of religious history 131

   of cosmology 134

   in Epistles 237

Judaism 34,56,130,143,177

Junayd, Ṣafawid shaykh 430

jurisprudence, see fiqh

al-Jurjānī, Abu’l-Haytham, see Abu’l-Haytham

Justān Ⅱ b. Wahsūdān, Justānid 153

Justānids, of Daylam 152–153

Juwaynī, ʿAṭāʾ-Malik, historian and Mongol administrator 6,18,25,304–305,306,307,309,408,410

   in negotiations between Mongols and Nizārīs 395

   on Nizārīs: Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ, 313; Ḥasan Ⅱ’s Nizārid ancestry, 363; qiyāma, 361–362, 367; fortresses, 397–398; Alamūt, 396; Alamūt library 342,396

   on assault of Lamasar 324

Jūzjān, in Afghanistan 73

al-Jūzjānī, Minhāj al-Dīn ʿUthmān b. Sirāj al-Dīn, see Minhāj-i Sirāj

Kābul, in Afghanistan 434,456,470

Kabylia, in North Africa 126

Kadi, in Cutch 447

Kadiwala Sayyids, of Sind 448

Kadmus, see Qadmūs

Kafarlāthā, in Syria 334

kāfir (unbeliever) 83,274–275

Kāfūr, Ikhshīdid ruler of Egypt 143,158

Kahak, village near Maḥallāt, in central Persia 27,405,439,456–458,462,463,473

Kahf, castle, in Syria 13,349,350,353,367–368,373,389,400,401,402

kalām (theology) 84,225,379

Kalām fī maḥḍ al-khayr (Liber de causis), pseudo-Aristotelian work 224

Kalām–i pīr, of Khayrkhwāh-i Harātī 433

Kalāt, in Sind 470

Kalb, Banū, of Syria 51,122–123,124,192

Kalbids, of Sicily 144–145,162,202

kalima (divine word) 190,229,230,364

Kalwādhā, near Baghdad 108

Kāmaḍ, Hindu community 450–451

kamadia, (Nizārī Ismāʿīlī functionary) 474,476,501

   etymology 443

   in Aga Khan Case, of 1866 475–476

   in East Africa, 499; Zanzibar 486,499

   in South Asia 474,487,500

   in Persia 493

   in Nizārī Constitution of 1986 501

Kamāl al-Dīn al-Ḥasan b. Masʿūd, Nizārī chief dāʿī in Syria 389

Kamara, near Anjudān 436

al-Kāmil fi’l-taʾrīkh, of Ibn al-Athīr 6

Kampala, in Uganda 486,497

Kanz al-Dawla, leader of pro-Fāṭimid revolt 254

Kapadwanj, in Gujarāt 281

Kār Kiyāʾī Sayyids, see Amīr Kiyāʾī Sayyids

Karachi 290,291,293,294,470,472,477,480,484,497,500

Karakorum (Qaraqorum), in Mongolia 15,397

Karakorum mountains 494

Karbalāʾ, in ʿIrāq 50,51,58,109,294,455,479

Karibiyya (or Kuraybiyya), subgroup of Kaysāniyya 59–60

Karīm al-Ḥusaynī, Aga Khan Ⅳ, see Aga Khan Ⅳ

Karīm Khān Zand, founder of the Zand dynasty of Persia 459,460

Karīmābād (Baltit), in Hunza 495

Kart dynasty, of eastern Khurāsān and northern Afghanistan 393,411

karūbiyyūn (Cherubim) 134,135

Kāshān, in central Persia 111,307,422,431,435,436,453

Kāshānī (al-Qāshānī), Abu’l-Qāsim ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAlī, historian 6,307,309,360

kashf, see dawr al-kashf

Kashf al-ḥaqāʾiq, of Fidāʾī Khurāsānī 407

Kāshghar, in Sinkiang (Xinjiang) province of China 494,496

Kashmir 443

al-Kashshī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar, Imāmī scholar 68,91,168

Kathiawar, in Gujarāt 291,448,472,485

Kawkabān, fortress, near Ṣanʿāʾ 259,265,268

kawr, akwār (aeons) 62,132

al-kawr al-aʿẓam 132,272

Kaykāʾūs b. Hazārasf, Bādūspānid 344,367

Kaykāʾūs b. Shāhanshāh, ruler of Kūtum 375

Kayqubād Daylamī, Ismāʿīlī commandant of Takrīt 321,335

Kaysān, Abū ʿAmra, eponym of Kaysāniyya 59

Kaysāniyya 35,57,59–62,63,79

Kayūmarth b. Bīsutūn, Gāwbāra ruler of Rustamdār 417

Kenya 291,484,487,497,501

Ket-Buqa, Mongol general, passim 391–395 ,399

Khafīf, Ḥabbārid ruler of Sind 167

Khākī Khurāsānī, Imām Qulī, Nizārī poet 406,407,437–438,492

Khalaf b. Aḥmad, Ṣaffārid governor of Khurāsān 155

Khalaf b. Mulāʿib, ruler of Afāmiya 333

Khalaf al-Ḥallāj, early Ismāʿīlī dāʿī in Rayy 111

Khalafiyya 111

Khālid b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Qasrī, Umayyad governor of ʿIrāq 71,72

khalīfa (successor) 36,40

khalīfa, khulafāʾ (lieutenants of the Mahdī; Sufi master, etc.)

   in Fāṭimid doctrine 164–166,208,228,247

   in doctrine of Iranian school of dissident Ismāʿīlism 226–227

   in Nizārī doctrine 359,361,495

   in Sufi doctrine 427

khalīfat rasūl Allāh 36

al-Khalīl (Hebron), in Palestine 250

Khalīl Allāh, son of Niʿmat Allāh Walī Kirmānī 428,429

Khalīl Allāh I (Dhu’l-Faqār ʿAlī), Nizārī imam 425,437–438

Khalīl Allāh Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Nizārī imams, see Shāh Khalīl Allāh Ⅱ, Ⅲ

Khaljī dynasty, of India 277

Khalkhāl, in Ādharbayjān 392

khalqān 209

Khāmbāyat (Khambhāt), see Cambay

Khambhlia, in India 284

khānaqāh 412,429

Khāndesh, region in India 447

Khangai mountains, in Mongolia 397

Khānlanjān (Khālanjān), fortress, near Iṣfahān 330,336

kharāj (land tax) 55–56

Kharība, castle, in Syria 350,400

Khārijīs, Khawārij 34,56

   origin of the name 45–46

   dissidents in first civil war 45–46

   in North Africa 125–126,141,163

   revolt of Khārijī Berbers in North Africa 145–147

   used assassination 146,328

   see also Ibāḍiyya; Nukkārīs

khāṣṣa (khawāṣṣ) 129,215,366

khātim al-anbiyāʾ (‘seal of the prophets’) 36,228

khatna (circumcision) 293

al-Khaṭṭāb b. al-Ḥasan b. Abi’l-Ḥifāẓ al-Hamdānī, Ṭayyibī author 105–106,262,264,265

Khaṭṭābiyya, extremist Shīʿī group 67,85–86,90,92,93,94,186,189,n:219

Khawābī, castle, in Syria 350,368,389,400,401

Khawārij, see Khārijīs

khawāṣṣ, see khāṣṣa

Khawla, mother of Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya 52

khayāl 134–135,190,230–231

Khayrkhwāh-i Harātī, Muḥammad Riḍā b. Khwāja Sulṭān Ḥusayn, Nizārī dāʿī and author 7,406,433–434,436,440–441,445,491

Khayyām, ʿUmar, see ʿUmar Khayyām

Khazars 218

al-Khazrajī, Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. al-Ḥasan, Yamanī historian 255

Kheta, mukhi 446

Khidāsh (ʿAmmār b. Yazīd) 76

al-khidma 212

Khiḍr 365

al-khizāna al-maknūna 241

Khojas, Khojahs 4,28,31,32,286,404,442–451,457,459,463,474–481

   etymology 443

   in court cases 474–476,481,484,486,488,491

   gināns of 385,409,442–443,448–451

   histories of 409,442–444

   preserved Pandiyāt of Mustanṣir bi’llāh Ⅱ 432–433

   and Sufism 444

   see also East Africa: Nizārīs of; India: Nizārīs of; Pakistan: Nizārīs of

Khojkī, script 409,432,446,447,457

Khorog, capital of Tajik Badakhshan 495,503

khudāwand, lord of Alamūt 302,363

Khudāwand Muḥammad, Nizārī leader in Daylam 415–417,418,451

Khudāybakhsh, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam, see ʿAṭiyyat Allāh b. Muʿīn al-Dīn

al-khulafāʾ al-rāshidūn (the ‘rightly-guided caliphs’) 37,164,208

khums 108,294

Khurāsān 61,76,89,319,321,330,340,345,346,427,430,469

   Marco Polo in 17

   tradition of Islamic philosophy 224

   Zaydīs in 73

   anti-Umayyad (ʿAbbāsid) revolt 76–78,219,327

   al-Nasafī in 113

   al-Sijistānī in 166–167

   and Nāṣir-i Khusraw 205,206,493

   in Ismāʿīlī schism 121

   Ismāʿīlī daʿwa to 99,102,111,112–113,116,224,311

   dissident Ismāʿīlism in 154–155

   Fāṭimid daʿwa to 202,206

   jazīra of 218

   Nizārīs of, 318, 342, 358, 397, 434, 452, 457, 465, 490–491, 493–494; daʿwa 432,439

   occupied by Khwārazmshāhs 373,386

   conquered by Mongols 304,376,383,392,411

   Khayrkhwāh-i Harātī in 434

   under Karts 411

Khurāsānī tribesmen 456,461,464,468

Khurāsāniyya, army 77,78

Khurramdīniyya, Khurramiyya 63,79,318

Khurshāh, Nizārī imam, see Rukn al-Dīn Khurshāh

Khushk, village, in southern Khurāsān 494

Khusraw Fīrūz, Būyid, see al-Malik al-Raḥīm

Khusraw Fīrūz b. Wahsūdān, Justānid 153

Khusraw Qazwīnī, darwīsh, Nuqṭawī leader 422

khuṭba 182

   for Fāṭimid caliphs 127,128,139,159,166–167,176,185,196,199,204,333

   for ʿAbbāsid caliphs 194,198,201,210,252

   for Dāʾūdīs 294

   at proclamation of qiyāma at Alamūt, and Muʾminābād 358–359

Khūzistān, region, in southwestern Persia 96,100,103,107,196,313,321,n:337

Khwāf, in Khurāsān 393

Khwāja Jahān, Bahmanid vizier 453

Khwāja Qāsim, Nizārī dāʿī 434

Khwāja Sulṭān Ḥusayn, father of Khayrkhwāh-i Harātī 434

Khwānd Amīr, Ghiyāth al-Dīn b. Humām al-Dīn, historian 308

al-Khwānsārī, Muḥammad Bāqir, Twelver scholar 168

Khwārazm, in Central Asia 195,373

Khwārazmians, Khwārazmshāhs 353,373–374,377,382,384,386–388,390,411

Khwurshāh, Nizārī imam, see Rukn al-Dīn Khurshāh

Kilāb, Banū (Kilābīs), of Syria 183,192

al-Kindī, Abū Yūsuf Yaʿqūb b. Isḥāq, philosopher 224

Kirmān, city and province, in Persia 384,387,463,472,482

   home of dāʿī al-Kirmānī 184

   Ismāʿīlī daʿwa to 311

   Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ at 313

   Nizārīs of, passim, 490, 494; ʿAṭāʾ Allāhīs, 457, 460–469 passim 321,405,408,423,438,457,459–462

   under Qājārs 462

   Niʿmat Allāhiyya of 427,428–429,461–462

   Āghā Khān I in 464–465,468–469

al-Kirmānī, Ḥamīd al-Dīn Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī and author 112,138,184–185,297

   on ancestry of Fāṭimids 105

   on doctrine of the imamate 188,207

   on Druze doctrines 187–188

   on daʿwa hierarchy 217,219,275

   cosmological system, 233–234; adopted by Ṭayyibīs 234,265,269

   on controversy amongst dissident Iranian dāʿīs 225–226

Kish, near Samarqand 392

Kitāb al-ʿālim wa’l-ghulām, of Jaʿfar b. Manṣūr al-Yaman 129

Kitāb al-azhār, of al-Bharūchī 279

Kitāb al-bayān, of Ghiyāth 111

Kitāb al-haft wa’l-aẓilla, attributed to al-Mufaḍḍal 94

Kitāb al-īḍāḥ, of al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān 169

Kitāb al-iftikhār, of Abū Yaʿqūb al-Sijistānī 155

Kitāb al-iṣlāḥ, of Abū Ḥātim al-Rāzī 154,225–226

Kitāb ithbāt al-nubūʾāt (al-nubuwwāt), of Abū Yaʿqūb al-Sijistānī 227–228

Kitāb jāmiʿ al-ḥikmatayn, of Nāṣir-i Khusraw 206–207

Kitāb kanz al-walad, of Ibrāhīm b. al-Ḥusayn al-Ḥāmidī 265

Kitāb al-kashf, of Jaʿfar b. Manṣūr al-Yaman 98,118

Kitāb al-maḥṣūl, of Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Nasafī 133,154,225–226

Kitāb al-nuṣra, of Abū Yaʿqūb al-Sijistānī 154–155,225–226,228

Kitāb al-riyāḍ, of Ḥamīd al-Dīn al-Kirmānī 225–226

Kitāb al-rushd wa’l-hidāya, of Ibn Ḥawshab 98

Kitāb al-siyāsa, anonymous anti-Ismāʿīlī treatise 8,9,102

Kitāb al-yanābīʿ, of Abū Yaʿqūb al-Sijistānī 228

Kitāb al-zumurrudh, of Ibn al-Rāwandī 204

Kitāb-i dānish-i ahl-i bīnish, of Fidāʾī Khurāsānī 407

Kitāb-i hidāyat al-muʾminīn al-ṭālibīn, of Fidāʾī Khurāsānī 407,492

Kiyā Abū ʿAlī, Nizārī commander 324

Kiyā Abū Jaʿfar, Nizārī commander 324

Kiyā Abu’l-Qāsim Lārījānī, Nizārī dāʿī 314

Kiyā ʿAlī, son of Kiyā Buzurg-Ummīd 356

Kiyā Bā Jaʿfar, Nizārī commander 343

Kiyā Buzurg al-Dāʿī ila’l-Ḥaqq b. al-Hādī, ʿAlid Zaydī ruler of Daylamān 344

Kiyā Garshāsb, Nizārī commander 324

Kiyā Jalāl al-Dīn Hazāraspī, Hazāraspid 417

Kiyā Malik Hazāraspī, Hazāraspid ruler of Ashkawar 416–417

Kiyā Muḥammad b. ʿAlī Khusraw Fīrūz, Nizārī commander 356

Kiyā Sayf al-Dīn Kūshayjī, ruler of Daylamān 415

Kiyā Shāh b. Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad 414

Kiyāna mountains, in North Africa 147

Knights Hospitaller, military order 13,14,352,368,369,390,391,400

Knights Templar, military order 13,14,352,369,390,391

knowledge, religious, see ʿilm

Kokcha, tributary of Oxus river 206,452

Köke-Ilgei, Mongol general 393,394

Kotri, in Sind 443

Krak des Chevaliers (Ḥiṣn al-Akrād), castle, in Syria 369,400–401

Kraus, Paul, orientalist 31

Kubrā, Shaykh Najm al-Dīn, founder of the Kubrawiyya Sufi order 427

Kubrawiyya, Sufi order 427

Kūfa, in southern ʿIrāq

   founded 43

   under ʿUthmān 42–43,44

   under Umayyads 45,49,50,51,52,55,72,75,77

   mawālī of 52–53

   support for ʿAlī 46,47

   base of Mughīriyya 72

   base of Hāshimiyya 61,76

   in revolt of al-Mukhtār 52–53,59,64

   al-Saffāḥ, proclaimed caliph 78

   rising of Khaṭṭābiyya 85–86

   centre of Shīʿism, 43, 56, 60, 95; radical, 92; early Ismāʿīlīs 89–90

   Qarmaṭī centre 107–109,149

   attacked by followers of Zikrawayh in 293/906 123–124

   attacked by Qarmaṭīs of Baḥrayn 149,150,185

   under ʿUqaylids 185

   Fāṭimid success in 184–185,196

kufr (unbelief) 35,83,188

Kuhandil Khān, Afghan amīr 468

Kuhdum, in Daylam 415

Kūhistān, see Quhistān

Kujūr, in Māzandarān 417

Kulayn (Kulīn), village near Rayy 111

al-Kulaynī (al-Kulīnī), Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb, Imāmī scholar 83,118,168,170

al-Kumayt b. Zayd al-Asadī, Arab poet 68

kun (the Qurʾānic creative imperative) 134,135,230

kūnī 134–135,136,230

Kuraybiyya, see Karibiyya

Kurdistān, Kurds 17,21,251,387,416

kursī (chair) 135,230

Kūshayjān, in Daylam 415

Kūshayjī, amīrs 415–416,417

Kutāma, Berbers 115,125,126,128

   supporters of Fāṭimids 126–128,141,142,146,161,162,176,183,214

   as faction in Fāṭimid armies 178–179,247

Kutayfāt, Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad, Fāṭimid vizier 246–247,262

Kuthayyir, Arab poet 60

Kūtum, in Gīlān 375

Labrousse, Yvette, fourth wife of Aga Khan Ⅲ 483

Lady ʿAlī Shāh, see Shams al-Mulūk, mother of Aga Khan Ⅲ

Lahāb, in Yaman 298

Lāhījān, in Gīlān 415,416,417

Lāhījī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Yaḥyā, Sufi master and author 419,427

lāḥiq, lawāḥiq, rank in daʿwa hierarchy 218,226–227,231

al-Laḥjī, see Musallam b. Muḥammad al-Laḥjī

Lahore 281,282,438

lāhūt 274

Lamaʿāt al-ṭāhirīn, of Ghulām ʿAlī b. Muḥammad 414,454

Lamak b. Mālik al-Ḥammādī, chief qāḍī and Ismāʿīlī dāʿī in Yaman 199,200,204,258,263,275

Lamasar, Lanbasar, fortress, in Daylamān, passim 324,337,343,346,357,363,393–397 ,411,416

Langarids, see Musāfirids

Lāsh va Juvayn, in Afghanistan 469

Last Judgement, see maʿād; qiyāma; eschatology

law, of Nizārī community, passim, see also fiqh 484,486–487,497–501

lawḥ (tablet) 134,230,270

League of Nations, Geneva 483

Lebanon 189

Lebey de Batilly, Denis, French official and author 20

letters of the alphabet, see ḥurūf

Lev, Yaacov 32

Levant, the 18,244

Lewis, Bernard 19,23,24,32

   on mawlā Shīʿism 58

   on Abū Hāshim’s testament 62

   on ‘spiritual adoption’ for revolutionary Shīʿīs 93

   on Qaddāḥids 103,107

   on Syrian Nizārīs 309,310

Liber de causis, see Kalām fī maḥḍ al-khayr

libertinism, 361–362, 372, see also ibāḥa

light, divine (nūr) 64,69,86,134,n:273

lisān al-daʿwa, of the Dāʾūdīs 294

Lisān al-Mulk Sipihr, Muḥammad Taqī, historian 408

literature

   early Ismāʿīlī 87

   Fāṭimid 2,214,222,299

   Ṭayyibī 241,253,265,282

   Ḥāfiẓī 253

   Nizārī 253,303–304,405–406,408,418–420,425,433–434,454,494–495

   Dāʾūdī 292

   Sulaymānī 299

   see also historiography; ginān

Lohana, Hindu caste 443

Lombardy, Lombards 143,144

London 408,501,503

   conferences on India 1903–1904,483

   Nizārī community of 497

Louis Ⅸ (St Louis), king of France 14–15,22,390–391

Luʾluʾ, Ḥamdānid vizier 183

Luʾluʾa, in Yaman 259

Luqmānjī b. Ḥabīb, Dāʾūdī scholar 285

Luristān, in western Persia 353

Luṭf ʿAlī Khān, Afshārid, son of Shāhrukh 459

Luṭf ʿAlī Khān Zand 460–461,462

maʿād 273,359–360

   see also qiyāma; eschatology

Maʿadd 365

Maʿarrat Maṣrīn, in Syria 335

Maʿarrat al-Nuʿmān, in Syria 335

al-Maʿarrī, Abu’l-ʿAlāʾ, Syrian poet-philosopher 204

al-Mabdaʾ wa’l-maʿād, of Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī Ibn al-Walīd 267

