THE CAMBRIDGE

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-84430-7 - The Cambridge Companion to Dante Second Edition Edited - by Rachel Jacoff
Index

Index

Abelard, Peter 203

Adam, appearance in Commedia 61

see also Fall

Aeneid (Virgil) 32,78,101

Commedia 103,114,115,136,143,146–47,148,159,270–71

influence on Dante’s political thought 261–62

as textual model for Commedia 79,143–46

see also Ripheus

African-American/Caribbean literature 300

afterlife, literary treatments of 69,77–78

Alaghiero degli Alighieri (Dante’s father) 5

Alberico da Cassino 80,90

Albert the Great, De natura et origine animae 222–24

Alberti, Napoleone/Alessandro 243

Alderotti, Taddeo 6

Aldobrandeschi, Omberto 210

Aldobrandi, Tegghiaio 239,241

Alfani, Gianni 19

Alighieri, Antonia (Dante’s daughter) 6

Alighieri, Bella (Dante’s mother) 5

Alighieri, Francesco (Dante’s brother)

Alighieri, Gemma see Donati, Gemma

Alighieri, Giovanni (Dante’s son) 6

Alighieri, Jacopo (Dante’s son) 6,272

Alighieri, Pietro (Dante’s son) 6,138–39,272,273,282

allegory

Commedia categorized as 273–75,278–79

Dante’s definition of 169–70

types (theological vs. poetic) 169–76

see also theological allegory

alliteration (and similar effects), use of 196–97,199

Ambrose, St. 164

America, interest in Dante 275–76,278–79,293

“Amor, da che convien” (canzone) 29

Andreoli, Raffaele 276

Anselm of Canterbury, St. 111–12,176,203,212

Monologion 217

antipodes, medieval notions of 104

apocalyptic theory, contemporary prevalence 86

apostles, Commedia 116,156

Appleton, Fanny 294

Aquinas, Thomas, St. 170,204,209,212,219,228,260,265

appearance in Commedia 112–13,213–14,229–30

commentary on Aristotle 9,218,231

Summa theologiae 127,217

Argenti, Filippo 75,76,83,84

Ariosto, Ludovico 163

Aristotle 52,54–55,63,100,104,127,174,228,234

influence on Commedia’s moral universe 70,72,91,204,206,209,210,219–20,232

influence on Dante’s political thought 251,258–60

De generatione animalium 222–24,234

Metaphysics 218,231,253

Nicomachean Ethics 265

Arnold, Matthew 293

“Arrigo” (assassin) 239

assonance see alliteration

astronomy, references in Purgatorio 94–95,96

auctoritas, medieval notion of 46–47,64

Dante’s assumption of 47–51,60–61

etymology 55–57,62–63

see also under La Divina Commedia

Auerbach, Erich 64,173,175,274,278–79

Augustine of Hippo, St. 163,165,167,168,171,175,177,205,208,259–60

Bible commentary 161,228

debate on salvation 202

role in Commedia’s moral universe 164,211–12,213

Confessions 23,161–62,166,167

Contra mendacium 169

De beata vita 165

De trinitate 217

Augustus, Emperor 63,263

authorship

Dante’s commentary on 59–64

Dante’s contribution to development 47,49–50,61–62

modern theories of 46–47

see also auctoritas; titles of works

Averroes (Ibn Rushd) 223,264–65

Averroism 41

Bakhtin, Mikhail 84

Baraka, Amiri, The System of Dante’s Hell 300

Barbi, Michele 3,33,276–77

Barolini, Teodolinda 34,199

Barthes, Roland 46–47,61

Bartolus of Sassoferrato 253

bas-reliefs 175

beatitude, degrees of 111

Beatrice, Sister see Alighieri, Antonia

Beatrice (character in Commedia) 97,102–03,134,136

analogies with Ovidian characters 155–56

as Dante’s guide 100,103–04,108–11,115–16

Dante’s reunion with 145–46,166–67

departure 118

DXV prophecy 97,104–05,156,263

explication of divine plan 206,209–10,226,229

speaking style 185,197–98

Beatrice Portarini

biographical details 4

death 6,24,44–45

and Vita Nouva (see Beatrice)

see also Beatrice (character)

