Cambridge University Press
0521772486 - The Cambridge History of Judaism - Edited by Steven T. Katz
Index

Index

2 Baruch

   attitudes to the failure of the First Jewish Revolt 31, 32

   on the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 204

   on Jewish uprisings 93

   messianism 1061

   not christianized 249

3 Baruch 59

   Christian interpolations 249

4 Baruch, Christian interpolations 249

1 Clement, views on Judaism 253

2 Clement 65

   views on Judaism 252

4 Ezra

   anti-Judaism 264

   attitudes to the failure of the First Jewish Revolt 31

   Christian interpolations 249

   on the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 204

   on Jewish uprisings 93

   messianism 1061

Aaron, association with R. Ishmael b. Elisha, in Heikhalot literature 763

Abaye

   on conflict between midrash halachah and the legal demands of Scripture 359

   on demonology 703, 731, 732, 733

   mother

      aphorisms attributed to 704

      as informant about folk tales 724

   on property rights 862

Abba Arika, Rav 19, 88, 319, 738

   on the addition to the kingship motif to the blessing formulary of the Shema 601

   on controversies between the schools of Shammai and Hillel 889

   on education of children 913

   Suran academy 19, 822, 826, 827, 829

Abba bar Manayumi (Abba bar Martha) (sage) 642

Abbahu, R.

   on anti-Semitism in street theater in Caesaria 724

   knowledge of Scripture 842

   on the neglect of the study of Scripture 911

   on ridicule of Sabbath observance 147

   on the sacrificization of prayer 585

   and the Tosefta 316

   on women’s education 917

Abramsky, R. Yeḥezkel, commentary on the Tosefta 333

Abudarham, David, on resurrection 963

academies 821

   Athens academy, closure by Justinian I the Great 1047

   and the creation of biographical legends 727

   cultural role 721, 722

   curricula 912–13

   infestation by demons 733

   Nahardea academy, foundation 19

   Sura academy, foundation 19

acceptance, concept 880, 888

acquital (kapparah) 941

Acts of Cyprian, The 73

Acts of John 249

Acts of Marian and James, The 73

Acts of Montanus and Lucius, The 73

Acts of Paul 251

Acts of Pilate 248

Acts of the Scillitan Martyrs, The 73

Adam, and Eve, marriage 619

Adan-Bayewitz, A. 40

Adan-Bayewitz, David 538

Adar, second Adar 558

Adiabene, Diaspora, second to third centuries 83, 85

Adoniram (Solomonic commander), funeral inscription (Murviedro, Spain) 508

Adra (Spain), Jewish colony 509

adversus Iudaeos 14

   (Tertullian) as evidence of Jewish presence in Carthage 72

   on Jewish proselytes to Christianity 980

Adversus Judaeos (Cyprian?), as evidence of Jewish presence in Carthage 73

Aelia Capitolina

   decline as a result of the Bar Kochba Revolt 37

   foundation 138

      and the causes of the Bar Kochba Revolt 34, 106, 107

   See also Jerusalem

Aesop, influence upon rabbinic fables 736–7, 738, 739, 740

Africa, Roman army’s presence (first century) 28

afterlife

   beliefs, among the Diaspora in Rome 497, 500–2, 507

   lack of references to on funerary monuments for the Diaspora in Rome 497

Against the Judaizers (John Chrysostom), on the public nature of religious practice 986

aggadah 318

   components 681–4

   development 679–81

   as sources for PT 670

   See also midrashim

aggadic midrashim 11, 369

   and the midrash halachah 338

   in the Talmuds 841

Agnetos hegemon, on the relationship between oral and written Torah 907

agoranomoi 46, 802

Agrat bat Maḥlath (she-demon) 732

agriculture

   Babylonian Jewish involvement 809

   crop yields, in Palestine, second and third centuries 39–40, 42

   crop-bearing capacity, first-century Palestine 23

   displacement of tenant farmers in Cyrenaica, after the First Jewish Revolt 56–7

   effects of Second Jewish Revolt 60

      in Cyrenaica 63

   intensive farming policies pursued by Zoroastrians, effects on Jewish population growth 807

   livestock farming, in Palestine, second and third centuries 38

   in Palestine, second and third centuries 38

   women’s work in 636

Agrippa II (king of Abilene) 46

Aḥa ben Jacob, R., and the conquest of demons 733

Aḥa Midifti, Rav, and property rights 863, 864, 865–7

Akabiya, R., banning of 272

Akedah scene

   Bet Alpha synagogue 547

   Dura Europos 529

Akiva, R. 855

   acclaim of Bar Kochba as messiah 35, 109, 186, 235, 729, 1064

   associations with Heikhalot literature 749, 759

   attribution with references to God as Father and King 584

   biographical legends about 726

   on conflict between midrash halachah and the legal demands of Scripture 359

   death 124

      and the sovereignization of the liturgy 601, 602

   exegetical school 339

   fables 739, 740

   on Gentiles studying Torah 918

   on humanity’s majesty 927

   on humanity’s subservience to God 925

   on Israel’s elect status through the action of God’s love 971

   learning 912, 920

   Merhavah mysticism 715

   on merit 930

   and the relationship between law and scriptural authority 340

   role in Heikhalot literature 763

   on scriptural exegesis and the Law 351

   sees the Torah as directed at the Jews alone 904

   on seforim ha-chizonim 277

   and the Shiur Qoma 783

   Torah the means through which the world was created 921

   on Torah study 909

   and the Tosefta 316

   and the transmission of the Mishnah 215

   travels, as evidence of the authority of the Yavneh academy 269

Akkadian 457

   influence on Babylonian Aramaic 473

   and Mishnaic Hebrew 389, 392

Akko, destruction mentioned during the Jewish revolt under Gallus (351/2 CE) 411

Akmonia, Jewish citizenship 81

Alaric II (Visigothic king), anti-Jewish policies 512

Albania, Diaspora 503

Albeck, C. 327, 334

Albeck, Hanokh, and the dating of the midrash halachah 337

Alexander, Julius (Roman general in Trajan’s Parthian campaign) 86

Alexander, Tiberius Julius (Philo of Alexandria’s nephew; Jewish apostate) 160, 198

Alexandria

   anti-Judaism within under Cyril of Alexandria 1004

   burial sites 522

   destruction, during Jewish uprisings, in Trajan’s reign 97, 98

   Diaspora emigrate to Milan 503

   Jewish community, third century 66

   Jewish emigration to Italy 503

   Jewish pogrom (414/15 CE) 68

   Jewry law in 141

   Second Jewish Revolt 59, 62

Aleynu prayer, on the hope of the universal acceptance of God’s sovereignty 970

Alfasi, Isaac 332

Allegorists 261

allegory

   Augustine of Hippo’s arguments against its use in the teaching of Scripture 1016

   Origen’s use, and its incipient anti-Judaism 1014

   use in the interpretation of Jewish Scriptures 980–2

   used as counter to millenarianism 1009

Alon, Gedaliah 5, 207, 267, 291

am ha-aretz, uncleanness, and women’s work in the home 633

Amalekites 10

   relationship with Israel and with God 648, 649–50, 651

Ambrose of Milan, St.

   attempts to alleviate anti-Judaism ineffective 505

   clash with Theodosius I over Callinicum 153, 1036, 1043

   sermons relating to the Jews 505

   use of the concept of “Jew” 984

Amidah 560, 580–6, 695

   inclusion of references to God’s acting “for His Name’s sake” 930

   Kedushah, in the Eighteen Benedictions 767

   kingship motif within 601

   lay practice in leadership 598

   New Year Amidah, and God’s sovereignty 604

   practice 589–98

   preceded by the act of washing, in analogy with the priests washing in the Temple 575

   priestly benediction 599

   as a reflection of demographic decline in Palestine 405

   as sacrifice questioned 587

   sacrificization 579

   second blessing, on resurrection 959–65

   and tefillah 576

   use of the Birkat ha-Minim 281, 282, 284

Ammianus Marcellinus, on the unruly nature of the Jews 48

Amoraim 19, 319, 821

   on the celebration of Purim 568

   definition of categories of work forbidden on the Sabbath 560

   on the eating of meals 562

   and the foundation of the Babylonian academies 830–3, 834–6, 837

   generations, their numbers as an indication of the completion of PT 666

   language, influence on Mishnaic Hebrew 380–1

   literature 369, 370

   and the Talmuds 556

      Babylonian Talmud 840

      Palestinian Talmud 216, 670, 672

   use of Aramaic 469–82

   works, editorial work 384

Amram ben R. Simeon bar Abba, R., on the destruction of Jerusalem as the effect of sin 937

amulets

   and magic 708–11

   wearing by women 642–3

anachoresis 808

Andreas (leader of Jewish uprising in Libya) 94

androcentrism 956

anecdotes 746

angels

   angel of death, existence before creation 935

   heavenly liturgy

      as described in Merkavah literature 771

      in Heikhalot literature 764, 765, 766, 768

   in Heikhalot literature 715, 716, 717, 749, 753

   identification of Metatron 760

   prayer practice 594

   standing posture when praying 591, 592

aniconism 175–6

animal tales, and fables 735–7, 738, 739–40

animals, selection for sacrifice, in the light of midrash halachah and scriptural exegesis 352–5, 360

anonymous material, within PT 671

anthropology 14

   humanity’s majesty 927–8, 932

   humanity’s subservience to God 925–7

Antichrist, Judaistic characteristics 1008

anti-Judaism

   Christian anti-Judaism 14, 977

      Gentile Christianity 978–84

      and regionalism 244–6

   and millenarianism 1008

   in North Africa, existence questioned 2

   origins and growth 988–98

   in Spain, third to seventh centuries 510–16

   within the Christian New Testament 977

   See also Christianity, anti-Judaism

anti-Semitism 244

   in street theater 724

Antiochus III, settlement of Jews in Asia Minor 76

Antiochus IV Epiphanes, anti-Jewish policies 137

Antitheses (Marcion) 979

Antoninus Pius (Roman emperor)

   issuing of circumcision permits to Egyptian priests 34

   permission for Jewish circumcision 37, 107

   regulation of the ban on circumcision 138

Apamea, Jewish citizenship 81

aphorisms 704

Aphrodisias (Asia Minor)

   God-fearers’ roles in synagogues 80, 81

   women’s roles in synagogues 80

apikoros 933

Apocalypse of Peter 65, 254

apocalyptic literature, attitudes to the failure of the First Jewish Revolt 31

apocalypticism 235

   growth in popularity, after the First Jewish Revolt 58

   and messianism 1053

      in BT 1068

   popularity in Egypt and Cyrenaica, Second Jewish Revolt 59

apocrypha

   connections with the emergence of Heikhalot literature 757

   and information about festivals 557

Apocryphon of James 65, 250

Apocryphon of John 254

Apollinarius (bishop of Hierapolis), anti-Judaism 251

Apollinopolis Magna (Edfu), taxation ostraca as evidence of Jewish uprisings in Egypt, during Trajan’s reign 95

Apollinopolis (strategos of Hermoupolis), wife, letter concerning Jewish uprisings, during Trajan’s reign 95

Apollinopolite (Egypt), Jewish uprisings, during Trajan’s reign 95

Apollo, sanctuary (Cyrene), destruction in Jewish uprisings under Trajan 94

Apollodorus of Damascus, treatise on the conduct of war in mountainous regions 125

Apollonia (port of Cyrene) 94

Apollonios (Greek strategos), leads Greek attacks on Jews at Apollinopolis-Heptakomia, during Jewish uprisings in Egypt, during Trajan’s reign 96

apostates, Jewish status, even though banned from the synagogue 273

Apostolic Constitutions, on Christian attendance at synagogues 1005

Appian, on Jewish uprisings in Egypt, during Trajan’s reign 95, 97

Apuleius, on resurrection 962

Apulia, Jews not exempted from serving on city councils 505

Aqiba, R. see Akiva, R.