Macnaghten, Sir William, British political agent in Kābul 470

Madāʾin (Ctesiphon), in ʿIrāq 43,64,79,185

Madelung, Wilferd 32

   on Umm al-kitāb 93

   on al-Iṣlāḥ of Abū Ḥātim al-Rāzī 154

   on letter of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Muʿizz to the Qarmaṭī al-Ḥasan al-Aʿṣam 163

   on Ḥamdān Qarmaṭ 120

   on Nāṣir-i Khusraw 209

   on Nizārī doctrine of qiyāma 361

madhhab (school of religious law) 80,93,159,167,190,214,426,430,456

maʾdhūn, rank in daʿwa hierarchy 218,220,234,275,284,292,298,440,n:441

al-maʾdhūn al-maḥdūd (or maḥṣūr) 218,275

al-maʾdhūn al-muṭlaq 218

maʾdhūn-i akbar 440

maʾdhūn-i aṣghar 440

Madhya Pradesh, in India 291,447

Mafātīḥ al-asrār, Qurʾān commentary (tafsīr) of al-Shahrastānī 340

Maghāriba, faction in Fāṭimid armies 178–179

Maghrāwa, Berbers 157

Maghrib 102,103,106,110,122,125,141–142,156,158,159,179,201,215,327

Magians, see Zoroastrians

Magliano, Theresa, second wife of Aga Khan Ⅲ 482

Maḥallāt, in central Persia,passim 27,418,423,434,456,459,463–468 ,472,473,477,484,494,

Maḥallātī, ʿAbd al-Muḥammad 467

Māhān, in Kirmān 428,429,461

Maharashtra, in India 291

Mahdī, the 60–61,71

   Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya as 52,56

   Abū Hāshim ʿAbd Allāh as 61

   in ghulāt doctrines 64

   in doctrine of Abū Manṣūr 70

   in Zaydī doctrine 74

   Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq as 88,96–97,132

   Ismāʿīl b. Jaʿfar as 89

   Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl as 96–97,132,164–165,207,219,226–227

   for the Qarmaṭīs 96–98,121,134

   in ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī’s reform 98,116–119,164

   the ‘Persian Mahdī’ of Abū Ṭāhir al-Jannābī 121,150,152,154,210

   Muḥammad Nūrbakhsh as 427

   in religious hierarchy 117

   in Shīʿī tradition 72,119

   Shāh Ismāʿīl I as 430,435,437

   see also qāʾim; qāʾim al-qiyāma

al-Mahdī, ʿAbd Allāh (ʿUbayd Allāh), first Fāṭimid caliph 5,96,97,99,100,103,105,113,149,157,168,186,198,381

   as caliph 140–141,143–144,145,n:152

   flight to the Maghrib 123–128

   ancestry, passim 101–107

   pseudonym 104

   doctrinal reform 99,116–119,121–122,133,164

   letter to Yamanī Ismāʿīlīs 101,104,118–119

   imamate not recognized by dissident (Qarmaṭī) Ismāʿīlīs, passim 116–124 ,151–152,226–227

   in Mustaʿlian doctrine 105–106,238–239

   daʿwa: to Khurāsān, 112; in Yaman 166

   and Abū Ṭāhir al-Jannābī 149,151

al-Mahdī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh, ʿAbbāsid caliph 79

Mahdī, ʿAlid, holder of Alamūt 314

al-Mahdī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh, ʿAbbāsid caliph, see al-Mahdī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh

al-Mahdī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan, twelfth imam of the Twelver Shīʿīs 38,39,107,247

Mahdī b. Khusraw Fīrūz (Fīrūzān), Siyāhchashm, Justānid 152–153

Mahdībāghwālās, Mahdībāgh party, subgroup of Dāʾūdīs 288

Mahdids, of Zabīd 259–260

Mahdīsm, see Mahdī; qāʾim

Mahdiyya, Fāṭimid capital in Ifrīqiya 142–143,144,146,166,183,n:202

Mahim, in India 475

Maḥmūd I, Saljūq sultan 320

Maḥmūd I Begrā, sultan of Gujarāt 279,445

Maḥmūd Ⅱ, Saljūq sultan 338,345–346

Maḥmūd Ⅲ, sultan of Gujarāt 279

Maḥmūd ʿAlī, Nizārī poet 438

Maḥmūd b. Mufarrij b. Daghfal, Jarrāḥid 182

Maḥmūd of Ghazna, Ghaznawid sultan 116,155,167,185,200,418,449

Maḥmūd Shabistarī, Sufi shaykh 419

Maḥmūdiyya, see Nuqṭawiyya

Mahrīz, near Yazd 468

majālis 6,214–215,221,266

majālis al-daʿwa (‘sessions of wisdom’) 215

majālis al-ḥikma 126–127,204,215–216

al-Majālis al-Muʾayyadiyya, of al-Muʾayyad fi’l-Dīn al-Shīrāzī 204,215

al-Majālis al-Mustanṣiriyya, of al-Malījī 208

Majd al-Dīn, Nizārī chief dāʿī in Syria 389,390

Majdhūb ʿAlī Shāh, Niʿmat Allāhī Sufi master 463,465

al-Majdūʿ, Ismāʿīl b. ʿAbd al-Rasūl, Dāʾūdī author 285–286

Mājid, ʿAbd al-Munʿim 32

Majīdiyya 238,248,256–257,260

   see also Ḥāfiẓīs

al-Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir, Twelver scholar 168

Majlis-i maktūb-i Shahrastānī munʿaqid dar Khwārazm, of al-Shahrastānī 340

Majmaʿ al-tawārīkh, of Ḥāfiẓ Abrū 308

al-Majrīṭī, Maslama 236

Majūs, see Zoroastrians

Makhzūm, Banū 103

Makramī, family of Sulaymānī dāʿīs 295–297,299

Makrān, in Persia 166,436

Malagasy Republic, the 501

malāḥida, see mulḥid

Malak Ṣāḥib, see ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn Jīwājī

al-Malāṭī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Sunnī heresiographer 59

Malāṭī Sayyids, see Amīr Kiyāʾī Sayyids

Malaysia 501

al-Malījī, Abu’l-Qāsim ʿAbd al-Ḥākim b. Wahb, Fāṭimid chief qāḍī and author 208

Mālik al-Ashtar 45

al-Malik al-ʿAzīz Ẓahīr al-Dīn Ṭughtakīn, Ayyūbid ruler of Yaman 260

Mālik b. Anas, eponym of Mālikī madhhab 80

Mālik b. Saʿīd, Fāṭimid chief dāʿī 181

Malik Khāmūsh, son of Özbeg 387

al-Malik al-Muẓaffar, Rasūlid 267

al-Malik al-Raḥīm Khusraw Fīrūz, Būyid 195–196

Malik al-Salām 365

al-Malik al-Ṣāliḥ, Zangid 369–370

Malik Shūlīm 365

Malik Yazdāq 365

al-Malik al-Ẓāhir, Rasūlid 268

al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn Baybars I, see Baybars I

al-Malika al-Sayyida, Ṣulayḥid queen, see Arwā

Mālikī Sunnism 80,126,127,128,141,143,144,159,163,168,170,172,181,192,201

Malikshāh I, Saljūq sultan 197,314,319,320,327,330,331

Mālwā, in India 285

Mamlūks, dynasty, of Egypt and Syria

   subjugated Syrian Nizārīs 18,301,309,398,399–402,489

   succeeded Ayyūbids in Egypt 254

al-Maʾmūn, ʿAbbāsid caliph 88,89,223

al-Maʾmūn, dāʿī, brother of ʿAbdān 109

al-Maʾmūn al-Baṭāʾiḥī, Fāṭimid vizier 244–245,343

Maʾmūniyya 109

Maʿn, Banū 199

Maʿn b. Ḥātim b. al-Ghashīm, Hamdānid 258

Manashshā (Manasseh) b. Ibrāhīm, Fāṭimid official 177

Manāzil al-aqṭāb, of Qāḍī Raḥmat Allāh b. Ghulām Muṣṭafā 444–445

Mandaeans 69,135,227

Mangū Khān, see Möngke

Mangūtakīn, governor of Damascus 176,179

Mānī 227

Manichaeism 56,69,70,93,136,270,273–274

Manīqa (Maynaqa), castle, in Syria 350,400,401,402

manṣūb 298,299,300

al-Manṣūr, Abū Jaʿfar, ʿAbbāsid caliph 75,79,81,84,85,86,91,92

al-Manṣūr, Ayyūbid prince of Ḥamā 399,401

al-Manṣūr, Fāṭimid caliph 140,144,146–147,151,156,157,166,169,n:173

Manṣūr, son of Luʾluʾ 183

al-Manṣūr ʿAlī b. Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn, Zaydī pretender 268

al-Manṣūr b. Buluggīn, Zīrid 176

Manṣūr b. ʿImrān, Zurayʿid 257

al-Manṣūr b. al-Mutawakkil, Zaydī imam in Yaman 296

al-Manṣūr Muḥammad b. Abī ʿĀmir, chamberlain to Hishām Ⅱ 157

Manṣūr al-Yaman, see Ibn Ḥawshab

Manṣūra, fortress, in Daylam 345

Manṣūra, in Sind 167

Manṣūrakūh, fortress, near Dāmghān 320,345

Manṣūriyya, extremist Shīʿī group 70–71,72,328

Manṣūriyya, Fāṭimid capital in Ifrīqiya 142,147,159,169,191

al-Maqdisī, see Muḥammad b. Maʿshar al-Bustī al-Maqdisī

al-Maqrīzī, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad, historian 8,101,139,140,213,254

Marāgha, in Ādharbayjān 346,379

Marʿashī Sayyids, of Māzandarān (Ṭabaristān) 415

marātib al-daʿwa, see ḥudūd

Marcion 227

Marco Polo, Venetian traveller 14,15–18,19,20,24,25,368

Marcus, Valentinian Gnostic 69

Mardāwīj b. Ziyār, founder of the Ziyārid dynasty of Persia 112,152

Mārdīn, in ʿIrāq 347

Marjikūlī, in Daylamān 415

Marqab, castle, in Syria 368

Marquet, Yves 32

Marw, in Khurāsān 76,77,205,383

Marw al-Rūdh, in Khurāsān 111,113

Marwān I b. al-Ḥakam, Umayyad caliph 51

Marwān Ⅱ al-Ḥimār, Umayyad caliph 74,75–76,77,78

al-Marwazī, al-Ḥusayn, see al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī al-Marwazī

Marxism 32,310

Marzubān I b. Muḥammad, Musāfirid 121,153–154

Marzubān b. Isḥāq, dāʿī in India 200

Maṣāla b. Ḥabūs, Fāṭimid general 142

Masār, in Yaman 199

Mashāriqa, faction in Fāṭimid armies 178–179

mashāyikh, see shaykh

Mashāyikh, Pīr, son of Sayyid Fāḍil Shāh 448

Mashhad, in Khurāsān 406,407,492,493,494

Masīla, in North Africa 147,157,160,180

maskh 65

   see also tanāsukh

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 504

massacres 185,329,330,335,338,345,347,348,356,357,370,374,383,397,462

Massignon, Louis 31,92,139

   on Abu’l-Khaṭṭāb and spiritual parenthood 92

   on the Qaddāḥids 103

   on Islamic guilds 115

   on Fāṭimid–Qarmaṭī relations 151

Mast ʿAlī Shāh, see Shīrwānī, Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn

Masʿūd, Dihqān, Qarmaṭī dāʿī, son of Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Nasafī 113

Masʿūd, Saljūq sultan 338,346,356,357

Masʿūd b. Ḥurayth, Qarmaṭī dāʿī 124

al-Masʿūd b. al-Karam (or al-Mukarram), Zurayʿid 199,255–256

al-Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn, historian 8

maʿṣūm, see ʿiṣma

Maʿṣūm ʿAlī Shāh, Muḥammad Maʿṣūm Shīrāzī, Niʿmat Allāhī Sufi author 468,477

Maʿṣūm ʿAlī Shah, Niʿmat Allāhī envoy to Persia 461,462

Maṣyāf, castle, in Syria

   Yves le Breton at 15,391

   Ismāʿīlī manuscript from 27

   epigraphic evidence from 309,389,390

   Nizārī stronghold, 350, 353, 400; lost to Nuṣayrīs 489

   Rāshid al-Dīn Sinān at 368

   besieged by Saladin 370

   surrendered to Mongols 399

   under Baybars I 401

   and Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārīs 456,488–490

Matiya Kanbis, Hindu caste 446

Matthew Paris, historian 14,388

al-Māturīdī, Abū Manṣūr, Sunnī theologian 232

Māturīdiyya, Sunnī school of theology 232

mawālī (clients), non-Arab Muslims, passim 52–58 ,61,66,70,75,78,114,149

al-Māwardī, Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī, Sunnī scholar 212

Mawdūd, Saljūq amīr of Mawṣil 334

mawlā (client), see mawālī

Mawlāʾīs, Nizārīs of Hunza 495

Mawṣil, in ʿIrāq 120,162,175,176,185,196,203,313,334,347,352,367,369

Mawsim-i bahār, of Muḥammad ʿAlī b. Mullā Jīwābhāʾī Rāmpūrī 240–241

Maymana, in Central Asia 111

al-Maymūn, epithet of Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl b. Jaʿfar 104

Maymūn al-Qaddāḥ, passim 102–105,106,107

Maymūndiz, fortress, in Daylamān 345,393,394–395,397

Maymūniyya, designation of the early Ismāʿīlīs 102,104

Maynaqa, castle, see Manīqa

Mayṣūr, Fāṭimid commander 146

Mayyāfāriqīn 312,347

Mazagaon, Bombay 476

maẓālim 152

Māzandarān, see Ṭabaristān

Mazdāb, village, in Khurāsān 494

Mazdak 227

Mazdakism 56,133

al-Mazdaqānī, Abū ʿAlī Ṭāhir b. Saʿd, Būrid vizier 348

maẓhar (epiphany) 361,364

Mazyadids, of ʿIrāq 335–336

Mecca (Makka) 36,49,53,89,103,124,126,133,139,148,149,161,182,198,199,205,326,375,428,453,480

Medina (Madīna) 36,41,42,44,45,48,49,52,59,60,67,74,85,86,91,96,139,326

   see also anṣār

Mediterranean Sea 138,144,176,202

Melchizedec 365

Melkites 177,180

Ménages, Gilles 21

Mengli, Eldigüzid lieutenant in ʿIrāq-i ʿAjam 377

Mesopotamia 42,43,223,227

   see also ʿIrāq

Messina, strait of 143

metaphysical systems, see philosophical Ismāʿīlism; cosmology

metempsychosis, see tanāsukh

Michael, see Mīkāʾīl

Middle East 1,11,189,497,504

   see also Near East

Midrārids, of Tāfilālt 125,127–128,156

Mihrabānid Maliks, of Sīstān (Nīmrūz) 411,412

Mihr-i Jahān Khānum, Qājār princess, wife of Sardār Abu’l-Ḥasan Khān 472

Mihrīn (Mihrnigār), fortress, near Dāmghān 321,345,391

Mīkāʾīl (Michael), archangel 134

Mikhlāf al-Sulaymānī (Ḥaly), in northwestern Yaman 296

Miknāsa, Berbers 142,157

Mīla, in North Africa 126,127

millenarian 426,435

   see also Mahdī

Mīnāb, near Bandar ʿAbbās 469

minbar (pulpit in the mosque) 294,358

Minhāj-i Sirāj (Minhāj al-Dīn ʿUthmān b. Sirāj al-Dīn al-Jūzjānī), historian and Sunnī jurist 383,384

Minto, Earl of, Viceroy of India 482

al-Miqdād b. al-Aswad al-Kindī 39

mīr 405,452,488,495–496

Mīr Dāmād (Mīr Muḥammad Bāqir b. Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad Astarābādī), theosopher 420

Mīr Sayyid Aḥmad Kāshī, Nuqṭawī leader 422

Mīr Sharīf Āmulī, Nuqṭawī leader 422

Mīr Shīr Khān, Balūchī amīr 470

Mīrānshāh, son of Tīmūr 421

Mirʾāt al-zamān, of Sibṭ Ibn al-Jawzī 309

Mirdāsids, of northern Syria 183,192,195

Mīrkhwānd, Muḥammad b. Khwāndshāh, historian 25,308,312

Mīrshāhī, Ṣadr al-Dīn b. Mullā Shams al-Dīn, grandson of Fidāʾī Khurāsānī 407

Mīrzā Ḥasan b. Ḥusayn b. Yaʿqūb Shāh, representative of Āghā Khān I in Persia 490

Mīrzā Ḥusayn Khān, Zand governor of Kirmān 460

Mīrzā Khān, Tīmūrid amīr of Badakhshan 452

Mīrzā Ṣādiq, cousin of the Nizārī Imam Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī 460,461,462

Miskawayh, Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad, historian 139,154

miṣr, amṣār (garrison towns) 42,43,54–55,114

mīthāq (oath), 218, 293–294; see also ʿahd; bayʿa

Miyājiq, Khwārazmian general 374

Miyānī, battle of 470

Mombasa, in Kenya 291,293,486

Mōmnas, subgroup of Khojas 448

Möngke, Great Khan 15,18,388–389,397,399

Mongolia, Mongols 3,4,15,78,378,387,389,391,397,410,452

   in medieval (occidental) accounts 15

   and medieval (Persian) historians 304–307

   French mission (AD 1253) to 15,388–389,390

   and Nizārīs of Persia, 18, 376, 377, 382, 388–389; alliances against, 388; conquest of, 301, 391–398; took Girdkūh, 391, 397–398; destroyed Nizārī castles, 304, 375; took Maymūndiz, 394–395; took Alamūt, 395–396, 410; took Lamasar, 396–397; fidāʾīs on mission to 389

   and Nizārīs of Syria 397–398

   overthrew ʿAbbāsids 78,388,398

   attacked Sīstān 384

   and the Khwārazmshāhs 386

   and Ayyūbids of Syria 398–399

Morbi, in India 278

Morocco 125,145,156

Moses, see Mūsā

Mount Lebanon 21

al-Muʿallā b. Khunays 91

muʿallim (teacher) 341,379,438,440,441,492,493,499

muʿāmalāt (worldly affairs) 169

Muʿāwiya I b. Abī Sufyān, founder of the Umayyad caliphate 44,45–46,48,49

Muʿāwiya Ⅱ, Umayyad caliph 51

Muʿāwiya b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Jaʿfar, Ṭālibid 62

al-Muʾayyad bi’llāh Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn b. Hārūn, Zaydī imam 105