Beckett, Samuel 281,299–300

belief, role in Christian theology 206–08

relationship with action 207–08

Bembo, Pietro 275

Benedict, St. 115,117,122

Benvenuto da Imola 272–73

Bernard of Clairvaux, St. 118,135,213–14,220

Sermones in Cantica 221

Berthier, Gioachino 276

Bertran de Born 77

Biagi, Guido 279

Bianchi, Brunone 276

Bible

allegorical analysis 170–73,175–76,178

centrality to Dante’s poetry 98,125,126

and contrapasso principle 77–78

(Dante’s involvement in) contemporary scholarship/controversy 126,135–36

and doctrine of the soul 221,223–24

originality of Dante’s approach 134–35,139

patterns of reference 130–36

as ultimate literary authority 101

variations in Dante’s approach to 128–29

varying interpretations 134–35

versions available to Dante 127–28

visual representations 131–32

Genesis 104

Isaiah 126

Matthew 104,133

Psalm 113 105,131,138,171

Revelation 105,117–18

Song of Songs 214,221

Blake, William 275,290–91

Bloom, Harold 295

Bocca degli Abati 76,243

Boccaccio, Giovanni 275

Amorosa visione 105

De casibus virorum illustrium 282,285

Decameron 284

Filostrato 284

Teseida 270

Vita di Dante 3–4,5,12,272,273

Boethius 7

Consolation of Philosophy 229,234

Bologna 6

Bonagiunta di Lucca 16,19–20

appearance in Commedia 14,25,97,98

Bonaventure, St. 109,112–13

Boniface VIII, Pope 7–8,237

depiction in Inferno 75,76,82

Book of the Ladder of Mohammed (anon., medieval Arabic) 78

Bosco, Umberto 114,277–78,279

Boyd, Henry 290

Boyde, Patrick 26,29,33,231

Browning, Robert ∕ Elizabeth Barrett 293

Bruni, Leonardo, Vita di Dante 3–4,8

Bubwith, Nicholas 285

Buonconte da Montefeltro 91,206

Buondelmonte de’ Buondelmonti, murder of 239,241,242–43,247–48

Buondelmonti family 250–51

Burke, Kenneth 177

Byron, George Gordon, Lord 290–91

Cacciaguida (ancestor of Dante) 114,136,141,147,156,158,250–52,296

Camicione de’ Pazzi 243

Campaldino, battle of 6

Campi, Giuseppe 276

Canaccio, Bernadino 12

Cangrande della Scala 10

Epistle to 138,169,171,278

cantos (of Commedia)

