Abbayes des Conards 275,293
‘ABC with catechism’ 263–4
Agazzari, Alphonso 333
Agnus Dei 95–6
Aix-la-Chapelle 128–31
Alber, Erasmus, Alcoranus Franciscanorum 346
Alciato, Andrea, Book of Emblems 266–7
Aldobrandini, Silvestro 186
Alessandrino, Cardinal 46
Alexander VI, Pope 175,189
Allacci, Leone, De purgatorio 102
Allen, William, Cardinal 323,327,333, 335
Briefe History of the Glorious Martyrdom of XII Reverend Priests 333
Allfeild, Thomas 323
altarpieces 192–4
association of episodes 212
commissioning 205
conception/placement 203–4
impact on lay congregations 202–3
Althammer, Andreas 258,263
Alva, Duke of 58
Ameil, Pierre 162
Anabaptists 29,37,50–1,67,224,294,302–3,307
Andrewes, Lancelot 244,245
angelic hierarchy, Franciscan view of 345–6
antinomianism 250
Antitrinitarians 37,67
Antwerp
church architecture 126–7
as commercial centre 276
persecution of Protestants 287,290
religious drama 286–7,290–1
apostle plays 288–9
Arch-Confraternity of the Cord of St Francis 351
arches, triumphal 146–7,188
architecture, urban 114–15,118,119
changes in 122,125–6
see also Catholicism; Protestantism
Arians 75
‘Arma Christi’ (weapons of Christ’s torment), depictions of 197,200,201–2
Arnold, Christoph/ Andreas 269
art, religious see altarpieces; Catholicism; images; Netherlands; Virgin Mary
Audisio, Gabriel 326
Auger, Edmond 265
Augsburg 136
Peace of (1555) 8,49
Baeza, Diego de 95
Bakács, Sábdor 93
Balkans 42
ballads/broadsheets 230
Baltic region 263
Bandinelli, Baccio 181
baptism, forcible 18–19
Bardes, Willem 286
‘The Barefoot Friars’ (entertainment) 280–1,291–2
Barrow, Isaac 251
Bartholomew of Pisa, Liber Conformitatum 346,347
Bartsch, Fryderyk 73
Basel, Council of see Florence, Council of
Basil IV, Tsar 77–8
Bast, Robert J. 257–8
Baxter, Richard 245,249,251
Bayle, Pierre 83
Becanus (Berbeeck/Verbeeck), Martinus 99,101
Beck, David 305–6
Becon, Thomas 241
Bela III of Transylvania 194
Belczyce, Jacob of 83
Belgium, creation (1830) 20
Bellarmine, Robert, Cardinal 95,102,103,264,265
Benedict XIV (Prospero Lambertini), Pope 167
Bergier, Pierre 329–30
Berlin, architecture 119
Bernard, Richard, The Faithfull Shepheard 243
Bernard of Paris 103
Bernini, Lorenzo 186–7
Bertelli, Sergio 168
Bethencourt, Francisco 44,112
Bèze, Théodore de 303–4
Bible
depiction of scenes from 197
translation projects 98
Bielski, Marcin 83
Biestkens van Diest, Nikolaes 283
Bijns, Anna 287
Bilowský, Bohumír Hynek 356
Binder, Ludwig 206–7
Birken, Sigmund von 269
bishops 44
abolition 157
blessing 146
increase in powers 156
ritual assertion of authority 156–7
see also entrances
Blanik, Gandulphus, Thesaurus Franciscanus 341–2,352–3
Bohemia 22,42,339
geographical/religious configuration 49,54–8
re-Catholicisation 49–54,55–7,58–63
religious legislation 50,60
resistance to Catholicism 57–8,60–1,339
subdivision into zones 57
see also Franciscans
‘Bohemian Brethren’ 67–8,74,314
Boiteux, Martine 44
Bolton, Robert 245
Bonacina, Martino, Bishop 102
Bonaventura da Genova 107
Bonaventure of Bagnoregio, St 342,345–6,347–8
Boncarpi, Giacomo 96–7,99–101
Boniface VIII, Pope 173,178,189
Boniface of Ragusa, Bishop 105–6,227
Bont, G. 287
books
burning 58–9,105
hybrid 232
ownership 224
popular attitudes to 107–8,232,234
use by missionaries 97–103
see also emblem books
Borghese, Cardinal 186
Boris Gudonov, Tsar 77
Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne 8
Bossy, John 320
Bosy, Philippe de 337
Botticelli, Sandro 227
Bourdieu, Pierre 114,139–40,158
Boureau, Alain 112,113,140,168
Boyne, Battle of the 10
Boys, John 243
Braga, Archbishop of 161
Brandenburg 270–1,272
Braudel, Fernand 64
Brazil 132,153–4,159
Brederode, Cornelisz, Dr 33
Bremen, Bishopric of see Saxony- Lauenburg
Brest-Litovsk, Union of (1596) 14–15,39, 78
Breughel, Pieter, the elder 13,229
Briant, Alexander 331
Brinsley, John 269
Broniewski, Marcin 74
Brown, Nancy, Professor 337
Brunelli, Giampiero, Dr 166
Brussels 280–1,290
Brydges, Sir John 329
Bullinger, Heinrich 207,329
Burcardo, Johannis 175
Burke, Peter 13,21,111,341
Burnet, Gilbert, Bishop 251
Byzantine empire 13–14
Callisto II, Pope 189
Calvin, Antoine 321
Calvin, Jean 36,234,240,259,303–4,317
correspondence 325–6,329
Calvinism 83,127
attitudes to Catholic minority 271
days of penance 136
public rituals 133–6
urban life 133
view of preaching 245–6
Cambio, Arnolfo di 178
Camerarius, Joachim 266
Cammaert, Jacob, Canon 291–2
Campion, Edmund 100