Muʾayyad al-Dīn, Nizārī vizier to Rukn al-Dīn Khurshāh 395

Muʾayyad al-Dīn Muẓaffar b. Aḥmad al-Mustawfī, see Muẓaffar, raʾīs, commandant of Girdkūh

al-Muʾayyad fi’l-Dīn al-Shīrāzī, Abū Naṣr Hibat Allāh, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī and author 6,181,196,199,200,203–204,205,207,215,217,311,312,313

al-Mubārak, epithet of Ismāʿīl b. Jaʿfar 90,104

Mubārakiyya, designation of the early Ismāʿīlīs 90,93,95–96,99,104

Mubārakkūh, castle, in Daylam 356

al-mubdaʿ al-awwal 229,270

Mūchūl Shāh, son of Jalāl Shāh 491

Mudhaykhira, in Yaman 122

al-Mufaḍḍal b. Abi’l-Barakāt, Ṣulayḥid general 256,258

al-Mufaḍḍal b. ʿUmar al-Juʿfī, eponym of Mufaḍḍaliyya 91–92

Mufaḍḍaliyya 92,94

Mufarrij b. Daghfal, Jarrāḥid ruler of Palestine 175,179,182

Mufarrij b. al-Ḥasan b. al-Ṣūfī, prefect of Damascus 348

Mufliḥ, governor of Ādharbayjān 112,153

Mughal empire 277,280,281,282,284,422

al-Mughīra b. Saʿīd, eponym of Mughīriyya 64,69–70,71,72,77

Mughīriyya, extremist Shīʿī group 70,72,326

muhājirūn (Emigrants) 36,38

Muḥammad, the Prophet 1,34,36,48,83,117,234,326,336,501

   succession to 1,36–37,38,97

   hereditary sanctity of his family 41,47,431

   definition of his family 57–58,73,82–83

   as one of ūlu’l-ʿazm prophets 97,131

   ʿAlī as his successor 39,81–83,97,131–132,247

   ʿAlī as his ḥujja 118–119

   ended cycle of prophecy (nubuwwa) 65,84

   era of 86,131–132,150,164,208,210,223,227,232,274,282,381

   in Umm al-kitāb 94,98

   in Mukhammisa thought 94

   in Nuṣayrī thought 94–95

   as sixth nāṭiq 94,97,98,129,131–132

   Ismāʿīlī imams’ descent from 128

   ḥadīths of, in Ismāʿīlī law 170

   in Nizārī doctrine: Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ’s doctrine of taʿlīm, 342; imām-qāʾim in era of, 365; anticipatory qiyāmas in era of 300–381

   see also ahl al-bayt; Fāṭimids: genealogy

Muḥammad, son of Aḥmad I, sultan of Gujarāt 278

Muḥammad, son of the Fāṭimid caliph al-ʿAzīz 178

Muḥammad, son of Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ 344

Muḥammad I, Saljūq sultan, see Muḥammad Tapar

Muḥammad Ⅱ, Nizārī imam and lord of Alamūt 302,363–365,366,367,371,374–375

Muḥammad Ⅲ, Nizārī imam, see ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad Ⅲ

Muḥammad Abu’l-Qāsim al-Muntaẓar li-Amr Allāh, al-Imām, see al-Mahdī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan

Muḥammad Akbar Khān, son of Dūst Muḥammad 470

Muḥammad ʿAlī b. Mullā Jiwābhāʾī Rāmpūrī, Dāʾūdī Bohra historian 240

Muhammad Amiruddin, leader of Mahdībāghwālās 288

Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb, founder of the Wahhābī movement 296

Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Saʿīd al-Khayr (al-Ḥakīm), uncle of the Fāṭimid ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī 100

Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-ʿAbbās, ʿAbbāsid 61–62,n:76

Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn, Akhū Muḥsin, anti-Ismāʿīlī author 8,25,107,111,117,119,152

   on alleged Qaddāḥid foundation of Ismāʿīlism 101–102

   on Qarmaṭī doctrine of the imamate 102–103

   on Ismāʿīlī schism 117

   on initiation into Ismāʿīlism 129–130,220–221

   preserved in later works 8,101,111

   preserves letter of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Muʿizz 162

   quotes the Kitāb al-siyāsa 8,102

Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-Bāqir, see Muḥammad al-Bāqir, imam

Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-Tanūkhī, see al-ʿAẓīmī

Muḥammad b. Anaz, Saljūq amīr 357

Muḥammad b. Buzurg-Ummīd, Nizārī leader and lord of Alamūt 302,326,355–358,360,361,363,364

Muḥammad b. Dāʾūd al-Jarrāḥ, ʿAbbāsid official 99

Muḥammad b. al-Fatḥ, Midrārid amīr 156

Muḥammad b. al-Ḥanafiyya, son of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib 52,58,60,67,90

Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan b. Idrīs b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 269,279

Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-Mahdī, see al-Mahdī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan

Muḥammad b. Ḥātim b. al-Ḥusayn b. al-Walīd, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 268

Muḥammad b. Ḥaydara, Fāṭimid envoy to Yaman 262

Muḥammad b. ʿImrān, Zurayʿid 257

Muḥammad b. Islām Shāh, Nizārī imam 418,446

Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl b. Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, Ismāʿīlī imam 89,90,93,95–96,99,104,107,111,207,223,235,326,381

   position in series of imams 90,97

   pseudonym 104

   as Ismāʿīlī (Qarmaṭī) Qāʾim 96–97,98,102,108,117–119,132,147,150,152,155,208,210

   Mahdīship denied by ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī 116–119,164–165

   and Fāṭimid genealogy 90,97,99,100–102,105–107

   in epistle, 104, and reform of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Muʿizz 164–167

   in account of Ibn Rizām–Akhū Muḥsin 101,102,103

   in writing of al-Ṣūrī 208

   in Iranian school of philosophical Ismāʿīlism 226–227

   in Epistles 236

   in Khoja tradition 385

   as ancestor of Niʿmat Allāh Walī, 428; of Akhū Muḥsin 101

Muḥammad b. Jahāngīr, Iskandarid ruler of Kujūr 417

Muḥammad b. Khwāndshāh, see Mīrkhwānd

Muḥammad b. Maʿshar al-Bustī al-Maqdisī 235

Muḥammad b. al-Mufaḍḍal 93

Muḥammad b. Muʾmin Shāh, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam, 415

Muḥammad b. Musāfir, founder of the Musāfirid dynasty of Daylam and Ādharbayān 153

Muḥammad b. Muslim al-Ṭāʾifī, Imāmī scholar 68

Muḥammad b. al-Nuʿmān b. Muḥammad, Abū ʿAbd Allāh, Fāṭimid chief qāḍī 172,215

Muḥammad b. Nuṣayr, eponym of Nuṣayriyya 94

Muḥammad b. Sabaʾ, Zurayʿid 256–257

Muḥammad b. Saʿūd, amīr of Dirʿiyya 296

Muḥammad b. Ṯāhir al-Ḥārithī, Ṭayyibī author 266,267

Muḥammad b. Ṭughj al-Ikhshīd, founder of the Ikhshīdid dynasty of Egypt and southern Syria 143

Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb, chamberlain to the ʿAbbāsid al-Rāḍī 151

Muḥammad b. Zayd, ʿAlid ruler of Ṭabaristān 153

Muḥammad Badr al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 286

Muḥammad al-Bāqir, imam 67–69,70,71,81,93,97,103,170

Muḥammad Bāqir Khān, brother of Āghā Khān I 465,468–469,470–471,n:475

Muḥammad Burhān al-Dīn b. ʿAbd al-Qādir Najm al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 288,289

Muḥammad Burhān al-Dīn b. Ṭāhir Sayf al-Dīn, Sayyidnā, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 290–291

Muḥammad Bustī, Nizārī jurist 359

Muḥammad al-Dībāj, ʿAlid, son of Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq 88,91

Muḥammad Ḥasan al-Ḥusaynī, Nizārī imam, see Āghā Khān I

Muḥammad Ḥasan Khān Sīstānī 460

Muḥammad Ḥusayn Maḥmūdī, representative of Aga Khan Ⅲ 492

Muḥammad Jamāl Rāzī, Nizārī dāʿī 314

Muḥammad Khāqān, Nizārī envoy 359

Muḥammad Khudābanda, Īlkhānid, see Öljeytü

Muḥammad Khudābanda, Ṣafawid shāh 436

Muḥammad Maʿṣūm Shīrāzī, see Maʿṣūm ʿAlī Shāh, Muḥammad Maʿṣūm Shīrāzī

Muḥammad Muqīm, Ṣafawid official 436

Muḥammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, see al-Nafs al-Zakiyya

Muḥammad Nāṣḥī Shahrastānī, Khwāja, Nizārī envoy 345–346

Muḥammad Riḍā b. Khwāja Sulṭān Ḥusayn Ghūriyānī Harātī, see Khayrkhwāh-i Harātī

Muḥammad Ṣādiq Maḥallātī, Niʿmat Allāhī Sufi, maternal grandfather of Āghā Khān I 463

Muḥammad Shāh, Imām-Shāhī leader 447

Muḥammad Shāh Ⅲ, Tughluqid 277

Muḥammad Shāh b. Muʾmin Shāh, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 414,451

Muḥammad Shāh Qājār,passim 464–468 ,469–470,472,473

Muḥammad Ṭāhir, leader of Jaʿfarī Bohras 280

Muḥammad Tapar, Saljūq sultan 320,331,334,335–338

Muḥammad al-Taqī (al-Jawād), Twelver imam 89

Muḥammad Tīmūr, governor of Qandahār 469

Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, see Aligarh, University of

Muhammadan National Association 477

Muḥammadiyya, Fāṭimid capital in Ifrīqiya 142

Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārīs, see Muḥammad-Shāhīs

Muḥammad-Shāhīs (or Muʾminiyya), branch of Nizārīs 32,405,415–416,418,435,448,451–456

   literature 406,413,454

   of Syria 408,413–414,488–490

   and Qāsim-Shāhīs 413–414,417,432,433,455–456,490

al-Muḥannak, historian 246

Muḥibb ʿAlī Qunduzī, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī author 414

Muḥibb al-Dīn Ḥabīb Allāh, grandson of Niʿmat Allāh Walī Kirmānī 429

al-Muhtadī, Nizārī imam 363,364

muḥtasham, leader of Nizārīs of Quhistān 319,353,376,378,388,393

Muʿīn al-Dīn Ⅱ b. ʿAzīz Shāh, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam, 455

Muʿīn al-Dīn Abū Naṣr Aḥmad, Saljūq vizier 345

Muʿīn al-Dīn b. Ṣadr al-Dīn, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 455

al-Muʿizz, Fāṭimid caliph 122,133,144,154,156–163,173,176,178

   refutes alleged Qaddāḥid ancestry of his family 104–105

   attempts to win over dissident Ismāʿīlīs 122,155,164–167,230

   doctrinal reform 164–166,207,208,228,230,233

   conquest of Egypt 158–161

   and the Byzantines 144

   and the Qarmaṭīs 154,161–162

   and al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān 169

   and Jaʿfar b. Manṣūr al-Yaman 165–166

al-Muʿizz b. Bādīs, Zīrid 183,201–202

Muʿizz al-Dawla, Būyid 178

Muʿizzī dynasty, of India 383

Muʿizziyya, in Sicily, see Taormina

mujtahid 461,462

al-Mukarram Aḥmad, Ṣulayḥid 199–200,255,257–258,263

mukāsir, rank in daʿwa hierarchy 190,218–219,275,287,292,298

Mukhammisa (the Pentadists), extremist Shīʿī group 94–95

mukhi (Nizārī Ismāʿīlī functionary) 443,446,474,476,501

   etymology 443

   in Aga Khan Case, of 1866 475–476

   in East Africa, 486, 499; Zanzibar 485–486

   in South Asia 474,487,500

   in Persia 493

   in Nizārī Constitution of 1986 501

al-Mukhtār b. Abī ʿUbayd al-Thaqafī, leader of anti-Umayyad revolt 52–53,56,57,58,59,61,63,64,77

Mukhtāriyya 59,64

   see also Kaysāniyya

al-Muktafī, ʿAbbāsid caliph 122,123

mulḥid, malāḥida (heretics) 7,12,17,24,116,206,360,412,422

mullā, in Dāʾūdī daʿwa 293,298

Mullā ʿAbd Allāh, mujtahid in Kirmān 462

Mullā Ḥasan, brother of Fidāʾī Khurāsānī 493

Mullā Ṣadrā Shīrāzī, Ṣadr al-Dīn, theosopher 420

Multān, in Sind

   seat of Fāṭimid vassal state 116,166,176

   converts to Druze daʿwa of al-Muqtanā 188

   attacked by Ghūrids, 374; by Maḥmūd of Ghazna 116,185,200

   Nizārīs of 385,438,442–443,444,449,451

Mumbai, see Bombay

muʾmin (believer) 66,273–274,275,293,420,432,448

muʾmin al-balāgh 219

Muʾmin Shāh, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 414

Muʾmin al-Ṭāq, Imāmī scholar 84,89

Muʾminābād, near Bīrjand 319,353,359,361,362,406,438,494

Muʾminiyya, see Muḥammad-Shāhīs

al-Munājāt, of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Muʿizz 165

Munawwar ʿAlī Shāh, Niʿmat Allāhī Sufi master 477

Muʾnis al-Khādim, ʿAbbāsid commander 149

Munqidh, Banū, of Syria 335,350

al-Muntafiq, Banū, of eastern Arabia, 185

Muntazaʿ al-akhbār, of Quṭb al-Dīn Sulaymānjī Burhānpūrī 240

Muqaddim al-Dīn, commandant of Alamūt 396

muqallid (emulator) 171

Muqātil, Banū, of Yaman 291

muqātila 42

Muqaṭṭam hills, near Cairo 190–191

al-Muqtadir, ʿAbbāsid caliph 143,149

al-Muqtafī, ʿAbbāsid caliph 356

al-Muqtanā, Bahāʾ al-Dīn, Druze leader 187–188,189,190

Murād Bakhsh, Mughal ruler in Gujarāt 284

Murād Mīrzā, Nizārī imam 422,425,435–436,437

Murād Mīrzā b. Ḥasan, of Sidih, eponym of Murād Mīrzāʾīs 490–491,492–493

Murād Mīrzāʾīs, dissident Nizārīs of Khurāsān 491–493

murīd, murīdān 419,428,430,431,436,440,444,453,466

Murra b. ʿĀmir, Banū, of eastern Arabia 210

murshid 412,428,431,433,444,476

   see also pīr; quṭb; shaykh

Mūsā (Moses) 94,97,98,131,208,227,365

Mūsā b. Abi’l-ʿĀfiya, Berber chief 142

Mūsā b. Sayf al-Mulk b. ʿAmrūn 350

Mūsā Kalīm al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 284–285

Mūsā al-Kāẓim, Twelver imam 88–89,90,91,92,95,96,170,204,430,452

Mūsā Khān b. Muḥammad Khān Khurāsānī 407

Muṣʿab b. al-Zubayr 53

Musāfirids, of Daylam and Ādharbayjān 121,153–154,317

Musallam b. Muḥammad al-Laḥjī, Yamanī Zaydī historian 230

Muṣāraʿat al-falāsifa, of al-Shahrastānī 340,380

Muscat (Masqaṭ), in ʿUmān 291,486

musharrifāt, of Sulaymānī dāʿīs 299

Mushaʿshaʿ 426

Mushtāq ʿAlī Shāh, Mīrzā Muḥammad Turbatī, Niʿmat Allāhī Sufi 461–462

Mushtāqiyya, mausoleum, in Kirmān 462

Muslim b. ʿAqīl, Ṭālibid 50,52

Muslim b. ʿAwsaja 49,50

al-Mustaḍīʾ, ʿAbbāsid caliph 252

al-Muṣṭafā li-Dīn Allāh Nizār, see Nizār b. al-Mustanṣir

Muṣṭafā Mulḥim, Nizārī amīr of Maṣyāf 489

mustajīb 219,220,221,273,275,440,n:442

Mustaʿlawiyya, see Mustaʿlians

al-Mustaʿlī, Fāṭimid caliph 3,211,238,241–243,243–244,245,261,263,277,301,324–325,333,343

Mustaʿlians, Mustaʿliyya (or Mustaʿlawiyya) 1,3,238–239,242–243,332

   enumeration of imams 97,238–239

   Ḥāfiẓī–Ṭayyibī schism 23,246–248,256–260,262,264,277,325

   see also Bohras; Dāʾūdīs; Ḥāfiẓīs; Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism; Sulaymānīs; Ṭayyibīs

Mustaʿliyya, see Mustaʿlians

al-Mustanṣir, ʿAbbāsid caliph 388

al-Mustanṣir, Fāṭimid caliph, passim, 199–211 passim, 217, 237, 244, 258, 263, 310, 313, 332, 359–363 passim 2,137,140,196–198 ,385

   accession and early years 193–195

   and Fāṭimid doctrine of the imamate 207–209,223

   and Badr al-Jamālī 194–195,211

   succession to 3,211,241–243,245,301,324–325

   and Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ 312,313

Mustanṣir bi’llāh Ⅱ, Nizārī imam 418,422–423,425,431–433,445

Mustanṣir bi’llāh Ⅲ, Nizārī imam, see Gharīb Mīrzā

mustaqarr imam, see under imam

al-Mustarshid, ʿAbbāsid caliph 338,346,356

al-Mustaʿṣim, ʿAbbāsid caliph 388,398

mustawdaʿ imam, see under imam

al-Mustaẓhir, ʿAbbāsid caliph 10,320,336,342

al-Mustaẓhirī, of al-Ghazālī 10,209–210,342

mutʿa (temporary marriage) 69,171

al-Muʿtaḍid, ʿAbbāsid caliph 109,110,122

al-Muṭahhar b. Sharaf al-Dīn, Zaydī imam in Yaman 280

al-Muʿtamid, ʿAbbāsid caliph 108

al-Mutawakkil Aḥmad b. Sulaymān, Zaydī imam in Yaman 259

al-Mutawakkil Yaḥyā, Zaydī imam in Yaman 297

Muʿtazilīs, Muʿtazila, school of theology 73,75,102,219,228,235

al-Muṭīʿ, ʿAbbāsid caliph 159

mutimm, atimmāʾ (completers) 132

Muwaffaq al-Dawla ʿAlī, grandfather of Rashīd al-Dīn Faḍl Allāh 306

Muwaḥḥidūn, see Almohads; Druzes

Muẓaffar, raʾīs, commandant of Girdkūh 315,321

Muẓaffar, raʾīs, Nizārī leader in Quhistān 359

Muẓaffar Ⅱ, sultan of Gujarāt 279

Muẓaffar Ⅲ, sultan of Gujarāt 281

Muẓaffar ʿAlī Shāh, Niʿmat Allāhī Sufi 461,462

Muẓaffar al-Dīn Shāh Qājār 481

al-Muẓaffar Qutuz, Mamlūk sultan 399

nabī, anbiyāʾ (prophets) 36,118

Nādir Shāh Afshār, founder of the Afshārid dynasty of Persia 457–458,459

nafs (soul) 65,229–230,231

al-nafs al-ḥissiyya 229

al-nafs al-kulliyya 190,229

al-nafs al-nāmiya 229

al-nafs al-nāṭiqa 229

al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh, Ḥasanid leader of revolt 68,71,72,73,74,75,80