length 181–84

style (speech/narrative) 184–86

transitions between 186,199

canzone (poetic form) 14,32–33

Dante’s commentary on 59–60

Capaneus 149–50

Carlyle, Thomas 293

Cary, H. F. 290,293

Casella 97,98,152,195–96

Casini, Tommaso 276

Castelvetro, Lodovico 273

Catholicism (in Irish/Italian culture) 298–99

Cato, appearance in Commedia 94,141,151–52,259

Christianization 152

Cavalcante de’ Cavalcanti 75

Cavalcanti, Guido 5–6,19,25,27,234,291,294

Dante’s differences from 41–43,44

exile/death 8,9,237–38

influence on Dante 23,24,27–28,29,36,40,41

personal life 42

treatment of love 39–41,43–44

Vita nuova 50

“Da più a uno face un sollegismo” 17

“Donna me prega” 40–41,51

“Primavera” 42–43

Celestine V, Pope 7–8

Cerchi family 237,247–48,250–51

Cesari, Antonio 277

Charity, A. C. 168

Charles Martel, king of Hungary 7,112,249

Charles of Anjou 4,240–41

Charles of Valois 8,168

Chaucer, Geoffrey 281–85,301

The Canterbury Tales 281–82,284–85

The House of Fame 281,283

Troilus and Criseyde 284

Chiaro Davanzati 19

chiasmus 113

Chimenez, Siro A. 277

Christ

analogies with “Dante”/“Beatrice” 70,102–03,118

legitimacy of execution 261–62,267

other references in Commedia 111–12,115–16,172

as redeemer 203

Christian theology

contemporary debates 205–06

contrasted with classical mythos 165

and the immortal soul 220–21

paradoxes 119–20

and salvation 202–03

see also Bible

Ciacco 86–87,239,241

Ciampolo 83–84

Cicero, M. Tullius 7,223

influence on Commedia’s moral universe 70,72

De officiis 266–67

Cino da Pistoia 6,19,39

sonnet addressed to 28–29

Vita nuova 50,59,60

classical sources, use in Commedia 115,141–43

adaptation to Christian framework (see also Metamorphoses) 142–43,147,149–50,151–52

treatment of privileged authors 141–43

see also names of individual writers/works

Clement of Alexandria 210

Clement V, Pope 262

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 290–91

community, ideal of 250–52

Compagni, Dino, Cronica 8,245,247,249,253

confession, narratives of 166–67

Conrad, Joseph, Heart of Darkness 300

consonance see alliteration

Constantine, Emperor, Donation of 262,267

Constanza, Empress 110,214

Contini, Gianfranco 33

contrapasso, principle of 77–79,189–90

contrapuntal structures see symmetry

conversion, narratives of 112,161,165–68

Convivio 9–10,26,46,105,169,179,223,250

authorial voice 49,52–57,63–64

biblical references 126–27,128

compared/contrasted with other works 58

development of ideal of Empire 257–62,264,265

thematic/stylistic links with other works 31,35,56,60,88,220

corruption, Dante’s critique of 86,168

see also papacy

Costa, Paolo 276

Courcelle, Pierre 178

Creation 218–19

development of Paradiso’s theology of 226–33

God’s delight in 220,221–22

instantaneity 228,230–31

levels/types of 229–30

vocabulary 226–27,232

creativity, role in Commedia 97–101

Croce, Benedetto 32,231,277

Cronica fiorentina (anon.) 247–48

Cunizza 112

Curtis, E. R. 176

Da Ponte, Lorenzo 293

dance 215–16,217

Daniel, Arnaut 25–26,97,156

Daniello, Bernardo 271,273

Dante Alighieri

biography 4–12

contribution to religious iconography 92

death 12

influences 6,9–10,14–19,21–23,24,32–33

letters (see also Cangrande) 257–58,266

mythical status 1

physical appearance 12

poetic qualities 198

poetic range 46

political career 8,168,236–38

political outlook (see also Empire) 88,249–53

reading material 7

relationship of life and work 2–4

religious beliefs 93,118,213–14

self-presentation (see also “Dante” [character in Commedia]) 35,36,59–61,138,157–59,225–26

see also titles of works

“Dante” (character in Commedia) 71–72

interactions with inhabitants 83,96–97,141–42,206

as prophet 136–38,201–02

readers’ identification with 76

responses to encounters 75–77,87

transformation through experiences 93–94,118–19,157,158,201

De Marzo, A. G. 276

De Robertis, Domenico 33,45

De Sanctis, Francesco 83,276

De vulgari eloquentia 9–10,46,58–61

authorial voice 49

thematic/stylistic links with other works 35

Del Lungo, Isidoro 277

Delacroix, Eugène 275

Democritus 233

d’Entrèves, Alessandro Passerin 257

Derrida, Jacques 176

Il Detto 6

Di Salvo, Tommaso 277

diachronicity (of narrative structure) 177–78,180

dialect, use of 188

“dicitore d’amore” 50–51

diversity, treatments of 110–11,112

La Divina Commedia

aesthetic/theological principles 11

(allegorized) autobiographical elements 161–62

authorial voice/authority 47–49,62–64,67–68,114,135–38

biblical references 95–96,113,125–30,139

(see also under Bible)