Candau, Maria Luisa 44
Canisius, Petrus 32,105,262,264,265
canonisation 341
capotori (militia) 171
Capua, Giuseppe da 103–4
Capuchins 342–4
Carafa, Carlo, Cardinal 183
Carafa, Oliviero, Cardinal 183
Caramuel y Lobkowicz, Juan 59
cardinals, role in papal funerals 171–2
Casin, Matteo 176–7
Cassyre, Jacob 287–8
Castagna, Giovan Battista see Urban VII
catafalques, use of 187,188
Cateau-Cambrésis, Treaty of (1559) 291
catechism(s) 225–6,245–6
aims 258–9
Catholic 262,264–5
changes in 258
for children 261
diocese-specific 265
new forms/editions 259–60,261–2
range of uses 265–6
rulers’ use of 257–8
textual structure 260
use in schools 257,263–4
Catherine of Habsburg, Archduchess 67
Catholicism
appeal to authority figures 68–9
art/architecture 53–4,124–6,127–8,132
days of penance 136
dealings with Orthodox churches 42,76–82
expansionism 44,52–3
extent of following 7,11
geographical distribution 21–2
imposition in Europe 49–54,55–62,63
imposition in New World 23
methods of enforcement 75
missionary activity 88
newer orders see Capuchins; Franciscans, conflict with other orders; Jesuits
in Protestant towns/regions see English Catholic community
relations with non-Christian faiths 17–18
resistance to (see also Bohemia; English Catholic community; Netherlands; Poland) 7
response to rise of Protestantism 12
ritual expressions 130–2
similarities with Protestantism 12–13,28,272
survival of old practices under 62–3
use of printed word 223–4
use of song 307–8,309,310–4
see also counter-reformation; Trent, Council of
censorship 248–9
see also Index
Central Europe 21–2
architecture 122
processes of religious change 231
as transitional zone 31
Cerri, Urbano 104
Cesarini, Giuliano 169–70
Chaline, Olivier 42
chambers of rhetoric (Netherlands) 229,274
authorities’ control/supervision 283,292
competitions 275,278,279
genres 277–80
handling of religious/political issues 277–8,281–3,284
impact of performances 290–3
numbers/location 276
printed editions 281–3,293
reflection of urban culture 276–7
‘scandalous’ content of plays 280–1,291
transmission of texts 280–1
charitable works 123,127,250
Charles I of England 236,246,249
Charles II of England 249
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor 51
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 181,281
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 58–9,60,62
Charles XII of Sweden 55
Charles Borromeo, St 100
Chartier, Roger 35,154
Chmielnicki, Bogdan 81–2
Christ
entry into Jerusalem (as model for episcopal entrances) 154
Passion, cult of 356–8
Christianity
relations with non-Christian faiths 6,39–40
schisms (pre-reformation) 13–14
Chrzastowski (Polish dissident) 75
church(es)
‘communalisation’ 120
conflict with secular authorities 117–18,119–20
lay generosity towards 205
loss of civic influence 120
relationship with state 117
Clement VII, Pope 181–2
Clement VIII, Pope 145,159,186–7,188
Clement XII, Pope 166,175–6,358
Clement XIV, Pope 176
clergy
criticism/satire 284–6,288
(level of) education 28,242–3,249
numbers/disposition 55–6,60
rural 355–6
Clough, Richard 277
Colladon, Nicolas 326
Cologne, architecture 118–19
Comenius, Jan Amos 52,268–70,273
Orbis sensualium pictus 266
Commendone, Giovanni Francesco 71
communication, (range of) methods 45,274,293,294,337
Communion, role in Protestant theology 135–6
conclave 170,172
Concordia (Lutheran, 1580) 28
Condé, Prince de 299
Confessio Augustana (Lutheran, 1550) 28
Confessio Belgica (1561) 28
Confession de foi (1559) 28
confessionalisation 26,27,34,64,87
impact on education 272
impact on urban life 120–2,128,129
links with state formation 29–30
relationship with cultural exchange 31–2
weakening of monopolies 272–3
Confessiones helveticae (Reformed, 1536/66) 28
confessions of faith 27–8
Constance, Council of (1414–18) 14
Constantine, Emperor 21,163,180
Conti da Forli, Sigismondo de’ 169,175
contrafacta (song parodies) 299–301,304–5,306–8
Contzen, Adam 309
conversions 9
to Catholicism 93
forced 108
to/from Islam 16–17,18–19,41–2
to/from Judaism 16
to Protestantism 292–3
rewards 84–5
Cooke, John see Letsome, Samuel
Corpus Christi
altars dedicated to 197,204,206
Feast of, processions 128,130–1,208
Cossacks 14,79–80,81–2,85–6
counter-reformation 21–2
in Poland 71–6,84
Crciun, Maria 45,115
Cracow 118–19
Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop 263
Crespin, Jean 321,329–30
Creswell, Joseph 322
Croatia 43
Croatian (language) 100–1,102
