Index

Aachen, Hans von 223–6

Åbo (Turku) 37,40,46,49,53

Adornes, Anselm 114

Afghanistan 19

Africa 9,20,29,375–6

Albergarti, Cardinal Niccolò 110

Alberti, Leon Baptista 107,180,185,206,353

Albrecht V of Bavaria, Duke 205–10

Alciati 203

Aldrovandi, Ulisse 208

Alessandri, Filippo 308

Alexander the Great 283

`Alexandre Monsieur’ 347

Alsace, Oberrheingebiet 8

Altdorfer, Albrecht 182

Altenstetter, David 14–16

alterities 5–7

Altichiero 122

Alvise Nuovi 92

Ambrose, Saint 294,296

Ambrosio, Giovanni 320

Americas 9,365–75,379

Ames-Lewis, Francis 106

Amiens 236

Amman, Jost 22,216,282

Amsterdam 355

Andreasi, Ippolito 205–6

Angelico, Fra 134,136

Anne of Austria 371

Anne of Brittany 250

Anne of France 320

Antal, Frederick 5

Antonello da Messina 109–10,123–37

Antwerp 46,342

Appiano, Cesare 315

Aquinas, Thomas 303

Aquitaine 248

Arbeau, Thoinot 234,314,350–2,354

Arcimboldi, Giuseppe 223

Arena, Antoine 326

Aristotele da Bologna. See Fioravanti, Aristotele

armoury 146–7

Arnolfini, Giovanni 110

artistic exchanges

   Italian Renaissance art

     crucifixion scenes 119–25

     Dutch influences 110–25

     historiography 100–10

   Italian Renaissance to Germany 178–226

     mediators 203

     self-fashioning courts 191–203

     transconfessional trading 215–26

Asia 375,379

Aubigné, Agrippa d’ 252,254

Augsburg

   armoury 10

   Damenhof 179

   dress 264–76

   Fugger bankers 22–3,179

   St Anna’s church 22–3,178

Augsburg, Peace of (1555) 191,197,199

August, Elector of Saxony 201,205,206–7,216–7,220,223

Averlino, Antonio 63,84

Bacon, Francis 255,273

Baden, Margrave of 85

Badoer, Andrea 139

Baerle, Jan van 355

Baltic 32–58

Bandinelli, Baccio 217

Barbari, Jacopo de’ 182–7,188

Barbarigo, Marco 110

Barbarigo, Niccolò 148

Barbaro, Daniele 150

Barbaro, Francesco 151

Barbaro, Marc’ Antonio 149–50,151,155,158

Barbaro, Niccolò 153

Barbetta, Alessandro 316

Baroque culture 3,21

Bartolomeo, Fra 114

Barlaeus, Caspar 377

Basaiti, Marco 111

Baudouin, Nicolas 352

Baxandall, Michael 23,107

Bayonne 248

Bayonne interview 97,235

Beatrice of Aragon 62,80,320

Bebel, Heinrich 181

Beccaria, Carlo 317

Bellini, Gentile 22,118,133

Bellini, Giovanni 110,116–19,122–5,127,129,131–3,179

Bellini, Jacopo 117,118,122

Bellini, Niccolò 118

Belting, Hans 107,131

Bembo, Pietro 118

Bergen, Hanseatic trading post 32

Berlin 191,197

Bernardino of Siena, San 21

Bernardo, Lorenzo 175

Bertani, Giovanni Battista 206

Bessarion, Cardinal 68–9

Binche palace 361–3

Boccati, Giovanni 120

Bodenstein of Karlstadt, Andreas 187–8