Aquila (Greek version of the Hebrew Bible), Justinian I endorses 1024, 1048

Aquileia (Italy)

   Diaspora 494

   mob violence against the synagogues 505

Aramaic 8

   Amoraic period 469–82

   eastern and western Aramaic, as reflected in the Talmuds 480–2

   Galilean Aramaic 469–71

      vocalized manuscripts 485

   Genoim Aramaic 476–7

   as influenced by other languages 482–4

   lack of use in funerary inscriptions, in Roman Jewish catacombs 496

   Middle Aramaic 464–8

   and Mishnaic Hebrew 389–92

   origins and use 457–60, 488

   preservation of Palestinian forms in BT 478–9

   relationship of late to early Aramaic 484–5

   subdivisions 461

   use 2

      in amoraic literature 370

      in incantation texts 479

      in Jewish literature 461–3

      in legal documents 630

      in PT 663

      in the Talmudic tractates 477

   vocalization traditions 485–7

   See also Babylonian Aramaic; Galilean Aramaic

arbitrators, in Israel, under paganism 136

Arcadius

   on baptism of Jewish converts 163

   on the legal authority of the Patriarchate 155

   pro-Jewish policies 1043

   reinstates legal privileges of the Jewish religious leaders 157

Arch of Titus, detail showing menorah 195

archaeology

   and information about Palestinian Jewry 792

   interpretation of archaeological remains 494

   role in discussions of the Diaspora in Italy, third to seventh centuries 494

archiriparios 414, 415

archisynagogos 498

architecture 8

   Israel, first to third centuries 177–88

   Jewish architecture defined 176

archon 498

arcosolia 184

Arianism, spread favorable to the Jewish legal position 1046

Ariosto, views of Judaism 249

Aristides

   apologetic nature 252

   views of Judaism 251

Arnobius, on God’s sovereignty 605

Arsinoe, exorbitant fees for water supply to synagogue exacted in response to the First Jewish Revolt 56

art 8

   and architecture 519–20, 547–53

      material remains 520–42

   biblical narrative scenes, paintings, Dura Europos synagogue 527–9

   Byzantine Palestine 542–7

   Israel, first to third centuries 174–88

   narrative scenes, paintings 520

   symbolic art, Dura Europos synagogue 529

   See also menorot

artifacts

   Israel, first to third centuries 186–8

   Richard Cohen’s definition 176

artisan guilds, Gentile guilds working on behalf of Jews, and Jewish attitudes to art 176

ascent texts 715, 716–17

asceticism 950

Asclepius, sanctuary (Balagrae), damage in Jewish uprisings under Trajan 94

Ashi, Rav (principal of Suran academy) 823

   death 667

   on exposition and application of talmudic law 891

   on slavery (the case of one both half slave and half free) 869–72

Ashkenazim, Mishnaic Hebrew 388

Asia, Roman army’s presence (first century) 28

Asia Minor 74

   Diaspora

      first to second centuries 2

      first to third centuries 75

   Judaism and Christianity, first to second centuries 250–2

Assaf, S., on the Babylonian academies 828

Assumption of Moses, messianism 1058

Athanasius, use of the concept of “Jew” 984

Athenagoras, on death as an intensification of sleep 963

Athenians, Jewish confrontation with 743–4

Athribite district (Egypt), Jewish uprisings, during Trajan’s reign 95

atonement, and sacrifice, as signs of repentance 940–1

Augustine of Hippo, St.

   on the biblical canon 233

   City of God 1046

   on the importance of the Hebrew text for the Septuagint and the link between Judaism and Christianity 1011–12

   on Jewish attitudes to idolatry 989

   on Jews and Judaism 1014–20

   on the persistence of Jewry law 147–8

   on the relationship of Judaism and Christianity 1007

Augustus Caesar (Roman emperor), attitudes towards Jews 147

Aurelian (Roman emperor), cult 602

Aurelius Victor, on the Jewish revolt under Gallus (351/2 CE) 411, 412

Aurum coronarium 157–8

Avi-Yonah, M., on abortive attempts to rebuild the Jerusalem Temple 196

Avidius Cassius, Gaius, Jewish support for 48

Avigdor, R. Shmuel, commentary on the Tosefta 333

Avitus (bishop of Clermont), compulsory baptism of Jews 1022

avodah (sacrificial cult), as tefillah 581

avon (sin) 932

Avot de-Rabbi Nathan 690

   and the development of the rabbinic movement 216

   final redaction 925

   on students’ eligibility to study Torah 916

Avraham ben Rambam, R.

   on the analogy between washing and sacrifice 575

   on the rooting of Amidah in mercy 587

awakening, blessings upon 954–5

Aziza, C. 68, 73

Ba bar Cohen, R., on the relationship between oral and written Torah 905

ba-zman ha-zeh (“in this time”) (legal concept) 201

ba’al habayit 179

Babatha archive 26, 27, 28, 629

   Babatha (daughter of Simeon), displacement as a result of the Bar Kochba Revolt 113

   ignorance of redistributive laws 44

   and the legal system 131, 132

   reports on date farming 39

Babylon (fortress, Egypt?) 96

Babylonia 12, 806

   belief systems, effects on Babylonian Jews 812–15

   Diaspora

      first to second centuries 3

      second to third centuries 82, 85

   festivals, known by Jewish population 812

   influence on Judaism 12

   rabbinic attitudes towards Gentiles 654–5

   rabbis’ influence contrasted with women’s role in the synagogues 641

Babylonian academies 837–8

   consensus approach to their histories 830–6

   early accounts of 821–5

   existence questioned 12

   modern accounts of 825–30

Babylonian Aramaic 473–4

   forms used in incantation texts 479

   as language of discourse between Babylonian Jews and Gentiles 811

   morphological varieties 475–6

   vocalized manuscripts 485

   See also Aramaic

Babylonian Jewry 1

   celebrations of festivals a day later than in Jerusalem 559

   civic pride 808

   demography 804–7

   economic life 809–11

   the Exilarchate 801–4

   social interaction with Gentiles 811–18

   and taxation 807–8, 809

   third to seventh centuries 792–3

   under the Sasanians 794–801

Babylonian Rabbinate

   influence compared with that in Palestine 816–17

   legal spheres of influence 808

   understanding of marriage and sexuality 10, 617, 620–4

Babylonian Talmud 13, 369

   audience 857–9

   Bava Batra, tall tales 745

   on the celebration of Hannukah 569

   compared with PT 841–2

   composition 8, 840–3

   criticisms of laws recorded in the baraitot 320

   and demonology 703

   development 678–81

   on the Diaspora in Adiabene 84

   on the Diaspora in Babylon 103

   editing 843–7

      use of sugyot 862–73

   editorial stratum casts light on the history of the Babylonian academies 821

   evidence of the cultural role of the synagogue 721

   exegesis of tannaitic texts 676

   and Genoic Aramaic 476–7

   as a historical artifact 854–7

   importance for knowledge of Babylonian Jewry 792–3

   influence on Targum Pseudo-Jonathan and the Targums to the Hagiographa 472

   and information about festivals 557

   and internal rabbinic discourse 852

   on Jewish uprisings, in Cyprus, during Trajan’s reign 97

   on judicial deviations 894

   language distinguished from that of PT 380

   limits knowledge of Iranian cultural and religious influence upon the Jewish community 815

   mandates one hundred blessings a day 948

   material within PT 675

   messianism 1064, 1065–9

   and the Mishnah 663

   not quoted in the midrashim 686

   preservation of amoraic teachings less accurate than in PT 672

   rulings on rabbinic relations with the amme ha-aretz 218

   style 676

   terms used as indication of the development of the Babylonian academies 831–7

   textual diversity 847–52

   theology 13

   and the Tosefta 317

   transmission affects the form of Babylonian Aramaic 476

   vocalization 487

   on the washing of hands as a miniature immersion 577

   on the wearing of fringes (tzitzit) by women 641

   and Zoroastrianism 793

   See also Palestinian Talmud; Talmuds

Bacchyllus of Corinth, views on Judaism 252, 253

Baer, Y. 68

Baghdad, and the Babylonian academies 821, 822

Bahram I (Sassanid ruler) (274–276 CE) 797

Bahram II (Sassanid ruler) (276–293 CE) 797

Balaam, entices Israel into idolatry 615

Balearics, Jewish colony 509

Baltrusch, E. 146

bans (excommunication) 272–6

baptism, forced baptism 1048, 1050

Bar-Asher, M. 5, 7, 369

Bar bar Hana, Rabbah, tall tales 745

Bar Kappara 320

Bar Kochba 33, 35, 36, 109–10

   letters

      about the Four Species 119, 120

      language 370

      and the Mishnah 304

      rebuking commanders 114, 118

      use of Aramaic 458, 463, 465

      seen as messiah 1064

Bar Kochba Revolt 1, 4, 15, 105–6

   administration 110–11

   archives, and women’s legal standing 628, 629–31

   armed forces involved 122

   causes 106–8

   coinage 186–7, 188

      didrachm (Shekel) 114

      geographical distribution 117

   dating 111–12

   defeat 122–5

   economics 121

   effects 33, 125–7

      on canonization of the Hebrew Bible 235, 241

      on Jewish–Christian relations 295

   geographical extent 113, 116

   Jewish preparations for 108–9

   leadership 109–10

   legal effects 134

   legends about 728–30

   Palestinian demography 23

   possible course 111–22

   possible liberation of Jerusalem 138

Bar Nachmani, Rabba, on purity in the heavenly yeshiva 920

Bar Rav Shilah, Rabba, on eligibility to teach Torah 915

Bar-Hebraeus, on the number of Jews at the time of Claudius’ census 991

baraitot 314, 319, 902

   in BT 840

   differences between the Talmuds 332

   as source for PT 669

Baram (Galilee), synagogue 537

Barnabas, Epistle of 65

   allegorization of the Septuagint 981

   and the causes of the Bar Kochba Revolt 108

   views on Judaism 248, 253

Barnes, T. D. 68, 95, 97

Baroja, J. C. 731

Baron, S. 828

Baru, involvement in the Bar Kochba Revolt 113

Basilides

   missionary work 65

   views on Judaism 254

Basilius the Hebrew (slave trader) 168

bathhouses, Israel, first to third centuries 183

Bauer, Walter 64

Baumgarten, A. I. 207

Bava Metzia, as means of comparison between the Tosefta and Mishnah 322–5, 328–9

Bavli see Babylonian Talmud

be midrasha, use in Babylonian Talmud as indication of the development of the Babylonian academies 833, 834

be rav, use in Babylonian Talmud as indication of the development of the Babylonian academies 833, 834, 837

be rav X, use in Babylonian Talmud as indication of the development of the Babylonian academies 833, 834, 837

Beer, Moshe, on the Babylonian academies 828

beit din, and the role of the Yavneh academy 211

Ben Azzai, on women studying Torah 917

Ben Baboi, Pirkoi 801

Ben Bavoi, Pirkoi, on the contents of PT 664

Ben-David 41

Ben/Bar Kosiba, see Bar Kochba

Ben Menachem, H. 13, 877

Ben Sira, messianism 1056

Ben Zoma

   on evil inclinations 937

   on masculinity 614

Benjamin, Abba, on demonology 703, 731

Benjamin (Jewish leader from Tiberias, during the Byzantine reconquest of Palestine) 423

Benjamin of Tudela, Itinerary 1044

Berbers, converts to Judaism, as reported by Ibn Khaldun 69

Beruriah, on Torah study 917

Bet Alpha (Galilee), synagogue, mosaic floors 12, 548

bet hamidrash, use in Babylonian Talmud as indication of the development of the Babylonian academies 833, 834

bet midrash (study house), and the rabbinic movement 223–4

Beth Gubrin, raised to consular rank 46

Beth Shearim

   catacombs 184

   cemeteries 12, 521

      Catacomb 14, site of the burial of the Patriarchal family 523

   necropolis 185

   sarcophagi 4–5

      showing Leda and the Swan 523

   secondary burials 186

Bethar

   fall 107, 121, 126

   headquarters for the Bar Kochba Revolt 109

   siege 35

      recorded in folk tales about Bar Kochba 728

betrothals 617, 624

Bible

   perceptions of Gentiles 647–8

   translations

   See targumim

   use of Aramaic 458

   See also Christian Bible; Hebrew Bible; Scriptures

biblical figures, portrayal in the Talmuds 859

Biblical Hebrew 371

   and Mishnaic Hebrew

      common and contrasting features 373–4

      diachronic differences 374

      dialectical differences 374–6

      differences of tradition 376–8

   literary influences 378–9, 383–4

   See also Hebrew

biblical narrative designs 520

bigamy 618

   See also marriage

Bilam (son of Beor), subject of fables 738

Birkat ha-Minim 268, 274, 280–95

   identification of the minim 287–93

   original form 281–7

   purpose 293–4

bishops

   civil role, in the Christianized Roman Empire 1003

   and local government, effects on Judaism 1020

   role under the Gothic kingdoms, as representatives of Romano-culture and traditions 1025

   use by Constantine I for imperial administration 999

Blau, Ludwig, on Jewish magic 700

blessings

   aimed at promoting the rabbinic understanding of body and soul 954

   blessings over bread to succeed hand-washing immediately 577

   contents 948

   link creation with the divine 951–2

   malkuyot blessings, introduction into the New Year liturgy 600

   Modim 593

   saying 947–52

   in the talmudic versions of the avodah 582–5

   within the Amidah 580

Bloedhorn, Hanswulf 75

bloodshed, death penalty for in the halakhah 129

body

   Babylonian views 621

   rabbis view as good 613

   resurrection 956–65

   and soul 952–6

Bonz, M. P. 77, 80

Book of Creation, see Sefer Yetzira Sefer Yetzira

Book of Judges (Laws of the Visigoths) (Recceswinth) 514

Book of Mysteries (Sefer ha-Razim) (magical handbook) 713, 714

Booths, see Sukkot

Botermann, H. 77

Bova Marina (southern Italy)

   archaeological evidence of the Diaspora 492–3

   Diaspora, third to seventh centuries 492, 494, 506

   synagogue 493

bowing, during prayer 593

bowls

   hand bowls, and inscriptions against demons, among Babylonian Jewry, as influenced by Iranian beliefs 814

