HOLDING CHINA TOGETHER

Despite many predictions of collapse and disintegration, China has managed to sustain unity and gain international stature since the Tiananmen crisis of 1989. This volume addresses the “fragmentation – disintegration thesis” and examines the sources and dynamics of China’s resilience. Through theoretically informed empirical studies, the volume’s authors look at several key institutions for political integration and economic governance. They also dissect how difficult policies to regulate economic and social life (employment and migration, population planning, industrial adjustment, and regional disparities) are designed and implemented. The authors show that China’s leaders have retained authoritarian political institutions but have also reinforced and modified them and constructed new ones in the light of changing circumstances. In policy implementation, China’s leaders have learned by doing and made significant adaptations to improve the effectiveness of socioeconomic policies. Institutional and policy adaptations together have helped shore up political authority and create an environment for rapid growth while accommodating growing diversity.

Barry J. Naughton is an economist who specializes in China’s transitional economy. He has written on economic policy making in China and issues relating to industry, foreign trade, macroeconomics, and regional development in China. Naughton teaches at the Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies of the University of California at San Diego. In 1998, he was named the first So Kuanlok Professor of Chinese and International Affairs. His study of Chinese economic reform, Growing Out of the Plan: Chinese Economic Reform, 1978–1993 (Cambridge University Press, 1995), won the Masayoshi Ohira Memorial Prize. His research on economic interactions among China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, focusing on the elections industry, led to the edited volume The China Circle: Economics and Technology in the PRC, Taiwan and Hong Kong (1997).

Dali L. Yang is Associate Professor of Political Science and Director of the Committee on International Relations at the University of Chicago. He has also served as a Distinguished Visiting Professor at Nankai and Tsinghua Universities in China. He is the author of Calamity and Reform in China (1996), Beyond Beijing: Liberalization and the Regions in China (1997), and Remaking the Chinese Leviathan: Market Transition and the Politics of Governance in China (2004).

Holding China Together

Diversity and National Integration in the Post-Deng Era

Edited by

BARRY J. NAUGHTON
University of California, San Diego

DALI L. YANG
University of Chicago

PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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© Cambridge University Press 2004

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2004

Printed in the United States of America

Typeface Times Ten Roman 10/13.5 pt.     System LATEX 2_e   [TB]

A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Holding China together: Diversity and national integration in the post-Deng era / Edited by Barry J. Naughton, Dali L. Young [i.e. Yang].
p.  cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-521-83730-8
1. China – Politics and government – 1976–  2. China – Economic policy – 1976–2000.  3. China – Social conditions – 1976–  I. Title: Diversity and national integration in the post-Deng era.  II. Naughton, Barry. III. Yang, Dali L.
DS779.26.H65   2004
951.05 – dc22     2003065616

ISBN 0 521 83730 8 hardback

Contents

Figures and Tables

Contributors

Zhiyue Bo is Assistant Professor and Chair of the Department of International Studies at St. John Fisher College in Rochester, New York. Widely published in the areas of local governance and provincial leadership in China, he is the author of Chinese Provincial Leaders: Economic Performance and Political Mobility since 1949 (Sharpe, 2002).

Yanzhong Huang is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the John C. Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations at Seton Hall University and Inaugural Director of its Global Health Studies Center. He has published a variety of studies on China’s public health.

Cheng Li is the William R. Kenan Professor of Government at Hamilton College. He is the author of Rediscovering China: Dynamics and Dilemmas of Reform (Rowman and Littlefield, 1997) and China’s Leaders: The New Generation (Rowman and Littlefield, 2001). He was a fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars during the 2002–2003 academic year. He is working on a book on Chinese technocrats. Li thanks the United States Institute of Peace and the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange for their generous support of the research in his chapter.

Barry J. Naughton, an economist, is the So Kuanlok Professor of Chinese and International Affairs at the Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies of the University of California at San Diego. His study of Chinese economic reform, Growing Out of the Plan: Chinese Economic Reform, 1978–1993, won the Masayoshi Ohira Memorial Prize. He edited the 1997 volume The China Circle: Economics and Technology in the PRC, Taiwan and Hong Kong, and he has published extensively on China’s economic transition, regional development, and foreign trade.

Dorothy J. Solinger is Professor of Political Science in the School of Social Sciences at the University of California, Irvine, and Senior Adjunct Research Scholar at the Weatherhead East Asian Institute at Columbia University. Her current work is on unemployment and economic reform in China, and her most recent books are Contesting Citizenship in Urban China (University of California, 1999) and a coedited volume, States and Sovereignty in the Global Economy (Routledge, 1999).

Fubing Su is the Joukowski Post-Doctoral Fellow in Political Science and East Asian Studies at Brown University. His research and publications have been on China’s political economy, with a special interest in regulation.

Susan H. Whiting is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Washington in Seattle. Among her publications is Power and Wealth in Rural China: The Political Economy of Institutional Change (Cambridge University Press, 2000).

Dali L. Yang is Associate Professor of Political Science and Director of the Committee on International Relations at the University of Chicago. His books include Calamity and Reform in China (Stanford University Press, 1996), Beyond Beijing: Liberalization and the Regions in China (Routledge, 1997), and Remaking the Chinese Leviathan (Stanford University Press, 2004).

Acknowledgments

This project has been made possible by generous support from the Smith Richardson Foundation. We wish to thank Susan Shirk for her leadership in initiating this project, and consistent support over the years. The Institute for Global Conflict and Cooperation of the University of California supported the organization of conferences and other work on this project. We would especially like to thank Ron Bee for his help. Earlier versions of the papers were presented at two workshops held in San Diego. We thank all the participants at those workshops for stimulating commentary and conversation, but especially those who contributed papers or comments that we were unable to include in this volume: Max Auffhammer, Richard Carson, Dru Gladney, Yasheng Huang, Li Shantong, Melanie Manion, Kevin O’Brien, Ed Winkler, and Zhai Fan. Anna Corfield and Kourtney Heintz provided valuable assistance in seeing the project through to fruition. At Cambridge University Press, Scott Parris was a wonderfully supportive and helpful editor. We are grateful to four anonymous reviewers for Cambridge University Press for their comments and suggestions. Michie Shaw of TechBooks handled the production with aplomb. The editors would especially like to thank our contributors for their patience with the project and their good cheer in meeting tight production deadlines.