bodies

   bodily memory 331–5

   dress. See dress

   historiography 338–41

Bohemia 52,290

Bologna 82,181

Bona of Savoy 62

Boncompagno da Signa 290

Bonumbre, Antonio 69–70

bookbindings 169–70

Borgomanero, Bernadino da 88

Borno, Francesco 198

Borromeo, Cardinal Carlo 210

Bossina, Stefano di 163,170

Botticelli, Sandro 114

boundaries 7–8

Bourbon, Charlotte de 346

Bourdieu, Pierre 331,339

Bouts, Dirk 104,106,123

Bracesco, Virgilio 315

Brandenburg, Cardinal Albert of 190

Brandenburg, Joachim 185

Brandenburg, Joachim II of 191, 197

Brandenburg-Kulmbach, Duke Albert Alcibiades of 198

Brantôme, Pierre de 233,236,245

Braun, G. 245

Brazzo, Andrea del 164

Brinkman, Pim 106

Brocco, Antonio 196

Bros, Cornelis 46

Bruges 32,36,372

Bry, family de 364–5

Bryce, Judith 321

Bryson, Anna 360

Buchell, A. van 247

Buchner, Christian 223

Bückeburg 200

Buda, ceramics 50

Bugatto, Zanetto 110

Buhl, parish church 8

Bulwer, John 274

Burckhardt, Jacob 110

Burgkmair, Hans 182

Burgos 371

Burgundy 26,102,103

Burke, Peter 14

Bushnell, Rebecca 335,336

Caliari, Gabriele and Carletto 144

Calvete de Estrella, Juan Christobal 361

Calviac, Hours de 351

Cambrai, League of (1508) 139

Cambrai Wars 139,151,153

Campbell, Lorne 106

Campin, Robert 131

Canossa, Ludovico 146

Caorlini, Alvise 149

Carcano, Alvisio 88,92

Caroso, Fabritio 314,315,325

Casas, Bartolomé de Las 304

Casimir IV 65

Castagno, Andrea del 110

Castelfranchi Vegas, Liliana 106

Castiglione, Baldassare

   comportment 301,330–1,333,354

   dancing 312

   dress 234,240,255

   education 336

   influence 14,24,234,306

   national characteristics 145–6,290,325–6

Castiglione, Sabba da 60

Celtis, Konrad 181,187

Cento 73

ceramics

   Hanseatic market in Baltic 34–58

     cultural and technical transfer 48–55

     red earthenware and stoneware 35–42

     Renaissance works 42–8

     resistance 57–8

     smokeless tile-stoves 48–55

   Venice–Constantinople trade 164–7,168–9

Cernusco, Giovanni de 66–7,79

Cesare, Carlo di 211,220–2

Charles V, Emperor 10,19,195,202,266–9,315,361

Charles VIII, King of France 320

Charles IX, King of France 230,236

Chartier, Roger 340

chess 147–8

Chiaramella de Gandino, Francesco 197

China 6,262–3,304,377,378,380

Christian I, Elector of Saxony 215,216,217,220,222

Christian II, Elector of Saxony 222,223

Christine of Saxony 52

Christus, Petrus 103,106,131,134

Cicero 293,294,296,303,330,336

civility 228,234,252,256,273,285,298,299,302,303,304,306,309,314,324,329,330,331,334,335,337,338,340,349,350,353,359,360,363,364,371,376,380