Nagir, in northern Pakistan 495

Nāgoshiyya, subgroup of ʿAlawī Dāʾūdīs 282

Nagpur, in India 288

Nahrawān, battle of 46

Nāʾib al-Ṣadr, see Maʿṣūm ʿAlī Shāh, Muḥammad Maʿṣūm Shīrāzī

Nāʾīn, in Persia 459

Nairobi, in Kenya 293,483,486,497

Najaf, in ʿIrāq 463,468,472,479,480

al-Najāḥ, founder of the Najāḥid dynasty of Yaman 199

Najāḥids, of Yaman 198,199,256,258,259,264

al-Najāshī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, Imāmī scholar 68,168

Najd, in the Ḥijāz 296,297

Najm al-Dīn Ismāʿīl b. al-Shaʿrānī, Nizārī chief dāʿī in Syria 399–400,401

Najm al-Dīn al-Khabūshānī, Shāfiʿī theologian 252

Najrān, in northeastern Yaman 296,297,298

najwā 215

Nakhshab, see Nasaf

al-Nakhshabī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, see al-Nasafī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad

Nanji, Azim 32,448

Napier, General Sir Charles, conqueror of Sind 470

Naples 32,144

naqīb, nuqabāʾ 76,77,190,218

Naqīl Banī Sharḥa, near Ṣanʿāʾ 265

Naqīl Ṣayd, in Yaman 257

Nar (Nūr) Muḥammad, son of Imām Shāh 445–446

Narmāshīr, in Kirmān 460,464

Nasaf (Nakhshab), in Transoxania 113

Nasafī, Azīz al-Dīn, Sufi author 420

al-Nasafī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Ismāʿīlī (Qarmaṭī) dāʿī and author 113,133,154,155,225–226,230,232,233

al-Nasawī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, secretary and chronicler of Sultan Jalāl al-Dīn Khwārazmshāh 376,386,387

Nashtakīn, Druze leader, see al-Darazī

al-Nāṣir, ʿAbbāsid caliph 373–374,375,376–377,386,389

Nāṣir al-Dawla, Turkish commander 194

Nāṣir al-Dawla Aftakīn, governor of Alexandria 242

Nāṣir al-Dīn, pīr 443

Nāṣir al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥīm b. Abī Manṣūr, Nizārī muḥtasham in Quhistān 378–379,393

Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad, Mihrabānid 411

Nāṣir al-Dīn Shāh Qājār 423,472–473,481

Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī, see al-Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn

Nāṣir al-Dīn ʿUthmān, Naṣrid amīr of Sīstān 383–384

Nāṣir Khān, Tālpur amīr of Kalāt 470

al-Nāṣir li-Dīn Allāh Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā, Zaydī imam in Yaman 230

al-Nāṣir li’l-Ḥaqq, Zaydī imam in Ṭabaristān, see al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī al-Uṭrūsh

al-Nāṣir Nāṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad, Mamlūk sultan 402

Nāṣir-i Khusraw, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī and author 30,205–207,226,233,312,428,440

   published in the West 28,30

   on Qarmaṭīs of Baḥrayn 111,210

   on the doctrine of the imamate 208–209

   daʿwa activities in Khurāsān 206,218,325

   supposed author of Kalām-i pīr 433

   revered by Nizārīs: of Badakhshan, 206–207, 407, 494; of Khurāsān 493

Nāṣiriyya, Zaydī community in Ṭabaristān 314

Nāṣirwands, of Lāhījān 416

Naslān, dāʿī 262

Naṣr Ⅱ, Sāmānid amīr 112,113

Naṣr al-ʿAjamī, see Abū Manṣūr b. Muḥammad

Naṣr b. ʿAbbās b. Abi’l-Futūḥ 250

Naṣr b. Sayyār, Umayyad governor 73,n:77

Naṣrābād, village, in Khurāsān 494

Naṣrid Maliks, of Sīstān (Nīmrūz) 374,383

naṣṣ (designation) 39,60,64,67–68,71,72,73,81,88,211,241,243,245,248,262,275,281,284,286–287,289,292,296,324,375,376,391,417

   see also imamate; principle of naṣṣ

nāsūt 274

nāṭiq, nuṭaqāʾ (speaking or law-announcing prophets)

   in doctrine of Abu’l-Khaṭṭāb 86

   in doctrine of Mukhammisa 94

   in early Ismāʿīlī (Qarmaṭī) doctrine 97–98,117–118,120,131–132,134

   in Fāṭimid doctrine 164–165,208–209,217,223,272

   in writing of Nāṣir-i Khusraw 209

   in Iranian school of philosophical Ismāʿīlism 226–228,231,234

Navanagar, see Jamnagar

al-Nawbakhtī, Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan b. Mūsā, Imāmī scholar and heresiographer 9,87,98,102,116,117

   on the Kaysāniyya 59,61

   on Ismāʿīliyya al-khāliṣa 89–90

   on the Khaṭṭābiyya 85,90

   on the Qarmaṭīs 96–97,102,107,109

   on early Ismāʿīlī imams 96–97,117

   omits mention of Ibn al-Qaddāḥ 103

Naw-ḥiṣār, ceremonies of 494

Nawsarī, in Gujarāt 442

Nāwūsiyya, early Shīʿī sect 88

Near East 11,19,20,69,114,115,145,201,243,368

   see also Middle East

Neoplatonism 223

   Pseudo-Aristotelian works 224

   in cosmology of Iranian school of philosophical Ismāʿīlism 228–231

   in Fāṭimid teaching 166,230,232–233

   of al-Nasafī 113,154,225–226,233

   of Abū Ḥātim al-Rāzī 225–227,228,233

   of al-Sijistānī 155,225–228

   of al-Kirmānī 225–226,233–234

   of Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ 235–237

   in Druze doctrine 189–190

   in Ṭayyibī cosmology 234,269

Nestorian Christianity 15

New Testament 233

Nicephorus Ⅱ Phocas, Byzantine emperor 145

Nih, in Sīstān 384

Nile, river and valley 138,201,251,496

Niʿmat Allāh Walī Kirmānī, Shāh, founder of the Niʿmat Allāhiyya 427–429,461

Niʿmat Allāhiyya (Niʿmat Allāhī), Sufi orderpassim 421,427–429 ,431,435,456,461–462,463–464,465–467,477–479

Nīmrūz, see Sīstān

al-Nīsābūrī, Aḥmad b. Ibrāhīm, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī and author 5,219–220

Nīshāpūr (Nīsābūr), in Khurāsān 108,113,195,206,221,224,312,345,383,406,492,494

al-Nīshāpūrī, Muḥammad b. Surkh, Ismāʿīlī author 155

Niṣībīn, in ʿIrāq 59

Niyāzī, Nizārī poet 438

Niẓām al-Dawla, Mīrzā ʿAlī Muḥammad, maternal grandfather of Aga Khan Ⅲ 480

Niẓām al-Mulk, Saljūq vizier 9,111,197,209,312,314,319,337

Niẓām al-Mulk Masʿūd b. ʿAlī, Khwārazmian vizier 374

Niẓāmiyya, party 320

Niẓāmiyya Madrasa, Baghdad 10

Niẓām-Shāhs, of Aḥmadnagarpassim 452–455

Nizār Ⅱ, Nizārī imam, see Shāh Nizār Ⅱ

Nizār b. al-Mustanṣir, Nizārī imam 3,10,211,241–242,313,325–326,342–343,381,385

   succession to imamate 3,241–242,245,301,324–325

   as ancestor of Ḥasan Ⅱ ʿalā dhikrihi’l-salām 361,363–364,n:381

Nizārī Quhistānī, Ḥakīm Saʿd al-Dīn b. Shams al-Dīn, Nizārī poet 406,411–413,419

Nizārids, branch of Fāṭimids 325–326,363

Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism, of 487/1094 2–3,221,241–243,245,311,324–325,342–343,449,451

   in al-Hidāya al-Āmiriyya, following meeting of 516/1122 in Cairo 245,325,326,343

   in Yaman 243,263–264

   in Persia 243,324–325,328

   in Syria 243,324–325,332

   in Egypt 243,324–325

   in India 242,325

Nizārīs, Nizāriyya 1,3,24,95,242–243,301–302

   historiography, passim 6–30 ,303–310,405–406

   distorted image 11,18,19–20,22–24,362

   origins 310–318

   Alamūt period (483–654/1090–1256), 3, 301, 316–402; revolt against Saljūqs (483–511/1090–1118), passim, 327–331, 335–338; consolidation (511–559/1118–1164), 338–340, 344–346, 350–358; qiyāma (559 –607/1164–1210), 358–367, 373–375; satr (607–654/1210–1256) 243,313–321 ,375–398

   Nizārī methods of struggle 326–329,332,355

   Nizārī state described 352–355

   and the Mongols, passim 382–383,386–389 ,391–398

   post-Alamūt period (654/1256 to present), 304, 403, 410–504; initial period (654/1256 to ca. 868/1463), 405–422; Anjudān revival (ca. 868/1463 to ca. 1100/1690), passim; Kahak and Kirmān period (ca. 1100/1690 to 1232/1817), 456–463; modern period (ca. 1257/1841 to present) 405,418,422–442 ,473–504

   succession of imams 97,325–326,413–415,417–418,423,425

   doctrine: see under imam; imamate; qiyāma; satr; categories of mankind, 365–366, 381–382, 441–442; in India and in ginān literature, 385–386; of al-daʿwa al-jadīda 339

   daʿwa, see under daʿwa

   literature, see under literature

   organization, passim 484–488,493–494,498–501

   constitutions 486–487,498–501

   and Sufism, see under Sufis, Sufism

   Qāsim-Shāhī/Muḥammad-Shāhī schism 413–414

   overthrew Musāfirids 154

Nizārīs, Nizāriyya (cont.)

   plots in Fāṭimid Egypt 244,325–326,342–343

   and the Khwārazmians 384,386–387

   against Crusaders; Nuṣayrīs, see under Crusaders; Nuṣayrīs

   of named areas, see under Ādharbayjān; Afghanistan; Badakhshan; Central Asia; Daylam; East Africa; India; Pakistan; South Asia; Khurāsān; Kirmān; Persia; Syria; Quhistān; Transoxania; etc.

   see also Assassins; Ismāʿīlīs; Khojas; Satpanth Ismāʿīlism; Muḥammad-Shāhīs; Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism; Qāsim-Shāhīs

Noah, see Nūḥ

non-Arab Muslims, see mawālī

Normans 144,202

North Africa 2,5,99,102,115,128,139,142,157,170,176,182,201–202,214,221,225,239,313

   see also Ifrīqiya; Maghrib; Morocco

Nott, General William 470

Nubia, Nubians 182,217

nubuwwa (prophecy) 63,83–84

Nubuwwiyya 370

Nūḥ (Noah) 94,97,98,131,208,226,365

Nūḥ I, Sāmānid amīr 113

Nukhayla, near Kūfa 51

Nukkārīs, Nukkāriyya, subgroup of Ibāḍiyya 145–146

al-Nuʿmān b. Muḥammad, al-Qāḍī Abū Ḥanīfa, Ismāʿīlī jurist and author,passim 5,30,104,162,168–170,177,215–225 ,297

   on the Mahdī’s role 119,164–165,166

   on the ideal dāʿī 219–220

   traditions compiled by 83,222

   quotes ʿAbdān 120–121

   reports Fāṭimid assertion of ʿAlid ancestry 104

   on daʿwa, 216–217; to Yaman 109

   eulogized by Nāṣir-i Khusraw 205

   revered by Ṭayyibī Bohras 280,294

   works preserved by Syrian Nizārīs 309

   and Ismāʿīlī system of fiqh 168–171,214,222,299

numbers, symbolic nature of 86,131–132,237

numismatic evidence 154,242,247,257,304,326

nuqabāʾ, see naqīb

Nuqṭawiyya 421–422,426,436,437

nūr, see light

Nūr, in Māzandarān 417

Nūr ʿAlī Shāh, Niʿmat Allāhī Sufi 461,462

Nūr Allāh, grandson of Niʿmat Allāh Walī Kirmānī 428

Nūr al-Dahr (Nūr al-Dīn) ʿAlī, Nizārī imam 425,437–439

Nūr al-Dahr Khalīl Allāh, Nizārī imam, see Nūr al-Dahr (Nūr al-Dīn) ʿAlī

Nūr al-Dīn (Nūr al-Dahr) ʿAlī, Nizārī imam, see Nūr al-Dahr (Nūr al-Dīn) ʿAlī

Nūr al-Dīn Maḥmūd b. Zangī, Zangid ruler of Aleppo, passim 250–252 ,253,254,352,367,368,369

Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad, Nizārī imam, see Abū Dharr ʿAlī

Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad Ⅱ b. Ḥasan ʿalā dhikrihi’l-salām, see Muḥammad Ⅱ, Nizārī imam

Nūr al-Dīn Niʿmat Allāh b. ʿAbd Allāh, see Niʿmat Allāh Walī Kirmānī

Nūr al-Dīn Shāh, son of Āghā Khān Ⅱ 480

Nūr Muḥammad Nūr al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 285

Nūrbakhsh, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh, Sufi master 427

Nūrbakhshiyya, Sufi order 419,427,435

Nūrī, Mīrzā Āqā Khān, see Āqā Khān Nūrī

al-Nūrī, Mīrzā Ḥusayn, Twelver scholar 168

Nuṣayrīs, Nuṣayriyya 27,95,332,348,349

   rivalry with Nizārīs 94,309,353,408,489,490

   doctrines: ghulāt heritage, 67, 94; gnostic, 94–95; of tanāsukh 190,372

Nūshtagīn, Saljūq amīr 324

Nuṣrat al-Dawla, Fīrūz Mīrzā, Qājār governor of Kirmān 465

Nuṣrat al-Dīn, lord of Zawzan 374

Nuṣrat al-Dīn b. Bahrāmshāh, Naṣrid amīr of Sīstān 384

Nuṣrat al-fatra, of ʿImād al-Dīn Muḥammad al-Kātib al-Iṣfahānī 308

al-Nuwayrī, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb, historian 8,25,101

Nuzhat al-afkār, of Idrīs ʿImād al-Dīn 240

Nuzhat al-qulūb, of Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī 307

oath of allegiance, see bayʿa; mīthāq

occultation, see ghayba

Odo of Saint-Amand, Grand Master of the Knights Templar 369

Odoric of Pordenone, Franciscan friar and traveller 19

Ögedei, Great Khan 388

Oghuz Turks 195

Old Man of the Mountain 11,13,14,16,18,19,368,390

Old Testament 233

Öljeytü (Uljāytū), Īlkhānid 305–306,307

Oman, see ʿUmān

Orestes, Melkite patriarch of Jerusalem 177

orientalism 22–26,30

Orontes river, in Syria 123,335

Ötegü-China, Mongol commander in Khurāsān 397

Otto I, emperor of Germany 145

Ottoman Turks 10,20,280,287,296,408,481,489

Ottomans, see Ottoman Turks

Outram, Major James, British political agent in Sind 470

Oxus (Āmū Daryā) river 29,206,325,373,377,383,387,391,392,451,495

Özbeg, Muẓaffar al-Dīn, Eldigüzid 377,386,387

Özbegs 452

Pādiz, in Daylam 415

Padua, in Italy 22

Pakistan 207,483,496

   Nizārīs of, 433, 484, 488, 494, 495, 497, 503; organization 499–500,501

   Dāʾūdīs of 290–291

   Sulaymānīs of 298,299

   Niʿmat Allāhīs of 429

   see also Chitral; Gilgit; Hunza; Multān; Panjāb; Sind

Palermo, in Sicily 143,144

Palestine 61,123,163,205,399

   under Fāṭimids 139,175,176,195,197,221,250

   disputed by Fāṭimids and Jarrāḥids 182,192

   under Crusaders 13,14,244

   Artuqids in 243

Pamir, region and mountains, in Central Asia 29,206,408,452,494

Pamiri languages 495,496

Pandiyāt-i javānmardī, of Mustanṣir bi’llāh Ⅱ 432–433,445,446,447

Panj river, in Transoxania 29,451,495

Panjāb, now in Pakistan 409,410,443,457

Panjābī (language) 444

Paradise 134,274

   of the Old Man in Marco Polo’s narrative 16–17

   denied by ghulāt 65

   in doctrine of Abū Manṣūr 70

   in Nizārī doctrine of the qiyāma 360–361,364,411

   in Nuqṭawī doctrine 422

   in Satpanth Ismāʿīlism 450

pardah (chādur) 300,488

Paris 27,28,31,481,504

Pashāpūya (Fashāfūya), near Rayy 111

Pasīkhānī, Maḥmūd, Nuqṭawī leader 422

Pasīkhāniyya, see Nuqṭawiyya

Pātan, in Gujarāt 276,277–278,385,442

peasantry; early supporters of Ismāʿīlism 108,115

Perry, Sir Erskine 475

Persia (Iran)

   Marco Polo in 15–16

   Shīʿism in 54,56,420–421,425–427,430–431,435–436

   later Kaysānī sects 63,79

   Sufism in 420–421,426–431

   early Ismāʿīlism in 95,109,115–116,121–122,149,152–155,166

   Iranian school of philosophical Ismāʿīlism in 167,225–228

Persia (Iran) (cont.)