cast of characters 204

classical sources see separate main heading

composition 10–11

didactic purpose 81

early commentaries 138–39,272–75,282

English translations/adaptations 281–301

foreshadowings/predictions 36,43,60–61,63–64

historical/biographical background 68

influences 11,21–22,69

interpretations 172–76

modern commentaries 204,231–32,270,275,291

moral vision 89,206–07

narrative structure 32–33,69–73,74,109–10,181–86

philological studies 276–77

placement in time 125–26,238

La Divina Commedia (cont.)

prophecies of Empire 263–64

split between author and text 142

statistical structural analysis 183,185

stylistic variations 184–86

thematic/stylistic links with other works 27–28,29,31–32,35

as theological allegory 173–76,177–78

theological framework 201,203–04, 216

theological innovations (see also neologisms) 71–72,73,90,91,162

variations between canticles 131,181–98,224

versification 70–71,110,181,186–88,190–94

as vision/delusion 173

vocabulary 188–90

see also Inferno; Paradiso; Purgatorio; names of characters/episodes/themes

“Doglia mi reca ne lo core ardire” (canzone) 29–33

structure 32–33

“Lo doloroso amor” (canzone) 27–28

Dominic, St. 113,122

Donati, Forese (Dante’s brother-in-law) 27,33,184

Donati, Gemma (Dante’s wife) 6,12

Donati, Piccarda 110,111,213,214

Donati family / Corso Donati 237,247–48

“Donna pietosa” (canzone) 37

“Donne ch’avete intelletto d’amore” (canzone) 24–25,37

Doré, Gustave 300

dreams, allegorical use of 96

Durling, Robert M. 33,278

“E’ m’increse di me” (canzone) 27–28

eclogues (by Dante) 46

education (theological), medieval practices 205–06

Eliot, T. S. 2,276,281,293–96,298

‘Animula’ 233

Four Quartets 233,235,296

The Waste Land 71

Elizabeth I of England 285

embodiment, role in Christian theology 208–09

Emerson, Ralph Waldo 275

Empire, Dante’s theory of 252–53,264–68

divine authority 258,261–62,263, 267

imperial duties 259–60,265–66

limits of imperial authority 258–59

as theme of works 257–58

universal monarchy, arguments for 264–65

see also Rome

Empyrean, treatment in Paradiso 117

Engelbert of Admont 267

enjambment, uses of 186–88

Epicureanism 207–08

eschatology 80,201

eternal punishment see Inferno: moral framework

ethics 259–60

evil, nature/mitigations of 75,77

exile

Dante’s experience of 8–10,68,238

discussion in Commedia 242

as the human condition 68

Fall (of mankind), place in Christian/Dantesque theology 59,68,77,93–94,116,121,166,203

Fallani, Giovanni 277

Farinata degli Uberti 75,76,87,207,239,240,241–42,243

Ferrante, Joan 239

Fiadoni, Tolomeo 260

film versions of Dante 300

Il Fiore (sonnet sequence) 6

Florence

aristocracy, failings of 242–43, 245–46

critique in Commedia 86–88,114,236,239,241–43,246–47,248–53

political history 4–8,236–48

popular government see popolo

role in Dante’s thought 257

Florio, John 285

Florus 266

Folco de Marseille (Folchetto da Marsiglia) 112,234

Form, philosophical concept of 228–29

formalist criticism 173–74

Fosca, Nicola 277,278

Foster, Kenelm 26,29,33

Foucault, Michel 47,49,61

Foxe, John 285

Francesca da Rimini, depiction in Inferno 72,75,165,195,211

lessons to be learnt from 81–82

Francesco da Buti 272,274

Francis of Assissi, St. 113,122

Franklin, Benjamin 94

Frederick I “Barbarossa”, Holy Roman Emperor 240

Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 14,54–55,59,97,173,239–40,257,259