Clarke, Edward 337

Cleisthenes 354

Clement VII, Pope 67

Cles, Prince-Bishop Bernardo 193

clothing. See dress

Clouet, François 232,236,248

Colditz Castle 200

Colenuccio, Pandolfo 118

Coligny, Gaspard de 343

Coligny, Louise de 343,346

Colleoni, Bartolomeo 146

Cologne 43–5,245

colonialism 19

Compasso, Lutio 314

comportment

   conventions 299–303

   Erasmus 297–9,300,301

   gardening metaphors 335–8

   grace 329–35

   national characteristics 289–92,303–5

   and reason 293–9

   and religion 293–7

Connerton, Paul 331,339–40

Constantinople

   1453 Ottoman conquest 138,153

   hippodrome 146

   Ottoman building projects 157

   Ottoman expansion 63

   Venetian exchanges

Contarini, Ambrogio 70–1

Contarini, Santo 152

conventions 299–303

convents 23

Copenhagen, ceramics 46,48

Corfu 140

Cornazano, Antonio 312

Cornazano, Fabrizio 351

Corneille of Lyon 245

corporeal memory 331–5

Cortes, Hernan 274

Corvinus, Martinus, King of Hungary 50

Corvinus, Matthias, King of Hungary 80–1,320

Coryate, Thomas 147

Cosimo, Piero di 114

Cossa, Francesco del 4,130

Cotrugli, Benedetto 153,156

Counter-Reformation 376–9

court residences 23

Courtin, Antoine de 302–3,353

crafts, Venice–Constantinople trade 155–70

Cranach, Lucas the Elder 181,185–7,188–90,203,218–20

Cranach, Lucas the Younger 203, 220

Credi, Lorenzo di 114

Crimea 61,63

Criminal, Anthony 377

Crusades 18,64

cultural transfers

   agents of exchange 142

   beyond Europe 8–11,59

   boundaries 7–8

   v cultural exchange 2–4

   dance. See dance

   definitions of culture 1–2

   diplomacy 142–52

   formation of styles 26–8

   horizontal and vertical transfers 23–6

   and iconology 4–5,17

   identities and alterities 5–7

   material and immaterial culture 16–18

   material goods and 140–2

   media 20–2

   Mediterranean 10–11

   memory boxes 11–14,15,17

   and micro-history 14–16

   pilgrims 170–4

   relay stations 23

   research 28–9

   routes 22–3

   sources 11–14

   war and peace 18–20

Cyprus 140,168,175

Dacia 62

Damascus 142,159,163,170

dance

   education 343–56

   European exchanges 309–28

   international language 314–19

   manuals 309–17

   national dances 319–28

Dante Alighieri 17

Dario, Giovanni 140,143

David, Gerard 106

Dekker, Thomas 256,286

Della Casa, Giovanni 234

Descartes, René 334–5

Desprez, François 242–5,247,282

Diana, Benedetto 116

Diobono, Pompeo 315

diplomacy 142–52,320,322–3

Dominici, Bernardo de 129

Donà, Doge Francesco 175

Donatello 118,217

Donauwörth 207

Doni, Anton Francesco 105

Dordrecht 357

Dossi, Dosso and Battista 203

Douglas, Mary 339

Dresden

   Georgenbau 191

   Kunstkammer 210,217,218–26

   Lusthaus 211,222

   palace 193–7,198,199–203

dress

   sixteenth-century France 227–57

     disguised identities 251–7

     eloquent dressed bodies 228–40

     European influences 247–51

     French style 245–7

     gender 229–32,251–2

     and Germany 261

     and identities 240–57

     magnificence 235–40

     national identities 254–7

     restraints 232–5

     social identities 252–4

     sumptuary laws 252–4

     transvestites 251–2

   cross-cultural clothing 261–3

   and identities 240–57,260–1

   national identities 245–7, 254–7,265–86

   Renaissance Germany 287

     Augsburg sources 264–76

     ethnographic eye 273–86