Cromwell, Oliver 19
Croyssard (catechist) 265
Cucina opiniorum (painting) 38
cultural development, role of religion in 32–4
Curia 164
Cusanus, Nikolaus 226
Cybo, Innocenzo, Cardinal 181
Cyprus 3,21
Czech Republic 7
Czechowic, Martin 83
da Gama, Vasco 23
dancing, condemnations of 309–10,316
Dávid, Ferenc 100
Dávid, Géza 42
de Bruyne, Jan, collection of dramas 284,285–6,287,288
de Ries, Hans 315
debates, theological 92–3
preparation for 98
written 90–1,103–5
Decavele, Johan 295
della Porta, Guglielmo 180
della Rovere, Giuliano, Cardinal see Julius II, Pope
dello Mastro, Paolo 164–5
Derwich, Marek 45
Desiré, Artus 304–5
Desmanich, Giovanni 94
Deti, Luisa 186
devoot ende profitelyck boecxken, Een (songbook) 301
Deykin, Alexandre 329
dialectical process, cultural exchange as 35–7
Dietrich, Konrad 104
Dilherr, Johann Michael 269–70
Diodati, Luca 94
diplomacy 33
dissenters 248–9,252
Dominic of Jesus-Maria 59
Dort, Synod of (1618–19) 28,262
d’Outreman (catechist) 265
drama, religious 229–30,274
see also apostle plays; chambers of rhetoric; morality plays; Passion plays
Drewes, J. B. 288
Druzbicki, Kasper 76
Duke, Alastair 294
Durkheim, Emile 139
Duryer, André 101
Dzierzgowski, Mikolaj 68
eastern Europe 22
processes of religious change 231
as transitional zone 31
Edelstadt, Boblig von, Judge 62
education 32–3
curricula 256–7
nationalisation 272–3
popular view of efficacy 256
regional variations 270,272
rulers’ atttiudes to 256
tools 257
see also clergy; schools; universities
Edward VI of England 222,236
Ehrenpreis, Stefan 142,226
Eisenstein, Elisabeth 227–9
Elbel, Martin 42,231
Elizabeth I of England 222,263,319–20, 336
Elze, Reinhard 162,168
embalming 172,175–6
emblem books 257,266
Emden 135
Endter family 252,268,270
England 19,45–6,157,222
catechisms 263–4
Prayer Book (1549) 263
preaching
Restoration 248–9
Revolutionary period 246–8
royal funerals 187–8
sects 246–8
subdivisions of reformation period 239
English Catholic community 319–20
arrests/executions 320
correspondence 326–8,331–7
support network 318,320,328–36
use of printed material 321–3
Enlightenment 38
entrances, ceremonial (into towns) 138
advantages to participants 158–9
common model 140–1
conflicts over 157–8
evolutionary trends 159–61
festivities 149–50
interpretations 154–9
local variations 150–52
organisation 142
origins 152–4
reception phase 144–5
sources of information 141
‘spiritual consecration’ phase 147–9
stages 142–50
symbolic significance 138–9,154–6,160–1
timing/duration 141–2
welcoming phase 142–4
Erasmus, Desiderius 8,65,222,256,284
esbattement (entertainments) 278
Escrivain, Pierre 330
ESF project 3,6–7,21,22–3,26–7,30–1,40–6
Espinosa, Don Diego de, Bishop 143–4
Eucharist 195,203,217
cults of 204–6
visual expression 195–201,212,214
Eugene IV, Pope 189
Europe, geographical/confessional zones 21–2,28–9
European Community
geographical extent 3
secular basis 3
‘Execution of the Laws’ 68
exorcisms 98
factiespelen (allegorical plays) 278–9
‘False Dmitri’, Tsar 77
‘false messiah’ see Sabbatai Zvi
Farnaby, Thomas 269
Farnese, Alessandro, Cardinal 187
Faroqhi, Suraiya 41
Feckenham, William 329
Fedorowicz, Taras 80
Felbiger, Johann Ignaz 273
Feodor, Tsar 77
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor 43,49,59,99
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor 59
Fiamma, Gabriele, Bishop 100
Filarete, Patriarch 80
First/Second World War 10
Fischer von Erlach, Johann Baptiste 53
Fletcher, John 332
Florence, Council of (1431–45) 8,14
Fodor, Pál 41
Fontana, Domenico 184–5,187
Fox, Adam 266
Foxe, John 222,233–4,328–9,332
Fraet, Frans 282
France
anti-Protestant demonstrations 9
catechisms 265
legal system 318–19
military conflicts 10
printing 223,226
(suppression of) popular theatre 229
Francis I of France 181
Francis of Assisi, St 341,344–5,351
iconography 349–50,352–3
parallels with Christ 346
‘true sons of ’, debate over 344
Franciscans 339
Bohemian Province 339–40,347,350–6,358–9
claims to sanctity 344–6,348,357–8
conflict with other orders 340,342–4,346,347,356
habit 344
interaction with lay society 358–9
lay confraternities (see also Third Order) 350–6,358
missionary work 355
promotion of image 347,348–50,358–9
saints 341
Francisci, Adam 260
Franich, Luca 94
Frankfurt 122
Frazer, J. G. 139
Freeman, Thomas, Dr 329
Freitag, Werner 129
French Religious Book Project 321–2
Frycz-Moderzewski, Andrezj 65,66,67
funerals, papal 162–3,165,168–70