freedom, notions of 211,212

vs. determinism 213

Frescobaldi, Dino 19

Frye, Northrop 174

Fucci, Vanni 75,76,83

geometrical figures, use in Paradiso 116–17

Geryon 80,162–64,167,168,169

Giacalone, Giuseppe 278

Giacomo da Lentini 14–16,19,21

Gianni, Lapo 19,39

Gianni de’ Soldaneiri 243

Giano della Bella 246–47,249

Giardino, Pier 12

Gilson, Etienne 56

Giotto di Bondone 8

Giovanni del Virgilio 12

Giraut de Bornelh 25–26

Gladstone, W. E. 293

Gmelin, Hermann 278

God

as architect 224–25

direct address to 198

justice of 203

nature of 61–62

as ultimate “author” 64,70–71,101,122–23,222,232

vision of (in Paradiso) 201,203–04

see also Creation

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 276

Faust 227

Golding, William, Free Fall 300

Gower, John 285

Grabher, Carlo 277

Grandgent, C. H. 277

Graziolo de’ Bambaglioli 272,274

greed

depiction/critique 85–86,87–88,251

means of suppression 259

Greenaway, Peter, A TV Dante 300

Gregory I “the Great”, Pope 214

Gregory IX, Pope 4

Gregory of Nyssa 216–17

Guerra, Guido 241

Guido da Montefeltro 82

Guido da Pisa 139,272

Guido delle Colonne 14

guilds, role in popular government 244–45

Guillaume de Saint Thierry 221

Guinizzelli, Guido 6,19–22,23,24,25, 36,39

“Al cor gentile” 37

appearance in Commedia 97,196

Guittone d’Arezzo 6,14,16–19,21

Dante’s comments on 16–17,25

influence on Dante 24,29–30,35–36

Hadrian, Emperor 220

Hallam, Arthur 293

Harrison, Robert P. 45

Hawthorne, Nathaniel 276

Hayley, William 289–90

Heaney, Seamus 281,298–99,304

“Ugolino” 301

Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor 10,104–05,122,257–58,262,266

heresy, divine punishments for 72

Hesiod 218

Hollander, Robert 48,278

Holmes, Olivia 34

Homer 235

Hugo, Victor 276

Hugutio of Pisa 55–56,60,61

humanity

distinguishing marks 212

social dimension 214–15

Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester 285

hymns see sacred song

Incarnation, treatments of 158–59,178

inconstancy, treatment of 110

indulgences, papal 211

Inferno 44

authorial voice 136–37

biblical references 130

body language, depiction of 84–85

characterization 72–76,81–85,89

choice of inhabitants 74–75,80

comparisons with other canticles 93,97,114

dialogue, presence/qualities of 84

ironic approach to characters’ values 164–66

ironic citation of Dante’s earlier work 165–66

language 188

moral framework 70,74,77–79,85,88–89,165–66

narrative structure 67,88

opening 67,125–26,218–19

relationship with classical models 143–45

role within Commedia 89

Inferno (cont.)

