Achilles Tatius 364
Achmet, dreambook of 238, 253
Acropolis, Athenian, monuments on 54
Actium, battle of 122, 133, 134, 139, 141, 161, 164, 165–6, 174, 175, 353
Adam 159
adultery
Augustan attitude to 170
cost-benefit analysis of 68, 69, 73, 74
and dicing 182
adventus, Byzantine ceremony of 24
Aelius Aristeides 284
dreams of 229, 234
Aeneas, and Augustan ideology 163
Aeschines
abuse of Demosthenes 86, 95
on homosexuality at Athens 63, 64–5, 70, 94, 95
prosecution of Timarchus 66, 82, 85, 92, 93, 100, 101
on sex and hubris 66, 100
Aesop 214
Life of Aesop 8, 10, 206, 212–25
Africa
under Roman rule 127, 130, 134
source of grain for Rome 131
Agathocles 94, 97, 101
Agathonike, martyr 297
agonistic society, virility in 68–9; see also competition
agriculture
and civil war 131
near Rhine 123
treatise on 215
Agrippa, Marcus, commemorated at Athens 272
Aiskhylos (Aeschylus)
as historical evidence 58–9
tragedies of 44
on warfare 15
alea at Rome 177–205
Alexander the Great
dream of 256
and pirate 371
Alexandria under Rome 131, 134, 135, 139
Alkestis 54
Alkibiades, Athenian general 41
alphabet 201–2, 203, 205
Alps, under Roman rule 119–20, 126, 133
ambush, in warfare 20
America (North), slavery in southern 208–9
Ammianus Marcellinus
and bandits 373
on dicing and urban life 189, 190–2, 198, 205
Ammon, shrine of 263–4
amphitheatre 286, 296, 298; see also circus
Andalusia, honour and shame in 68–9, 100
anecdotes, as history 207, 209–10, 212; see also fiction
animal stories 214
annexation, not aim of Greek warfare 24
anthropology, use of 5, 62, 68–9, 73, 100
Antoninus Pius 272, 273
Antony, Mark
hiring cook 139
and Octavian 161
playing dice 182, 183, 184, 187
and political conflict 154, 156
recruiting troops 134–5
releasing captured Jews 126
restoring Ptolemaic empire 129
Aphrodisias
inscriptions from 127, 128
and runaway slaves 129
Aphrodite, personae of 63
Appian
on civil wars 121
on Octavian/Augustus and bandits 354, 356
Apuleius as historical source 8, 213, 216, 264, 364
Aratus, poet 160
Aratus, liberator from tyranny 274
Arcadia, Pausanias on 272, 275, 278
Arcadie 89, 105, 106, 112
archaeology
as historical source 3, 138, 140
and Pausanias 261
Archidamos, king of Sparta 42
Arendt, Hannah, view of Greek warfare 14
Ares 12, 15, 37
Argive Heraion, Pausanias on 274
Aristaenetus 181
aristocrats, opposition to at Athens 41–2
Aristophanes
encomium on love 69–71, 72, 102
on homosexuality 82, 94, 101, 109
on laws on sex 66
on lechery 94
on prostitution 93
on sexual desire 97, 107, 108
on sexual hypocrisy 76, 110
on sexual position 115
Aristotelian Constitution of Athens 26, 38, 57
Aristotle
on boys being like women 73
classification of Rome by 151
on dreams 235, 239, 240, 247
and family 72
on hubris 64, 75, 93
on intercrural sex 98
on red mullet 240, 247
on sex and nature 70–1, 76
on sex and self-control 97
on shame 65, 75
on ways of making a living 346
armour, of hoplites 18, 20, 32, 34
army
Athenian 15–16
of Greek cities, size of 19
Roman, demand for soldiers by 134–5; dependent on province in which stationed 130–1; deserters from 349–50, 356, 367; Gallic soldiers in 124; importing goods from Italy 132; pay of 139, 347; policing role of 338–9, 342, 353; professionalization of 347, 348; recruitment for 354, 356; service in 350; and violence 348–9; see also veterans
Arrephoria 278
Arrian, on Sanni 133
art as historical source 4–5, 52, 73, 76, 85, 86, 97, 101, 112–13; see also women, at Athens, representation of
Artemidorus 8–9
as dream analyst 226–59
Asia
cities of under Rome 127–8, 130, 133, 135, 137, 138, 233, 249
cult centres in 265
imports from 132
and imperial cult 174
insecurity in 336, 337
invaded by Parthia 129
viewpoint from 283
Asinius Pollio 136, 161