compared with monarchical 172–5,176–7,189
decomposition of body 175
duration 170–2
lying in state 171
multiple burials 172–5
objectives 177
physical transience, stress on 164–5, 190
preparation of body 175
see also ‘novendial’; tombs; translation
Gábor, Bethlen 74,80
Gaillart, William 282–3
Galesino, Pietro 184
games, adaptation for confessional purposes 226
Garnett, Henry 337
Gdask, church architecture 123–4
Geneva 228,234
publishers 321–2
Genevan psalms 303–6
problems of singing 305
Gennings, Edmund 333,334,335
Georg Wilhelm, Elector of Brandenburg 81
Gerard, John 335–6
Germany
ecclesiastical ritual 160
historiography 26
influence in rest of Europe 262–3
Gerrits, Blind Soetken 298
Ghent
drama festival 281–2
Pacification (1576) 284
Ghibellines see Guelph/Ghibelline conflicts
Gibbons, John 333
Ginzburg, Carlo 168
Giuseppe de Copertino, St 341
Gogolewski, Canon 86
Goulart, Simon 334
Grassis, Paride de 165–6
Green, Ian 45,225,228,296,315
Greengrass, Mark 45,46,232–3
Greenham, Richard 244
Gregorovius, Ferdinand 178
Gregory, St, Mass of 197,201
Gregory X, Pope 162
Gregory XIII, Pope 33,84,106
Gregory XV (Alessandro Ludovisi), Pope 167,186,189
Gregory, Brad 302
Grey, Lady Jane 328–9
Grotius, Hugo (Hugo de Groot) 83
Guadagnolo, Filippo 102
Guelph/Ghibelline conflicts 167,169
Guidiccioni, Lelio 186–7
Gustav Adolf of Sweden 75,80
Habermas, Jürgen 235
Habsburg dynasty/empire
military successes 125–6 (see also White Mountain)
resistance to policies 29,43,50
Hájek friary/shrine 347,348–50
Hamm, Berndt 124
Harrach, Cardinal 53,56,59,60
Harsdörffer, Georg Philipp 269–70
Hartlib, Samuel 268,269,270
Haustafeln 260,263
Heidelberg Catechism (1563) 28,259
Heimann, Claudia 142
Hemmingsen, Niels, Postill, or Exposition of the Gospels 241–2
Henry I of Poland / III of France (Henri de Valois) 69–70
Henry VIII of England 181,222
Hentius, Martin 207
heresy, definition/identification 60,63
Hildebrandt, Johann Lucas von 53
Hinderbach, Johannes, Bishop 144
Hobé, Lucas 326
Holy City, as urban model 131–2
Holy Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith 88
holy days 179,249
see also Corpus Christi; processions
Holy Roman Empire, ecclesiastical ritual 141–2
see also Habsburg
‘Holy Steps’, construction of 356
homilies 241,242,251
Honorius IV, Pope 181
Honterus, Johannes 195,207
Hooker, Richard 246
Hooker, Thomas 245
Hoole, Charles 269
horseback, role in church ceremonial 146,151,153
Hosius, Stanislas (Stanislaw Hozjusz), Cardinal 66,71
Howarth, David 181
Hsia, Ronnie 130
Hueber, Fortunatus, Menologium 342, 348
Hugo, Herman 267–8
Huguenots 135,299,304–5
correspondence 325–6,336
dominant mentality 319
literature 321–2
measures taken against 319
political situation 336
support network 318
humanism 160,256,284,324
Hungary 41,43,88,223
architecture 126–7
languages 91
religious conditions 90
Hutterites 294,302
iconoclasm 206–9
images
criteria for retention 210–12
inscriptions 212–14
Protestant opposition to 191–2,206, 210
reluctance to renounce 208–9
removal process 206–7,209–10
role in religious communication 93–7,114–15,192–3,202–3,204–6,217,349–50
Index (of proscribed books) 281
indulgences 285–6
Ingram, John 332
Innocent VII, Pope 167
Innocent VIII, Pope 179
Innocent XI, Pope 190
Innocent XII, Pope 174
Innocent XIII, Pope 174
Inquisition 17–18
see also Index
interregna (papal) 44,162
compared with monarchical 163–4
social unrest accompanying 166–70
see also funerals
Ireland 10,324
(Northern), conflict in 20
Isidore of Seville, St 76
Jans, Anna 303
Jesuits
architecture 126
in Bohemia 53,56,355
dissolution 176
drama 229–30
educational approach/role 32–3
emblem books 267–8
missionary work 43,96
in Poland 71–4,229
songs 312
Jews
adaptation to Christian society 34
cultural exchanges with Muslims 19–20
demography 18,19–20
freedom to practise religion 49–50,82–3
hostility towards / persecution 83–4, 86, 87 (see also Spain)
(limitations on) rights 8–9
manuscript books 324
relations with Protestants 83–4
role in European culture 15–18,39
twentieth-century moves against 6
Joachim of Fiore, Abbot 345,350
John II Casimir of Poland 85–7
Joris, David 303
Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor 55
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 43,57
Julius II, Pope (Giuliano della Rovere) 165–6,169,175,179–80
Kagan, Richard 132
Kalahora, Matatiah 86
Kantorowicz, Ernst 162
Karwat, Seweryn 86
Kai, Bartolomeo 100–1