sound effects 194–95

use of comedy 83–84

“Io sono stato” (sonnet) 28–29

Irish literature, Dante’s influence on 296–300

Italy, Dante’s political message for 266

Jacopo della Lana 272

Jerome, St. 126,127,134,135,230–31

Jewel, John 285

Joachim of Fiore 86,112–13

John, St. 232

see also apostles

John of Serravalle 273

Joyce, James 281,297–98,299

Exiles 303

Justin Martyr, St. 216–17

Justinian, Emperor 111,114,185,268

Keats, John 290

Kleinhenz, Christopher 33

Lancia, Andrea 272

Landino, Cristoforo 273

Langton, Stephen 127,135

Latin

Dante’s use of term 105,261

Dante’s writings in 58

use in Commedia 188,189,199

Latini, Brunetto 5,6,9,247,291

depiction in Inferno (and imitations) 75,76–77,87,164–65,296

Lawes, Henry 287

Lawrence, D. H., The Rainbow 37

laws, creation of 258–59,268

Leonardi, Anna Maria Chiavacci 277

Liszt, Franz 276

Livy 262,266

Lombardi, Baldassare 275

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth 276,293–94

Lord’s Prayer see Pater Noster

Lorris, Guillaume de, Roman de la Rose 6

love 50–52

contrasting views of nature 39–44

as destructive force 81–82,89,211–12

divine, role in Creation 218–19

Lowell, James Russell 276,293–94

Lucan, role in Commedia 141–43

as author 150–52

as character 150

Lucifer, Dante’s depiction of 74,88–89,131

Lucretius Carus, T. 233

Lydgate, John 285

lyric poetry, Italian traditions 14–23

rival schools 19

Machiavelli, Niccolo 82

Mahrt, William 105

Malebolge (circle of Hell) 73,82,164

Manfred, king of Sicily 93,97,146, 240–41

Marcellus, M. Claudius 103,248

Martinez, Ronald L. 33,149,278

Mary (the Virgin), Commedia 115–16,159

Mascheroni, Sassol 243

Matelda 100–01

Mattalia, Daniele 277

Matter, philosophical concept of 228–29

Mazzaro, Jerome 45

Mazzoni, Francesco 278,279

Mazzotta, Giuseppe 45

Melville, Herman 276

Merrill, James 117,296

Mestica, Enrico 277

Metamorphoses (Ovid) 152–53

Christianization 153,154–56,157–60

Dante compared with characters from 154–56

as textual model/referent 154–60

as truth/fantasy 154,155

Michelino, Domenico, portrait of Dante 12

Milton, John 227,281,285,286–89,291

affinities/contrasts with Dante 288–89

Paradise Lost 287–89

mimetic representation 174–75

miser, lover compared to 31–32

Mohammed, the Prophet 77

Momigliano, Attilio 277

Monarchia 46,56,138,250,253

biblical references 128

development of ideal of Empire 257–60,263,264–68

Montaperti, battle of 5,240,241,242,243

moon spots, discussion of 110–11

Mosca dei Lamberti 239,241,242–43

Mussolini, Benito 277,300

mythical characters

absorption into Christian ethos 79–80

appearance in Commedia 69,79,95

great writers seen as 1

see also classical sources

Nardi, Bruno 165,179–80,260

natural phenomena, imagery of 121

Naylor, Gloria, Linden Hills 300

neologisms, Dante’s use of 120–21,130,188,189–90

Neoplatonism 226–27

Nicholas III, Pope 136–37

Niven, Larry 300

Noakes, Susan 33

“nobility”, as poetic theme 54–55,56

Norton, Charles Eliot 276,293–94

Novello, Guido 10,12

Oderisi da Gubbio 98

Olivi, Giovanni 7

Onesto degli Onesti 19

Orange, Council of 202

order, as function of creation 108–09,122,230

Origen 213,221

Orlandi, Guido 19

Orosius 261–62,267

Otto, Henry, Dante’s Inferno (1924) 285,300

Ottokar II of Bohemia 97

Ovid, role in Commedia 143,152–60,275

contrasted with other Roman poets 150,153

Metamorphoses see separate main heading

opposition to Dante 153

Padoan, Giorgio 165,277

Paolo and Francesca see Francesca da Rimini

papacy, critiques of

for corruption 76,122,136–37

for usurpation of secular powers 262–63,267–68

in English translations/adaptations 286–87

see also indulgences; names of Popes especially Boniface VIII

Paradiso 81

biblical references 130,224–28

blending of classical and Christian ideology 108–09