assault, sexual 101, 291
at Athens 63, 64, 65
at Rome 87
see also hubris
assemblies at Rome 140, 141, 142, 143–4, 147–8, 149, 152, 153, 154, 157
Athena 12
Athens
attitudes to war in 35
fighting Boiotians 30
fighting Corinth 30
homosexuality in 61–77; see also courtship at Athens; homosexuality
Pausanias on 268, 269, 278
piracy legal at 346
Roman monuments at 272–3
under Rome 128
war in 15–16
see also army; citizenship; democracy; women
athletes
in dreams 307–8
female 309
representation of 55, 57
and sex 110, 115
Augustine
on bandits 326, 371
on Guddene 325
on Perpetua 314, 323
Augustus 7
and bandits 341, 353–4, 363
birthday of 174
clemency of 171
conquests of 125, 133
and dice 177, 180, 183, 185, 187
establishment of principate by 119
and Golden Age 162, 164–5, 166, 167, 168–9
as judge 171
naming of 139
Romanization under 138
and slaves 210–11
statue of at Argive Heraion 274
temple of at Athens 272
autochthony
at Athens 44
as theme in Pausanias 271–2
Azande 73–4
Babylon, Aesop visits emperor at 209–12, 213
Baetica, bandits in 351
bandits
in Greece 344–5
in Roman empire 10–11, 326–74
and class structure 345
definition of 341–2
as inverse of emperor 367–8
popular hatred of 328–9
punishment of 217, 340–1
‘social’ 327–9, 337, 343, 360–1, 370, 373
bastards at Athens 42
baths 218, 219–20, 249
battles, Greek 20–2
beard, and sexuality 74, 90
beeswax paid as tribute 133
bellum
definition of 329–30, 331, 342
see also violence
benefaction, public 88
Berenice, decree from 127
bestiality 101
biography of slave 206, 212
bisexuality 87
bishops, and martyr acts 296
Blandina, martyr 298–9
Boeotia at war with Athens 30
booty 23–4
Bordeaux Pilgrim 267, 281
Bourdieu, Pierre 113
Brandt, Paul (aka Hans Licht) 78–9
bribery of Roman official 120
Brutus, Decimus 126
buggery 86, 87, 93, 98, 99–100, 101, 116
Bulla Felix 366–7, 368–9, 370–1
Burkert, Walter 29, 30
Butler, Judith 112
Caelius, friend of Cicero 120
Caesar, C. Julius 119–21
and Alexandria 134
Civil Wars of as source 130–1
clemency of 169
conquest of Gaul by 123, 124, 126, 137
crosses Rubicon 175, 197
on Gaul 122, 123
murder of 164, 168
and political conflict 154, 352
recruitment of troops by 134
reprisals on soldiers of 135
in Sardinia 130
taxes exacted by 135
triumph of in 44 B.C. 136
and Zama 129–30
Caligula
playing dice 177, 182, 186, 188
reputation of 273
Calpurnius Piso and dicing 183, 188
Calpurnius Siculus and Golden Age 170
capital, symbolic 41
Caracotta 363, 368
caricature, history from 214
Carthage 286, 295, 319–20
Cassius 126
casualties, in war 25, 28–9, 36, 37
Catiline playing dice 182
Caunus 121, 129
cavalry, Greek 19, 21, 22–30
representation of 53
Chalcis
at war with Athens 31
Christianity
and ancient religions 9–10
contradictory behaviour in 211
and dicing 189–92
and Fall 159–60, 172–4
family resistance to 305
gender bias in 294
martyrs to 286–325
moralizing stories of 218
pilgrimage in 260, 265, 275, 281–2, 284–5
use of crucifixion by 217
Cicero, Marcus Tullius
on Asia in face of invasion 128
on bandits 343
in Cilicia 125–6
on dicing 182, 184, 187, 200
on funerary legislation at Athens 47, 55
on Gaul 134
defends Ligarius 169
On Divination 251
on pirate 371
on Quintus and bandits 336, 337
receiving letters 126, 136
on Republican politics 141, 144, 149, 151, 154, 155
on Roman fleet 134
on Rome protecting traders 132
on Rullus’ bill 349
and Verres 132, 138
Cicero, Quintus 336
Cilicia
bandits in 336
Cicero’s campaign in 125
circus
and dice 195
citizenship
at Athens 38–45, 59–60; Perikles’ law on 39–45, 56–7, 59; and homosexuality 61, 66; and prostitution 63
at Rome 124, 142; permeable to ex-slaves 208
city-state, Greek, freedom of 127–8
civil war as scelus 166, 169
class
and sex 92, 121
see also law, Roman, and status