     Nuremberg sources 264,276–86

   robing ceremonies 143–4

   social hierarchies 252–4,284–5

Du Bellay, Joachim 255

Du Breuil, Noel 347

Dunkerton, Jill 106

Dürer, Albrecht 21,182,185,187,188,189,190,203,259

Ebreo, Guglielmo 320

Ecclesiasticus 295

Echnathon 19

Edirne 168

education

   dance in Netherlands 343–56

   elites 329–35

   gardening metaphors 335–8

   grand tour 356–8

   Huygens family 341–59

   Locke 337–8

Egypt 19,139,142

Elbing 45

Eleanor of Aragon 320,328

Eleanor of Austria 245,250

El Greco 10

Elias, Norbert 299,305,325,339

Elizabeth I 150,354

England, comportment 290–1

Erasmus, Desiderius 228,234,297–9,300,301,335,336,351

Ernandes, Giovanni Paolo 315

Este, Alfonso II d’ 216

Este, Beatrice d’ 320

Este, Ercole I d’ 321

Este, Ercole II d’ 196,198,203

Este family 62

Este, Ippolito d’ 210

Este, Isabella d’ 328

Estienne, Henri 229,233,247,250,252,254,255,290,291,306

Estrée, Gabrielle d’ 347

Eugenius IV, Pope 64

Evans, Mark 106

exotica

   civilised barbarians 375–9

   concept 59–60,368–9

   imaginative embodiment 379–80

   pageants 361–80

   savages 365–75

   trends 59–61

Eyck, Jan van

   crucifixions 120,122–5

   and Italy 21,104,106–8,109,128–9,133–7

   Jerusalem 22

   Madonna and Child with the Chancellier Rolin 120

   painted panels 102

   quadretto 111

   Stigmatisation of St Francis 114–16,125

   and Vasari 105

falcons 67–8,81

Far East 9,29

Faret, Nicholas 336

Fasold, Johann 223

Fazio, Bartolomeo 104,109,118

Ferdinand I, Emperor 205,318

Ferrabosco, Pietro 209

Ferrara 4–5,28,245

Filarete 217

Fioravanti, Aristotele 71–80,82

Flanders, paintings 26

Florence 17,26,100,111–14

Folleville, Pierre 242

Fortebraccio, Braccio 73

Foscari, Doge 151

Fosco, Andrea 174

Foucault, Michel 332,340

France

   sixteenth-century dress 227–57

   comportment 289,290–2

   dance 323–4

   luxury goods 6

   stereotypes 247

Francesco of Casteldurante, Maestro 164

Francis I, King of France 218,229,230,248,250,265

Franeker University 349

Franko, Mark 351,353

Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony 185–7,188,190,197,201

Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor 81,85,86,182,185

Frederick V, King of Bohemia 355

Frederik Hendrik of Orange 343,346–7,356

Fregoso, Frederico 290,292

Friazin, Alevis 98

Friazin, Anton 82

Fugger bankers 22–3,179,207,266–9

Fugger, Hans Jakob 204,208,209,212, 258

Funen 36

furs 67–8,81

Gaimster, David 60

gardening metaphors 335–8

Garimberto, Bishop Gerolamo 210

Gasser, Anton 226

Genoa 22,100

Georg of Saxony, Duke 179,190–1

Gerasimov, Dmitri 67

Germany

   clothing 287

   comportment 289,290

   iconoclasm 187–8

   and Ivan III 81

   Reformation 188–92,204–12

   Renaissance art and Italy 178–91

     mediators 204–12

     self-fashioning courts 191–203

     transconfessional trading 215–26

Gershwin, George 20–2

gestures. See comportment

Ghirlandaio, Domenico 26,114

Giambologna 217,220

Giera, Giovan Francesco 315

Ginzburg, Carlo 14

Giorgio Martini, Francesco di 215

Giotto 122

Girolamo, Romano 196

Gislardi, Antonio 69,70

Gislardi, Niccolò 68

Giulio Romano 192,193,202–3,205–6, 215

Giusti, Bernadino de’ 316

glass-making, Venice 157–9

Glimmingehus 43,45,48

globalisation 29

Goes, Hugo van der 26,106

Golden Horde 65,69

Golden Horn style 164