   magic bowls 711–13, 815, 816

Bowman, Steven 14–15, 1035

Bradbury, Scott 8, 508

Braulio (bishop of Zaragoza) 514

bread, eating, halachah, as response to romanization of Palestine 17

Breuer, Yochanan 8, 457

brigands (lestai) 197

Britons, uprisings under Trajan 94

Brooten, Bernadette 637, 638

Broshi, M. 23, 40

Brown, P. 1004

brit (covenant), and circumcision 609, 966

Brunt, P. A. 102

Bruriah, halachic decision-making 644

Büchler, Adolph 207, 288

Bucoli, uprisings under Trajan 94

Budde, Karl 230

Buhl, Franz 230

burial societies, Sardis synagogue 81

burials

   Israel, first to third centuries 184–7, 188

   See also catacombs; cemeteries

“Byzantine” 404

Byzantine emperors 14–15

Byzantium 1035

   Judaism within 14

Byzantium (city), Jewish presence 1035

Caecilianus (defensor civitatis, Magona) 510

Caesarea Maritima, rabbinic movement in 47

Caesarea (Palestine)

   demography, after the Bar Kochba Revolt 37

   Jewish emigration to Naples 503

   rabbinic settlement within 220, 222

Caesareum (Cyrene), destruction in Jewish uprisings under Trajan 94

Caesarius (bishop of Arles, 469–542), and Judaism 1021–2

Cain, symbolism, in Augustine’s teaching on Jewish observance of the Law 1017–19

Cairo Genizah 206, 281, 282, 713, 714

   Aramaic vocalized manuscripts 486

Calabria, Jews not exempted from serving on city councils 505

calendars

   Patriarch responsible for organization of the Jewish calendar 416

   rabbinical concerns with 89, 557–9

   regulation, and the role of the Yavneh academy 212, 269

   religious role 9

   solar calendar 559

   Tishri

      Tishri 1 558

      Tishri 3, and fasting 569

   See also months; Nisan

Callinicum affair, Ambrose of Milan clashes with Theodosius I over Callinicum 153, 1036, 1043

calques, Aramaic influence on 391–2

“Camel and the Bull, The” (Aesop’s fable) 738

“Canaanite slaves” 10, 656

candles

   lighting, at the beginning of Sabbath 562

   use for religious purposes, as cause of Zoroastrian anti-Jewish activities 798

canonization 5

   concept 231–2

   formation of the canon of the Hebrew Bible 230–1, 232–4, 241–2

   and theology 238–41

Capercontna (Kefar Othnai/Legio/Maximianopolis) 25

Capernaum (Galilee)

   siting of church and synagogue, as indication of Jewish–Christian relations 256

   synagogue 177, 178, 552

capital trials, the Patriarchate’s involvement in civil justice 420

Caracalla (Antoninus) (Roman emperor) 186

   Constitutio Antoniniana 48, 135, 139, 1035

   cult 603

   encourages Jewish participation in city councils 986

Carmel, demography, after the Bar Kochba Revolt 37

Carthage (North Africa)

   burial sites 522

   Diaspora, first to third centuries 68

   founding by Jews reported by Josephus 69

   Jewish community 2

Cassiodorus, on Jewish legal standing 169

Cassius Dio

   account of the foundation of Aelia Capitolina 107

   on brigandage in Palestine 48

   on the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 194

   on Hadrian’s involvement in the suppression of the Bar Kochba Revolt 125

   on Jewish preparations for the Bar Kochba Revolt 108

   on Jewish uprisings in Cyprus, during Trajan’s reign 96, 98

   on Jewish uprisings in Libya under Lukuas 94

   and the Jewish uprisings in Mesopotamia, during Trajan’s reign 99

   on public practice of Judaism 30

   on Quietus’ campaign against the Jews 86

   reports of the Bar Kochba Revolt 33, 34, 35, 36, 105, 114, 122

   on Roman casualties, in the Bar Kochba Revolt 123

   and the “war of Kitos” 100

Cassius of Tyre, and the Sunday celebration of Easter 247

catacombs

   Beth Shearim (Byzantine Palestine) 521

      Catacomb 14 521, 523

      Catacomb 20 521

   Israel, first to third centuries 184

   Rome 495–9, 503, 522–5

      Monteverde 495–6, 522

      Vigna Randanini 496, 522

      Villa Torlonia 522

   Venosa (Italy) 499–501, 508

   See also cemeteries; sarcophagi

Catania, Diaspora 508

Catholics, attitudes to Jews, in Spain 512

“Cave of Letters” (Naḥal Ḥever) 304

cemeteries

   Byzantine Palestine

      Bet Guvrin 521

      Beth Shearim 8, 520, 521

      Jaffa 521

      Khirbet Midras 521

      Khirbet Shema 521

      Meiron 521

      Zoar 521

   Christians possibly buried in Jewish cemeteries (western North Africa) 70

   Jewish art 8

   Rome 8

   See also catacombs; sarcophagi

Chalkoprateia (quarter of the city of Byzantium), Jewish presence 1035

chavuroth 218

Chernick, Michael 362

cherubim

   in Merkavah literature 773, 775, 776

   See also angels

children 620

   education 913

   role in the family 625

   women not regarded as legal guardians, Salome Komaise archive 629

   women’s role in child-rearing 634, 635

Chintila, king (636–9), anti-Jewish policies 514

chizbats (Arabic, tales of lies) 745

Chouraqui, A., on Josephus’ reports on Berbers as Canaanites 69

Christian Bible

   anti-Judaism within the New Testament 977, 983

   development of the canon, in relation to Judaism and Christianity, first to second centuries 255

   foundations in the Septuagint 977

   See also New Testament

Christian–Jewish relations

   Asia Minor, second to third centuries 82

   Spain, third to seventh centuries 509–11

Christian literature, and the process of canonization of the Hebrew Bible 276–7

Christianity

   adoption as the imperial religion and its effects upon Judaism 796, 998–1007, 1036, 1041

   anti-Judaism 6, 14–15

      fifth to seventh centuries 1020–7

      and regionalism 244–6

   See also anti-Judaism

   apostasy from, legal provisions 163–9

   building projects, in Palestine, links with pilgrimages 1010

   and the canonization of the Bible 231, 232, 233–4

   continuity with Judaism recognized 1006–8

      importance of the Hebrew text behind the Septuagint and parts of the New Testament 1010–12

      importance of the land of Israel 1008–10

      through Judaism’s historical priority 1013–20

   declared a religio licita by Constantine I the Great 1

   demography, in Palestine 410

   early Christian beliefs 237

   effects on Jewish legal status 144–69

   and the emperor cult 602–5

   failure to appreciate the pleasure factor in Sabbath observance 950

   Gentile Christianity, and anti-Judaism 978–84

   heterodoxy within 245

   illegality under Roman law 30

   Jewish Christianity, in Egypt and Cyrenaica, after the Second Jewish Revolt 63–4

   Jewish heritage leads to anti-Judaism 977

   and Jewish identity, in the light of the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 202

   and Judaism, see Judaism, and Christianity Judaism, and Christianity

   relations between Common law and Jewry law 144–8

   religious symbolism, effects on Jewish art 550

   rise

      and effects on Jewish settlements in the area of Nisibis 805

      and the schism with Judaism 6

   separation from Judaism

      first and second centuries 268–95

      origins 6, 259–66

         First Jewish Revolt 266–7

   tolerance of, in the Sasanian empire 799

   triumph, and the dating of the midrash halachah 337

   unity, Irenaeus’ views 244

   women’s cultic role 642

Christianization

   effects on the legal system and Jewish legal status 132–3

   effects upon the rabbinic movement 224

Christians

   attendance at synagogues, as evidence of positive attitudes towards Judaism 1005, 1006

   biblical exegesis, effects on Jewish exegesis 679

   excommunication from the synagogue 271–6

   Jewish Christians, as minim 288–91

   not to be tried in the Patriarch’s court 158

   persecution, Jewish participation possible, and its effects on the growth of Christian anti-Judaism 994–8

   possible Christian burials in Jewish cemeteries (western North Africa) 70

   possible involvement in the Bar Kochba Revolt 114

   reactions to the First Jewish Revolt 30

   responsibility for reintroduction of Jewish literature into Egypt and Cyrenaica after the Second Jewish Revolt 63

   understanding of the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 197, 204

Christology

   effects on Jewish–Christian relations 260–1, 265–6

   Jewish foundations 977

   Justin Martyr’s understanding 982

Chromatius of Aquileia

   attempts to alleviate anti-Judaism ineffective 505

   sermons relating to the Jews 505

Church

   and Judaism, Augustine of Hippo’s teachings 1016–20

   universalism, adoption by Constantine I 998

church buildings, use, in relation to Judaism and Christianity, first to second centuries 255

Church councils

   Agde (506), anti-Judaism 1021

   Elvira (c. 300/13), anti-Jewish legislation 509

   Nicaea (325) 1041

   Toledo (fourth council) (633) 1023

Church Fathers Clement of Rome Cyprian of Carthage, St.

   anti-Judaism 14, 1039

   on the Birkat ha-Minim 282, 283, 289

   dialogue with the Rabbis on the relationship between oral and written Torah 905–6

   on God’s sovereignty, links to the rabbinic liturgy 604–5

   information about Palestinian Jewry 793

   on the logic underlying resurrection 961

   reports of the Bar Kochba Revolt 35

   See also Augustine of Hippo, St.; Clement of Alexandria; Clement of Rome; Cyprian of Carthage, St.; Jerome, St.; Justin Martyr

churches

   existence as indication of Christian population levels in Palestine 409

   Holy Trinity (Venosa) 500

   San Vitale (Ravenna) 544

Cicero

   and Jewish law 130

   on the Jewish presence in Asia Minor 75, 76

   on talmudic and natural law 882

circumcision 33

   and the ascription of merit to Israel 930

   Augustine of Hippo’s teachings on its sacramental nature 1015

   banning 138, 163

      after Constantine I’s adoption of Christianity 1000

   as covenant (brt) 609, 966

   demanded of proselytes 660

   Hadrian’s ban, and the causes of the Bar Kochba Revolt 34, 106, 107

   imposition on Gentile slaves held by Jews 657

   Jewish insistence on criticized 1013

   Jewish rights 154

   legal position, after the Bar Kochba Revolt 37

   under Justinian’s Code 1075

Cirta (North Africa), inscriptions as evidence of Jewish presence 70

cities

   cultic organization of social life in the ancient world 985

   Jewish involvement in communities in Asia Minor 81

   rabbinic settlements within 220, 222, 224

city councils

   Jewish membership 413–14

   Jews not exempted from serving on city councils in Apulia and Calabria 505

   Jews not exempted from, in Italy 505

   political powers affected by mid-third-century inflation 49

   political standing (after First Jewish Revolt) 28

City of God (Augustine of Hippo) 1046

   on the Jews as the protected people of God 1019

civic pride, among Babylonian Jewry 808

civil administration

   Jewish participation, Venosa 500

   Jews not exempted from serving on city councils in Apulia and Calabria 505

   prohibited to Jews, under Justinian’s Code 1075

civil and imperial government, Jewish membership, in late Roman-Byzantine Palestine 414–15

civil service

   Jews excluded from major positions 505

   Jews excluded from major positions in the fifth century 505

Clarus, Erucius (Roman general in Trajan’s Parthian campaign) 86

Clarus of Ptolemais, and the Sunday celebration of Easter 247

Claudius (brigand) (third-century Palestine) 48

Claudius (Roman emperor), and Jewry law 140, 141, 142

Clement of Alexandria

   considers the Apocalypse of Peter canonical 254

   on resurrection 964

   use of Jewish sources 66

   views on Judaism 255

Clement of Rome, on God’s sovereignty 604

Clermont (Auvergne), Christian–Jewish unrest 1022

clients, names used on amulets 710

climate, effects on halachah 18

Codex Justinianus 15

Codex Theodosianus 146

   anti-Jewish laws 512

   effects on Jewish legal position on the borders of the Roman Empire 1046

   incorporations into Justinian’s Code, Jewish legal status 1074

   on intermarriage between Jews and Christians 1023

   and its effects on Jewry law 132

   Jewish legal status 1043, 1045

      in the period before the promulgation of the code 1041–3

   on Jewish ownership of Christian slaves 164, 166

   on Jews and Samaritans 150

codices, influence on the development of the canon 231

Cohen, Richard 176

Cohen, S. J. D. 425

Cohen, Shaye 27, 856

cohorts

   I Augusta praetoria Lusitanorum equitata (Egyptian cohort, during the Jewish uprisings, during Trajan’s reign) 97