Claudius (bandit) 363, 368
Claudius, Roman emperor
and alphabet 205
and dice 177, 187, 200, 205
Clausewitz on war 24
Cleisthenes 15, 31
clemency, promoted by Caesar and Augustus 169–72, 173
Cleombrotus of Sparta as tourist 263, 264
Cleon, Athenian general 34
CLESPAL 89; see also Arcadie
Clodius Albinus 365
coins
economic effect of their influx to Rome 136, 137
and Golden Age 162
minted in Gaul 123–4
and monetary history 138
paid to Roman soldiers 137
Colarado Supreme Court and homosexuality 80–1
collegia and bandits 353
Columella on urban life 189
Commodus
and bandits 340
and Julius Maternus 365
legitimacy crisis of 367
playing dice 182
comparative history 16
competition, battle as form of 37
consent and sexual relations at Athens 64
Constantine and Christianity 296
constitution of Athens 38; see also democracy
Corinth 16
fighting Athens 30
liberated by Aratus 274
Pausanias on 270–1
prostitutes from 93
courtship at Athens
heterosexual 73–7
homosexual 61, 63, 64, 66–7, 69, 72, 73–7
Crassus, M. Licinius, expedition to Parthia 121
Crispina, martyr 288, 315
crocodiles, sex life of 97
Cronus 160–1, 242, 275
crucifixion
playing dice at Christ’s 178
use of 207, 217, 341
cruelty
in arena 291–2, 299
to slaves 207–8, 209–12, 216
cultural identity and myths 256, 260–85
Curio, lieutenant of Caesar 121
Cyrene, left to Rome 127
death, symbolization of 45–56
deception and warfare 20
Decius, persecution of Christians by 296
dedications on Athenian Acropolis 54
Delphi 21
death of Aesop at 212
manumission texts from 209–12
oracle at 17, 30, 264; see also oracles
Demeter
at Eleusis 276
at Hermione 277
at Phigalia 264
democracy
at Athens 57, 148, 149, 151, 155, 156, 157
at Rome 6–7, 140–58
Demosthenes, Athenian general 34
Demosthenes, Athenian orator
abused by Aeschines 34, 86, 95
on sex and hubris 65–6
and Timarchus 82
Devereux, George 74, 83–4, 87, 92, 103, 104–5, 114
and dreams 229, 243
Dicaearchus (Pseudo-) 266
dice at Rome 7, 177–205
Digest on duties of governors 336–7
Dio Cassius
on bandits 363, 366
on Roman army 354
Diocletian, persecution of Christians by 296
Diodorus
on Egypt 122
on trade with Gaul 123
on Sardinia 125
Dionysopolis, inscription from 128
divination, ancient discussions of 250–2
Dodds, E. R., and Freudian theory 228, 244
domesticity, representation of 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59
Domitian playing dice 182, 185
Donatists 323
Dover, Kenneth, on homosexuality 2, 61, 76, 81, 82–7, 90, 91, 92, 94–6, 98, 99, 101–5, 106–10, 111, 112–14
dreams 216, 218
Artemidorus’ typology of 233–5
interpretation of 8–9, 226–59, 324–5
Pausanias and 276
of Perpetua 306–9, 310
of Saturus 310
sexual 226–7, 236–7, 241–4, 250
economics
of Roman world 6
and slavery 225
education
and bandits 332
and gendering 74
laws on at Athens 63–4, 67
of Perpetua 293–4
Egeria 267, 281–2
Egypt
Boukoloi of 362
contrasted to Greece 264
despoiling of 135
imports from 132
Life of Aesop written in 212, 213, 216
police records from 372
and Pompey 129
reputation of inhabitants 307, 308, 318
and Rome 122, 131, 138
tourism to 263
Eleusis, Pausanias on 269, 276–7, 279
Elis 16
emperor, cult of 174
empire
Athenian 15–16, 38, 43–4, 59
Roman growth of 6; see also imperialism
entertainment, martyrdom as 287, 288–9, 298, 319
Epaminondas, statue of 273
ephebes 72
Ephesus under Rome 139
Epicureans 235
Epidaurus, Pausanias on 267
Eros, sacrificed to before war 18, 30
Erythrai, and Athens 44
eunuchs 70
Euripides
Alkestis 54
and autochthony 44
as historical evidence 58–9
and warfare 34–5
euruprōktos 82, 94
Eurymedon, pot showing 86, 97, 116
Evans-Pritchard, Edward 73
Ey, Henri 231
Fall, ideology of 159–60; see also Christianity
family and heterosexuality 72