Kempis, Thomas à, Imitatio Christi 105
Knibbere, Jan de 281
Knijff, Jan 291
Koniá, Antonín 58–9
Kornis, Sigismund 191
Kornis, Zsigmond 92
Kowalska, Eva 43
Krell, Johann 74
Kuncewicz, Jozefat 79
laity
integration into life of church 217
problems of communication with 234
see also Franciscans
Lambertini, Prospero see Benedict XIV
Lambrecht, Joos 281–2
Lancellotti, Giovanni Battista 79
Langenzenn, Franconia 256–7
language, shared by conflicting faiths 20–1
aski, Jan (nephew) 65,68
aski, Jan (uncle) 65
Last Supper, artistic depictions 197
Lateran Councils 201
Latimer, Hugh, Bishop 236
Latin (language), use of 91–2
Latin Christendom, relationship with modern borders 3
Laud, William, Archbishop 157,246
Lavrov, Aleksandr 42,45
Layman, Paul 102
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 8
Leo X, Pope 181–2
Leo XII, Pope 174–5
Lescalopier, Pierre 208
Lesczynski, Rafal 74
Letsome, Samuel, and John Cooke, The Preacher’s Assistant 252–3
Letter of Majesty (1609) 49,51
letters 232–3
educational/religious importance 324–5
encoding 326–7
importance to refugee networks 325–32,336–7
published collections 324
repressive legislation 325–7
Leverhulme Trust 253
Leysenboeck der Catholijcken (Catholic Songbook) 313
Licensing Act (England, 1662) 248–9
Liechtenstein-Kastelkorn, Karel von, Prince-Bishop 56–7
Liedpredigten (sermons about songs) 309
Likowski, Edward 78
Line, Mistress 335–6
Lippi, Filippino 183
Lisowski, Aleksandr 74
literacy 233–4
divergent attitudes to 226–7
levels 91,93,107–8,270
unnecessary for song composition 298
Lithuania 13
integration with Poland 69
see also Poland(–Lithuania)
Lobel, Johann, Archbishop 59
Locke, John 264
Logorio, Pirro 182–3
London, architecture 119,123
Lord’s Supper, rituals based on 134
worthiness to participate 135
Lotz-Heumann, Ute 116
Low Countries
catechisms 263
church architecture 123
military hostilities 10
song 297–8
suppression of Protestantism 58
see also Belgium; Netherlands
Lubieniecki, Stanislaw 83
Lubieniecki, Wladyslaw 75
Lucar, Cyril, Patriarch 79
Luchesi (architect) 53
Ludovisi, Alessandro see Gregory XV
Lupala, Maria 81
Lupu, Didier 307
Luther, Martin 11–12,16,36,66,84,100,222,224,227,240,274,324,346
catechisms 258–9,263
hymns 294,296,301,307,309,310
neues Lied wir heben an, Ein 301–2
Lutheranism
attitudes to icons/images 191–2,194,209–12,216,217
attitudes to Jews 83–4
geographical distribution 21
theological basis 214–16
Luxembourg 226
Machiavelli, Niccol 227
macro- vs micro-historical approaches 114
Magni, Valerius 53,59,99–100
Major, Georg 274
Makeblijde, Ludovicus 313
Malingre, Mathieu 306
Malinowski, Bronislaw 139
Malta 3
manuscripts 231–2,323–5
see also chambers of rhetoric; letters; song(s)
Manuzio, Paolo 324
Marat, Jean-Paul 173–74
Marburg 123
Marek, Damascenus 347
Maria Electa de Jesu 53
Maria Theresia, Empress 273
Marian Congregations 130
Marnef, Guido 229
Marot, Clément 303–4
Martin V, Pope 154,178
Martinelli, Domenico 53
martyrs 9,240,334
accounts of deaths 333,334
letters 328–31
life-stories 332–4
relics 335
songs 302
Marx, Karl 137
Mary I of England 319
Mass, attendance at 204–5
Massa, Simon 207
Matcovich, Don Simone 93,95
Matthew, Toby 242
Maxey, Anthony 244
Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria 52
medals 94–6
Medici, Ippolito de’, Cardinal 181
Medici, Lucrezia 182
Meistersinger 275,297
Melanchthon, Philip 65,100
Melith, Péter 98
Melton, James van Horn 235
Mennonites 294,298,303,306–7
Menocchio (miller) 224
Mersenne, Marin 269
Mexico 225–6,310–11
Micaglia, Giacomo (Jakov) 102–3
Michelangelo (Buonarotti) 180,182
migrations, religion-based 52
see also ‘refugee reformation’
Mihailovitch, Giovanni 95
military academies 272
minorities 29–30,337
response to pressure 317
support networks 318
see also English Catholic community; Huguenots
miracles (alleged), accounts of 334,347
missionaries 22–3,88
conversion rate 108
correspondence 233
cultural significance 88–90,108
language problems 91–2,93
nationality/denomination 89–90
use of printed word 90–1
use of visual propaganda 93–7
welcomed by local notables 92–3
see also Jesuits; monasteries
Mniszech, Marina 77
‘moderate’ religious opinion 293
Moeller, Bernd 119,321
Mohila, Piotr 79,80–1
Confessio orthodoxa 15,34
monasteries 118–19
missionary work 338–9
relationship with wider community 338
tensions between orders 338
Montaigne, Michel de 324
Montalto, Cardinal 184–6,187
Montenay, Georgette de, Emblèmes ou devises chrestiennes 267