   I Ulpia Afrorum equitata (Egyptian cohort, during the Jewish uprisings, during Trajan’s reign) 97

   involved in suppression of Jewish uprisings in Egypt, during Trajan’s reign 97

coinage

   Bar Kochba didrachm (Shekel) 114

   Bar Kochba Revolt 33, 35, 36, 113–15, 116, 186–7, 188

      geographical distribution 117

   as evidence of Ben Kosiba’s leadership of the Bar Kochba Revolt 110

   as evidence of the foundation of Aelia Capitolina 107

   See also currency values

Collatio legum Mosaicarum et romanarum (Comparison of Mosaic and Roman Law) 495, 504–5

Cologne, Jews admitted to the decurionate 1042

commandments

   authority, accepted within the Shema 603

   time-bound commandments, women’s role 638–40

   women’s observance 10

   See also Decalogue

commerce, Babylonian Jewish involvement 810–11

Commodus (Roman emperor), cult 603

Common law

   as affected by christianization of the Roman Empire 132

   and halakhah 131

   in Israel, under paganism 133–6

   Jewish legal status in the Roman Empire 130, 131

   in relation to Jewry law, effects of Christianization 144

   See also law

community life, Asia Minor, second to third centuries 79–80

community needs, and canonization of the Hebrew Bible 242

conditional betrothal 618

confession (viddui), as the third element of repentance 939

conjugal sex, affirmation 956

Constans (Roman emperor)

   religious policy 999

   on superstitio 148

Constantine I the Great (Roman emperor)

   anti-Jewish legislation 1042

   building projects in connection with Christian shrines 1009

   commissions Joseph of Tiberias to build churches in Israel 256

   conversion 144

      effects on Judaism 14

   declares Christianity a religio licita 1

   on Jewish religious leaders 155, 157

   on Judaism as a sect 149–50

   legal provisions on Jewish ownership of Christian slaves 166

   legal provisions for Jewish participation in municipal government 159

   protects converts from Judaism 162

   recognition of Jewish citizenship 130

   recognizes synagogues as the center of Jewish religious activity 155

   religious policy and its effects 998–1007

   renames Byzantium as New Rome 1035

Constantine II (Roman emperor)

   anti-Jewish legislation 1042

   legal provisions on Jewish ownership of Christian slaves 166

Constantius II (Roman emperor), legal prohibitions on apostasy from Christianity 164

Constitutiones Apostolorum, on God’s sovereignty 605

Constitutio Antoniniana 48, 1035, 1040

   effects upon halakhah 135

   inclusion of Jews 139

Contra Faustum (Augustine), as a defense of Jews and Judaism 1015–20

conversion

   forced conversions 1042

      agreed by the fourth Council of Toledo (633) 1023

      seventh century 1026

   from Christianity to Judaism, under Justinian’s Code 1074

   from Judaism to Christianity, under Justinian’s Code 1074

   imposition on Gentile slaves held by Jews 657

Corpus Iuris Civilis (Justinian’s lawcode) 15, 146, 507

   abrogates jurisdiction of Jewish courts 158

   anti-Judaism within 15

   on apostasy from Christianity 163

   court cases involving Christians to be tried in imperial courts 161

   and its effects on Jewry law 132

   in Italy 507

   Jewish legal status 1043, 1073–6

   on Jews and Samaritans 150

   legalizes Sabbath observance 151, 154

Corycos, Jewish citizenship 81

cosmology, Christian cosmology 977

cosmos, continued existence ascribed to human merit 929

Cotton, H. M. 630

covenant 965–75

   brt, and circumcision 609, 966

   Christian and Jewish attitudes towards 264–5

   indelible nature 661

   as partnership with God and acceptance of his sovereignty 966

   seen in the act of repentance 943

   theology, avoided by Josephus 609

   within the Shema, replaced by theology of God’s sovereignty 606

creation

   as the basis for the seven-day week 560

   goodness of man’s creation questioned 937

   linked with God, through the first blessing of the Shema liturgy 951–2

   in Sefer Yetzira 785

cross-dressing 621

cultic life

   as basis of cities’ social life in the ancient world 985

   Jews exempted from the public cult 986

   public nature 986

      encourages participation in both Jewish and Christian worship 1006

   women’s role 638–44

curial service

   Jewish participation under the christianized Roman Empire 1001

   Jews not exempted from, under Justinian’s Code 1074

currency values

   changes as justified in halachah 885

   and interest levels, Bar Kochba Revolt 121

   See also coinage

Cyprian of Carthage, St., on Jewish presence in Carthage 73

Cyprus

   Jewish settlements 1038

   Jewish uprisings, during Trajan’s reign 96, 97, 98

Cyrenaica

   Diaspora

      first to second centuries 2

      first to third centuries 53

Cyrene

   Jewish uprisings under Trajan 94, 98

   Jewry law in 141

Cyril of Alexandria, drives out Jewish settlers 1038

Cyril of Jerusalem, on the logic underlying resurrection 961

Cyrus of Persia, as viewed by deutero-Isaiah 240

Dabrowa, E. 101

Daldianus, Artemidorus, on the death of Turbo, during Jewish uprisings in Libya 97

Dalman, G., on Aramaic vocalization 486, 487

Daniel, book of

   messianism 1057, 1068

   on the persecution of the Jews and its relationship to the Jerusalem Temple 196

   practice of prayer, as pattern for the practice of Amidah 591, 595

   See also messianism

Daniélou, J. 68

Dasoi, Simeon (parnas, Bar Kochba Revolt) 111

David

   messianic role 1054

      in BT 1066, 1067

      in PT 1064

David, messiah of 1068

Davies, W. D. 15, 271, 282

Day of Atonement see Yom Kippur Yom Kippur

Day of the Lord, theme, in messianism 1055, 1056, 1066

Days of Awe 563

de Ieiunio (Tertullian), on the public nature of religious practice 986

dead

   burial, as cause of Zoroastrian anti-Jewish activities 798

   denial of their resurrection leads to exclusion from “the world to come” 943

   resurrection 953

Dead Sea Scrolls

   and the canonization of the Hebrew Bible 230, 232, 237

   Community Rule

      discussion of Shema as covenant 967

      messianism 1059

   connections with the emergence of Heikhalot literature 757

   Copper Scroll, language 370

   Damascus Document, on prayer and sacrifice 587

   and information about festivals 557

   language 371

   as means to dating the midrashim 686

   Temple Scroll, prescription of firstfruits celebrations 565

   use of Aramaic 463, 464–5, 466, 471

   War Scroll, messianism 1059

   See also Qumran community

death

   as an intensification of sleep 963

   as atonement 941

   not seen as the reward of sin 935

death penalty, abolition, and the reasons for this as seen within halachah 885

debt, cancellation 44

Decalogue

   covenant renewal within, superseded by the understanding of covenant within the Shema 966, 967–70

   Second Commandment, effects on Jewish art 175

   structure 600

      likened to that of the Shema 600

   See also commandments

Decapolis, tensions between Judaism and Christianity 248

deeds, and merit 929

defecation, blessings for the process of 954

defensor civitatis (legal office), forbidden to Jews, under Justinian’s Code 1074

Delattre, A.-L. 69, 70

demography

   after the Bar Kochba Revolt 36, 37

   Babylonian Jewry 804–7

   effects of Second Jewish Revolt 60

   in Egypt and Cyrenaica, after the Second Jewish Revolt 63

   Italian Diaspora 494

      third to seventh centuries 493

   Jewish settlements

      fifth to seventh centuries 1044–6

      Late Byzantine Palestine 551

      Late Roman and Byzantine periods 1036–40

   Palestine

      patterns of rabbinic settlement 220–2

      second and third centuries 40

   scarcity of resources in connection with Jewish marriage and sexual ethics 613

demonology 703–4, 706

   expulsion, by means of demons 709

   incantations against 479

   Jewish beliefs in possibly fostered by Iranian beliefs 813

   in magic tales 731

   and use of magic bowls 711, 712

deutero-Isaiah, theological outlook 240

Deuteronomy

   as the basis of cultic reforms 192

   covenant within 966

   halachic midrash 687

   on instruction in Torah 901–2

   understandings of the destruction of the Solomonic Temple 196

Deuteronomy Rabbah 690

deuterosis, Justinian I forbids reading and study of 1024, 1045, 1048, 1076

Dhu Nuwas, Yusuf Asar Yathar (Jewish king of Himyar), disputes with Justinian the Great over the right of way through the Red Sea 1049

Dialogue between Jason and Papiscus (Ariosto?), views of Judaism 249

Dialogue with Trypho (Justin Martyr) 254

   allegorization of the Septuagint and anti-Judaism 981–3

   anti-Judaism 264

   on Jewish persecution of Christians 995

   on Jewish proselytes to Christianity 980

   views of Judaism 249

   See also Justin Martyr

Diaspora

   Asia Minor, first to third centuries 75

   Babylonia, second to third centuries 82, 85

   in Babylonia, second to third centuries, self-government 86–8

   Carthage, first to third centuries 68

   Cyrenaica, first to third centuries 53

   Egypt, first to third centuries 53

   first to second centuries 2

   first to third centuries 53

   in Italy 8, 505–7

      legal and social situation, third to seventh centuries 496–8, 500–1, 503–4

      third to seventh centuries 492–508

   Mesopotamia, second to third centuries 83

   observance of halakhah 131

   operation of Jewry law, under paganism 139–44

   organization of economic support for Jews in Palestine after First Jewish Revolt 269

   privileges, effects on Jewry law, under paganism 136

   in the Roman Empire 493

   in Rome, third to seventh centuries 495–9

   in Spain 8

      third to seventh centuries 508–16

   synagogues 54

   third to seventh centuries 492–516

   uprisings, during Trajan’s reign 93

   in Venosa (Basilicata) (Italy), third to seventh centuries 499–502

   western North Africa, first to third centuries 68

Didache

   attitudes towards Judaism 246

   on Jewish blessings 949

   views of Judaism 248

Dijouana, inscriptions as evidence of Jewish presence 70

Dimi, R., on the teaching of Torah 915

dinim (lawcourts), establishment by the Gentiles 653

Dio Cassius see Cassius Dio

Dio Chrysostom, on Zeus’s sovereignty 607

Diocaesarea (Sepphoris) 46

   destruction mentioned during the Jewish revolt under Gallus (351/2 CE) 411, 412

Diocletian (Roman emperor)

   accession (284) 19

   mentioned in the midrashim 686

   sister, conversion to Judaism 1039

Dionysius of Corinth, views on Judaism 252

Dionysos

   mosaic designs 4–5

      Sepphoris 181

Diospolis (Lod), destruction mentioned during the Jewish revolt under Gallus (351/2) 411

Diospolis-Lydda, rabbinic movement in 47

disciple circles 835, 837

divine grace, essential for the continuation of life 960

divorce 619

   rabbinic laws, dating and the origins of the Mishnah 200

   rabbinic views 18

   women allowed to divorce their husbands 631

   writs of divorce (get), use of Aramaic 468

   See also marriage

“DM”/”DMS” (“Dis Manibus”/”Dis Manibus Sacrum”) (funerary inscription), Jewish use 70

Docetism, opposition to stresses the humanity of Christ 1008

Domitian (Roman emperor)

   ban on castration 107

   harassment of Jews 137

   levying of the fiscus Judaicus 32

Donatists, legal situation 150

Dorotheus, discovery of the garments worn by Jesus on the day he was crucified 1010

Dothan, Moshe, excavation of Hammat Tiberias synagogue 542

Drake, H. A. 999

dreams, and their interpretation, in BT 847, 847–8, 849

duplications, within PT 673–5

Dura Europos 12

   Diaspora, second to third centuries 83, 85

   siting of church and synagogue 256

   synagogue 12

      western wall 528, 531

         Torah shrine 530

“Eagle and the Fox, The” (Aesop’s fable) 736–7

early Christian literature

   allegorization of the Septuagint 981–2

   anti-Judaism within 983

Easter

   Quartodeciman celebration of, supported by Melito of Sardis 251

   Sunday celebration favored rather than Nisan 14 247

Ebionism 245

   possible contents of an Ebionite biblical canon 255

Eck, W. 25, 35

economics, Babylonian Jewry 809–11

Edessa

   capture by Quietus 86

   destruction, during Jewish uprisings in Trajan’s reign 99, 100

Edfu (Upper Egypt), tax records of Jewish communities, after the Second Jewish Revolt 63

Edictum Theodorici 506

Egica (king of Spain, 687–702), anti-Jewish policies 515

Egypt 12

   association with magic 708

   Diaspora 1038

      first to second centuries 2

      first to third centuries 53

   Jewish taxation (second century) 137

   Jewish uprisings, during Trajan’s reign 93, 95, 96, 98

   Judaism and Christianity, first to second centuries 254–5

   as source of information about the operations of Common law under christianization 132