   Fāṭimid Ismāʿīlism in 184,202–207,218,310–311

   Ismāʿīlī ‘threat’ perceived by Niẓām al-Mulk 209

   Ibn Muʿāwiya in 75

   under Saljūqs 195–197,313,316,n:346

   Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism 324–325

   under Khwārazmshāhs 373–374,383,384,386–388

   Mongol conquest of 301,388–389,391–397

   under Īlkhānids and Tīmūrids 425–426

   Ḥurūfīs in 421

   under Ṣafawids 430–431,435–437

   Afghan invasion of 459

   under Zand dynasty 459–462

   under Qājār dynasty 459–463,464–468

   during Constitutional Revolution 492–493

   mawālī of 54–55

   Nizārīs of, 3, 4, 13, 209–210, 301, 304, 320–324, 330, 403, 488; literature, 303–304, 406, 418–420, 433–434, 455; establishment of Nizārī state centred at Alamūt, 314–319, 326–330, 335–339, 344–346, 352–355; proclamation of qiyāma at Alamūt, 358–367, 373–374; satr at Alamūt, 375–398; post-Alamūt period: initial period, 410–422; Anjudān revival, 418–420, 422–425, 431–442; Kahak and Kirmān period, 456–463; modern period 463–468,470–472,490–494

   Āghā Khān I’s campaign 465–470,471,473

   Aga Khan Ⅲ’s visit to 484

Persian (language) 1,21,207,449,447,480

   adopted by Nizārīs 302,304,316,406–408,432

Persian Gulf 43,138,148,201,210,291,459,468,500

Persian ‘national sentiment’ 316

Philip Ⅱ Augustus, king of France 22

Philip of Montford, lord of Tyre 402

philosophical Ismāʿīlism 138,222,224–228,230–231,232,233–234,420

   see also cosmology; Neoplatonism

pilgrimage to Mecca, see ḥajj

Pipino, Francesco, of Bologna, Dominican friar and author 13

pīr 207,405,412,439–441,442,443,488

   analogous with Nizārī imam 366

   operated as dāʿīs independently of Nizārī imams 409,432,439,442–443,445,447,452

   authors and subjects of gināns 385,409,442–444,450

   Qāsim-Shāhī Nizārī imams as 419,431,433,434,440

   conversion strategy of 448–450

   see also murshid; quṭb

Pīr Muḥammad Shīrwānī, Sunnī scholar 453,454

Pīrāna, near Aḥmadābād 445,446

pīr-i kull 434

Pīrkhān Shujāʿ al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 283–284

Plato (Aflāṭūn) 223,229,237

Plotinus (al-Shaykh al-Yūnānī), philosopher 223–224,228,229,231,234

Polo, Marco, see Marco Polo

Poona, in India 407,473,476,480

Poonawala, Ismail K. 32,407,439

Pope, the 352,390

Porphyry (Furfūriyūs), philosopher 224

Portugal 501

Pragati Mandal (Progressive Group), of Dāʾūdī Bohras 289

prayer, see ṣalāt

Privy Council Judgement, of 1947 289

Proclus (Buruqlus), philosopher 224

prophecy, see nubuwwa

prophets

   cycle of 69,70,97–98,135

   ūlu’l-ʿazm 97,131,226

   in the historical process 231–232

   pseudo-Aristotelian works, see Neoplatonism

Qāʾānī, Ḥabīb Allāh, poet 464

qadar 134–135,136,230

Qaddāḥids, passim 101–105 ,106

Qāḍī Aḥmad al-Qummī, historian 436

al-Qāḍī al-Fāḍil, Fāṭimid secretary 255

al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān, see al-Nuʿmān b. Muḥammad

qāḍī al-quḍāt (chief qāḍī) 168,172,181,187,195,208,214,252

Qāḍī Raḥmat Allāh b. Ghulām Muṣṭafā, Imām-Shāhī author 444

al-Qādir, ʿAbbāsid caliph 101,185

Qādiriyya, Sufi order 428,444

Qādisiyya, in ʿIrāq 124

Qadmūs, castle, in Syria 12,349–350,368,400,401,402,456,489,n:490

Qafṣa, in North Africa 127

al-Qāhir b. al-Muhtadī b. al-Hādī b. Nizār, Nizārī imam 364

al-Qāhira, see Cairo

Qaḥṭaba b. Shabīb 77

al-Qāʾid b. Ḥammād, Ḥammādid 202

qāʾim

   in doctrine of pre-Fāṭimid Ismāʿīlīs 96–97,98,108,116–119,124,129,132,134

   in doctrine of Fāṭimid Ismāʿīlīs 164–165,208,219,222,223

   in Druze doctrine 188–189

   in Iranian school of philosophical Ismāʿīlism 226–228

   in Mustaʿlī-Ṭayyibī doctrine 239,272–275

   in Nizārī doctrine of the Alamūt period 326,360,363,412

   see also imām-qāʾim; Mahdī; qiyāma; qāʾim al-qiyāma

al-Qāʾim, ʿAbbāsid caliph 194,195,196–197,209,210

al-Qāʾim, Fāṭimid caliph 105,106,119,123,125,140,142–143,144,145–146,156,157,166,173,211–212

qāʾim al-qiyāma 208,272,360–361

Qāʾim-maqām-i Farāhānī, Mīrzā Abu’l-Qāsim, Qājār chief minister 464,467

Qāʾin, in Quhistān 319,353,378,411,427,490,493,494

Qajaq, Saljūq amīr 357

Qājār dynasty, of Persia 459–460,461,462,477

   chroniclers of 408

   and Nizārīs, 405, 463–465; and Imam Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī, beglerbegi, 459–462; and Shāh Khalīl Allāh (Ⅲ), 27, 463; Āghā Khān I, 463–469, 473; Sardār Abu’l-Ḥasan Khān, 471–472; Aga Khan Ⅲ 481

qalam (pen) 134,230,270

qalandar 412,421

Qalʿat Banī Ḥammād, in the Maghrib 147,180

Qalʿat al-Sharīf, castle, in Syria 347

al-Qalqashandī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, secretary in the Mamlūk chancery and author 6,140,213,247

Qandahār, in Afghanistan 436,460,468,469–470

Qara Qoyunlu dynasty, of Persia, ʿIrāq and eastern Anatolia 425

Qarakhānids, of Transoxania 203,316

Qarāmiṭa, see Qarmaṭīs

Qaraqai Bitikchi, Mongol commander 397

Qarmaṭīs 2,32,96,116,210

   origin of the name 108

   of Baḥrayn, 110–111, 121, 133, 147–150, 152, 161–162, 235, 310; relations with Fāṭimids, passim, 185; allowed compilation of Epistles 9,26,140–141,149,151–152,161–167 ,235–236

   of ʿIrāq 98–99,107–109,115,116–117,120,124,149–150,166–167

   of Persia 121,152,167

   of Yaman 122

   in revolts of, 289–294/902–907 122–124

   invasions of Syria 173–174

   enumeration of imams 96–97,104–105

   series of ūlu’l-ʿazam prophets 97,131

   Mahdism of Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl 97–98,131–132,149,152

   as dissident Ismāʿīlīs in schism of, 286/899 116–117,120–121,122–123,164

Qashqāʾī tribesmen, of Persia 462

Qāsim ʿAlī, Nizārī imam 459

Qāsim al-Anwār, Sufi poet 420,422,428,430

al-Qāsim b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Muḥammad b. al-Nuʿmān, Fāṭimid chief dāʿī and chief qāḍī, great-grandson of al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān 172,203

al-Qāsim b. Aḥmad, Qarmaṭī dāʿī 124

al-Qāsim al-Manṣūr, Zaydī imam in Yaman 296

Qāsim Shāh, Nizārī imam 385,413–414,418,442

Qāsimābād, village, in northern Khurāsān 494

Qāsimī Zaydīs, of Yaman 199,296–297

Qāsim-Shāhī Nizārīs, see Qāsim-Shāhīs

Qāsim-Shāhīs, Qāsimiyya, branch of Nizārīs 32,405,413–414,417–418

   literature 406,413,433–434

   Anjudān period, passim; later period, 456–463; see further Nizārīs: post-Alamūt period: modern period and Muḥammad-Shāhīs 413,422–423,425,431–442 ,413–414,417,433,451,455–456,490

   of Syria 489–490

   see also Khojas; Nizārīs; Satpanth Ismāʿīlism

Qaṣr-i ʿAlī, Dāʾūdī dāʿī’s family 294

Qassām, assistant to Alftakīn 175,177

Qasṭīliya, in North Africa 127,146

Qaṭīf, in eastern Arabia 110,185,210

qawl al-aʾimma 171

Qawnaṣ (Qūniṣ), dāʿī 262

Qayrawān (Kairouan) 125,126,143,146,159,162,168,180,183,201

   Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Shīʿī threatened 127

   in Khārijī revolt of Abū Yazīd 146–147

   Zīrid capital 202

Qays, Banū, of Syria 51

Qayṣariyya, see Caesarea 371–372

Qazvīnī, Muḥammad 103,106,305

Qazwīn, in Persia 307,317,319,324,393,394,396,453

   under Saljūqs 338

   Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ at 314

   relations with Nizārīs of Rūdbār 346,356,374,376,387–388

   Mongol massacre of Nizārīs at 397

   under Amīr Kiyāʾī Sayyids 415

   Jahāngīr (Iskandarid) executed at 417

   Nuqṭawiyya of 422

   as Ṣafawid capital 437

Qifṭ, in upper Egypt 254

qilāʿ al-daʿwa, Nizārī castles in Syria 350,408

Qirwāsh b. al-Muqallad, ʿUqaylid 185

qiyāma (resurrection) 60,120,132,133,208

   in doctrines of the ghulāt 65

   denied by Abū Manṣūr 70

   in Ṭayyibī doctrine 272–275

   Nizārī doctrine of 303,357–361

   elaboration of doctrine by

   Muḥammad Ⅱ, 363–367, rejected by

   Ḥasan Ⅲ, 375; revived under

   Muḥammad Ⅲ, 378–382; Syrian

   proclamation: at Alamūt, 358–359; at 359,n:370

   Muʾminābād, 359; in Syria

   for Qāsim-Shāhī Nizārīs 412,433,440–442

   in Nizārī gināns 450

   in Druze doctrine 188

   in Nuqṭawī doctrine 422

   see also maʿād; eschatology

qiyāmat al-qiyāmāt (the Great Resurrection) 132,269,272,381

qiyās (analogy) 171

Qizil-bāsh 430,435,437

Qizil Sāriq, Saljūq amīr 319

Quatremère, Étienne Marc, orientalist 24

Qubādiyān, in Khurāsān 205

Qubayb, Banu’l-, of Yaman 259

Qubilai, Great Khan 15

Qūchān (Khabūshān), in Khurāsān 393

Quhistān (Kūhistān), region, in southeastern Khurāsān 311,356,414,427,470,491

   Marco Polo in 17

   Nizārīs of, 316, 318–319, 320, 329, 336, 339, 352, 358, 376, 378, 452; libraries, 355; Saljūq attacks on, 329, 330, 336, 345, 356; against Sīstān, 345, 383–384; against Ghūrids, 374, 376; Mongol invasions, passim, 397, 411; post-Alamūt centre, 410; Qāsim-Shāhī centre, 438 383,391–394

   home of Nizārī Quhistānī 411–412

Qulayʿa, castle, in Syria 350,400,401

Qulīj Khān, Mughal governor of Gujarāt 281

Qūmis, region, in northern Persia 391,397

   Nizārīs of 329,339,342,353,376,384

   in Mongol invasions

   under Saljūqs 321,338,345

Qumm, in central Persia 111,311,418,431,437,455,456,463,464,465

al-Qummī, Saʿd b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Ashʿarī, Imāmī scholar and heresiographer 9,59,87,102,116,117

   on the Mukhammisa 94

   on the Ismāʿīliyya al-khāliṣa 90

   on the Khaṭṭābiyya 85,90

   on the Qarmaṭīs 96–97,98,109

   on early Ismāʿīlī imams 96–97,117

   omits mention of Ibn al-Qaddāḥ 103

Qurʾān 37,39,42,60,66,70,82,86,117,126,135,181,222,227,272,285,396,477,501

   ẓāhir and bāṭin aspects 83,129

   on evolution 131–132,133–134

   understood perfectly by imam 83

   taʾwīl of 70,86

   in Ismāʿīlī system of law 170–171

   as the last Veda 450

al-Qurʾān al-nāṭiq 222

al-Qurʾān al-ṣāmit 222

al-Qurashī, Muḥammad b. al-Wahb, Druze dāʿī 187,190

Quraysh, Meccan tribe 37,44,57,240,267

Quraysh, ʿUqaylid ruler of Mawṣil 196,204

Qurra, Banu 182

qurrāʾ, in early Islam 42–43,44,45,47,51

Qūṣ, in Egypt 249

quṭb (pole), Sufi master 427,429,431,433,461,463,467,468,477

   see also murshid; pīr; khalīfa; shaykh

Quṭbkhān Quṭb al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 283

al-Rāḍī, ʿAbbāsid caliph 150,151

Raḍī al-Dīn Ⅱ b. Ṭāhir, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 451,452

Raḍī al-Dīn Abu’l-Maʿālī, Nizārī chief dāʿī in Syria 389,399,400

Raḍī al-Dīn b. Muḥammad Shāh, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 451

Raḍwā mountains, near Medina 59

Rafīʿ al-Dīn Ḥusayn, son of Shāh Ṭāhir Dakkanī 455

Rāfiḍa, Rawāfiḍ 72,206

rafīq, rafīqān (comrades) 317,329,358,365

Rafsanjān, in Kirmān 459

Rāḥat al-ʿaql, of Ḥamīd al-Dīn al-Kirmānī 184,233–234,269,297

Rāḥat al-ṣudūr, of al-Rāwandī 308

Raḥba 196

Rahim, Prince, son of Aga Khan Ⅳ 504

Raḥmat ʿAlī Shāh, Niʿmat Allāhī Sufi master 468,477

Raḥmat Allāh b. Ḥasan Kabīr al-Dīn 447

rajʿa (return) 60,64,65

Rāja Jamāl al-Dīn b. Ḥasan, Mullā 278–279,284

Rajasthan, in India 276,450

Rājī Ṭāhira, wife of Shāhjī Mīrān Shāh 447

Ralph of Merle, Crusader knight 352

Ramdev Pīr, Hindu saint 450

Rametta, in Sicily 145

Ramla, in Palestine 123,125,161,162,173,182,216,244

Rāmpūrī, Muḥammad ʿAlī, see Muḥammad ʿAlī b. Mullā Jīwābhāʾī Rāmpūrī

Rānikūh, in Daylam 416

Raqqa, in Syria 192,335,367

Raqqāda, near Qayrawān 127,128,157

Raqqāmī Khurāsānī, ʿAlī Qulī b. Imām Qulī, Nizārī poet 406

Raṣad, mother of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Mustanṣir 193

Rasāʾil al-ḥikma, scriptures of the Druzes 189

Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ 28,32,100,203,235–236,265,367

   influences of different traditions and schools of thought 236,237

   see also Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ

Rasāmūj, holder of Lamasar 324

al-Rāshid, ʿAbbāsid caliph 356

al-Rashīd Aḥmad b. ʿAlī b. al-Zubayr, al-Qāḍī 257

Rashīd al-Dīn Faḍl Allāh, historian and Īlkhānid vizier 6,25,305–306,307,309,360,380

   on Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ, 313; ‘tale of the three schoolfellows’ 312

   on Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī 367

   on al-Sijistānī 155

   on Mongol invasions 393,398

Rāshid al-Dīn Sinān, Nizārī leader in Syria 11,13,27,254,309,313,367–373,389,402

Rasht, in Gīlān 416

rasūl 97,118

rasūl Allāh 36

Rasūlids, of Yaman 267,268

Rawāfiḍ, see Rāfiḍa

al-Rāwandī, Najm al-Dīn Muḥammad b. ʿAlī, historian 308

Rāwandiyya 62,79

   see also Hāshimiyya, Shīʿī group

Rāwar, in Kirmān 465,469

Rawḍat al-akhbār, of Idrīs ʿImād al-Dīn 240

Rawḍat al-taslīm, of Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī 379,380,381

Rawlinson, Major Henry, British political agent in Afghanistan 470

Rayʿān, in Yaman 259

Raydān, confidant of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Ḥākim 180

Raydān, mosque, Cairo 187

Rayḥanīs, faction in Fāṭimid army, 250

Raymond, son of Bohemond Ⅳ, of Antioch 389

Raymond Ⅱ of Tripoli 352

Raymond of Antioch, Crusader knight 352

Rayy, in Persia 153,233,319,320,373,377,427

   Ismāʿīlī daʿwa to 102,111–112,113,115,152

   joined dissidents in Ismāʿīlī schism of 286/899 121

   al-Sijistānī in 112,113,155

   Fāṭimid daʿwa to 202

   Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ’s early career in 311–312,314

   Nizārīs of, 324, 329, 357; daʿwa to 384

   in Mongol invasions 394

al-Rāzī (Rhazes), Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Zakariyyāʾ, physician and philosopher 112

al-Rāzī, Abū Ḥātim, see Abū Ḥātim al-Rāzī

Red Sea 296

   coast of Africa, part of Fāṭimid empire 138,176

   trade routes through 201,256

Reginald of Vichiers, Grand Master of the Knights Templar 390

religious dues, see under dah-yik; dassondh; khums; najwā; zakāt; ḥaqq al-nafs; ḥaqq-i imām; salām

resurrection, see qiyāma

Rhazes, see al-Rāzī, Abū Bakr

Richard I, the Lion Heart, king of England 372,373

Riḍā ʿAlī Shāh Dakkanī, Niʿmat Allāhī Sufi master 461

al-riḍā min āl Muḥammad 76–77,79

Riḍwān, Saljūq ruler of Aleppo, passim 325,331–334 ,348

Riḍwān b. Walakhshī, Fāṭimid vizier 249

Rīf, in North Africa 156

Rifāʿa, Banū, of ʿIrāq 149

Rīgān, in Balūchistān 469

Risāla, of Abū ʿĪsā al-Murshid 133,233

Risāla, of Khayrkhwāh-i Harātī 434

al-Risāla al-jāmiʿa, of Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ 236

al-Risāla al-mudhhiba, of al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān 164

al-Risāla al-Ramaḍāniyya, of Ṭāhir Sayf al-Dīn 290

al-Risāla al-wāʿiẓa, of Ḥamīd al-Dīn al-Kirmānī 188

al-Risāla al-wazīriyya, of Ibn Killis 177

Riyāḥiyya, subgroup of Kaysāniyya 62

Roger Ⅱ, king of Sicily 202,249

Romanus Ⅳ Diogenes, Byzantine emperor 198

Rome 13

Rousseau, Jean Baptiste L. J., French consul in Aleppo 26–27

Rūdbār, district in the upper Shāhrūd, in northern Persia,passim 153,317,318–320 ,324,344

   Nizārīs of, 324, 329, 339, 342, 344, 352, 358; Saljūq attacks on, 318, 319, 337, 345, 376; relations with: Caspian provinces, 357, 367, 374, 387; Khwārazmians, 374, 387; Māzandarān, 374; Qazwīn, see under Qazwīn; Mongol invasions: during, passim ; post-Alamūt 391,393–398 ,410–411,415–418

rūḥ, see nafs

rūḥāniyyūn 134

   see also jadd; fatḥ; khayāl

Rukn al-Dawla Qārin, Bāwandid 374

Rukn al-Dīn, son of Muḥammad Khwārazmshāh 384

Rukn al-Dīn b. Bahrāmshāh, Naṣrid amīr of Sīstān 384

Rukn al-Dīn Khurshāh (Khwurshāh), Nizārī imam and last lord of Alamūt, passim 18,302,304–305,391–398 ,403,410,411,446

Rūm (Anatolia) 205,217,374,384,390,421,430

Rūmanī, near Shahr-i Bābak 468

Ruṣāfa, castle, in Syria 350,368,400,n:401

Rūshān, in Badakhshan 29,452,502

Russell, Justice Coram 481

Russia 31,495

   see also Soviet Central Asia

Rustamdār, in Daylam 344,367,417

Rustamid dynasty, of western Algeria 127,142

Rustichello of Pisa 18

Rūyān, in Daylam 344,367,374,387

Ruzzīk b. Ṭalāʾiʿ, Fāṭimid vizier 251

Saʿādatkūh, castle, in Daylam 345,356

Sabaʾ b. Abu’l-Suʿūd, Zurayʿid 256–257

Sabaʾ b. Yūsuf, Yaʿburī chief in Yaman 266

Sabaeans (Ṣābiʾa) 227

Sabaʾiyya 63–64

Ṣābiʾa, see Sabaeans; Mandaeans

al-sābiq (the preceder) 134,190

sābiqa 42,43,134,229,230

Sabʿiyya (Seveners) 97

Sabta (Ceuta), in the Maghrib 142,156

Sābūr (Shāpūr), son of Abū Ṭāhir al-Jannābī 151,161

Sabz ʿAlī, pīr 495,496

Saʿd al-Dawla, Ḥamdānid amīr of Aleppo 175

Ṣaʿda, in Yaman 198,259

al-sāda al-ruʾasāʾ, Qarmaṭī leaders in Baḥrayn 161

Ṣadaqa b. Yūsuf, Fāṭimid vizier 193

al-Ṣādiq, imam, see Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq

Ṣādiq Khān Zand 460

Ṣadr al-Dīn, Nizārī envoy of Rukn al-Dīn Khurshāh 393

Ṣadr al-Dīn, pīr 443,445,450,476

Ṣadr al-Dīn (Sadruddin), Prince, son of Aga Khan Ⅲ 483

Ṣadr al-Dīn, Ṣafawid shaykh 430

Ṣadr al-Dīn ʿAlī b. Nāṣir al-Ḥusaynī, historian 308

Ṣadr al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Ḥaydar, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 455