Goltzius, Hendrik 226

Gombrich, Ernst 105

Gonzaga family 62

Gonzaga, Francesco, Duke 312

Gonzaga, Frederico 321

Gonzaga, Frederico II 192,206

Gonzaga, Guglielmo 217

Gonzaga, Leonora 312

Gonzaga, Vincenzo 215

Gotha 211

Gothic style 27

grace 329–35

Granada 19,275

grand tour 356–8

Greifswald 42,48,50

Grijalva, Juan de 305

Grimani, Cardinal Domenico 118,208

Grimani, Giovanni 208,211

Gritti, Alvise 148–9

Gritti, Andrea, Doge 147–8,167

Gritti, Pietro 174

Guazzo, Stefano 302

Guise, Duke of 236,373–5

Gunthers, Matthäus 11

Güstrow Castle 196

habitus 30,35,185,335,339,343,359

Habsburg courts 198

Hagen, Heinrich von 216

The Hague 357,370

Hainhofer, Philipp 222

Hall, Marcia 106

Halle 190

Hansa

   Baltic networks 32–4

   ceramic market in Baltic 34–58

   end of Novgorod trading post 66

   origins 32–4

   town planning 34

   trade with Moscow 66

Harriot, Thomas 274

Harrison, William 60

Hartenfels Castle 191,199,202,220

Hatton, Christopher 354

Heidelberg 197

Heijden, Gaspar van der 346

Heinrich Julius, Duke 226

Heintz, Joseph 226

Held, Sigmund 276–82,287

Helman, Carlo 154,156,172

Helman, Guglielmo 154

Helmichius, Werner 347

Helmschied, Desiderius 10

Henri II 315,365–7

Henri III 234,236–40,250,256,315

Henri IV (Henri of Navarre) 235,347

Henri of Burgundy, Prince 300

Henry VIII 218

Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha 167

Hesse, Philip I of 52

Hinderbach, Johannes 179

Hogenberg, Frans 245

Holanda, Francisco de 104

Holbein, Hans 232

Holstein-Schaumburg, Ernst von 222,226

Holy Roman Empire 6,21,22

Homer 17

Hugh of St Victor 295

Humbert of Romans 295

Humpis trading company 22

Hungary 50,80–1,319,320–1

Huygens, Christiaan 341

Huygens, Constantijn 335,338

Huygens, Constantijn the Younger 341

Huygens family 341–59

Iacomo of Pesaro, Maestro 165,168

Ibrahim Pasha 148–9

Iconoclasm 187–8

Iconology 4–5,17

Identities

   and alterities 5–7

   and dress 240–57,265–86

India 377,378

Isidore, Metropolitan of Russia 63–4

Islamic world, contacts with 9

Italy

   comportment 289,290–2

   connections with Moscow 60–99

     Aristotele da Bologna 71–80,82

     furs and falcons 66–7,81

     Ivan III’s imperial ambitions 80–99

     origins 61–70

   dance 309–19

   Dutch artistic influences 11025

     Antonello da Messina 12537

     historiography 100–10

     panoramic crucifixion scenes 11925

   and German Renaissance 178226

Ivan III, Grand Duke of Moscow 61,65,67,6870,71,79–99

Ivan IV (the Terrible) 99

Ivangorod 66

Japan 377,379

Johann Friedrich, Elector of Saxony 52,190,195,196,201,202,218

Johnson, Ben 59

Jones, Anne Rosalind

Kalmar, ceramics 3840,45,48,49

Kaltemarckt, Gabriel 21822

Kazan 99

Kellerthaller, Hans 226

Kellerthaller, Johann 226

Kempis, Thomas à 15

Khan of the Great Horde 82

Koster, Margaret 106

Krapperup, ceramics 43,48

Kress, Susanne 106

Krivtsov, Ivan 72

Kronoberg, ceramics 48

Kuritsyn, Fedor 80

Kürti, Lazlo 319

Küstrin Castle 196

Kuusisto 40

La Noue, François de 345

Ladislav II 179

Ladislav V 50,337

Laib, Conrad 122

Lamberti da Montagnana, Alvise 97

Lampugnano, Giulio Cesare 316

Lancre, Pierre de 248

Landriano, Giovanni Ambrogio 317

Landshut 193,207

Langerwehe 38

Lanham, Richard 333

Lasso, Orlando di 14 130

Lauts, Jan

Lauze, François de 353,354