direct involvement of reader 107–08,122–23,157,270

“Eagle” episode 114–15,224–26,268

“examination” episode 48–49,137–38,205,232

influence of contemporary scholarship 127

narrative/cosmological structure 107–19,121–22

paradoxical areas 119–20,123

poetic innovativeness 224,225–26

poetic qualities/techniques 108,113,117,120–21,194,196–98

problems/divergences of interpretation 108,119,271–72

relationship with classical models 147

role within Commedia 107

theology of creation 224–33

vocabulary 189–90

Pasquini, Emilio 277

past, Dante’s reviewing/reconstruction of 36,43

Pater Noster, vernacular version 132–33

Paul, St. 114,119,136,261

Pelagius 202

Peter, St. 161–62,263

see also apostles

Peter Damian 115,122

Peter Lombard 137,228,231

Petracco, Ser (father of Petrarch) 8

Petrarca, Francesco (Petrarch) 8,10,27,275,282

contribution to notions of authorship 47,50

Trionfi 105,291–92

Petrocchi, Giorgo 3

Pézard, André 278

Phillips, Tom 300–01

physical form, souls’ loss of 112

Pier della Vigna 14,75,145

Pietro di Giovanni Olivi 86,127

Pietrobono, Luigi 277

Pirandello, Luigi 168

Plato 101,162,165,205,209

Timaeus 107,228–29

see also Neoplatonism

Plotinus 164

poetry

importance in Commedia/civilization 97–98,101,105

relationship with theology 176–78

Polenta, Guido da 6

Poletto, Giacomo 276

politics, treatment in Commedia 85–88, 257

popolo, government of Florence 240,243–48

anti-factional measures 244,245–46

Dante’s differences with 248–49,252–53

influence on Dante’s political thought 249–52,253

Porena, Manfredi 277

Pound, Ezra 276,281,293,294–95,296,303

Pournelle, Jerry 300

prayer, depiction/efficacy 96

see also Pater Noster

predestination, doctrine of 212

Provenzal, Dino 277

Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite 226–27

punishment, fitting to crime see contrapasso

puns 191–92

Purgatorio (work) 25–26

biblical references 130–36

“procession” episode 134–35

relationship with classical models 145–46

role of time/motion 94–95

sound effects 195–96

theological framework 92–96,211–12

use of language 188–89

Purgatory (place)

Christian (pre-Dantean) notions of 91–92,104,208,210–12

geographical location/structure 92,96,104

inaccessibility 93

Pym, Barbara 298

Quaglio, Antonio 277

Quirini, Giovanni 12

Ramous, William B. 300

Ravenna, Dante’s stay at 10–12

Reggio, Giovanni 277–78

Remigio dei Girolami 7,260

resurrection 209

reunion, theme of 96–97

rhyme(s) 190–94,199

“core” 192–93

didactic/characterizational use 191

equivocal 190–91

extended 193–94

Rilke, Rainer Maria 233,235

Rime 26–33

variations/chronology 26–27

Ripheus 115,147

Robert “the Wise”, king of Sicily 112

Rodin, Auguste 276

Rogers, William 289–90

Romantics, interest in Dante 276,277

Rome / Roman Empire

Dante’s Christianization of 262,267–68

laws 246

as political model 97,111,251–53,261–62,266–67

see also Empire

Rossetti, Dante Gabriel 276,293,294,295

Rossetti, Gabriele 276

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 167,179

Rudolf I, Holy Roman Emperor 97

Rusticucci, Jacopo 239,241

sacred song, significance of 98,215

salvation

Commedia’s approach to 114–15,202–05,206–08

relationship with human behavior 202–03,204–05

Santayana, George 276

Sapegno, Natalino 277

Scartazzini, G. A. 276,277

Schlegel, August Wilhelm 275

science, medieval 104

Scipio 263

Scorrano, Luigi 277

Seneca, Hercules furens 78

Shakespeare, William 1

Shaw, J. E. 44–45

she-wolf see greed

Shelley, Percy Bysshe 276,281,290–92, 295

The Triumph of Life 291–92

Siena, Gregorio di 276

Siger of Brabant 112–13

Singleton, Charles S. 45,167,173–75,177,184,278–79

sodomites, treatment of 76,87

Solinus 163

sonnet(s)

invention 14

poetic structure 16

versification 15