Ṣafad, in Syria 255,261

Safar-nāma, of Nāṣir-i Khusraw 28,205,206

Safar-nāma, of Nizārī Quhistānī 411,n:412

Ṣafawid dynasty, of Persia,passim 279,415,417,422,425,426,427,429–430,452–459

   established Twelver Shīʿism as state religion 420–421,426,430–431,435

   religious policy 435–437

   and Niẓām-Shāhī state 454–455

   seized Gīlān 417

   persecuted Sufis and extremist Shīʿīs 435

Ṣafawiyya, Sufi order 427,430–431

Ṣafdar Khān, mīr of Hunza 495–496

al-Saffāḥ, Abu’l-ʿAbbās, ʿAbbāsid caliph 75,77–78,79

Ṣaffārids, of Sīstān and eastern Afghanistan 114,139,155,316

Ṣafī ʿAlī Shāh, Niʿmat Allāhī Sufi master 477–479

Ṣafī al-Dīn, Ṣafawid shaykh 430

Ṣafī al-Dīn Muḥammad b. al-Fahd al-Makramī, Sulaymānī author 295–296

Safīdrūd river, in Daylam 153,324,415

ṣaḥāba, see Companions of the Prophet

ṣāḥib al-daʿwa 294

Ṣāḥib Fakhkh, see al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī, Ṣāḥib Fakhkh

ṣāḥib al-ḥaqq 101

ṣāḥib al-khāl, see al-Ḥusayn, son of Zikrawayh

ṣāḥib al-nāqa, see Yaḥyā, son of Zikrawayh

ṣāḥib al-shāma, see al-Ḥusayn, son of Zikrawayh

Saʿīd, see al-Mahdī, ʿAbd Allāh, first Fāṭimid caliph

Ṣaʿīd, in Egypt 193–194

Saʿīd b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥanafī 50

Ṣāʿid b. Badīʿ, raʾīs of Aleppo 334,347

Saʿīd b. al-Ḥusayn, see al-Mahdī, ʿAbd Allāh, first Fāṭimid caliph

Saʿīd al-Dawla, Ḥamdānid amīr of Aleppo 176,183

Saʿīd Khān, son of Nar Muḥammad 446

St Catherine, monastery, in Mount Sinai 246

St Louis, king of France, see Louis Ⅸ

St Mercurius, church, near Fusṭāṭ 177

St Petersburg 29

Sājids (Banū Sāj), of Ādharbayjān 153

sajjāda-nishīn 446,453,455

Saladin (Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn), founder of the Ayyūbid dynasty, passim 251–255 ,309,368–369,370,372,373,389

Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn, pīr 385

Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn ʿAlī, Nizārī envoy to Khwārazmshāh 386

Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Ḥasan-i Maḥmūd, Nizārī author 380

Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Yūsuf, Ayyūbid, see Saladin

salām 294

Salāma b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb al-Sāmurrī, Druze leader 187,190

Salamiyya, in central Syria 5,100,102,107,116,117,119,123,145,332,489–490,496

Sālārids, see Musāfirids

ṣalāt (ritual prayer) 169,294,442

Salerno, in Italy 144

Ṣāliḥ b. Mirdās, Kilābid 183,192

Ṣāliḥ b. Mudrik 62

Salīm Khān, mīr of Hunza 495

Saljūq-nāma, attributed to Ẓahīr al-Dīn Nīshāpūrī 308

Saljūqs 9,10,139,195–196,197,204,209,310–311,313,316,320,338,346,373,384

   realm, Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism in 324–325

   histories of Nizārīs 308

   against Nizārīs 301,318–319,327–330,335–338,344–346,397

Sallārids, see Musāfirids

Salmān al-Fārisī 39,92,94,365

salvation, see eschatology; soteriology

Sām (Shem) 132

Sām Mīrzā, Ṣafawid author 455

Ṣamad Shāh, son of Mūchūl Shāh and Ḥājjī Bībī 481,491

Sāmānids, of Khurāsān and Transoxania 112–113,155,202,203,316

Samaritan gnosticism 135

Samarqand, in Central Asia (now in Uzbekistan) 203,383,392,421,n:428

Samāwa, desert 122

ṣāmit

   in doctrine of Abu’l-Khaṭṭāb 86

   in Imāmī doctrine 83

   in Ismāʿīlī doctrine 132

Sammas, of Sind 443

Ṣamṣām al-Dawla, Būyid 235

Ṣanʿāʾpassim 28,110,122,126,198,199,238,255,257–260 ,265,266

Sanāʾī, poet 420

Ṣanhāja (Ṣinhāja), Berbers 141,145,156–157,162,179,183

Sanjar, Saljūq sultan 320,321,335,338,340,345,346,357,373

   relations with Nizārīs 329,330,336,342,345–346,357

Sanskrit (language) 409,443,474

Sanudo Torsello, Marino, historian 13

Saoshyant, Zoroastrian saviour 60

Ṣaqāliba, see Slavs

Saracens 15,20

Sarandib (Ceylon) 271

   see also Sri Lanka

Sarbadārs, of Khurāsān 426

Sarbīsha, in Persia 469

Sardār Abu’l-Ḥasan Khān, brother of Āghā Khān I, see Abu’l-Ḥasan Khān

Sardinia 144

Sargudhasht-i Sayyidnā, of Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ 304,305,311–312

Sārī, in Māzandarān 417

Ṣārim al-Dīn Mubārak b. Raḍī al-Dīn, Nizārī dāʿī in Syria 400–401

Sarmīn, in northern Syria 333,335

Sartakht, fortress, in Quhistān 393

Sarūj 192

Sarv-i Jahān Khānum, Qājār princess, mother of Āghā Khān Ⅱ 464,477

Sāsānids, Sāsānid empire 42,43,55,78,79

Satgur Nūr, pīr 385,442

Saṭīf, in North Africa 126

Satpanth Ismāʿīlism 32,442–445,446,447,448–450,474

   see further ginān; Khojas; Nizārīs

Satpanthīs, see Imām-Shāhīs

satr (concealment) 441

   Nizārī doctrine of 378,380–382,436

   see also dawr al-satr

Saudi Arabia 297–298

Saʿūdīs, see Āl Saʿūd

Sāwa, near Qumm 337,338,387,416

Sawād, of Kūfa 42,99,107,109,115,124,149,311

ṣawm (fasting) 169,288,442

Ṣaydā, see Sidon

Sayf al-Dawla Ṣadaqa, Mazyadid 335

Sayf al-Dīn Muḥammad, Ghūrid 356

Sayf al-Dīn Sulṭān Malik b. Kiyā Bū Manṣūr b. Muḥammad Ⅱ, Nizārī envoy 394

Sayf al-Mulk b. ʿAmrūn, lord of Kahf 349,350

Sayfī Dars (Jāmiʿa Sayfiyya), Sūrat 286,287,290,292,293,294

Sayfī Masjid, Dāʾūdī mosque, Bombay 290

Sayr va sulūk, of Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī 379

Sayyid, Ayman F. 239

Sayyid Abu’l-Ḥasan Kahakī, Nizārī imam, see Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī, beglerbegi

Sayyid ʿAlī, Nizārī imam 458–459

Sayyid ʿAlī Kiyā b. Amīr Kiyā Malāṭī, founder of the Caspian Zaydī dynasty of Amīr Kiyāʾī Sayyids 415–416,417

Sayyid Fāḍil Shāh, ancestor of Kadiwala Sayyids 448

Sayyid Ḥasan Beg, Nizārī imam, see Ḥasan ʿAlī

al-Sayyid al-Ḥimyarī, poet 60

Sayyid Jaʿfar, Nizārī imam, see Qāsim ʿAlī

Sayyid Jaʿfar Shīrāzī, see Jaʿfar, Sayyid

Sayyid Mahdī Kiyā b. Amīr Kiyā Malāṭī 416

Sayyid Raḍī Kiyā b. Sayyid ʿAlī Kiyā, ruler of Lāhījān 417

Sayyid Saʿīd b. Sulṭān, Āl Bū Saʿīdī sultan of ʿUmān and Zanzibar 291,486

Sayyid Shāh Khāmūsh, Ḥasan, Nizārī dāʿī in Badakhshan 452

Sayyid Shāh Malang, Nizārī dāʿī in Badakhshan 452

Sayyid al-Ṭāʾifa (Baḥr al-ʿUlūm), Muḥammad al-Mahdī al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Twelver scholar 168

al-Sayyida Ḥurra bint Aḥmad al-Ṣulayḥī, see Arwā

Sayyidnā Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ, see Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ

‘school of Iṣfahān’ 420

scriptures, symbolic interpretation of, see taʾwīl

Semenov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich 29,30,31

Seraphiel, see Isrāfīl

Seth, see Shīth

Seven-day Prayers (Adʿiyat al-ayyām al-sabʿa), of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Muʿizz 165

Severus, bishop of Ashmūnayn 177

Seville (Ishbīliya) 159

al-Shabānkāraʾī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī, historian 307

Shabistar, in Ādharbayjān 419

Shādhī al-Khādim 349

Shāfiʿī Sunnism 172,252,376,426,430,456

Shafūrqān, near Balkh 392

Shāh ʿĀlam Ⅱ, Mughal emperor 286

Shāh Bībī, daughter of Shāh Khalīl Allāh (Ⅲ) 464

Shāh Gharīb, Nizārī imam, see Gharīb Mīrzā

Shāh Ghāzī Rustam I b. ʿAlāʾ al-Dawla ʿAlī, Bāwandid 344–345,357

Shāh Ghāzī Rustam Ⅱ, Shams al-Mulūk, Bāwandid 374

Shāh Jaʿfar, brother of Shāh Ṭāhir Dakkanī 454

Shāh Jahān, Mughal emperor 283

Shāh Karīm al-Ḥusaynī, see Aga Khan Ⅳ

Shāh Khalīl Allāh, son of Niʿmat Allāh Walī, see Khalīl Allāh

Shāh Khalīl Allāh Ⅱ, Nizārī imam 425,439,456

Shāh Khalīl Allāh Ⅲ, Nizārī imam 27,462–463,472

Shāh Niʿmat Allāh Walī, see Niʿmat Allāh Walī Kirmānī

Shāh Nizār Ⅱ, Nizārī imam 439,n:456–458

Shāh Qalandar, Nizārī imam, see Mustanṣir bi’llāh Ⅱ

Shāh Raḍī al-Dīn, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī leader, see Raḍī al-Dīn Ⅱ

Shāh Sayyid Nāṣir, see Nāṣir-i Khusraw

Shāh Shujāʿ al-Mulk, Durrānī ruler of Afghanistan 470

Shāh Ṭāhir Dakkanī (Shāh Ṭāhir b. Raḍī al-Dīn Ⅱ al-Ḥusaynī Dakkanī), Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam, passim 413,414,419,435,451–455

Shāh Taqī, village, in northern Khurāsān 494

Shahanshāh, fortress, near Nih 384

Shahanshāh b. ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad Ⅲ 393–394

Shāhdiz, fortress, in Qūmis 391

Shāhdiz (Dizkūh), fortress, near Iṣfahān 330,336–337

Shāhjī Mīrān Shāh, Imām-Shāhī leader 446–447

al-Shahrastānī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Karīm, heresiographer and Ashʿarī theologian 59,90,118,304,340–342,379,380

Shahr-i Bābak, in Kirmān, passim 423,459–462 ,468,473,494

Shahriyārkūh, in Māzandarān 314

Shahrnūsh b. Hazārasf b. Namāwar, Bādūspānid 345

Shāhrūd river, in Daylam 153,317,324

Shāhrukh, Afshārid 459

Shāhrukh, Tīmūrid 308,422,425,427,428,429

Shahzāda Begum, daughter of Jangī Shāh, first wife of Aga Khan Ⅲ 481

Shām, see Syria

Shamir b. Dhi’l-Jawshan 53

Shamīrān, castle, in Ṭārum 153–154,205,415

Shams al-Dīn, Āqā, son of Jangī Shāh 480

Shams al-Dīn, grandson of Niʿmat Allāh Walī Kirmānī 429

Shams al-Dīn, Nizārī muḥtasham in Quhistān 383–384,388

Shams al-Dīn, pīr 385,442–443,450

Shams al-Dīn, qāḍī of Qazwīn 388

Shams al-Dīn ʿAlī, ʿAlawī dāʿī 282

Shams al-Dīn ʿAlī, Mihrabānid 411–412

Shams al-Dīn b. Najm al-Dīn Ismāʿīl, Nizārī dāʿī in Syria 400,401

Shams al-Dīn Gīlakī, Nizārī vizier to Rukn al-Dīn Khurshāh 394

Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad, Nizārī imam 385,411–412,413–414,418,419

Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad I, Kart ruler of Harāt 393,411

Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Yaḥyā Lāhījī, see Lāhījī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad

Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad Tabrīzī, spiritual guide of Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī 385,413,442

Shams al-Mulūk, Qājār princess, mother of Aga Khan Ⅲ 480

Shams-i Dīn Nīmrūz ʿAlī, see Shams al-Dīn ʿAlī, Mihrabānid

Shams-i Tabrīz, see Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad Tabrīzī

Shamsīs, Nizārī community in Panjāb 442–443

Shamʿūn al-Ṣafāʾ (Simon Peter) 132

Sharaf, Ṭāhā A. 151

Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad al-Makramī, Sulaymānī dāʿī 297

Sharaf al-Dīn Muḥammad, son of raʾīs Muẓaffar, commandant of Girdkūh 321

Sharaf al-Maʿālī, son of al-Afḍal 244

Sharaf al-Mulk, vizier to Jalāl al-Dīn Khwārazmshāh 386–387

Sharḥ al-akhbār, of al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān 119,222

Sharḥ al-masāʾil, of Ḥusām al-Dīn al-Ḥajj Ghulām Ḥusayn 297

Sharḥ-i gulshan-i rāz, of Shāh Ṭāhir Dakkanī 419

sharīʿa (religious law) 10

   in pre-Fāṭimid Ismāʿīlī doctrine 97–98,131–132

   in Fāṭimid writings 167,209,222

   in Iranian school of philosophical Ismāʿīlism 226–227

   in Nizārī doctrine 364,433,441–442

sharīʿa, sacred law of Islam 40,83,126,164,287,288,420,422

   not observed by ghulāt 66

   understood perfectly by imam 83

   in pre-Fāṭimid Ismāʿīlī doctrine 98,129,130–131

   in Druze doctrine 188–189

   in Ismāʿīlī system of law 214

   in Nizārī doctrine of the Alamūt period 336,358–362,366,375,378,380–381,382–389,410

   in Qāsim-Shāhī Nizārī teaching 441

al-Sharīf al-Murtaḍā, ʿAlam al-Hudā, Imāmī theologian 185

al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, Imāmī theologian, 185

Sharīk b. Shaykh al-Mahrī (al-Mahdī), leader of Shīʿī revolt 79

al-Shawāhid wa’l-bayān, of Jaʿfar b. Manṣūr al-Yaman 165

Shāwar, Fāṭimid vizier 251–252,253

al-Shāwirī, ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbbās, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī in Yaman 166,198

Shāyasta Khān, Mughal governor of Gujarāt 283

shaykh (plural, mashāyikh) 19,59,60,72,122,145,405,432

   in Druze community 190

   for Dāʾūdīs 287,292

   for Sulaymānīs 298

   for Sufis, passim 366,388,427,428–430

   Nizārī imams as 418–420,431

Shaykh Ādam Ṣafī al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 282

Shaykh al-Jabal, see Old Man of the Mountain

Shaykh Jīwanjī Awrangābādī, ancestor of some Dāʾūdī dāʿīs 287

Shaykh al-Ṭāʾifa, see al-Ṭūsī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad

al-Shaykh al-Yūnānī, see Plotinus

al-Shayyāl, Jamāl al-Dīn 32

Shayzar, castle, in central Syria 335,350

Sheil, Justin, British minister in Tehran 472

Shem, see Sām

Shīʿa, see Shīʿīs, Shīʿism

Shiʿāf (or Shaʿāf), in Ḥarāz 265

Shīʿat ʿAlī, see Shīʿīs, Shīʿism

Shīʿat al-Mahdī 53

Shīʿat Muʿāwiya 46

Shīʿat ʿUthmān 46

Shibām, mountain and fortress, in Ḥarāz 259,266,268

shifting identities 450–451

Shihāb al-Dīn, Nizārī muḥtasham in Quhistān 383,388

Shihāb al-Dīn, pīr 443

Shihāb al-Dīn b. al-ʿAjamī, Zangid vizier 370

Shihāb al-Dīn b. Ḥarb, Naṣrid amīr of Sīstān 384

Shihāb al-Dīn Maḥmūd b. Takash, governor of Ḥamā 370

Shihāb al-Dīn Muḥammad, Ghūrid 374

Shihāb al-Dīn Shāh al-Ḥusaynī, pīr, son of Āghā Khān Ⅱ, Nizārī author 407,n:480

Shīʿīs, Shīʿism 1,2,7,34–35,204

   origins of (in Shīʿī view) 36–38,39–40,41

   early development 41–60

   Arab, unified phase 46–51

   revolt of al-Mukhtār 52–56

   period of fragmentation (al-Mukhtār to ʿAbbāsid revolution), 57–71; radical branch, 59–67, 69–70, 75–78; moderate branch, passim; Zaydiyya 57,67–69,71–80 ,72–74

   repressed by ʿAbbāsids 78–81

Shīʿīs, Shīʿism (cont.)

   during imamate of Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, passim; in pre-Fāṭimid North Africa 71–80 ,126

   (Fāṭimid) caliphate established 127–128,137

   in Egypt 158

   of ʿIrāq, attracted to Fāṭimid Ismāʿīlism 184–185

   in Ifrīqiya, persecuted by Sunnīs 183,201

   suppressed in Gujarāt 277

   persecuted by Awrangzīb 283–284,456

   as state religion of Ṣafawid Persia, 425–426, 430–431, 435; radicals persecuted by Ṣafawids 435–437

   adopted by Yūsuf ʿĀdil Shāh and Burhān I Niẓām Shāh 453–454

   Sufism and 420–421,425–426,427

   and dissident Nizārī Khojas in Aga Khan Case 475–476

   conception of religious authority 35,39–40

   devotion to ʿAlī 46–47,425,427

   hereditary sanctity of the Prophet’s family 37,39–41,57–58

   definition of ahl al-bayt 37–38,40–41,57–58,81,82–83

   significance of Fāṭimid ancestry for 82–83

   tradition of ḥadīth 69–80

   significance of naṣṣ imamate 81–82

   and taqiyya 68,82,83

   imam’s role in 39–40,83,364–365

   use of the term ḥujja 83,117–118

   martyrology 49,50

   eschatology 59–60

   doctrine of taʿlīm 40,82,313,340–342

   system of law 68–69,80,170–171

   ceremonies under Fāṭimids 177–178

   mawlā Shīʿism 58,79

   contribution of ghulāt to 63,66

   and Muʿtazilīs 73

   popular motifs in Syrian Nizārī doctrine of qiyāma 371–372

   mawālī: their effect on Shīʿism, 55–56, 76; deserted revolutionary Shīʿism 78

   elitism among 70

   see also imamate; Imāmīs; Ismāʿīlīs; Nuṣayrīs; Qārmaṭīs; Twelvers; Zaydīs

Shīrānshāh b. ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad Ⅲ 394

Shīrāz, in Fārs 203,422,427,461,462,465,477

Shīrgīr, Anūshtagīn, Saljūq amīr 337–338,342,345

Shīrkūh, Asad al-Dīn, Zangid general and Fāṭimid vizier 251–252

Shīrkūh, fortress, near Alamūt 392

Shīrwānī, Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn, Mast ʿAlī Shāh, Niʿmat Allāhī Sufi master 463,465–468