Egyptian priests, permitted to practice circumcision 34

Eighteen Benedictions, Kedushah of the Amidah 767

Elazar ben Azariah, age when appointed to succeed Rabban Gamliel 914

Elazar ben R. Shimon, R., learning 911

Elazar the Priest, named on coinage of the Bar Kochba Revolt 36

Elbogen, I., on the purpose of the Birkat ha-Minim 293

Elche (Spain), Jewish colony 509

Eleazar (wonder-worker) 700

Eleazar, R. (disciple of R. Yoḥanan) (third-century amora) 604

   on landownership in Palestine 409

Eleazar ben Azariah

   authority questioned 213

   and the Yavneh academy 211

Eleazar ben Ḥitah (commander, Bar Kochba Revolt) 110

Eleazar ben Shimeon, R. (ben Yohai) 319

Eleazar ben Yosef (En-Gedi’s parnas, Bar Kochba Revolt) 111

Eleazar ha-Kappar, R., on the covenant 969

Eleazar Ha-Qallir, R., on the first two sayings of the Decalogue and the acceptance of God’s sovereignty 967

Eleazar of Modi’in, R., role in folk tales about Bar Kochba 728, 729

“Eleazar the Priest” (coin superscription, Bar Kochba Revolt) 110

election, Christian and Jewish attitudes towards 264–5

Eliav, Y. 34

Eliezer, R. 855

   criticism of R. Ishmael 364

   on Israel’s merit 930

   magical acts 708

   on the status of Torah 921

   on women studying Torah 917

   on women’s work 635

Eliezer ben Azariah, R., travels, as evidence of the authority of the Yavneh academy 269

Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, R.

   banning of 272

   biographical legends about 726

Eliezer ben Jacob, R., on judicial deviations 894

Elijah

   as harbinger of the messiah 1057, 1062

   seen as sinless 935

Elijah Gaon, R., commentary on the Tosefta 333

Elior, Rachel 12, 749

Elisha (commander, Bar Kochba Revolt) 110

Elisha ben Abuyah, never described as having been excommunicated 275

   continues to teach after his apostasy 914

   seen as a receptacle of Torah 921–2

Elvira, Council (c. 300/13 CE), anti-Jewish legislation 509

Em (woman with medical knowledge) 642

emperor cult

   Christianization 1009

   Constantine I’s use of 998

   and the sovereignization of the liturgy 602–3, 604–5

En-Gedi, involvement in the Bar Kochba Revolt 113

Enoch

   books of

      connections with the emergence of Heikhalot literature 757

      Ethiopic Enoch, messianism 1058

Enoch

   described as a priest 760

   identification with Metatron 761

Enoch literature, reflected in glorification of the Throne of Glory in Heikhalot literature 766

enporia 323, 331

Ephesus, Jewish citizenship 81

Ephraim, demography 40

“Epicureans,” excluded from “the world to come” 943

epigraphical remains, role in discussions of the Diaspora in Italy, third to seventh centuries 494

epiklarete 623

Epiphanius

   on the Birkat ha-Minim 282, 283, 289, 291

   on Jewish population levels in Galilee 408

epispasm 33

Epistle of the Apostles, views on Judaism 254

Epistle of Aristeas, on God’s sovereignty 606

Epistle of Barnabas, see Barnabas, Epistle of

Epistle of Rav Sherira Gaon 800

Epistle to Diognetus, views of Judaism 251

Epistula Apostolorum 65

Epstein, J. N.

   on dialect within Mishnaic Hebrew 382

   on Mishnaic Hebrew 389

   on the relationship between the Tosefta and the Mishnah 326, 327

   on the relationship of the Tosefta to other rabbinic literature 334

Erfurt manuscript (Tosefta) 323, 332

Ervig, King (680–87), anti-Jewish policies 515

eschatology, rabbinic eschatology, understanding of the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 201

Eshel, Hanan 4, 105

Esther, book of

   appealed to as the basis of the moral imperative to observe Torah 880

   and the festival of Purim 568

Esther Rabbah 11, 689–90

   messianism 1069

   use of fable 739

Esther scroll (Megillah), reading of on the festival of Purim 568

Etana, myth 735–7

Eudaimonia (mother of the strategos Apollonios), concern for son in the Jewish uprisings in Egypt, during Trajan’s reign 96

Euphrates river, Jewish settlements 805

Eusebius

   account of the Bar Kochba Revolt and its dating 112

   on Constantine I’s church-building projects 1009

   and the dating of the foundation of Aelia Capitolina in relation to the Bar Kochba Revolt 107

   on Jewish attitudes to the persecution of Christians 995

   on Jewish and Christian villages in Palestine 408

   on Jewish uprisings in Cyprus, during Trajan’s reign 96

   on Jewish uprisings in Egypt, during Trajan’s reign 98

   on Jewish uprisings in Libya and Egypt 102

   on Jewish uprisings in Libya under Lukuas 94, 95

   on Jewish uprisings in Mesopotamia during Trajan’s reign 99

   on Quietus’ campaign against the Jews 86

   on Rufus’ involvement in the Bar Kochba Revolt 124

   on the sending out of messengers from Palestine to discredit Christianity 268

   and the “war of Kittos” 100

Eve, and Adam, marriage 619

evening synagogue service 580

evil, and good, not correlated with soul and body in rabbinical thought 956

excommunication, jurisdiction of Jewish courts recognized 159

Exilarchate 801–4

   and Jewish self-government, in Babylonia 87, 90

Exodus, book of

   halachic midrash 687

   and the merit of Israel and Moses 930

Exodus Rabbah 690

Exodus story, focus for anti-Jewish rhetoric in Egypt, after the First Jewish Revolt 56

Ezekiel, book of

   Merkavah vision

      and the emergence of Merkavah literature 755, 758, 765, 766

      reflected in Merkavah literature 772, 775, 776–7

   rabbinical concerns about 343

fables

   as Aggadah 683

   mashal 734–41

   See also folk tales

the Faiyum, tax records of Jewish communities, after the Second Jewish Revolt 63

Falk, Daniel 587

family life 9

   Babylon 625

   Palestine 620, 622

farming, see agriculture

fasting

   and festivals 570

   memorial fasts 569

   minor fasts 570, 571

   public fasting 569

Fathers (Patriarchs), merit of (zechut avot) 942

Fayum (Egypt), Jewish uprisings, during Trajan’s reign 95

Feldman, L. H. 167

Feliks, Yehuda 39, 41

Felix, Marcus Minucius, on God’s sovereignty 608

Ferron, J. 69

festivals 9 Yom Kippur

   Booths 563, 564

   and fasts 570

   formation during the Late Roman-Rabbinic period 556

   information sources 556–7

   Jewish festivals, recognized under Justinian’s Code 1074

   See also Purim; Sabbath; Sukkot; Yom Kippur

final judgment, resurrection essential for 959

Finkelstein, L. 40

Finkelstein, Louis 5, 15

firstfruits celebrations 565

firstfruits (aparchai), introduction, and effects on Jewry law, after the Jewish revolts 137

First Jewish Revolt 1

   and the causes of the Bar Kochba Revolt 106

   and Christianity’s separation from Judaism 266–7

   effects on Diaspora in Egypt and Cyrenaica 55

   effects of its failure on Palestine 23

   legal effects 133

   and the Yavneh academy 235

fiscus Judaicus 26, 79, 81, 419

   as cause of Jewish uprisings 93

   effects on Jewish identity 202

   introduction 55, 142

      and effects on Jewry law, after the Jewish revolts 137

   lack of exemptions from foments ill feeling among the Jews 58

   levying of 32

   Nisibis mentioned as collection point 84

fish, Spanish trade in 509

Fishbane, Michael 239, 340

fishing industry, in Palestine, second and third centuries 38

Flusser, D. 285, 286

folk medicine, women’s involvement 724

folk tales 11, 14, 722

   criteria for, exclude mashal 735

   informants about 724

   legends 725–30

   magic and supernatural tales 730–4

   performance 723

   See also fables

food, preparation, on festivals 563

Four Species, transport to Ben Kosiba”s camp for the Festival of Succoth, as indication of dating of the Bar Kochba Revolt 118

“The Fox and the Fishes” (fable: R. Akiva) 739, 740

Fragment Targum, use of Aramaic 462, 471

“Fragment Targum, The” (Yerushalmi) 693

Frankel, Zacharias 344

Frankel, Zechariah 325

Frazer, James 701

Fredriksen, Paula 14, 977

free will

   exercised in consistency with humanity’s subservience to God 926

   as the expression of humanity’s likeness to God 928

   and repentance 938

   and sin 932

Frend, W. H. C. 68, 73, 994

Frey, J. 75

Friedlander, M. 292

Friedman, M. (Ish-Shalom) 912

Friedman, S. 327, 334

Friedman, Shamma 866

fringes (tzitzit), wearing by women 640–1

Froga, Count, protection of Jews in Visigothic Spain (c. 603–14) 516

Fronto (Roman orator), on Roman casualties, in the Bar Kochba Revolt 123

funerary inscriptions and monuments

   Diaspora

      Italy 77, 494, 502–3, 506

      Rome 496–9, 501

   as evidence of Jewish involvement in civil and imperial administration, in Late Roman-Byzantine Palestine 414

   See also burials; catacombs; cemeteries; Sarcophagi

Funk, S. 827

Gafni, I. M. 12, 792, 829, 836

Gager, John G. 700

Galen 18

Galilean Aramaic, see Aramaic

Galilee

   administration during Hadrian’s reign 101

   Aramaic used during the period of the Amoraim 370

   Bar Kochba Revolt 114

   demography, after the Bar Kochba Revolt 37

   domestic architecture contrasted with that of the Greco-Roman villa 180

   Jewish population levels, third to fourth centuries 407, 408

   rabbinic settlement within 220, 222

   synagogues

      Baram 537

      Bet Alpha, mosaic floors 548

      Capernaum 552

      Sepphoris, mosaic floor 545, 546

Gallus (Caesar), Jewish revolt (351/2 CE) 411–13

Gallus, L. Cossonius (consul, Judaea) 101

Galor, K. 180

Galsterer, H. 27

Gamaliel II of Yavneh, R.

   attitudes to art 175

   and the Birkat ha-Minim 280, 290

Gamaliel VI (Patriarch) 156

   demotion 1002

Gamaliel (“a knowing Jew”), “discovery” of the bones of St. Stephen 1010

Gamaliel, R.

   attitudes to Christianity, as reported in Acts 267

   on the logic underlying resurrection 961

   origins of the Amidah 581

   and the origins of the rabbinic movement 208, 209, 210

   self-purification when eating unhallowed food 577

   travels, as evidence of the authority of the Yavneh academy 269

   and the Yavneh academy 210

Gamart (north of Carthage), necropolis 69, 71

Gamla (Israel) (synagogue) 177

Gamliel II, R. 19

Gamliel, Rabban, on the relationship between oral and written Torah 907

Gamliel, Rabban 914

Gargilius Antiquus, Paccius (consul, Judaea) 101

garment industry, Jewish participation 1044

Gaston, L. 263

Gaudentius of Brescia

   attempts to alleviate anti-Judaism ineffective 505

   sermons relating to the Jews 505

Geiger, Abraham 338, 344

Geiger, J. 107

gender, rabbinical views 219, 614–15

genealogical purity, rabbinic concerns with 850–1, 852

genealogy, talmudic attitudes towards 858

generic crimes, forbidden in the halakhah 129

Genesis, halachic midrash 687

Genesis Rabbah 11, 687, 688

   messianism 1069

Genoim, Aramaic language 476–7, 843

Gentile–Jewish relations, Rabbinate’s understanding 10

Gentile–Jewish social life, within cities in the ancient world 985–98

Gentiles resident aliens seven Canaanite nations

   attitudes affect the legal status of Jews in the Roman Empire 128–9

   biblical perceptions 647–8

   cultic practices allowed at other than the Jerusalem Temple 192

   merit 929

   as minim 288

   salvation, possible effects on Jewish proselytizing activities 992–3

   social interaction with Babylonian Jews 811–18

   social interaction with Jews discouraged by rabbis 17

   Torah study 918–19

   See also Amalekites; proselytes; resident aliens; Samaritans; seven Canaanite nations; slaves; world, nations of

geography, effects on halachah 18

Gerasa (Israel) (synagogue) 256, 525

geresh (“continuation,” “transfer”), use in PT 674

gerim (sojourners) 658

Geschichte der Juden IV (Graetz), on the Babylonian academies 826–7

get (writ of divorce), use of Aramaic 468

gezerah shavah (lexical comparison) 361

ghettoes, origins 236

Gibson, E. L. 996

Ginzberg, Louis 17, 276, 277

Gittin (mishnaic tractate) 301

glass industry, developments within Palestine, and their effects on halachah 17

Gnostics and Gnosticism 65, 245, 246

   antinomianism 261

   as basis for Christian anti-Judaism 978–9

   as minim 288, 293

   possible contents of a gnostic biblical canon 255

God

   actions, “for His Name’s sake,” independent of human merit 930–1

   addressed as King, in prayer 596

   choice by Israel, as a mark of the covenant 972

   description, in the Shiur Qoma 783–4

   faithfulness 964

   human repentance seen as an act of God 942

   Justin Martyr’s definition 981

   as King of the world, as affirmed by rabbinical prayer 573

   likeness, shared with humanity 927

   love for Israel shown in Israel’s election 971–5

   mercy, almost unlimited in its application to Israel 942

   name

      pronunciation during prayer 595

      pronunciation only in the Temple and not in the synagogue 599

      sanctification of, in Heikhalot literature 768–71

      use on amulets 710

   nature of the highest god as understood within Gnosticism 978, 979

   partnership with, as covenant 966

   prayer before 591–7

   relation to the world seen as analogous to the soul’s relationship to the body 953