Monter, William 46
morality plays 277–8,283
Moravia 54–5,57–8
Morone, Cardinal 32
Muir, Edward 111,160
Muslims
(evolving) relationship with Christianity 40
martyrdom 17
modern migrations 6
resistance to Christian hegemony 23–4
role in European culture 15–18,39
Muto, Giovanni 43–4
Naples 43–4
nationalism, parallels with religion 10,21
Netherlands 19,271–2
art 127–8
demography 275–6
religious pluralism 8,10–11
see also chambers of rhetoric
Nicholas II, Pope 162
Nicholas IV, Pope 183–4
Nicholas V, Pope 178–9
Nicholas of Apa 205–6
Niklewicz, Simon 85
Nikon, Patriarch 15
Niksich, Giorgio 101–3
Nix von Hoheneck, Johan, Bishop 151
non-confessional movements 34,37–8
diversity 37
Nora, Pierre 136
Normandie, Laurent de 321
‘novendial’ 171–2,176
Nuremberg 266,268
Nutter, John 322
‘O du armer Judas’ (Lenten song) 299
obedience, duty of 250
Oberman, Heiko 317
Oettinger, Rebecca 295,301–2
Old Believers see Orthodox churches, internal schisms
Olomouc, Czechoslovakia 119,141
oral communication, importance of 227–9,234,254–5
see also preaching
Orsato, Antonio, Bishop 145
Orthodox churches 11,13–14,39,41
geographical distribution 22
hostility towards 76–82
internal schisms 14–15
response to confessionalisation 34
Osgrow, Steven F. 183
Osnabrück, Peace of (1648) 55
Ostermayer, Hieronymus 207
Ostrogski, Prince Konstanty Wasyl 78,79
Ottoman empire 8,19–20,39,41–2
Paas, John R. 266
Packer, Dorothy 296,312,314
paganism 13
Paiva, José Pedro 44,46,113,115
Palomo, Federico 45
papacy
ceremonials 152–4,165
deathbed rites 170
deaths see funerals; interregna; tombs
dual 14
elections 167,168
influence in religious ceremonial 112
power (source/reinforcement) 164
Papich, Paolo 98–9
Paravicini Bagliani, A. 112,162,176
parents, response to schooling conditions 271–2
Paris 228–9
parishes, number/distribution 57
Parsons, Robert 323,327,333
Passion plays 229
Paul, St, Epistles 260,324
Paul II, Pope 164–5,181,186–9
Paul III, Pope 178–9,180–1
Paul IV, Pope 166,169–70,182–3
Paul V, Pope 112,185,187,188
Pavia, bishopric of 151–2
Peloquin, Denis 330
penance (days of) 135–6
Peretti, Alessandro see Montalto
Peretti, Felice see Sixtus V
Perfetti, Bernadino, Archbishop 146
Perkins, William 237
The Arte of Prophecying 243
The Foundation of Christian Religion 264
persecution (of Protestants), as theme of drama 286–7
Pestvármegyei, András 101
Péter, Katalin 43
Pettegree, Andrew 321–2
Philip III of Spain 17,322
Pieroni da Gagliano, Giovanni 53
pilgrimages 116–17
sites 75–6
Piotrków, Diet of 68,69
Pius II, Pope 165–6,174,179,189
Pius IV, Pope 182
Pius V, Pope 182–4,185–6,188
Platter, Thomas 221
Playfere, Thomas 244
Plutarch 153
Pocieja, Hipaty 78
Poland(–Lithuania) 64,229
adaptation of Catholic imagery 75–6
clerical morality 65
defence 74–5
‘Deluge’ 86,87
institutional reforms 69–70
nobility 65–70,72–4,79,81–2,83,87
religious legislation see Piotrków, Diet of; Warsaw Statutes
religious pluralism 7,8,10–11,15,19,70–1,87
social unrest 75,86–7
supposed origins 71
taxation 69
Poletowicz, John-Baptist 85
‘Polish Brethren’ 67
political theory, confessional approaches to 35
differences in 35
Pollaiolo, Antonio 179
Pollmann, Judith 230
Pollmann, Thijs 294
Pömer, Johann Abraham 268–9
popes see funerals; interregna; papacy
Port Maurice, Leonard of 357
Porto, Bishopric of 142–3
Portugal 18–19,44,45,158
anti-Jewish demonstrations 9
Possevino, Antonio 100
postal services 232
Pounde, Thomas 327,332
poverty, vow of 342
power, ritualisation of 155
Prague
church architecture 123,126
subdivision of diocese 56–7
preaching
as instrument of change 240,247–8,255
lay responses to 238–9,240–1
as ‘office of salvation’ 236,245–6
oral/performative nature 237,255
reliance on scribal culture 237–8,246
tuition in 242,243
see also sermons
Preston, John 245
printing
(authorities’ view of) importance 283
educative function 225–7
increase in use 247–8
interaction with other media 227,236–8,239,255
range of uses 241
role in religious developments 222,224–5,243–5,274,320–1
see also chambers of rhetoric; sermons; song(s)
prisons
letters written from 330,332
release of inmates 171
processions 128
absence 132
clericalisation 129–30
functions 130–2
redefinition/reorganisation 129
role in episcopal entrance ceremony 145–7
secularisation 130
Procházka de Lauro, Jií Frantiek 349
Prodi, Paolo 112
Propaganda fide 23
Protestantism
anti-Catholic propaganda 221–2
antifraternalism 346–7