Felicitas, martyrdom of 143, 287, 289–92, 293, 295, 296, 305–6, 311, 312, 313, 317–18, 320, 321
fiction as historical source 8, 206–25, 364
Finley, Moses I. 1–2
on Athenian and Roman politics 150
on warfare 13, 16
fish-pond 210
fishermen 121–2
fishing and dice 194
food 8
for armies 19
Foucault, Michel
and ancient history 2–3
History of Sexuality 2–5, 88, 89, 90, 99, 108, 112
on homosexuality 61, 76, 79
freedom, offered to slaves 207, 208–9, 215–16, 217, 223, 224
Freud on dreams 8–9, 226–33, 253–9, 308, 324
friendship, ritualized, in Greece 42
Fronto on Senex 334–6
funeral of war dead 25, 31
speeches at 44, 45
funerary monuments 45–54, 55–6, 57–8, 59
as source of social history 39
Galatia and Rome 134
Galen
on bandits 328
on divination 250–1
on dreams 245–6
methods of 245–8, 250, 252
on treatment of slaves 210, 211–12
gambling at Rome 178, 179, 182–3, 192–4, 195, 197, 205
games at Rome 7, 177–205
garlands, use of in Greece 29, 30
Gaul
bandits in 358, 364–5, 370
Caesar’s conquest of 120, 122–5, 137
Fonteius in 134
olives from 131
slaves from 126
taxation of 135
gaze of Perpetua 287
Geertz, Clifford 3
Gela, sexual graffito from 100
Gelzer, Matthias 142–3, 153, 155
generals
at Athens 18, 31
in Greek warfare 21, 22, 24, 25
Germans 342
playing dice 185
Geta 287, 309, 319
giraffe 83
gladiators 288
gods
dreams of 241–3
symbolization of relations with 45
Golden Age, in Augustan ideology 159–76
Gorgias on Palamedes 199
gospels as historical sources 326, 332, 344
governors and bandits 336, 339, 340–1, 342, 365
grain
gift of to Athens 43
imported to Italy 137
purchased by Verres 136, 138
Roman army’s need for 130, 134, 137
as tribute 131
Greece
Roman adornment of 137
Sulla in 121–2
Guddene, martyr 325
gymnasia 249; see also athletes
Hadrian 272
on bandits 351
completing temple at Athens 273
cruel to slaves 210
too busy 371
Halperin, David, on homosexuality 79
Havelock, Eric 13
Heliodoros 364
Heracles 242
heralds, use of 18, 19, 23
Hermes 242
Hermione 277
Herodian on Julius Maternus 364–5
Herodotos (Herodotus)
on Egypt and Scythia 264
on Persian wars 25–6
and warfare 13, 15
Herophilus on dreams 240
Hesiod, ages of metal in 160, 162
hetaera 93, 101; see also prostitutes
heterosexuality
as category of analysis 69–71, 72
see also courtship at Athens; family and heterosexuality
Hilarianus, procurator 288, 324, 325
Hippocratics
case histories of 250
on dreams 235
Hobsbawm, Eric, on bandits 10, 327–9, 337, 345, 351, 362, 367, 368–9, 371, 373
Homer
motivation of heroes in 241
and warfare 13, 15, 22, 231
homosexuality
in classical Athens 61–77, 78; see also prostitutes
pseudo-homosexuality 83, 84, 87, 103
at Rome, rivalries in 207
study of 2, 5
honey, trade in 132
Honoratus, bishop 323
honour
and sex 64–6, 67–9, 71–2, 74–7, 92, 100
and war 17
see also shame
Hopkins, Keith and Burton, Graham, on Roman politics 145, 147–8, 157
hoplites 4
as a class 31
equipment of 18, 20, 34
fighting methods of 22, 28
representation of 52
rituals of 6–7
see also warfare, ritualization of
Horace
and Augustan régime 18, 160, 161, 164–7, 168
on dicing 185
hubris
law on 64
meaning of 64–6, 85, 86, 93, 100
Huizinga, Johan, and games 199–200
hunting
in arena 288
and dice 194–5
Hyakinthidai, sacrificed to before war 18, 30, 32
ideologies
Augustan 159–76
construction of 3, 4, 7
of gaming 7
of Greek warfare 24
revealed in fiction 8
Illyricum 125, 133
image of god 277, 278, 280
described by Pausanias 264–5; see also Demeter
immorality of dice 180–5
imperialism, Roman 5
effects of conquest 349–50
incest
dreams of 243–4
taboo on 62
incubation in sanctuaries 234
Ionia, Pausanias on 268
Irene, Christian, sentenced at Thessaloniki 290
Isaiah, and Virgil 161
Isauria, bandits of 326, 362, 369
Isidore of Seville 202