   relationship with both Israel and the Gentiles 652–48

   relationship with Israel, metaphor for marriage 619

   sovereignty

      accepted within the Shema 603, 606

      focus within rabbinic liturgy 600–2, 604–9

      recognition of as covenant 966, 967–71

   sovereignty over death 964

   subjection to law 886

   and Torah 919–21

   word, as fire identified with God’s self 903

God-fearers (sebomenoi) 659, 987, 989

   presence in synagogues, in Asia Minor 80–1

   See also proselytes

God’s principal angel, speculations concerning, first century 265

Golan, demography, after the Bar Kochba Revolt 37, 38

Goldberg, A. 326, 334

Goldenberg, Robert 5, 191

Goldstein, Jonathan 961

good, and evil, not correlated with soul and body in rabbinical thought 956

Goodblatt, David 2–5, 7–8, 21, 27, 82, 404, 813, 821, 836

Goodenough, E. R. 175, 529

Goodman, Martin 44, 419

gor’in mosifin ve-dorshin (legal principle) 362–7

Gospel of the Ebionites 248

Gospel of the Egyptians 65, 254

Gospel of the Hebrews 65, 254

Gospel of the Nazoreans (“the Jewish Gospel”) 248

Gospel of Peter 248

Gospel of Philip 250, 965

Gospel of Thomas 65, 250

Gospel of Truth 65

Gospel of Truth (Valentinus) 254

Gospels

   attitudes to Judaism 31

   classified as gilyonim, to be burned as heretical 279

   evidence for banning from the synagogue 274

Goths, and Jewish legal rights 1022

“governed by men, not by rules,” principle 895–8

Grabar, André 550

grace, after meals, divine grace an essential part of the sustaining of life 960

Grado (northern Italy)

   funerary inscriptions 506

      on Jewish conversion to Christianity 506

Graetz, Heinrich 5, 230, 338

   Geschichte der Juden IV, on the Babylonian academies 826–7

grain shipments

   disruption affects Trajan’s policies towards the Jews 61

   imposition on Jews and Samaritans in Egypt declared illegal 151

grammar, in Biblical and Mishnaic Hebrew 373

Gratian (Roman emperor), legal prohibitions on apostasy from Christianity 164

Graetz, Heinrich 5

Greco-Roman culture, tall tales 745

Greece, Judaism and Christianity, first to second centuries 252–3

Greek

   absorption into Hebrew texts 1050

   influence upon Aramaic 483, 487

   and Mishnaic Hebrew 389, 392–3, 398

   reading of the Bible in Greek promoted under Justinian I’s regulations 1076

   superiority to Aramaic 460

   use in funerary inscriptions

      Italy 503

      Roman Jewish catacombs 495–7

      Rome 496, 498, 525

      Venosa 500, 501

   use in Jewish liturgy 987

   use in legal documents 630

   use in synagogue inscriptions

      Hammat Tiberias 543

      Sardis 534

   use within PT 663

Greek Magical Papyri 699

   as evidence of Jewish–Gentile religious interaction 987

Greeks

   anti-Jewish attacks, in Egypt, during Trajan’s reign 95, 96

   social situation, in relationship to Jews 141

   views on marriage 623

Greeks Answered (Apollinarius, bishop of Hierapolis) 251

Gregory the Great (pope)

   on Jewish legal standing 168, 169

   on Jewish ownership of Christian slaves 167–8

   and the Jews 1022–3

   letters

      cast light on the Diaspora 502

      as evidence of the presence of the Diaspora in Italy 502

grimoires (handbooks), use for magic 713–15

Grotto del Carciofo 503

guerrilla warfare, role in the Bar Kochba Revolt 35

Gush Ḥalav, synagogue 178, 538

Hadrian ben Yehudah 121

Hadrian (Roman emperor) 1, 4, 62, 98

   anti-Jewish policies 137–9

   appointment of Severus as commander of Roman forces in the Bar Kochba Revolt 123

   Bar Kochba Revolt 122, 124–5

   cult satirized in rabbinic traditions 602

   Jewish attempts to rebuild the Jerusalem Temple 195

   policy towards cities and Jewish control 46

   political decisions, as possible causes of the Bar Kochba Revolt 34

   possible proscription of Judaism 37

   religious edicts against Jews, following the Bar Kochba Revolt 126

   settlement of Libya, after Jewish uprisings 98

   siege of Bethar, recorded in folk tales about Bar Kochba 728

   troop movements in relationship to the Jewish uprisings 102

Haftorot, midrashim 688

haggadah 564

Hagia Sophia (church) (Constantinople) 1049

Hagiographa, Targums, use of Aramaic 462, 463, 617

Hai Gaon, Rav, on use of Babylonian Aramaic and also Chaldean 811

hakhamim 424

Hakohen, R. Huna, on merit 930

halachic nonconformity, as possible explanation for Jewish antipathy towards early Christianity 259, 261, 262

halachot 316

   evolution, as affected by social background 17

   relation to history 13

   as sources for PT 670

Halachot Gedolot, vocalized manuscripts 485

Halachot Pesuqot, vocalized manuscripts 485

halakhot

   as affected by Christianization of the Roman Empire 132

   attempts to abolish, under paganism 137, 138

   development 236

   effects on Jewish legal status in the Roman Empire 131, 132

   evolution, and effects on Jewish legal status under the Common law, in Israel 134, 136

   and Jewish legal status, in Israel, under paganism 134

   legal sources 133

   use of Aramaic 462

Halakhot Gedolot, use of Aramaic 462

Ḥalamish 408

Halevi, Judah, on the association of R. Ishmael b. Elisha with Heikhalot literature 759

Halevy, Isaac 671, 828

hallel, readings 560

hallel Psalms, recitation during Sukkot 566

Haman

   crucifixion 1074

   seen as a descendent of the Amalekites 649, 650

   as the subject of fable 738–9

HaMeiri, ascribes the Tosefta to Bar Kappara 320

Hamel, G. 23, 41

Ḥammam-Lif, synagogue 68, 71

Hamat Tiberias 538, 542, 547

Ḥana 915

Ḥananiah ben Teradion, R., daughter, Torah study 917

Ḥananyah, R. (nephew of R. Yehoshua) 88, 89

ha-Nasi, R. Judah (Yehudah) Judah I (Patriarch)

   and divine sovereignty within rabbinical liturgy 603

   confirms the Shema as the Decalogue’s replacement 967

   on slavery (the case of one both half slave and half free) 867–72

   See also Judah I (Patriarch)

handbooks (grimoires), use for magic 713–15

hands, “making the hands unclean,” defiled by handling canonical Scriptures 279

Hanina, R.

   on the destruction of Jerusalem as the effect of sin 937

   magical acts 708

Hanina ben Akashia, R., on human merit 929

Hanina ben Dosa, R. 910

   reported as conquering demons 732

Hanina (or Hananiah) ben Hizkiah 343

Hanina ben Menachem 13

Hannah, prayer, as pattern for the practice of Amidah 591, 597

Hannukah 567, 568

Harari, Yuval 702

Ḥarba de-Moshe (magical handbook) 714

Harnack, Adolf von 271

Harris, Jay 7

Hartra (Mesopotamia), siege 102

Harviainen, T. 477

hasidim 910

Haterius Nepos, T. (governor of the province of Arabia) 125

Hauptman, Judith 632

havdalah 562

Havdalah de-Rabbi Akiba (Babylonian Aramaic magical handbook) 713

Ḥayyim ben David, survey of synagogues in Byzantine Palestine 538

healing practices 703

heart, as the location of sin 932

heaven, identity, in connection with the emperor cult 1010

Heaven-fearers 150

heavenly sanctuaries, mystical ascent to, descriptions in Heikhalot literature 752

Hebrew

   absorption of other languages as evidence of lack of concern about language purity 1050

   and Aramaic 457, 458–60

   importance for both the Septuagint and the New Testament, as link between Judaism and Christianity 1010–12

   influence upon Jewish Aramaic 482–3

   lack of use in funerary inscriptions, in Roman Jewish catacombs 496

   rabbinic Hebrew, use within the Mishnah 304, 308

   in tannaitic literature 369

   use 2

   use by Babylonian Jews 811

   use in funerary inscriptions

      Italy 503

      Rome 525

      Venosa (Italy) 501, 508

      in Venosan Jewish catacombs 500

   use in inscriptions, in the Sardis synagogue 534

   use in the Tosefta 321

   use within PT 663

   See also Biblical Hebrew; Mishnaic Hebrew

Hebrew Bible

   Amos, Day of the Lord theme 1055

   formation of the canon 6, 16, 230–1, 232–8, 241–2

      and the growth of Christian literature 276–7

   Haggai, messianism 1056

   Justinian I endorses Aquila’s version 1024, 1048, 1076

   Leviticus, book of, halachic midrash 687, 688

   Numbers, book of, halachic midrash 687

   Onkelos (Greek translation) 692

      translation indicates that “to listen” to Torah is “to accept” Torah 880

   reading in synagogues, Justinian I’s regulations 1076

   Song of Songs, place in the curriculum 914

   See also Bible; Daniel, book of; Deuteronomy; Esther, book of; Exodus, book of; Ezekiel, book of; Isaiah, book of; Jeremiah, book of; Pentateuch; Scriptures; Septuagint

Hebrews, concept 1013

Hebrews, Epistle to the

   authorship 65

   and the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 204

   views on Judaism 253

Hecataeus of Abdera, on Jewish marriage practices 612

Hecate, temple (Cyrene), destruction in Jewish uprisings under Trajan 94

Hegesippus, on Jewish–Christian relations 246

heikhal, relationship to Heikhalot literature 757

Heikhalot literature 12, 749–57

   connections with the Temple 757–8

   editions and translations 786–8

   and magic 715–18

   prayers and sacred songs 761–83

   roles of R. Ishmael b. Elisha and Metatron 758–61

   and Sefer Yetzira (Book of Creation) 785–6

   Shiur Qoma 783–5

Heikhalot mysticism 12

Heikhalot Rabbati (ascent text) 716

Heinemann, J. 285

Helena, St. (Constantine I’s mother) 144, 1010

Helios (sun god)

   designs

      used in synagogues

         Bet Alpha 547

         Hammat Tiberias 542–3

         Sepphoris 544

   invocation

      in magical formulas 714

      in magical rites 699

Ḥelkiah ben Tobiah, R., recitation of folk tales 723

Hellenism

   contrast with rabbinic theology of the physical 946

   influence on Jewish funerary art 522

Hellenization

   influence on Israelite culture 188

   as a possible cause of the Bar Kochba Revolt 33

   rabbinical resistance to 236

Henchir Djouana (North Africa), inscriptions as evidence of Jewish presence 70

Herakleopolite nome (Egypt), Jewish uprisings, during Trajan’s reign 95

Ḥerem (banning from the synagogue) 272, 273

heresies, Christian classification as Judaistic 1045

heretical books, reading prohibited 276–80

heretics 933

   legal situation 150

   martyrdom 996

   permitted to give evidence in inheritance cases 154

Hermas 65, 253

Hermopolite (Egypt), Jewish uprisings, during Trajan’s reign 95

Herod Antipas 183

Herod Archelaus, deposition 27

Herodian family, settlement in Provincia Gallia 1039

Herodium

   Bar Kochba Revolt 113

   synagogue 177

Heschel, Abraham Joshua 233

ḥet (sin) 932

Hezser, C. 419, 427

hiding complexes 116

   use in the Bar Kochba Revolt 108

High Court (Jerusalem), as an ideal not reflected in rabbinic legal practice 896

High Holidays 563

High Priest, preparations for service on the Day of Atonement, mishnaic rules 302

high priesthood

   leadership role, in first-century Judaea 422

   operations under Claudius 142

Hillel

   biographical legends about 726

   and the origins of the Patriarchate 210

   on the relationship of soul with body 953

Hillel ben Garis (Herodium administrator, Bar Kochba Revolt) 111

Hillel, School of

   attitudes to women 632

   controversies with the School of Shammai 889, 937

   discussion of Shema as covenant 967

   on the ending of the Sabbath 562

   on restitution 940

   on the seven blessings 561

   on slavery (the case of one both half slave and half free) 867

   on students’ eligibility to study Torah 916

Ḥimyar 423

Hippolytus

   concerns with the spiritual importance of the Land of Israel 1008

   understanding of the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 198

Hirschfeld, Y. 179, 180

Hirschman, Marc 13, 899

Ḥisda, Rav (principal of Mehasya academy) 824, 826

Ḥisma, R. Elazar, learning 912

Historia Augusta

   as evidence of the ban on circumcision contributing to the Bar Kochba Revolt 107

   reliability of reports of the banning of circumcision questioned 34

Historiarum adversum paganos (Paulus Orosius) 1046

historical events, extent to which they are reflected in fables 740

historical perspectives, in Talmudic law 877

historicity, as evidence of editorial activity in BT 848

historiolas 704, 710

history

   biblical accounts precede the occurrence of history in metaphysical terms 682

   development by reason of human merit and God’s actions 931

   and halachah 13

   and talmudic law 884–6

Ḥiyya of Astunya (disciple of Rava) 835

Ḥiyya, R. (“Rabbi Hiyya the Great”) 319, 320, 325, 855

Hoffmann, David Z. 338

ḥol hamoed 563

home life, women’s role 633–4

homoeroticism 616

   Babylonian rabbinical views 621

Honoratus (Eparch of Byzantium), authorization of synagogue in Chalkoprateia 1035