communities in exile 52
internal divisions 11–12,35–7,66
relations with non-Christian faiths 16–17,19
retention of bishops / episcopal ceremony 157
theological basis 124
unofficial survival 61
urban life/architecture 122–4,132–6
see also Calvinism; Catholicism, similarities . . .; Lutheranism; persecution; Reformed faiths
psalms 294
see also Genevan psalms; Souterliedekens
‘public sphere’ 235
Quakers 248
Questenberg, Caspar of 59
Radziwill, Barbara 67
Radziwill, Boguslaw 82
Radziwill, Janusz 73,75
Radziwill, Janusz II 81–2
Radziwill, Krzystof 74,78,81
Radziwill, Krzystof II 81
Rahoza, Michal 78
Rakoczi, Georg 75
Rando, Daniela 46,144,147,151
Rario, Gerolamo 169
Ravenna see Sforza, Cardinal
recantation 317
reformation 7,120–1
aftermath 9–10
diversity 36–7
educational impact 272
impact on religious art 192,206,217
long-term consequences 11
official beginning 195
Reformed faiths
abolition of episcopacy/ceremonials 157
geographical distribution 21
Polish versions 67
psalms 303–7
use of catechism 262
see also Calvinism
refrain feasts 278,283–8
‘refugee reformation’ 317–18
communication dynamics 325
Reggiani da San Felice, Giovanni Battista 104
religion(s)
competition between 32–4
diversification 120–1
as European cultural basis 6
historical research 25–6
hostility between 8–10,31–2
as marker of cultural identity 7–8
modern significance 3–6
relationship with politics 25–6,64
Rengjich, Alberto 96
Ridolfi, Niccolò, Cardinal 181
ritual 44,111
defined 139–40
dynamic/performative role 140
ecclesiastical 111–14,115
ecclesiastical vs secular 113
essential characteristics 150
function 114
mutability of meanings 157–8
see also entrances; processions
Rockox, Nicholas 127
Rodriguez, Alfonso 102
Roma, Modesto a 107
Roman Council (AD 595) 165
Roman empire 153–4
Rovenius, Philip 314
Rovirola, Raphael de, Bishop 144
royal ceremonies, importance to conception of monarchy 111
Rozdrazewski, Stanislaw 84
Rubens, Peter Paul 125,127
Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor 53
rural areas
(attitudes to) religious imagery 193–4,208–9
Franciscan missions to 355–6
Russia 15
relations with Poland-Lithuania 76–81
Sabbatai Zvi (the ‘false messiah’) 18,19–20
Sabbatarians 19–20
Sabbatini, Pietro 108
Sachs, Hans 275,301
Sahagún, Bernadino de 310–11
Sales, Franois de 228
Salutio, Bartolomeo da 98–9
salvation
dramatic explorations 287–8
links with secular well-being 136
see also preaching
Salviati, Giovanni, Cardinal 181
Samicki, Stanislaw 83
San Felice, Francesco Antonio da 103–4
Sangallo, Antonio da, the younger 181
Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, papal burials in 183–9
Santarelli, Antonio 100
‘Sarmatism’ 71
Savonarola, Girolamo 227,304
Triumphus Crucis 102
Saxony-Lauenburg, Henry of, Bishop of Bremen 142,143,146,157
Scalimoli da Castellana, Andrea 97–8
Schgiswalde (Bohemian village) 61
Schilling, Heinz 64,113,114–15
schools
educational standards 270
popular attitudes to 261
religious instruction (see also catechism; emblem books) 272
suppression (of religious minorities’) 271
see also catechism(s); education; emblem books
Schwärmer 11–12
Schwisy, Christoph 107
Scotland 227,228
Scouville, Philippe de 226
Scribner, Bob 235
Sebes, Transylvania 191
Sedulius, Henricus 347–8,353
Seklucjan, Jan 83–4
Selomoh ibn Verga 19
sermons
aids to preparation 241
catechetical 261–2
changes in function/nature 242–3,244–5,249–50
funeral 252
instructive/exhortatory function 253–4
manuscript 253,255
planning 248
printing 240–1,243–5,247,249–53
similarities of content 252–3,255
see also homilies; Liedpredigten
Sfondrato, Bartolomeo 106
Sforza, Cardinal 143
Sforza di Santa Flora, Conte 188
Sibbes, Robert 245
Sigismund see Zygmunt
Siguenza, bishopric of 143–4,152
Silesia 51,55,57,58,62,63,358
Sixtus IV, Pope 165–6,169
Sixtus V, Pope (Felice Peretti) 112,166,174,183–5,186,187,188,351
Skarga, Piotr 14,72,73
slavery 41,103
Slupecki, Jerzy 83
Smith, Henry 244
Smith, Thomas ‘Silver-tongued’ 241
social change 119–21
causes 117–18
song(s)
adaptation of existing melodies 299–301
association with dissent 295,316
authorship 297,298
cross-confessional use 306–7
durability 315–16
educational use 309–14
manuscripts 314
oral transmission 297–8
pre-reformation traditions 296
printing 297,308–9
role in religious communication 230,294
role in (religious) drama 279
role in religious identity 295–6
study 294–6,315
see also song-books
song-books
didactic aims 312–14