Isis 216, 217
Italy
influx of slaves into 126
insecurity in 333, 352
shortage of exports from 132
Jews
ambivalent attitude to Rome 272
captured by Cassius 126–30
Veyne on 89, 105
Judaea
bandits in 326, 332, 363, 370
as client kingdom 133
Greek cities in 129
Jung, C. J., and dreams 229, 231, 238, 244, 256, 308
Juvenal
and dicing 183, 185, 200
as historical source 8
on insecurity in Rome 333
katapugōn 82, 86, 94, 95, 99, 109, 116
Kimon, Athenian general 40
kinaidos 86, 95–6, 97, 100, 109
kingship, Roman 140
Kleisthenes 41, 56, 57
kleroukhs, Athenian 43
knucklebones 178; see also alea at Rome
korai
and death 53–4
on Athenian Acropolis 54
kouroi representing the dead 52–3
land granted to veteran soldiers 349
latrocinia, definition of 329, 337, 343–4, 346–8
law
absent from Golden Age 163–7
as agent of social change 38
as historical source 4–5
Athenian on funerary monuments 47; on homosexuality 61, 63; see also prostitutes; on sexuality 63–7; see also citizenship
Greek, unwritten 26
Roman, affected everywhere by slavery 331; affected everywhere by banditry 331–2; and bandits 330, 339, 340, 356, 357, 358, see also Digest; operation of in Roman empire 10; on slaves 207, 208, 211, 215, 222, 225; and status 351–2, 357, 358; and veterans 349
legislation at Rome 142
lekythoi and death 45, 49–50, 56, 57
letters, writing of 294; see also Cicero
libations and warfare 29
Licinius Lenticula and dicing 184
Ligarius, Q. and Caesar 169, 170
light-armed troops, Greek 19, 21, 22, 28, 32, 33, 34
Liguria 125
limes 334
literacy 213
and dice 178, 203–4
of slaves 219
see also education
Livy
and crisis of vice 166
on Viriathus 356
Lorenz, Konrad 13
Lucan and Golden Age 170
Lucian 284
Lucius Verus 182
Lyons, martyrs of 298
Lysias
and dangers of adultery 69
on sex and hubris 65
Macrobius and dreams 235
magistrates
election of at Rome 140, 142, 143
and military office 152
social origins of 142
Malinowski, Bruno, on Trobrianders 62, 76
Marathon, battle of 40
Maratocupreni 361, 363
Marcus Aurelius 272
and bandits 354
female martyrdom under 297
Mardonius, Persian commander 25–6
marriage
age of 69, 73–4
avoided by homoerotic man 72
and banditry 343
and death 55
to foreigners in Athens 41–3
iconography of 53–4, 55
patterns of at Athens 38
of Perpetua 293
politics of 56–7
as theme in tragedy 58
Martial on Saturnalia 185
martyrdom 286–325
gender balance in 294–319
of Perpetua 10
masculinity
in Andalusia 68–9
at Athens 39, 60
Massinissa 355
masturbation 116
Maternus, Julius 364–6, 367, 368
Mauretania under Rome 133
Maximinus Thrax 356, 370
Maximus of Tyre 233
medicine, ancient, methods of 8, 227, 245–8, 250, 257
Mediterranean society, comparative study of 68–9, 75, 87, 100, 101, 104, 114
Megakles 41
Megalopolis 264
Megara, Pausanias on 269
Melanesia, incestuous dreams from 243, 244
men, representation of in Athenian pottery 45–50
mercenaries 15, 347, 348
Messenia
annexation of 24
Pausanias on 270, 271, 279
metics 19, 57
Millar, Fergus G. B. 6
and Roman Republican politics 145, 148–50, 151, 152, 156, 157, 158
Miltiades 240
Mithridates, King of Pontus 127–8, 132
and dice 196
mobilization at Athens 15, 18, 31
Momigliano, Arnaldo 12
morality of dicing 7
mother, identity of important for Athenian citizenship 38–9, 59–60; see also marriage
municipalities, Roman, maintaining order in 337, 339–40
Mylasa 129
myths and history 256, 260–2, 269–72, 273–4, 279, 280, 285
nature and sex 67–8, 70–1, 76, 79–80
navy
Athenian 32
Roman 134
Nero
conspiracy against 188
crucifying slaves 207
and Golden Age 165, 170–1
reputation of 273
New Historicism 8
numeracy and dice 180, 201–2
Octavian
and Antony 161–2
and bandits 356
and political conflict 154
and Sextus Pompeius 353, 363
see also Augustus