Honorius I (Pope), chides the Church for its softness in dealing with false Jewish converts 514

Honorius (Roman emperor)

   and the Aurum coronarium 157

   on baptism of Jewish converts 163

   expels Jews from imperial administration 160

   imposition of curial duties on Jews 159

   legal provisions on Jewish ownership of Christian slaves 164

   policies towards the Patriarchate 1002

Horbury, W. 102, 270, 282, 283, 291

Ḥoron ben Yishmael (En-Gedi’s parnasim, Bar Kochba Revolt) 111

Ḥorvah 108, 538

Hoshaya, R. 320

hospitality duty, synagogues exempt from 156

households

   as the basic unit of society 617

   male headship within presumed within the rabbinic movement 220

houses and housing

   first century 174

   Graeco-Roman villas contrasted with those in Galilee 180

   Israel, first to second centuries 178–82, 188

   peristyle houses 180, 188

   purchase, Bar Kochba Revolt 121

   Sepphoris, Dionysos mansion 181

human merit (zechut) 928–31

humoristic tales 741–4

Huna, Rab, on demonology 703

Huna, Rav (principal of Nehardea academy) 824, 826, 827

   recitation of folk tales 723

Huna ben Hiyya, R., recitation of folk tales 723

Huna son of Manoaaḥ (disciple of Rava) 835

husbands, control of wives 631

Hutner, R. Yitzḥak 350

ḥyh (live) 963

Hymn to King Helios, The (Julian the Apostate) 608

Hypaepa, Jewish citizenship 81

Hypatia, death (415) 1038

Ibn Batriq, Eutychius 407

Ibn Ezra, Abraham

   on conflict between midrash halachah and the legal demands of Scripture 360

   scriptural exegesis and the use of prepositions 352

Ibn Khaldun, on Berber tribes converted to Judaism 69

iconoclasm 1041

iconography 5

idolatry

   death penalty for in the halakhah 129

   Jewish opposition to 989

   and men’s failure to control their sexuality 614

   proscription for Gentiles 651–2, 653

   as sin 932

Iggeret (Sherira Gaon), on the history of the Babylonian academies 822, 823, 825, 829

Ignatius of Antioch 246

   Christian–Jewish relations, second to third centuries 82

   views of Judaism 251

Ilan, Tall 10, 627

Ilfa (Hilfai), R. 320

immersion, demanded of proselytes 660

imperial administration

   Jewish participation 160–1

   relations with the Patriarchate 416–23

imperial and civil government, Jewish membership, in Late Roman-Byzantine Palestine 414–15

impiety, concept under the Christianized Roman Empire 1000

Ina (daughter of Zeira) (client named on an amulet) 710

incantation texts 702

   use of Aramaic 479

individuals

   self-harm, laws against, as indicators of religiosity 879

   and society, legal regulation, as indicators of religiosity 879

Ineffable Name, pronunciation, in the Temple and heavenly liturgies 777–82

Infancy Gospel of Thomas, views on Judaism 250

inheritance, legal cases, Jews and heretics permitted to give evidence 154

inscriptions

   Carthage and western North Africa, as evidence of Jewish presence 68–9, 71

   in Roman catacombs 524

   synagogues

      in the Diaspora 525

      Hammat Tiberias 543

      Sardis 534

      Sepphoris 544

   women’s memorials 627

“institutionalism,” and the rabbinic movement 222–4

Instone Brewer, David 280

interest, prohibitions on 44

intermarriage

   between Jews and Christians 1023

      legal prohibitions 164

      prohibited by Theodosius I (388) 1043

   prohibitions on intermarriage between Israelites and Ammonites as understood within halakhah 885

   rabbinic prohibitions 651

   See also marriage

interpersonal relations, legal regulation, as indicators of religiosity 879

“Invention of the True Cross, The” 1025

Ioudaikon telesma, effects on Jewry law 137

Ir-Naḥash, involvement in the Bar Kochba Revolt 111, 113

Iran, Sasanid Iran (map) 795

Iraq el-Emir, Tobiad residence 175

Irenaeus

   Adversus Haereses 65

   on Christian unity 244

   concerns with the spiritual importance of the Land of Israel 1008

Irshai, Oded 14, 977

Isaac, Benjamin 35

Isaac, R.

   on the destruction of Jerusalem as the effect of sin 937

   on the templization of the synagogue 578

Isaiah, book of

   messianic themes 1055

   Temple vision

      reflected in glorification of the Throne of Glory in Heikhalot literature 766

      reflected in Merkavah literature 772

   theological outlook 239–40

Isfahani, Hamza (Persian Muslim author) 800

Ishmael, School of (Husal) 89

Ishmael, R.

   ascribes the continued existence of the cosmos to human merit 929

   on the burning of heretical books 278

   on conflict between midrash halachah and the legal demands of Scripture 359, 360

   exegetical school 338

   on the interrelationship between soul and body 958

   Merkavah mysticism 715

   on misuse of midrash halachah 364

   named in the Heikhalot Rabbati 716, 717

   on repentance 938

   thirteen hermeneutical principles 345, 351, 361

Ishmael b. Elisha, R.

   on angelic heavenly liturgies 768

   associations with Heikhalot literature 749, 758–9, 760–1, 763

   role as priest in Heikhalot literature 763

Ishmael bar Yose, R., quoted in humoristic tales 742

Ishmael ben Eleazar, R., on the cultural role of the synagogue 721

“Ishmael” midrashim, and the transmission of legal tradition 215

Isidore of Seville

   and the Jews 1022–4

   on Sisebut’s anti-Jewish policies 513

Isidorus (Bouleutes) 414

Islam 10

   rise 1

      effects on the Jews 1050

Israel

   affected by sin 937

   election 965–75

   importance for development of post-tannaitic literature 678–80

   merit 930

   operation of the Common law, under paganism 133–6

   operation of Jewry law, under paganism 136–9

   relationship with God

      metaphor for marriage 619

      as that affects her relationship with Gentiles 652–48

   term used of the Church 264

Israel, Land of 15, 17

   importance for the sense of continuity between Judaism and Christianity 1008–10

   Jewish legal position, fifth century 1047

   Judaism, third to seventh centuries 7

   Judaism within, first to second centuries 2

   synagogues, locations 426

Israel, State, founding, and messianism 236

Italy Venosa

   Diaspora 8, 1039

      third to seventh centuries 492–508

   Judaism and Christianity, third to seventh centuries 492–507

   See also Rome; Venosa

Ius gentium 130

Jacob ben Asher, R., on the Amidah 579

Jacob ben Nissim, R., and the Tosefta 317, 320

Jacobs, L. 809

Jael (prostanthe) 80

Jaffee, Martin, on the composition of the Mishnah 309

Jamnia, see Yavneh academy

Jeremiah, book of

   attitudes to the destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians 31

   understanding of the destruction of the Solomonic Temple 196

Jericho

   conquest of 15

   synagogue 177

Jerome, St.

   on the biblical canon 233

   on the Birkat ha-Minim 282, 283, 289, 291

   on the effects of the defeat of the Bar Kochba Revolt on Judaea’s population 126

   on Jewish learning 908

   on Jewish population levels in Palestine 409

   on the Jewish revolt under Gallus (351/2 CE) 411

   on Jewish settlements in North Africa 1040

   on the origins of Aristides 252

   use of the concept of “Jew” 984

Jerusalem

   archaeological remains

      mosaic floors, Second Temple period 549

      tombs, first to third centuries 184

   Bar Kochba Revolt, capture disputed 4, 35, 115–16

   church constructions under Constantine I 1009

   destruction during the First Jewish Revolt, effects on demography 406

   destruction, seen as the effect of sin 937–8

   disagreements about its management 194

   fall, under the Babylonians, memorial fasts 569

   Islamic conquest (638) 1, 19

   northern Jerusalem, synagogue 177

   rebuilding as Aelia Capitolina, under Hadrian 138

   siege (First Jewish War), deaths 23

   Temple, destruction, as cause of Jewish uprisings under Trajan 93

   See also Aelia Capitolina

Jerusalem–Christian community 246

Jerusalem orientation, of synagogues 541, 574

Jerusalem Talmud (Talmud Yerushalmi), see Palestinian Talmud

Jerusalem Temple, see Temple

Jesus Christ 6

   attitudes to the Temple 31

   collections of folk traditions critical of him 270

   humanity stressed in opposition to Docetism 1008

   Jewish origins, recognition by the Church fosters more favorable attitudes towards Judaism 1006

   messianic status 6

   observance of the Law emphasized by Augustine of Hippo 1016

   perceived as a rabbi 267

“Jew”

   concept 1045

      in early Christian literature 984

      in the fifth to the seventh centuries 1026, 1027

      linked to continuity between Judaism and Christianity 1010

Jewish–Christian relations

   Asia Minor, second to third centuries 82

   Spain, third to seventh centuries 509–11

Jewish-Christian writings, containing heretical material, reading prohibited 278–9

Jewish Christians, as minim 288–91

Jewish community

   in Palestine

      third to seventh centuries 404–5

         demography 405–10, 415

         the Patriarchate 416–23, 424

         the Rabbinate 423–7

         relations with the imperial regime 410–15

Jewish–Gentile relations, Rabbinate’s understanding 10

Jewish–Gentile social life, within cities in the ancient world 985–98

Jewish “heretics,” as minim 288, 292–3

Jewish history 404

Jewish identity

   as affected by the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 202–3

   Asia Minor, second to third centuries 79

   in relation to other nations, in humoristic tales 743–4

   in relationship to marriage and sexual ethics 612–13

Jewish immigration, effects on populations in Egypt and Cyrenaica, second and third centuries 66, 67

Jewish judicial system, in Israel, under paganism 135

Jewish legal status, Justinian’s Code 1043

Jewish literature

   epigraphic material, use of Aramaic 463

   halachic literature, use of Aramaic 461

   as indication of Jewish demography in Palestine 410

   late second-Temple period, compared to the Mishnah 300

   Targums, use of Aramaic 462–3

Jewish officials, selection, 878

Jewish religious identity, attempts to abolish, under paganism 137

Jewish religious leaders, exemption for curial liturgies 159

Jewish religious life, centered on the synagogue 137

Jewish revolts, effects upon the legal status of Jews in the Roman Empire 129

Jewish society, and the practice of magic 718–19

Jewish symbols, presence in paintings in Roman catacombs 524

Jewishness, contribution to the legal status of Jews in the Roman Empire 128–30

Jewry law

   as affected by christianization of the Roman Empire 132, 133

   and Common law, effects of Christianization 144–8

   in the Diaspora, under paganism 139–44

   effects on Jewish legal status in the Roman Empire 130, 132

   in Israel, under paganism 136–9

   Jewish–Christian relations 161–7

   relations between Jews and the state, under Christianity 159–61

   under Christianity

      operation 154–9

      principles concerning 148–54

   See also law

Jews

   artistic and architectural activity, first to third centuries 4

   as city councilors, in Sepphoris 46

   civic exemptions, as an example of the respect for mos maiorum 997

   exclusivism 989

   exile seen as for the benefit of the Church, Augustine’s teaching on the links between Judaism and Christianity 1018

   forced to serve in municipal administration while being excluded from public office 153

   and Gentiles, social interaction discouraged by rabbis 17

   indebtedness to God 926

   legal status 620

      in the ancient world 985

      in the Roman Empire 4, 128–33

         after Constantine I’s adoption of Christianity 1000–3

         during the Late Byzantine period 1036, 1040

         era before the Theodosian Code 1041–3

         sources 128

         under Christianity 144–69

         under Justinian I 1073–6

         under paganism 133–44

         under the Theodosian Code 1043, 1045

      under Islam 1050

   in Palestine, second and third centuries 48

   participation in persecution of Christians possible, and the growth of Christian anti-Judaism 994–8

   personal status, effects on legal status 130

   proselytism, and the growth of Christian anti-Judaism 990

   reconversion to Judaism from Christianity permitted 1002

   Roman citizenship under the Constitutio Antoniniana 48, 135, 139, 1035

Jews Answered (Apollinarius, bishop of Hierapolis) 251

Joḥanan, R., on exposition and application of talmudic law 891

John Chrysostom

   Against the Judaizers, on the public nature of religious practice 986

   attitudes towards Judaism 246

   on Christian attendance at synagogues 1005

   criticisms of Christians attending the synagogue 271

   on Jewish population levels in Palestine 409

John, Gospel of

   attitudes towards the Jews 247

   and Christian expulsion from the synagogue 274, 282, 284, 290, 291

Jonah, wife, fabled to have been prevented from undertaking pilgrimage to the Temple 639