Le Goff, Jacques 341

Legnano, Francesco 315

Leonardo da Vinci 115,127

Lepanto, battle of (1571) 140,155,175

Levriero, Vincenzo 149

Linar, Rocco di 197

Lindholmen 43

Liogorio, Pirro 216

Lippe, Count Simon VI of 226

Lippi, Filippo 110,115

Lisbon 379

Lithuania 61,63,85,86

Livonia 62,65

Livonian Order 43

Locke, John 337–8

London 32

Longhi, Gerhardo di 270

Longhi, Roberto 130

Lorraine, Charles III, Duke of 317

Louis XIV 363,373

Loyola, Ignatius 3769

Lübeck 32,36,46,49,53,61

Ludovico, Maestro 1646

Ludwig II 25

Ludwig X 1923

Lund 45,49

Lüneburg 48

Lupi, Livio 314

Luther, Martin 188

Lutij, Prospero 314

Maccagnino, Angelo 130

MacHardy, Karin 359

Machiavelli, Niccolò 247

Macrobius, Ambrosius 17

Madruzzo, Cristoforo, Prince-Bishop of Trent 196,197,210

Malatesta, Sigismondo 17

Malmö 45,48,49

Malmöhus 43

Malvezzi, Achille 73

Mandeville, John 59

Mantegna, Andrea 110,117,120,182

Mantua 74,182,193,206,312

Marco Polo 59,170

Margaret of Austria 185 321

Margaret ? of Bavaria

Marguerite of Valois 233,235,250

Marignano, Battle of (1515) 265

Marnix, Philips van 344–6

Marseille 239

Martellus, Henricus 62

Martinello, Giovanni Stefano 317

Mary Magdalen of Austria 318

Mary of Hungary 361

Mary Tudor, Queen 245

Mason, Peter 368–9

Maurits, Stadholder 343,346–7,356

Mauss, Marcel 143,152,325,333,339

Maximilian I, Emperor 67,88,181,187,189,209,218,265,321

Maximilian II, Emperor 207,218,223

McDonaldisation 29

Mecklenburg 36,37 196

Mecklenburg, Ulrich III ofr

medals 21

Medici, Caterina de’ 245,250,292

Medici, Cosimo de’ 27,74,356

Medici, Ferdinando I de’ 215,216

Medici, Francesco I de’ 217

Medici, Giovanni de’ 215

Medici, Maria de’ 245,375

Mediterranean 10–11

Mehmet II, Sultan 22,140,153,177

Meiss, Millard 120

Meien 179

Melanchthon 300

Memling, Hans 21,106,110,114

memory, see bodies

memory boxes 11–14,15,17,25

Mengli-Girei, Khan 93

merchants, Venice–Turkey 152–70

Mersenne, Marin 334

Messina 129

Metastasio, Pietro 14

Mexico 10,305

Meysonnier, Lazare 334

Michelangelo Buonarroti 104,134,217

Michiel, Marcantonio 111

micro-history, and cultural transfers 14–16

Milan, trade with Moscow 60–99

Miller, Daniel 260

Moghul painting 9

Molin, Marino da 163

Moluccas 377,378

Mongols 62,65

Montaigne, Michel de 232,233–4,235,239,260,313–4

Montefeltro, Frederico da 18,27–8,110

Montpellier 242,250

Moritz, Elector of Saxony 193–7,198,199–203

Morosini, Gianfrancesco 177

Moscow

   alienation from Latin Church 64

   Cathedral of Archangel Michael 92–7,98

   Cathedral of St Basil 99

   connections with Northern Italy 60–99

     Aristotele da Bologna 71–80,82

     furs and falcons 66–7,81

     origins 61–70

   Granovitaya Palata 84–8,98

   Ivan III’s imperial ambitions 80–99

   Kremlin 71–8,81,82–4,92,98–9

   Mint 78–80

Motley, Mark 358,359

Mühlhausen, battle of (1547) 191,195

Munich, Wittelsbach court 204–12

Murano 157,158

musical instruments 150–1

Myle, Cornelis van der 346

Naples 100,129

Narbonne 242

Narva 66

Nassau, Count Justinus of 343

Nassau-Dillenburg, Count Johann I 344

Nassau, Henry of 347

Negri, Cesare 314,315,318

Nemours, Duke of 256

Neoplatonism 17

Ness, Rupert, Abbot of Ottobeuren 28

Netherlands

   artistic influences on Italy

     Antonello da Messina 125–37

     crucifixion scenes 119–25

Netherlands (cont.)