Odyssey and dice 180
olive oil from Italy 131
Olympia, Pausanias on 268–9, 271, 276
omens determining warfare 19, 21, 27
oracles 234, 258
based on dice 180, 193
and warfare 17, 27, 34
see also Delphi
Oschophoria 72
ostracism, at Athens 41
otium 183–8
outlaws in Roman empire 342–3
Ovid
on Augustan moral legislation 167
and Augustan régime 169–70, 175
and clemency 169
on Creation 163
on games and love 181, 186
on Golden Age 167–8
on love of possessions 163
on property 163
Owen, Wilfred, quoted 14
Palamedes and inventions 177, 181, 184, 194, 198–9, 201, 202
Panathenaia, at Athens 44
Papinian, prefect 371
Parthenon 52
Parthians 342
and dice 196
invade Syria and Asia Minor 129, 131
Roman expedition against 129
parties, political, absent from Rome 156, 157
patronage at Rome 140
Pausanias
as historical source 9
and pilgrimage 260–85
pederasty
at Athens 61, 69–72
variety of customs regarding 62–7
see also homosexuality
Peisistratos (Pisistratus), tyrant at Athens 41, 42, 162
Peloponnesian war 19, 34, 40, 42
peltasts 33; see also light-armed troops
Penelope, suitors of 180
penetration, sexual, a Greek preoccupation? 79–80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91–2, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100–1, 102, 107, 109, 110, 113–14, 115, 116, 117; see also buggery
Perikles
citizenship law of 39, 56–8, 59
and guest-friends 42
parentage of 41
Perpetua
martyrdom of 10, 286–325; own account 294, 296–7, 299–310
relation to father 302–3, 304, 314, 317, 321
Persephone 54
Persians
and Greeks 15, 19
and sex 86
Pescennius Niger 365
Petronius on dice 193
Phaedrus 214, 216
as historical source 8
Philopoemen 273, 274
philosopher, caricature of 217, 218–24
Philostratus 284
on Apollonius of Tyana 283
phratry, Athenian 43
physiognomics 250
pilgrimage in Roman world 9, 260–85
piracy 11, 127, 132, 331, 332, 342, 344, 346, 347, 353–9, 361, 363, 371
Piraeus as starting point of Pausanias 267, 268
Piso, M. Pupius 220
Pitt-Rivers, Julian, on honour and shame 68, 70
Plato
and bandits 346
Charmides on sexual attraction 102
cited by Oscar Wilde 78–9
Laws, on homosexuality 70, 98
Symposium, on sexual behaviour 62–3, 66, 67, 74, 75, 76, 81, 82, 84, 87, 92, 93, 94, 98, 102, 104, 109, 110, 113
use of kinaidos 95, 97
Plautus as historical source 213, 347, 348
pleasure, sexual, and boys 71
Pliny the Elder
and Greek wine 131
and trade in Roman empire 133
and tribute in beeswax 133
Pliny the Younger
on disappearance of persons in Italy 333
on Ummidia Quadratilla and dice 187
Plutarch
on behaviour of slave owners 220
on Julius Caesar 119
Life of Antony 187
on Philotas of Amphissa 139
on relations of Greeks to Rome 272
on requisitioning of troops 134–5
and tourism 263, 264
police
absence of at Rome 152
in Roman empire 337–9; see also army
polis, and political life 14
political institutions, and power 2
pollution, and sex 96
Polybius
on Roman constitution 144–5, 146, 149–50, 151, 152, 155, 157
on warfare 15, 26–7
Pompey
in Alps 120
anti-bandit 354
and Burebista 128–9
capturing Gomphoi 121
civil war of 352
conquests of 126
flight of 131
joined by Gauls 124
and pirates 127, 132
Thracian support for 134
triumph of in 61 B.C. 136, 196
population
of Athens 39–40
of early Roman empire 119
Poseidonius (Posidonius) 235
on divination 251
on Liguria 125
pottery, painted, see art as historical source
power
analysis of 2–3
of knowledge 2–3
in Roman empire 6, 10–11, 350–1
sex as 81
property
and Golden Age in Augustan ideology 163
rights over at Athens 52
prostitutes
competition for 69
dreams about 226–7
homosexual, laws on at Athens 63, 66–7, 83, 85, 93, 98
male 98, 101
nature of 98, 99
abusive allegation of 102
and racehorse position 115
see also Corinth
Proust, Marcel, on sexuality 87