Shīth (Seth) 132

Shughnān, in Badakhshan 29,95,408,452,502

Shujāʿ al-Salṭana, pretender to the Qājār throne 464

Shumayṭiyya, subgroup of Imāmiyya 88

shūrā (consultative council) 37,41

Shurāt, early Khārijīs 46

al-Shūshtarī, Nūr Allāh, Qāḍī, Twelver scholar and jurist 168,281

Sibṭ Ibn al-Jawzī, historian 309

Sicily (Ṣiqilliyya) 138,143–144,162,202,390

Siddharāja Jayasingha, Rājpūt Hindu king of Gujarāt 276,385

Sidhpūr, in Gujarāt 269,277,279,291

Sidih, village, in southern Khurāsān 490–491

Sidon (Ṣaydā) 244,313,369

Ṣidq ʿAlī Shāh, see Muḥammad Ṣādiq Maḥallātī

Ṣiffīn, battle of 43,45–46,47,49

sijill 140,245,247

Sijilmāsa 125–126,127,128,142,156,157

Sijistān, see Sīstān

al-Sijistānī, Abū Yaʿqūb Isḥāq b. Aḥmad, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī and author 112,113,138,154–155,166

   provides evidence of pre-Fāṭimid cosmology 133–135

   as member of Iranian school of philosophical Ismāʿīlism, passim 225–228 ,229,230–231,233

sijjīn 275

al-Sijzī, see al-Sijistānī

silsila, chain of spiritual masters in Sufism 426

Silvestre de Sacy, Antoine Isaac, orientalist 22–24,25,26,n:27

al-Simʿānī, see Assemani

Simla, in India 482

Simnān, in Persia 394

Simon Peter, see Shamʿūn al-Ṣafāʾ

al-Ṣīn, see China

Sinān b. Salmān (or Sulaymān) b. Muḥammad Abu’l-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī, Nizārī leader in Syria, see Rāshid al-Dīn Sinān

Sinān b. Sulaymān, Kalbid 192

Sind, now in Pakistan 104,279,298,442,445,463

   Ismāʿīlī daʿwa to 99,110,116,164,220,266

   Fāṭimid suzerainty acknowledged in 166–167

   jazīra of 218,298

   and Maḥmūd of Ghazna 200

   Nizārīs in, 385–386, 409, 410, 449; Qāsim-Shāhīs, passim, 457; Āghā Khān I in, 470–472; Āghā Khān Ⅱ visited 436,442–451 ,477

   British conquest of 470–472

   see also Pakistan

Sindhī (language) 432,444,445,457

ṣinf (guild), see guilds

Singapore 501

Ṣinhāja, see Ṣanhāja

Sinjār 196

Sinkiang (Xinjiang), region, in China 496

Ṣiqilliyya, see Sicily

Sīra, of Jawdhar 6,172

Sīra, of al-Muʾayyad fi’l-Dīn al-Shīrāzī 6,203

Sīrāf, port on Persian Gulf 148

Sirāj al-Dīn Muẓaffar b. al-Ḥusayn, Nizārī chief dāʿī in Syria 389

Sirāj al-Dīn Najm b. Jaʿfar, Fāṭimid chief dāʿī and chief qāḍī 253

Sīrjān, in Kirmān 457,459,460,461,462,468,469,494

Sīstān (Arabic, Sijistān; also called Nīmrūz), in eastern Persia 113,153,353,383–384,452

   Ismāʿīlī daʿwa to 113

   supported Fāṭimid cause 166

   relations with Nizārīs of Quhistān 319,345,374,383–384,411

Sitt al-Mulk, sister of Fāṭimid caliph al-Ḥākim 191–192

Siyāhchashm, see Mahdī b. Khusraw Fīrūz

Siyāsat-nāma, of Niẓām al-Mulk 9,209

slaves’ revolt, see Zanj

Slavs (Ṣaqāliba) 156,217

Société Asiatique, Paris 23,27,28

socio-economic conditions 486,493,500,502

   for early Ismāʿīlī 114–115

   leading to early support for Shīʿism 54–57

   under ʿAbbāsids 78–79,114–115

   in Qarmaṭī state of Baḥrayn 110–111

   see also mawālī

soteriology

   in doctrine of early Ismāʿīlīs 135

   in Iranian school of philosophical Ismāʿīlism 231–232,234

   in doctrine of Ṭayyibīs 271,273–275

   see also eschatology; qiyāma

soul, see nafs

South Asia 3,4,7,30,290,298,299,n:300,403,408,442–451,484,494,n:497

   see also India; Pakistan; Sind; etc.

Southern, Richard W. 11

Soviet Central Asia 408,455,495,502

   see also Central Asia; Transoxania

Spain 157,159

   see also al-Andalus

Sri Lanka (Ceylon) 291

   see also Sarandīb

Stern, Samuel Miklos 32,106,133,n:235

Stroeva, Lyudmila V. 31,310

Strothmann, Rudolf 31

Ṣubḥ al-aʿshāʾ, of al-Qalqashandī 6,n:140

Sūdānīs 193–194

al-Ṣufāt (the Pure) 372

Sufis, Sufism 148,426–431,449,501

   role in spreading Shīʿism in Persia 420–421,426–427

   suppressed by Ṣafawids 435,437

   analogies with Nizārī teaching 361,366,382

   Nizārī association with, 388, 404, 406, 407, 418–420, 425, 431–433, 444, 456–457, 461–462, 465, 477, 504; Nizārī imams disguised as Sufi pīrs 412,418,419,431–432,435,437

   and Twelver Shīʿism 420–421

   and Satpanth 444

   Shāh Ṭāhir as 454

   in poetry of Nizārī Quhistānī 412–413

Ṣufriyya, subgroup of Khārijīs 145

Suhrāb Khān, Qājār commander 465

Suhrawardiyya, Sufi order 444

Sukayn, Druze leader 188–189

Sukmān, Artuqid ruler of Palestine 243

Ṣulayḥids, of Yaman 3,138,198–201,203,210,243,255–258,262–263,264,277

   historiography 239–241

   supported Ṭayyibīs 238,246,262–263

Sulaym, Banū 201

Sulaymān, son of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Ḥāfiẓ 248–249

Sulaymān b. ʿAbd al-Malik, Umayyad caliph 61,62,71

Sulaymān b. Dāʾūd b. al-ʿĀḍid, Badr al-Dīn, Ḥāfiẓī imam 254

Sulaymān b. Ḥasan, Sulaymānī dāʿī 281–282,295,296

Sulaymān b. al-Ḥasan b. Abi’l-Ḥifāẓ 264

Sulaymān b. Ḥaydar, Shaykh, Nizārī leader at Maṣyāf 489

Sulaymān b. Jaʿfar b. Falāḥ 179

Sulaymān b. Kathīr 76,79

Sulaymān b. Ṣurad al-Khuzāʿī 49,51

Sulaymānīs, Sulaymāniyya, branch of Ṭayyibīs 30,241,276,281–282,295–300

   fiqh 169,280,294–295

   daʿwa organization 298–299

   schism with Dāʾūdīs 3,239,280–282,298–299

Sulaymānshāh, Saljūq sultan 338

Sullam al-najāt, of Abū Yaʿqūb al-Sijistānī 231–232

Sulṭān ʿAlī, Ṣafawid shaykh 430

Sulṭān Khwārazmshāh, see ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad

Sulṭān Muḥammad Shāh, Aga Khan Ⅲ, see Aga Khan Ⅲ

Sulṭānābād, see Arāk

Sulṭāniyya, in northwestern Persia 416,417,451,453

Sultans of Delhi 277

   see further Khaljī dynasty; Muʿizzī dynasty; Tughluqid dynasty

Sūmras, of Sind 167,443

sunna 37,48,68,170–171

Sunnīs, Sunnism 2,34–35,340–341

   origin of name 48

   hostility to the ghulāt 63,66

   respect for Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq 80–81

   and Zaydīs 74

   ʿAbbāsid support for 78–79

   view of chief offence of Shīʿīs 66

   failure to absorb Shīʿism 82

   system of fiqh 170

   anti-Ismāʿīlī accounts 7–10,99

   failed to distinguish early Ismāʿīlī groups 152

   and history of Fāṭimids 139–140

   on Nizārī declaration of the qiyāma 362,367

   persecuted Shīʿīs in Ifrīqiya 182–183,201

   persecuted Ismāʿīlī Bohras in India 283–285,286

   massacres of Nizārīs 329,374

   Jalāl al-Dīn Ḥasan Ⅲ’s rapprochement with 375–377,389

   Nizārī alliances with 375–376,404,504

   and Sufism 425–426,427,428

   ‘Shīʿitization’ of 426,429–430

   opposed Fāṭimids in North Africa 141

   in Khārijī Berber revolt 145–146

   in Egypt 159–161,177,181,192,252–253,261

   in Ṣafawid Persia 435–436

   of Syria 331–332

   institute at Fusṭāṭ 181

   championed by Saljūqs 195–196

   Zurayʿid territories reverted to 257

   Ismāʿīlī Bohras converted to 277–279,283,285,290,299

   Khojas as 474–476,484,488

   Imām-Shāhīs as 446–447

   Mōmnas as 448

   and Nāṣir-i Khusraw 205,206–207

   see also Ahl al-Sunna wa’l-Jamāʿa; Jamāʿa

Sunqur, holder of Maṣyāf 350

Ṣūr, see Tyre

al-ṣūra al-nūrāniyya 273

Sūrat, in Gujarāt 33,241,286,287,291,292,294,442,472,485

al-Ṣūrī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī and author in Syria 208

Surūr, Muḥammad J. 32

Sūsa, in North Africa 147

Switzerland 482–483,496

symbolic exegesis, see taʾwīl

Syria 3,4,12,22,45,204,313,430

   histories of 309–310

   Ismāʿīlī libraries 30,32

   versus ʿIrāq 44,46,77–78

   opposed ʿAlī 44–46

   as Umayyad rule collapsed 75

   Ismāʿīlī daʿwa in 5,99,221

   Qarmaṭī revolts of, 289–294/902–907 122–123

   under Ṭūlūnids 123–124

   disputed by Fāṭimids and Qarmaṭīs 161–162,166–167

   under Fāṭimids 103,139,161,173–176,182–183,192,195

   under Mirdāsids 183

   under Zangids 250–251

   under Ayyūbids 253

   Crusaders in 11,18,244,331,350–352,368

   under Saljūqs 331

   in Mongol invasions 398–399

   under Mamlūks 399–401

   in Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism 245,324–325

   home of Druze movement 188

   in Ḥāfiẓī–Ṭayyibī schism 248

   Ṭayyibīs of 236,261

   Ḥāfiẓīs of 254–255

   Nizārīs of, passim, 28, 254, 301, 304, 309, 403; literature, 406; preserved Fāṭimid traditions, 302, 408; Aleppo period (to 507/1113), 331–334; Damascus period (507–523/1113–1129), 347–349; Jabal Bahrāʾ period (524–545/1130–1151), 349–352; under Rāshid al-Dīn Sinān (557–589/1162–1193), 367–373; post-qiyāma (589–654/1193–1256), 376, 389–391, 397, 398–399; under Baybars I, 399–402; under Mamlūks, 401–402, 489; under Ottomans, 408, 489; modern period 11–19 ,488–490,501

   Muḥammad-Shāhī subgroup 408,413–414,451,455–456

   see also Crusaders: and Nizārīs; Nuṣayrīs: rivalry with Nizārīs

Syriac (-Aramaic) language 184,223,233

al-Ṭabarī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad b. Jarīr, historian 6,99,103,107,109,147

Ṭabaristān (Māzandarān), in northern Persia 152,344,367,415,417,420

   early Ismāʿīlī daʿwa to 102,112

   Nāṣir-i Khusraw in 206

   Zaydīs in 313–314

   controlled by Sanjar 338

   Nizārī daʿwa to 314,342,346

   against Nizārīs of Rūdbār 337,357,374

   in Mongol invasions 394

   Tīmūr in 418

   Ṣafawid conquest of 417

Ṭabas, in Quhistān 17,319,329

Tabrīz, in Ādharbayjān 356,412,416,419,430,431

Tabūk, battle of 41

Tāfilālt, in North Africa 125

tafsīr (Qurʾān commentary) 130,222,340

Taft, near Yazd 429

ṭahāra (ritual purity) 169

Tāhart, in western Algeria 127,142,156,157

Ṭāhir b. Raḍī al-Dīn, Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārī imam 451

Ṭāhir Sayf al-Dīn, Sayyidnā, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 289–290

Ṭāhirids, of southern Yaman 267,268

Ṭahmāsp I, Ṣafawid shāh 422,435–436,454,455

al-Ṭāʾī, ʿAlī b. Aḥmad, see al-Muqtanā

Ṭāʾif, in Saudi Arabia 297

Taʿizz, in Yaman 257

Tāj al-Dīn, Mihrabānid 412

Tāj al-Dīn, pīr 445–446,447

Tāj al-Dīn Abu’l-Futūḥ b. Muḥammad, Nizārī chief dāʿī in Syria 389,390

Tāj al-Dīn Āmulī, Zaydī sayyid 416

Tāj al-Dīn Mardānshāh, qāḍī, governor of Girdkūh 394

Tajikistan 29,207,408,494–495,502,n:503

Tajrīd al-ʿaqāʾid, of Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī 379–380

Takrīt, in ʿIrāq 321,324,335

Ṭalāʾiʿ b. Ruzzīk, Fāṭimid vizier 250–251,253

Ṭalḥa b. ʿUbayd Allāh 41,44

al-tālī (the follower) 134,190,229,n:230

Ṭālibids, branch of Hāshimids 57,73

taʿlīm 339,500

   in Shīʿī thought 40,82–84

   in teaching of Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ 313,339–342,366

Taʿlīmiyya 24,342

Ṭāliqān, in Daylam 319,324,345,394

Ṭāliqān, in Khurāsān 111,383

Tamīm b. al-Muʿizz, poet, son of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Muʿizz 172–173

Tamīm b. al-Muʿizz, Zīrid 201,202

Tāmir, ʿĀrif 32

Ṭamūrṭughān, Saljūq amīr 345

tanāsukh (metempsychosis)

   in doctrine of ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥarb 62

   in doctrines of the ghulāt 65

   in Druze doctrine 190

   in Syrian Nizārī doctrine 372

   rejected by Ṭayyibīs 273

   in Nuqṭawī doctrine 422

Tancred, prince of Antioch 333–334

Tando Muḥammad Khān, in Sind 448

Tanga, in East Africa 291,486

Tanganyika, in East Africa 291,487

   see also Tanzania

Tangier 156

Tantrism 449

Tanzania 291,484,497–498,501

   see also Tanganyika; Zanzibar

tanzīl 130

Taormina, in Sicily 145

taqiyya (precautionary dissimulation) 4,5,68,74,82,83,87,101,118–119,129,137,167,170,277,279,280,283,376,379–380,382,396,404,410,412,419,425,435,441,444,448,449–450,453–454,492

taqlīd (emulation) 171

Ṭarablus, see Tripoli, in Syria

Ṭarāʾiq al-ḥaqāʾiq, of Maʿṣūm ʿAlī Shāh, Muḥammad Maʿṣūm Shīrāzī 477

Taʾrīkh al-rusul wa’l-mulūk, of al-Ṭabarī 99

Taʾrīkh al-Yaman, of ʿUmāra b. ʿAlī al-Ḥakamī al-Yamanī 239–240,255

Taʾrīkh-i alfī 436

Taʾrīkh-i Firishta, of Firishta 452

Taʾrīkh-i guzida, of Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī 307

Taʾrīkh-i jahān-gushā, of Juwaynī 305

Taʾrīkh-i Ṭabaristān, of Ibn Isfandiyār, 308

ṭarīqa 420,423,426,427,428–429,431,433,444,461–462,465,477,501

Ṭarm, see Ṭārum

Tārmal, minister to Rājpūt king of Gujarāt 276

Tartars, see Mongolia, Mongols

Ṭārum, in Persia 153,154,384,391,397,415

Ṭarz, in Khurāsān 345

taṣawwuf, see Sufis

tashbīh (anthropomorphism) 61,64,228

Tashkent, in Uzbekistan 29

Tashkorghan, in Sinkiang (Xinjiang) region of China 494

taʿṭīl 228

tawḥīd 188,189,228,233,270

taʾwīl (esoteric interpretation)

   in doctrine of al-Mughīra 70

   in Shīʿī thought 83–84

   in doctrine of early Khaṭṭābīs 86

   in early Ismāʿīlī doctrine 129–130

   in Druze religion 188–189

   in Fāṭimid doctrine 166,169,208,213,221,228,232

   in Nizārī doctrine of qiyāma 358,360,364,366,411

   in Sufi doctrine 419

   for Ḥurūfiyya 421

Taʾwīl al-daʿāʾim, of al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān 215

Taʾwīl al-zakāt, of Jaʿfar b. Manṣūr al-Yaman 165

Tawwābūn (the Penitents) 51,52

taxation 108,141,185,317,330,n:400

   see also jizya; kharāj

Tayir-Buqa, Mongol general 396

Ṭayy tribesmen 192

al-Ṭayyib, son of the Fāṭimid caliph al-Āmir, Mustaʿlī-Ṭayyibī imam 105,238–239,246,247,256,261–262,264,274,275

Ṭayyib Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn b. Nūr al-Dīn Yūsuf, ʿAlawī Bohra dāʿī 282

Ṭayyib Zayn al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 287

Tayyibhai Razzak, Malik Shahanshah, leader of Artāliswālās 289

Ṭayyibī Bohras, see India: Ṭayyibīs of

Ṭayyibīs, Ṭayyibiyya, branch of Mustaʿlians 1,3,94,201,246,287,385

   historiography 239–241,261

   preserved Fāṭimid literature 172,207,236,265

   doctrine 269–275

   system of law 169

   epistle announcing birth of al-Ṭayyib 246,261

   tradition concerning fate of al-Ṭayyib 261–262

   tradition concerning early dāʿīs 263–264

   daʿwa organization 219,275–276

   schism with Ḥāfiẓiyya 246–248,259,260,264,277,325

   Dāʾūdī–Sulaymānī–ʿAlawī schism 239,280–282,295–296,299–300

   Jaʿfarī secession 278–279

   of named areas see under Egypt; India; Syria; Yaman

   see also Mustaʿlians; Dāʾūdīs; Sulaymānīs; ʿAlawīs (ʿAlawiyya)

taʿziya (popular religious play) 50

Tāzrūt, in North Africa 126

Tegüder, Mongol general 394

Tehran 31,111,427,460,463,464,465,466,469,470,472,473,493,494

Templars, see Knights Templar

temporary marriage, see mutʿa

Terken Khātūn, Malikshāh’s wife 319,320

ṭhākur (ṭhākkar) 443

Thanapipli, near Jūnāgarh 448

al-thānī (the second) 229

Thatta, in Sind 167,443

Theology, of Aristotle, see Uthūlūjiyā

Thietmar, M., German traveller 14

Thimāl b. Mirdās 195,204

Third World 497,503

‘three schoolfellows’, legend of 312

Tiflīs 356

Tigris river 321

Tihāma, in Yaman 198,199

Tīmjān, in Daylam 416

Tīmūr (Temür), founder of the Tīmūrid dynasty 308,415,416,418,421,422,425,426,428,451,452