     historiography 100–10

     Renaissance works 110–25

   Burgundian art 102

   comportment 290–1

   dance teaching 343–56

   grand tour 356–8

Nettesheim, Agrippa von 289,290,306

Neuburg Castle 193,197

New World 259,274–5,365–75,379

Nipperdey, Thomas 1

Nora, Pierre 341

Nosseni, Giovanni Maria 200,2067,212,218,2202,226

Novgorod

   1458 capture 65

   city-state 65

   Hanseatic trading post 31–2,60

   resistance to western ceramics 578

   trading communities 567

Nuremberg, sources on clothing 264,27686

Nuttall, Paula 106,107

obelisks 11

Oberrheingebiet 8

Ockerse, Willem Anthonie 329–30

Oldenbarnevelt, Johan van 357

Oldenbarnevelt, Maria Johanna van 346

Osiander, Lucas 261

Ott, David 212

Ottheinrich, Count Palatine 193,1967,201

Ottobeuren 28

Ottoman Empire

   armoury 1467

   bookbindings 170

   expansion 61,63

   musical instruments 150

   and Venice 69

     agents of exchange 142

     ceramics 164–7,1689

     crafts 15570

     diplomatic exchanges 14252,322–3

     pilgrims 1704

trade exchanges 15270

Ovid 202

Padua 122

pageants, and foreign cultures 361–80

Paleologa, Zoe (Sophia) 6870,71,75,81,82,85

Palladio, Andrea 11,150

Paluello, Lodovico 315

Pambio, Juan Maria del 199

Panofsky, Erwin 105

Papione, Michele 88

Papon, Jean 254,255

Paris 25,242,3578

Parival, Jean de 357

Parma 74

Parma, Elena 106

Parr, Francesco 196

Paruta, Antonio 156

Pasevalk 52

Paul II, Pope 68,75

Pencz, Georg 54

Percamota, Giorgio 812

period eye 13

Perrenot de Granvelle, Antonio 10

Persia, and Venice 143

Persico, Panfilo 292

Peru 10

Petrarch, Francesco 107

Peyraut, Guillaume 294

Philip II of Spain 245,315,316,361

Philip, Metropolitan of Moscow 71

Piali Pasha 150

Picasso, Pablo 29

Piccolomini, Aenas Silvio 337

Piccolpasso, Cipriano 164

Piero della Francesca 17–18,27

Pino, Paolo 105

Pirckheimer, Willibald 185

Pisanello, Antonio 22

Pius II, Pope 74

Pius IV, Pope 209

Plassenburg Castle 198

Platter, Thomas 236,239,242,248,250

Pliny 111,118

Pocaterra, Annibale 326

Poland 63,85,86,290

Pomerania 37

Poppel, Niklaus 85

Porter, Roy 334

Pozzo, Claudio 317

Prague 52,179,2236

printing 259,276

Priuli, Girolamo 153

proverbs 295

Prussia 62

Pskov 57,65

Quintilian 300,330

Rabelais, François 251,255

Raeren 38

Raimondi, Marcantonio 21

Raphael 111,204

Ravagnino, Stefano 163,169

Reformation, Germany 18892

Regensburg 19

relay stations 23

religion, and comportment 293–7

religious institutions 23

Rembrandt van Rijn 9

Renner, Narzissus 276

Rhineland ceramics 37,38,39,50

Riazan 65

Ricci, Matteo 2623,304

Ridolfi, Carlo 129

Riga 43,53

Rimini 17

Ringborn, Sixten 107

robing ceremonies 1434

Rocaille 256

Rohlmann, Michael 106,114,115

Roman Empire 6,18

Romano, Giovanni 106

Rostock 46,48,50

Rouen 365–7,369,372,375

Rouergue 242

routes 223

Rozemberk, Vílem z 205 15,218,222,317

Rudolf II, E?mperor

Ruffo, Marco 82,84

Russia, apanages 65

Rustem Pasha 150

Sachs, Hans 54