Psammetikhos, of Egypt 43
psychoanalysis and study of sexuality 83–5
psychology
and interpretation of dreams 9, 227–33, 237, 240–1
and warfare 13
Ptolemy, astronomical observations of 250
Quotvultdeus on Perpetua 314, 315, 319–21
ransom, of war captives 23
Ranters 159, 168
rape, see assault, sexual
receptatores 357
religion
and Greek identity 262
history of, and Pausanias 261
political importance of 153, 158
at Rome, and senatorial élite 152–3
study of 8
repression of sexuality 88
Republic, Roman, fall of 119, 120, 130
revolution, absence of rhetoric of in Greek states 34
Rhodes under Rome 128, 129, 131, 134
riots at Rome 141
Roman empire 119–39
realities of 262
Roman Republic
constitution of 6–7
democracy in 140–58; see also democracy
Romans and Pausanias 272–4
Rome
Greece contrasted with 269
insecurity in 333, 372
life in city of 188–98
study of 8
Romulus and Remus and civil strife 166
Rostovtzeff, Michael 137–8
sacrifice
and warfare 20, 29–30, 35, 37
before warfare 18, 19, 21, 27, 29, 30
to expiate scelus 164
human 288
Sallust on bandits 343
Samoa, homosexuality in 85
sanctuaries, pan-Hellenic 17, 30, 41
Sanni 133
Sappho 83–4, 300
Sardinia 125, 130
and Nero 273
pastoralism in 351
source of grain for Rome 131
Saturn
and human sacrifice 287–8
reign of 160, 161, 162, 163–4
Saturnalia 21, 185
Saturus, dream of 310
satyrs 101, 116
Alexander’s dream of 256
Scaevola, Q. Mucius, and dicing 186
scelus dividing men from gods 164–6, 169, 170, 173
scholarship, history of 1–11, 12–14
Scillium, martyrs from 298
Scipio Nasica 147
Scythia contrasted to Greece 264
Sejanus and Phaedrus 214
self-control
and sex 97, 98, 99, 101, 115
and slaves 212
senate at Rome 142
attitude to slaves 207
senatorial élite 142, 143, 144, 146, 147–8, 151, 152, 153–6
playing dice 180
Seneca
On Clemency 170–1, 172
correspondence with St. Paul 173
on dangers of travel 333
on dicing 183, 185, 200
Senex, Julius 334–6
Sertorius in Spain 124, 134
Severus, Septimius
and bandits 363, 365, 366, 367
forbids conversion 292
sex
and dicing 182, 183
truth of 81
Sextus Pompeius 353
sexual copulation, modes of 85–6, 96, 98
sexual dishonour of martyrs 290–1; see also shame
sexual morality, politics of 175
sexuality
history of 2; see also Foucault
Roman 87–8, 99–100, 104, 105, 114
see also homosexuality
shame
martyrs exposed to 287, 288–9, 290–1, 299, 311
of playing dice 180
and sex 64–6, 67–9, 71–2, 74–7, 87, 88, 90
shepherds
and bandits 351, 352, 356, 360
slaves as 360, 361
Sibylline oracles 161
Sicily
and bandits 358
pastoralism in 351, 359–60, 361
slaves in 359
source of grain for Rome 131, 136, 138
under Verres 131, 136
Sicyon, Pausanias on 274
Sidonius on dicing 186
Siena, homosexual rape at 100, 101
Simonides celebrating victories in war 23
slang as historical evidence 96
slavery
absent from Golden Age 163
experience of 10
Roman 7, 8, 54, 206–25, 331
slaves
accompanying armies 19
and bandits 343, 353
body-slaves 222
breeding of 305
captured in war 23
Christian 293, 296
death of causing crisis 332
and dice 198
domestic 209–10, 217
influx of into Italy 85, 126, 137
names of 222
pirates as source for 359
and politics at Rome 150
possibility of enslavement 238
punishment of 216, 217, 223
running away 222
and sex 74, 87, 100, 217–18, 224
as shepherds 360, 361
trade in 127, 132, 134
uprising of 34, 351
Socrates and Kharmides 102
Solon, funerary legislation of 55
Sophokles (Sophocles)
as historical evidence 58
Oedipus Tyrannus, and Freud 230
sources
for ancient history 3, 7
on warfare 13, 15, 16, 17, 36
Spain
bandits in 363, 365
demands on 130, 136
olives from 131
pastoralists in 125
Romanization of 138
roofing in 123
Sertorius in 124, 134–7
Sparta
captures Messenia 24
compared to Rome 155