Tīmūrids, of Persia and Transoxania 308,415,425,427,429,431,452

Tinnīs, in Egypt 244

tolerance, racial and religious 137,176,177,212,236

Toluy, son of Chingiz Khan 383

Toronto 497,504

Tortosa (Ṭarṭūs) 389

trade 138,176,181,201,285,290,291

Transcaucasia 154,356

transmigration of souls, see tanāsukh

Transoxania (Mā warāʾ al-nahr) 29,54,218,224,334,415

   later Kaysānī sects of 63

   and Umm al-kitāb 95

   Ismāʿīlī daʿwa to 99,111,116,122,203

   al-Nasafī’s mission to 113

   following of Aḥmad b. al-Kayyāl 112–113

   Fāṭimid daʿwa to 202,209,325

   followed dissident Ismāʿīlīs 154,121–122

   origin of Saljūqs 195

   conquered by Mongols 382

   Niʿmat Allāh Walī in 428

   Nizārīs of, 407, 451–452, 455, 456, 494–495, 502; literature and historiography 406,407–408,494–495

   see also Badakhshan; Central Asia

Tripoli, in North Africa 125,162,169,183

Tripoli (Ṭarablus), in Syria 22,179,244,331,350,352,369,402

Tübingen University Library 32

Ṭubna, in North Africa 127,147

Tughluqid dynasty, of India 277

Ṭughril I, Saljūq sultan 195–197,205

Ṭughril Ⅱ, Saljūq sultan 338,346

Ṭughril Ⅲ, Saljūq sultan 373

Ṭughtigīn, founder of the Būrid (Börid) dynasty of Damascus and southern Syria 334,347–348

Tuḥfat al-qulūb, of Ḥātim b. Ibrāhīm al-Ḥāmidī 275

Tukhāristān 320

Tükel Bahadur, Mongol officer 393

Ṭūlūnids, of Egypt and Syria 125

Tūn, in Quhistān 17,319,353,391,392–393,412

Tunis 146,183

Tunisia 127

   see also Ifrīqiya

Tūrānshāh, Ayyūbid ruler of Yaman 257,260

Ṭuraythīth, in Quhistān 345,357

Turbat-i Ḥaydariya, in Khurāsān 494

Turkey 421

Turkistān 29,374,438

Turkomans 196,197,210,331,425,430

Turks 175,178,187,193,218,316,331,332,352,373

   see also Ottoman Turks; Saljūqs; Turkomans

Turshīz, in Khurāsān 329,391

Ṭūs, in Khurāsān 378,393

al-Ṭūsī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan, Shaykh al-Ṭāʾifa, Imāmī scholar 68,168,170

al-Ṭūsī, Khwāja Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Muḥammad, Shīʿī scholar 304,340,378–382,393,395,398,440

Tutar, Mongol officer 394

Tutush, Saljūq ruler of Syria 197,320,325,331

Twelvers, Twelver Shīʿism (Ithnāʿashariyya) 1,35,58,63,81,89,117,206,311,495

   as majority branch of the Shīʿa 58–59,89

   definition of ahl al-bayt 57–58,82–83

   use of the term ḥujja 117–118

   Mahdī concept 60

   and taqiyya 68,82,129,404

   and the ghulāt 63,67

   supported imamate of Mūsā al-Kāẓim 89

   hostile to Ismāʿīl b. Jaʿfar 89,91

   hostile to Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl 96

   practices developed under Būyids 178

   system of law 80,170–171,172

   persecuted under ʿAbbāsids 78–79

   proclaimed as state religion in Fāṭimid Egypt 247,262

   on Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī 379

   proclaimed as state religion in Ṣafawid Persia 405,431,435

   proclaimed as state religion in Niẓām-Shāhī Deccan 454

   and Sufism 420,429–430

   guise for Qāsim-Shāhī Nizārīs, 437, 451, 490, 504; campaigns against Nizārīs, 463, 490–491, 492–493; guise for Muḥammad-Shāhī Nizārīs, 454–455; relations with contemporary Nizārīs of Persia, 494; rituals observed by Persian Nizārīs 492,493

   of Anjudān 423

   of Khojas 474,481,484,486,488

   hostile to Niʿmat Allāhīs 461–462

   of East Africa 486

   Imām-Shāhīs as 446–447

   Mōmnas as 448

   hostile to Shāh Khalīl Allāh (Ⅲ) 463

   Murād Mīrzāʾīs embraced 491

   al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān depicted as 168

   Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī as 379–380

   see also imamate; Imāmīs; Shīʿīs

Tyabji family, of Bombay 300

Tyre (Ṣūr) 179,197,216,243,244,313,372,402

ʿUbayd Allāh b. Ziyād, Umayyad governor of Baṣra and Kūfa 50,51

ʿUbayd Allāh al-Mahdī, see al-Mahdī, ʿAbd Allāh, first Fāṭimid caliph

Uchchh, in Sind 442–443,444,450

Udaipur, in India 291

Uganda 291,484,487,497,501

Ujjain, in India 285–286,291

ʿUlāʾiyya 94–95

ʿulamāʾ (religious scholars) 7,34,35,201,203,206,281,287,288,312,321,336,341,435,461,466

ʿUlaym, Banū, of Syria 335

ʿUlayṣ, Banu’l-, of Syria 122

‘Ullayqa, castle, in Syria 368,400,401,402

ūlu’l-ʿazm 97,131,226

ʿUmān 110,199,291,486

ʿUmar Ⅱ, Umayyad caliph 71

ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb, second caliph 36,37,41,42,43,55,66,74

ʿUmar b. Saʿd 53

ʿUmar b. Yaḥyā 151

ʿUmar Khayyām, poet and astronomer 312

ʿUmāra b. ʿAlī al-Ḥakamī, Yamanī historian and poet 239–240,253–254,255,261,263

Umayyads, Banū Umayya 37,44,45,48,49,52,56,58,62,66,114,223

   control over ʿIrāq 51,53–54

   challenged ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib 44–46

   cursed by radical Shīʿīs 66

   collapse 71,72,74

   overthrown by ʿAbbāsids 62,78

Umayyads, of Spain 140,141,156,182

Umm al-kitāb, anonymous Shīʿī work 29,93–94,95,98,407

umma (community of believers) 1,34,36,39

United Arab Emirates 501

United Kingdom

   in East Africa 291

   invasion of Afghanistan 468,469–470

   and Āghā Khān I 469–472,473–474

   and Āghā Khān Ⅱ 477

   and Aga Khan Ⅲ 481–483,493

   Nizārī community of 501

   see also England; India; Britain

United Nations 496

United States of America 497,501

University of Central Asia, in Tajikistan 503

upper Oxus region, see Transoxania

ʿUqayl, Banū 176

ʿUqaylids, of ʿIrāq and northern Syria 176,183,185,196

al-Uqḥuwāna, in Palestine 192

al-Urbus (Laribus), in North Africa 127

Urdu (language) 30,297,299

ūrkhān, Khwārazmian commander 386

ʿUṣfūn, village, in upper Egypt 255

ʿUslūj b. al-Ḥasan, Fāṭimid administrator 212

Ustūnāwand, fortress, in Damāwand 321

uṣūl al-fiqh 171

   see also fiqh

al-Uṣūl min al-Kāfī, of al-Kulaynī 118

Uṣūlī school, of Twelver law 171

Usyūṭ (Asyūṭ), in upper Egypt 250

ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān, third caliph 37,41,42–44,45,46,48,66,74

ʿUthmāniyya 45,46

Uthūlūjiyā (Theology), of Aristotle, Pseudo-Aristotelian treatise 224

Uwāl, island, in Persian Gulf 210

Uways I, Jalāyirid ruler of Ādharbayjān 416

ʿUyūn al-akhbār wa-funūn al-āthār, of Idrīs ʿImād al-Dīn 5,90,99,240

   on ‘hidden imams’ 106

   on al-Ṭayyib 262

ʿUyūnids, of eastern Arabia 210

Uzbekistan 113

Vaishnavism 450

Valentinian Gnosticism 69,93

Vancouver, in Canada 497

Vasak, brother of the Fāṭimid vizier Bahrām 249

Vatican Library, Vatican 21

Vazīrī Kirmānī, Aḥmad ʿAlī Khān, historian 408,459

Veda 450

vegetarianism 124,204,282

Venice, in Italy 15,18

Vetus de Montanis, see Old Man of the Mountain

Victoria, queen of Great Britain and empress of India 481

Vieux de la Montagne, le, see Old Man of the Mountain

Villani, Giovanni, historian 19

Vishnu, Hindu deity 450

vizier, vizierate, see wazīr

Vohra, Hindu caste 276

Wādī al-Taym, in Syria 348,352

waezeen, Nizārī preachers 499

waḥda, see ahl-i vaḥdat

Wahhābiyya 86,296

Wahsūdān b. Muḥammad, Musāfirid 121,153,154

Wahsūdān b. Murzubān, Justānid 153

waḥy (divine revelation) 83

Wajh-i dīn, of Nāṣir-i Khusraw 30,208–209

wājib al-wujūd, ‘the necessary existent’ 233,234

Wakhān, in Badakhshan 29,95

wakīl 447

walāʾ,(clientage) 54

   see also mawālī

al-walad al-tāmm (the perfect child) 273

walāya (Persian walāyat) 83–84,169,170

walī, awliyāʾ 84,134,215,428

wālī, head of Ṭayyibī daʿwa in India 276,277,278

Walī al-Dawla Abu’l-Barakāt b. ʿAbd al-Ḥaqīq, chief dāʿī 245

wālī mullā, rank in Dāʾūdī daʿwa 293

al-Walīd I, Umayyad caliph 54,61

al-Walīd Ⅱ, Umayyad caliph 74,75

al-Walīd b. ‘Utba b. Abī Sufyān, Umayyad 267

Walīd, Banu’l-, of Yaman 240,267,269

Walker, Paul E. 32,231

Walter of Mesnil, Templar knight 369

wāqifiyya 96

Waṣāyā, attributed to Niẓām al-Mulk 312

waṣī, awṣiyāʾ (legatees) 40,81,83,85,129,130,132,217,232,234,365

Wāṣil b. ʿAṭāʾ, founder of the Muʿtazila 73

Wāsiṭ, in ʿIrāq 54,149,196,367

wāsiṭa 179,180,181,191,212

Watt, William Montgomery 47

wazīr (vizier) 52,77,158,172,176,179,180,181,191,211–212,248,252,312

wazīr al-sayf (wa’l-qalam) 194,212,248

wazīr al-tafwīḍ 212

wazīr al-tanfīdh 212

Wellhausen, Julius, orientalist 34,74

West: Ismāʿīlīs migrated to 290,291,497,500,504

West Africa 189

Western Ismāʿīlīs, see Mustaʿlians

wilāya 428

Wilhelm Ⅱ, Kaiser, emperor of Germany 481

William of Châteauneuf, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller 390

William of Rubruck (Rubruquis), Franciscan friar and envoy of Louis Ⅸ to Mongolia 15,17,389

William of Tyre, archbishop and Crusader historian 13,310,350,369

Windsor Castle 481

women, emancipation of 290,300,487–488

World War I 482,483,486,491

World War Ⅱ 483,491

Wuṣafāʾ (the Servants) 70

   see also Mughīriyya

Yaʿburīs, branch of Banū Hamdān 266,268

yad, rank in daʿwa hierarchy 218

al-Yāfiʿī, ʿAbd Allāh, Sufi master 428

Yāfiʿiyya, Sufi order 428

Yaʿfurid (or Yaʿfirid) dynasty, of Yaman 122,198

Yaḥyā, son of Zikrawayh b. Mihrawayh 122–123

Yaḥyā Ⅳ, Idrīsid 142

Yaḥyā b. ʿAbbās 210

Yaḥyā b. Abi’l-Shumayṭ 88

Yaḥyā b. ʿAlī b. Ḥamdūn 157,158

Yaḥyā b. al-ʿAzīz, Ḥammādid 202

Yaḥyā b. Lamak al-Ḥammādī, dāʿī in Yaman 243,263–264

Yaḥyā b. Zayd b. ʿAlī, Zaydī imam 73,77

Yaʿlā b. Muḥammad, İfranid 156

Yalaoui (al-Yaʿlāwī), Mohammed (Muḥammad) 32

Yām, Banū, of Yaman 255,258,295–296,297,298

Yamāma 99,110,206

Yaman 3,5,20,28,30,400

   Ismāʿīlī daʿwa to 102,109–110,327

   Qarmaṭīs of 99,122

   in Ismāʿīlī schism of 286/899 122

   under Fāṭimids, 176, 218; Fāṭimid daʿwa to, 198–201, 204, 220, 256–257, 263–264; daʿwa to India 200–201

   Ḥāfiẓiyya supported in 238,248,255–260

   Ḥāfiẓī–Ṭayyibī schism 258–259,263–264

   in Nizārī–Mustaʿlī schism 262–263,324–325

   Zurayʿids of 255–257

   Ṭayyibīs of, passim 94,256,262–269 ,276–277,281

   Dāʾūdīs of 281–282,291

   Sulaymānīs of, 281–282, 295–300; jazīra of 298

   revolt of Fīrūz 125

   Ayyūbid conquest of 253

   Ottoman occupation of 280,296

   war with Saʿūdīs 297

   see also Ṣulayḥids, of Yaman

Yamanīs

   Shīʿī tendencies 41,43,45,47–48,51,77

   traditions of kingship and hereditary attributes 41,47,55–56

Yamīn al-Dīn Bahrāmshāh, Naṣrid amīr of Sīstān 383–384

Yānis, Fāṭimid vizier 246,247,248

Yānisiyya 248

Yaʿqūb, son of Bhārmal, dāʿī in Gujarāt 276

Yaranqush, Saljūq amīr 353

Yarde-Buller, Joan, mother of Aga Khan Ⅳ 483

Yarīm, in Yaman 298

Yarkand, in Sinkiang (Xinjiang) province of China 494,496

Yārūkh, Fāṭimid governor of Damascus 182

Yasaʾur Noyan, Mongol commander 392,393

Yāsir b. Bilāl, Zurayʿid vizier 257

Yazd, in Persia 313,427,429,459,463,468,494

Yazdī, Sharaf al-Dīn ʿAlī, historian 418

Yazīd I, Umayyad caliph 49–50,51,52

Yazīd Ⅱ, Umayyad caliph 71

Yazīd Ⅲ, Umayyad caliph 74–75

al-Yāzurī, al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī, Fāṭimid vizier 172,193–194,197,201,203–204

Yināltigīn, see Bināltigīn

Yule, Sir Henry 16–17

Yumgān, in Badakhshan 206–207

Yūrun Tāsh, Saljūq amīr 318

Yūshaʿ (Joshua) 132

Yūsuf, father of the Fāṭimid caliph al-ʿĀḍid 251

Yūsuf ʿĀdil Khān, ʿĀdil-Shāhī ruler, 453

Yūsuf b. Abi’l-Sāj, Sājid amīr of Ādharbayjān 149,153

Yūsuf b. Fīrūz 348

Yūsuf b. Sulaymān, Ṭayyibī dāʿī muṭlaq 269,279–280

Yūsuf b. ʿUmar al-Thaqafī, Umayyad governor of ʿIrāq 72

Yūsuf Najm al-Dīn, Dāʾūdī dāʿī 286

Yves le Breton, friar and envoy to Syrian Nizarīs 14–15,391

Zāb, battle of 78

Zāb, in North Africa 147,157

Zabīd, in Tihāma 198,199,256,259–260,268

Zābūd mountains, in Syria 261

al-Zabūr, of the founder of the Sabaean religion 227

Zād al-musāfirīn, of Nāṣir-i Khusraw 206

Ẓafar, fortress, in Badakhshan 452

Ẓafar Khān Muẓaffar, sultan of Gujarāt 277

al-Zaʿfarānī, Sunnī jurist 111

al-Ẓāfir, Fāṭimid caliph 249–250,251

Zagros mountains, in western Persia 321,339,353,384

Zāhid ʿAlī 30

ẓāhir 10,83,129–131,167,221–222,226,269,361,362,366,381,412,420,n:441

al-Ẓāhir, Ayyūbid ruler of Aleppo 389

al-Ẓāhir, Fāṭimid caliph 191–192,198,200

Ẓahīr al-Dīn Nīshāpūrī, historian 308

Zahr al-maʿānī, of Idrīs ʿImād al-Dīn 106,269

Ẓahra, fortress, in Ḥarāz 266

Zahra, Princess, daughter of Aga Khan Ⅳ 504

Zakarī or Zakariyyāʾ, the ‘Persian Mahdī’ of the Qarmaṭīs 150

zakāt (alms) 169,294

Zakī al-Dīn Ṭayyib b. Shaykh Ādam, ʿAlawī Bohra dāʿī 282

Zanāta, Berbers 141,142,145–146,156,157,182

Zand dynasty, of Persia 405,408,459–461

Zangī b. Āq Sunqur, founder of the Zangid dynasty 352

Zangids, of Syria and northern ʿIrāq 250–251,350,368,369,370,372,373

Zanj 108,109,114,115,218

Zanjān, in Persia 377

al-Zanjānī, see ʿAlī b. Hārūn al-Zanjānī

Zanzibar 291–292,293,485–487,497

   see also Tanzania

Zarand, in Kirmān 460

Zarang, in Sīstān 384

Zardusht, see Zoroaster

Zarubin, Ivan I. 29,30

Zāwa, in Khurāsān 393

al-Zawāḥī, Sulaymān b. ʿAbd Allāh, Ismāʿīlī dāʿī in Yaman 198,199

zāwiya 429

   see also khānaqāh

Zawzan, see Zūzan

Zayd b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn, Zaydī imam 68,72–73,75,76

Zayd b. Rifāʿa 235

Zaydābād, fortress, in Sīrjān 469

Zaydīs, Zaydiyya 35,69,73–74,75,153,199,257,344,353

   sources, on pre-Fāṭimid Ismāʿīlī cosmology 133–134,230

   term dāʿī used by 219

   transmitters of ḥadīth for al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān 170

   against Ismāʿīlīs 110

   system of law 171

   forced Ismāʿīlīs to retreat in Yaman 109–110

   against Nizārīs 10,24

   against Ṣulayḥids 198–199

   against Hamdānids 259

   escaped Ayyūbid control 260

   against Ṭayyibīs 239,240,264,267,268,280

   against Sulaymānīs 296,297

   at war with Saʿūdīs 296

   in Caspian region 112,114,178,314,317,344,346,415,416

   at Alamūt 314,415–416

Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn, imam, see ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn

Zervān, angel 270

Zikrawayh b. Mihrawayh, Qarmaṭī dāʿī 99,108,117,122–124,125

Zīrī b. Manād, amīr of Ṣanhāja and Fāṭimid general 146,147,156,157

Zīrids, of Ifrīqiya 157,162,176,179–180,183,201

Ziyād b. Abīhi, Umayyad governor of Baṣra and Kūfa 49

Ziyādat Allāh Ⅲ, Aghlabid 127

Ziyādids, of Yaman 198

Ziyārid dynasty, of Ṭabaristān and Gurgān, in northern Persia 112,n:152

Zoroaster 150,227

Zoroastrians, Zoroastrianism 56,60,133,136,150,227,270

al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām 41,44

Zubayr Rāghī, ruler in Badakhshan 452

Zubayrid anti-caliphate 53,58

Zubdat al-asrār, of Ṣafī ʿAlī Shāh 479

Zubdat al-ḥaqāʾiq, of ʿAzīz al-Dīn Nasafī 420

Zubdat al-nuṣra, of al-Bundārī 308

Zubdat al-tawārīkh, of Kāshānī 307

Zuhayr b. al-Qayn 50

ẓuhūr (manifestation) 65,89,238–239

   see also dawr al-kashf

Zurāra b. Aʿyan, Imāmī scholar 68,84

Zurayʿ, Banū, of ʿAdan 255

Zurayʿ b. al-ʿAbbās, Zurayʿid 255–256

Zurayʿids, Zurayʿiyya, of ʿAdan 199,200,238,255–257,258,260,265

Zūzan, in Quhistān 319,374




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