lay use 314
publication 312
Sonnino, Angelo da, Fra 93
Sonnius, Franciscus, Bishop 144
Souterliedekens (psalter songs) 300–1,302–3
South, Robert 251
Southwell, Robert 327,331,334
Spain 222–3
expulsion of Jews/Muslims 17–18,23–4,39
royal funerals 176
see also Inquisition
Spelta, Antonio Maria 147,153
Speyer, diocese of 141–2,151,158
St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 70–1
St Peter’s, Rome, papal burials in 178,182–3,189–90
Stabili, Giorgio 173
Stalpart van der Wiele, Joannes 296,307,314
Stapleton, Thomas 103
Stephen I Bathory of Poland 70,71
‘Stephen the Captive’ 332
Stillingfleet, Edward 251
stranger churches 317–18
Sutton, Robert 335
Sweden, conflict with Habsburgs 51
Switzerland 10,20
Szini, István 101
table plays 278,280,283–4
Taormina, Bonaventura da, Fra 91–2
Távora, Miguel de, Archbishop 146
Taxis dynasty 232
Taylor, Jeremy 251
Tencalla, Giovanni Giacomo 53
texts
musical settings 309
standardisation 222
Theophanes, Patriarch of Jerusalem 79
Third Order (of St Francis) 351–6
appeal to laity 352–3
handbook 353
numerical strength 351–2,355
rules 352
Thirty Years War 10,38,59
Tillotson, John 251
tithes 69
Todd, Margo 228,296
tolerance
centres of 10–11
limited extent 7–9
Toleration, Act of (England, 1691) 8
tombs, papal
choice of location 178–81
political message 188–9
see also translation
Torrigiani, Pietro 181
Tóth, István György xvi–xvii, 46,234
towns
development 116,119–21
educational institutions 123–4
episcopal 116
iconoclasm 208
impact of religious differences 137
religious attitudes 119
role of burgher elites 120,127,143,151–2
role of church in 117–18
secularisation 121
social/charitable institutions 123
social hierarchy 130–1,143,154–5
see also entrances
translation (of popes’ remains) 181–8
reasons for 189–90
reduced frequency 190
transubstantiation, doctrine of 200–2
Transylvania 37,192,193–4
religious images 195–202,210,214–16
Saxon community, political/religious history 194–5,216–17
Tregian, Francis 332
Trent, Council of (1545–63) 7,12,224,258
adoption of decrees 71
definition of Catholic faith 28
impact on Catholic church 27–8,43,89,138,156
Trexler, Richard 111,139
‘triumphal’ churches, construction of 125
Trullio, Giovanni 175
Tübingen 123
Tura, Nicefor 78
Turlot (catechist) 265
Turner, Victor 156
Ukraine 9
Uniates 14,80
unity, pleas for 66,289–90
universities 90,272
urban life see towns
Urban VII (Giovan Battista Castagna), Pope 167,189
Urban VIII, Pope 166,175
Urbanus Rhegius 263
Utrecht 135
Valla, Lorenzo 163
Vallick, Jacob 311
van der Meersch, Israel 314–15
van Haecht, Godevaert 290
van Haecht, Willem 280,288–90
van Leeuwen, Charles 296
van Nierop, Henk 308
Vanovicizi, János 106–7
Vásárhelyi, Gergely 105
Veederhande liedekens (religious song collection) 306–7
Veit, Hieronymus 355–6
Velagic, Zoran 43
Venegas, Miguel 230
Venice, Doges’ funerals 176–7
Venturi, Sergio 186–7
Veresmarti, Mihály 105
vernacular, use of 224,236,263
Verstegen, Richard 328
Vienna, church architecture 125
Vincent, Antoine 321
Vincent de Paul, St 226
‘Vir Dolorum’ (Man of Sorrows), images of 195–202,203–4,205–6,212
Virgin Mary 357
iconography 62,94,96,185–6,191,231,349–50
Visceglia, Maria Antonietta 112,113,114,154,160
Vives, Juan Luis 256
Voci, Anna Maria 180
Vodopivec, Peter 43
von Tassis, Charles 328
Wadding, Luke 347
Waite, Gary 283
Wallerstein, Immanuel 64
Walpole, Henry 322
Walsham, Alexandra 45–6,230,334, 335
wars of religion 9,32,319
termination 10,21
see also names of specific conflicts
Warsaw Statutes 70,71,75
undermining 71–5
Waterson, Edward 335
Watt, Tessa 295–6
‘Way of the Cross’ 357–8
Weber, Max 25,117,137,139
wedding ritual, role in episcopal entrance ceremony 150–1
Wegierski, Andrej 71
Wens, Mayken 298
Wesley, John 252
Westminster Shorter Catechism 264
Westphalia, Peace of (1648) 51,59
White, John 324–5
White Mountain, Battle of the 42,49,52,126,339
‘Wilhelmus’ (song) 299–300
Wilkins, John, Ecclesiastes 247
William III of England (William of Orange) 249,299
Winkelmans, Kateline 314
witches, trial/punishment 61–2
Witzel, Georg 262
Wladyslaw IV of Poland 75,77–8,80,81
wood-block engravings 222
Woodcock, Thomas 325
Würtz, General 75
Yugoslavia (former) 20
Zaragoza, bishopric of 157–8
Zebrydowski, Michal 73
erotín, Karel 54
Zondadari, Alessandro, Archbishop 144–5
Zwingli, Ulrich 11–12,36
Zygmunt (Sigismund) II August(us) of Poland 67,68,70,71
Zygmunt (Sigismund) III of Poland 52,72,73–4,77–80,81,87