martial values in 32
sexual customs at 63
warfare in 16
spectaculum see circus; entertainment
St. Cyprian 189
St. Paul
on bandits 332
on Fall 172–4
quoted by Augustine 316
quoted by Quotvultdeus 320
Stesichorus and dice 201
Stoics, influence of on Artemidorus 234, 235
Strabo
on Corsica and Sicily 125
on effect of Roman dominance 126
exemplary ethnographer 266
on Gaul 122, 123
on Greece 268
on Spain 125
structuration 225
Stymphalos, Pausanias on 272
Suetonius
on Augustus 180, 183, 353
on Julius Caesar 137
Sulla
and Asia 130, 135
and Greece 121
and political conflict 154
reputation of 273
and Rhodes 129
sumptuary laws 180
supplication and warfare 27, 34
Syme, Ronald, Roman Revolution of 119, 143, 157
Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius, on insecurity in Italy 333
Syria, bandits in 363
Tacfarinas 356
Tacitus
on dicing 185
and history of legislation 163, 167
on murder of master by slaves 207
and political change at Rome 141, 150
taxes
paid to Rome 129–30, 135–6
Roman, localized 350
see also tribute
temples enriched by warfare 24
Terence
and bandits 347, 348
as historical source 213
Tertullian
as editor of Perpetua 309
on women in public 287
Themistokles, Athenian general 42
Theoderic, king of Visigoths, playing dice 186
Thuburbo Minus 292–3, 296, 305
Thucydides
and bandits 346
and warfare 13, 15, 35
Tiberius
life under 214
and policing 354
and return of age of iron 162
Timarchus 66, 82, 85, 90, 92, 93, 95, 100, 101, 102, 118; see also Aeschines
Titius 180, 184
tombstones giving evidence of bandits 333–4
tourism in Roman world 262–4
trade in Roman empire 121–2, 130–3
tragedy
evidence of 58–9
Greek, and warfare 34–5
see also Aeschylus; Euripides; Sophocles
travel
dangers of 332–3, 334
see also pilgrimage
treachery, allegations of at Athens 41
trial of Perpetua 312–14
tribes, Athenian 15, 18, 31–2
tribute
in grain 131
in beeswax 133
triumph, Roman 24; see also Pompey
Trobrianders 62
trophy, construction of 22, 25, 32
truce in Greek warfare 23
truth, historical 206, 207, 225, 270
Tyrtaeus on warfare 15
Ulpian 288
on persons captured by bandits 342
urban life 188–98
in Gaul 123–4
Valerius Maximus
on dicing 186
on Scipio Nasica 147
Varro
on greed 192
on non-Mediterranean agriculture 123
on peasants in Illyricum 125
Vedius Pollio and lamphreys 210–11
Verres, governor of Sicily 131–2, 136
Vespasian and Greeks 273
veterans and bandits 349, 356
Veyne, Paul
on homosexuality 87–9, 91, 100, 105, 113, 114, 115
on Pausanias 261
Victor I 189
violence
in Roman society 326–7, 329–30, 340, 341–2, 347, 348–9, 352
warfare as a type of 36–7
see also cruelty; martyrdom
Virgil
and Augustan régime 160, 167, 175
Aeneid of 162, 163, 164–5, 167
Fourth Eclogue of 160–1, 173, 175
Georgics of 161–2, 163
Viriathus 356
Vitruvius 119, 123
wages and bandits 346–7
war, memorials of 22–30, 33, 55
warfare 3–4
causes of 17
codification of 26–8
and dice 195–7
early Greek 12–37
frequency of 12–16, 28
and non-combatants 30
ritualization of 28–31, 36–7
as sacrifice 29–30
seasonality of 19
symbolic power of 17, 30, 35
thick description of 17–25, 28
see also casualties
West, D. J. 85, 87–8, 104
widows, sexual voracity of 69
Wilde, Oscar, trial of 78–9, 118
wine, import of Greek wine to Rome 131
women
voices of 10
at Athens, and citizenship 39; representation of 45–60; rights of 52; and sacrifice 29
in Roman empire, and politics 150; and sexual desire 217–18, 321; stories of 286–325; writing by 300; see also Perpetua
Xenophon
on availability of sex 74
on explicitly sexual language 109
on pederasty 62, 71
on sex and hubris 66, 70
on warfare 15, 28
Zama and Rome 129
Zanker, Paul 4, 7
zero-sum game
honour as 67, 68, 75
sexual morality as 81, 90, 91, 98, 100, 115, 116–17
Zeus 242