Joppa, demography, after the Bar Kochba Revolt 37

Jose ben R. Bun, R., mention in PT 666

Jose ben Tartos, R., on atonement 941

Joseph and Aseneth 64

Joseph, messiah of 1068

Joseph of Tiberias 255

Josephus, Flavius 36

   attitudes to the failure of the First Jewish Revolt 31, 32

   avoidance of covenantal language 609

   Babylonian Jewish population levels 805

   demographic figures after the First Jewish Revolt 57

   on the desert sanctuary 193

   on the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 194, 203

   on the Diaspora in Adiabene 83

   on the Diaspora in Nisibis 84

   as evidence of Jewish presence in Asia Minor 75, 76, 79

   on exemptions from military service 144

   figure of deaths during the siege of Jerusalem (First Jewish Revolt) 23

   on God’s sovereignty 606

   on immersion as a pre-prandial rite among the Essenes 577

   importance for accounts of Jewish revolts against the Romans 33

   and information about festivals 557

   on Israel as beloved of God 972

   on the Jewish population of Palestine 991

   on Jewry law 133

   on Jews’ political role in Babylonia 86

   on land tenure 43

   legends on Berbers as Canaanites 69

   on the lighting of candles, during Hannukah 568

   on magic 699

   as means to dating the midrashim 686

   mention of Nisibis 804

   on messianism 1060

   on the messianism of the Pharisees and Sadducees 1060

   on patronage 44

   on prohibitions on the use of the design of the zodiac 543

   on property ownership in Palestine after the First Jewish Revolt 25

   reports of the olive industry 38

   on the role of the high priests 422

   on the soul 957

   treats covenant as a patron–client relationship 966

   understanding of the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 197

Joshua, R.

   mention of halachic decisions made by Bruriah 644

   travels, as evidence of the authority of the Yavneh academy 269

   on women studying Torah 917

Joshua ben Ḥananiah (Anania), R.

   and attempts to rebuild the Jerusalem Temple 195

   fables 739–40

   understanding of the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 199

Joshua ben Korḥa, R.

   on the acceptance of God’s sovereignty prior to the acceptance of the commandments 967

   on the structural likeness of the Shema to that of the Decalogue 600

Joshua ben Levi, R., on oral Torah 900

Joshua ben Peraia, R. (reputed teacher of Jesus) 713

Joshua ben Qorha, R., on the Shema and authority of both God and the commandments 603

Josiah (king of Judah) 192

Jovian (Roman emperor), reinstates orthodox bishops’ civil powers 1004

Jubilee, celebration, and emancipation of Jewish slaves 657

Jubilees

   on the celebration of Shavuot 565

   connections with the emergence of Heikhalot literature 757

   role of Metatron 761

Judah I (Patriarch) (Yehudah ha-Nasi) 6, 19, 46, 49, 88, 89, 127, 186, 209, 317, 407, 417, 421

   anger at Yose ha-Maoni’s preaching against his dynasty 724

   on blessings in spring 949

   death 404

      and the establishment of Babylonian academies 822

   on disputes within the Mishnah 303

   disqualification of the blind from leading the recitation of the Shema 951

   editing of the Mishnah 6, 201, 299, 319, 322, 327, 328, 369, 1062

   family’s burial site at Bet Shearim (Byzantine Palestine) 522

   on high priestly preparations on the Day of Atonement 302, 303

   involved in resolution of disputes between a city council and Jewish members 413

   on women’s residence in the sukkot 639

Judah II, R. 19

Judah, demography, first to third centuries 406

Judah (disciple of Akiva), and the transmission of the Mishnah 215

Judah, Rav, attitudes towards Babylonia 654

Judah ben Shalom, R., on the relationship between oral and written Torah 906

Judah ben Yaqar, on waking as an expression of resurrection or divine renewal 963

Judah Cyriacus 1010

Judah son of Batera (resident of Nisibis) 84

Judaism

   as affected by Constantine I’s adoption of Christianity 998–1007

   apostasy from

      legal provisions 162–3

      never complete 661

      as a result of the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 198

   and Christianity

      in Asia Minor, first to second centuries 250–2

      church buildings and their use, first to second centuries 255

      development of the Christian biblical canon, first to second centuries 255

      in Egypt, first to second centuries 254–5

      first to second centuries 256

      in Greece and Macedonia, first to second centuries 252–3

      in Italy

         third to seventh centuries 492–507

         Venosa (Basilicata), third to seventh centuries 499

      legal effects 145

      in Palestine, first to second centuries 246–7

      in Rome

         first to second centuries 253–4

         third to seventh centuries 495–9

      in Syria, first to second centuries 248–50

      third to seventh centuries 14, 256

   concept 4

   continuity with Christianity recognized 1006–8

      importance of the Hebrew text behind the Septuagint and parts of the New Testament 1010–12

      importance of the Land of Israel 1008–10

      through Judaism’s historical priority 1013–20

   conversions from Christianity denounced under the christianized Roman Empire 1000

   conversions to Judaism, third century 1039

   defects from, after First Jewish Revolt 32

   development

      and factors affecting this 16

      in Late Roman period 1

   effects of the rise of Christianity 6

   importance within Christian heterodoxy 245

   non-rabbinic forms 191

   not recognized as a religio licita, under Justinian’s Code 1074

   persecution after the Bar Kochba Revolt 37

   relations with Zoroastrianism 12

   religious leaders, legal privileges 157–8

   Roman attitudes towards after First Jewish Revolt 29–30

   Second Temple Judaism, understanding of soul and body 957

   seen as a religion, in judicial terms, under Christianity 154–9

   within the Land of Israel, first to second centuries 2

   women’s role 10

judaizing 1001

Judaea 24

   demography, after Bar Kochba Revolt 36, 126–7

   government (first century) 27

   Province, renamed as Provincia Syria Palestina 127

   “war of Kitos” 99–100

judges

   appointment under both the Exilarchate and the Patriarchate 802

   courts of qualified judges, in Israel, under paganism 136

   infallibility 897

      as an indication of the religious nature of talmudic law 878, 881

   role in talmudic law 895, 897

judicial decisions, non-transparency, as an indication of the religious nature of talmudic law 878

judicial deviations, in talmudic law 893–4, 895

judicial error 897

judicial procedures, midrashic justification 348

Julian the Apostate (Roman emperor)

   abolition of the fiscus Judaicus 137

   and the Aurum coronarium 157

   Christian education 147

   on God’s sovereignty 608

   invasion of Persia, as indication of the completion of PT 666

   Jewish attempts to rebuild the Jerusalem Temple 195

   on Jewish charity 45

   pro-Jewish policies 15, 796

   rebuilding of the Jerusalem Temple 15, 405, 1003

   religious policies 1003

Julianus the palatinus 414

Julius Severus, role in suppression of the Bar Kochba Revolt 35

Jupiter Capitolinus, temple, possible erection on the Temple Mount 34

Juster, Jules 1035, 1038

Justin I (Roman emperor) 1073

   on education of children in marriages between orthodox and non-orthodox parents 164

Justin Martyr

   anti-Judaism 264, 266

   Apologies 254

   on the Birkat ha-Minim 282, 283, 289, 291

   concerns with the spiritual importance of the Land of Israel 1008

   on God’s sovereignty 604, 607

   on Hebrew text of the Jewish Scriptures 1011

   on the logic underlying resurrection 961

   millenarianism 1008

   possible evidence of banning from the synagogue 274

   on prayer as sacrifice 581

   on the sending out of messengers from Palestine to discredit Christianity 268, 270, 271

   use of the term “Israel” for the Church 264

   views on Judaism 249, 253

   See also Dialogue with Trypho (Justin Martyr)

Justinian I (Roman emperor)

   anti-Judaism 1, 15, 506, 1024, 1036, 1048–51

      encourages apostasy from Judaism 163

      forbids the building of new synagogues 1036

      forbids Jews to testify against orthodox Christians 162

      forced conversions of Jews 1042

      imposition of curial duties on Jews 160

      legal provisions on Jewish ownership of Christian slaves 166, 167

      prohibits Jews from disinheriting apostate children 162

      prohibits Jews from service as advocates 160

      revision of Jewish legal status 1073–6

      as shown in the Corpus Iuris Civilis 15

      warns against excommunication of those wishing to read the Torah in Greek 155

   anti-pagan policies 15, 1047

   arbitrates in quarrels between Jewish groups over the reading of the Torah in either Hebrew or Greek 1024, 1045, 1048, 1076

   conquest of Italy, and effects on the Jews 506–7

   on education of children in marriages between orthodox and non-orthodox parents 164

   extent of the Roman Empire 1037

   on Jews and heretics 152, 154

   lawcode, see Corpus Iuris Civilis Corpus Iuris Civilis

   Novellae, regulations concerning Jews 1075

Juvenal, attitudes to the Jews 987, 989

Kabbalists, practice of prayer 595

Kahana, Menahem 338

Kahana, Rav (third-century Babylonian sage) 794, 913

Kalir, El’azar biRabbi (poet) 694

kallah 835–6, 837

Kalmin, Richard 13, 21, 840

kalos (Greek term used in praise of the deity) 609

kapparah (acquital) 941

Karethoth, use of Aramaic 478

karev (technical term for access to the Temple) 582

Käsemann, E. 263

Katz, Steven T. 6, 14, 259, 925

Kavad I (Sasanian ruler), taxation policies 807, 809

Kavad (Sasanid ruler) (488–531 CE) 800

kavana 881

ke-feshutam, effects on rabbinical practice in connection with scriptural exegesis 346

Kedushah 762, 765, 783

   interpolation into the Amidah 596, 602

Kedushah de-Sidra 767

Kedushot, in Heikhalot literature 766–71

kelal u-ferat (u-khelal) (legal principle) 362

Kerkslager, Alan 5, 53

Kerygma Petrou (Preaching of Peter) 65, 250, 254

Ketev Meriri (demon) 733

kethubba (marriage contract), use of Aramaic 468

Ketubah 631

Kfar-Baram inscription, Mishnaic Hebrew 370

Khirbet Shema (Israel)

   housing 179

   synagogue 178

Khirbet Zeita (Shephelah) (hiding complex in the Bar Kochba Revolt) 108

khreiai 217

Khusro I Anoshirvan (Sasanian ruler) (521–579 CE), taxation policies 807, 809

kiddush 562

Kimelman, Reuven 9, 14, 21, 284, 285, 289, 573, 946

kinship bonds 619

Kirdir (Zoroastrian priest, third century) 797, 799

Kiryat Arabaya, involvement in the Bar Kochba Revolt 113

kishuf (magic) 643

Kister, M. 916

Kloner, A. 108

Komaise, Salome

   archive 26, 27, 629

      and observance of Roman law under paganism 135

   displacement as a result of the Bar Kochba Revolt 113

Korah, legends of, as social protest 741

Kosovsky, H. J. 370

Kotansky, Roy 709

Kraabel, A. T. 70

Kraeling, C. H. 529

Kraemer, David 6, 299

Kraemer, R. 70, 299

Krauss, S. 289, 389, 908

Kuhn, K. G. 288, 290

Kutiim (rabbinical term for Samaritans) 656

Kutscher, E. Y. 380, 471, 486

Kynopolite (Egypt), Jewish uprisings, during Trajan’s reign 95

laity

   leadership in synagogue worship 598

   observance of rabbinic demands 811

Lakish, Resh

   on demonology 733

   on eligibility to teach Torah 915

   mollifies Judah I’s anger at Yose ha-Maoni’s preaching 724

Lamech, condemned for hedonism 615

lamed (to learn) 901

Lamentations Rabbah 11, 689–90

   on excessive mourning, as reflecting women’s role in child-rearing 634

   messianism 1069

lamps, terracotta, Israel, first to third centuries 187–8

land distribution, Second Temple period 44

landownership

   Bar Kochba Revolt 112

   in Palestine, as indication of Jewish population levels 409

   redistribution in Palestine as a result of the First Jewish Revolt 34

   women’s holdings, Salome Komaise archive 630

Lane Fox, Robin 995

Langer, Ruth 287

languages, use on magic bowls 712

languages of discourse, between Babylonian Jews and Gentiles 811–12

Lapin, Hayim 5, 8, 206

Late Byzantine period, references to in the midrashim 686

“Late Roman” 404

Later Scroll of Fasts 571

Latin

   absorption into Hebrew texts 1050

   influence upon Aramaic 483, 487

   and Mishnaic Hebrew 393, 398

   use in funerary inscriptions

      Italy 503

      Rome 496, 498, 525

      Venosa 500, 501

   use in Jewish liturgy 987

   use within PT 663

Lauterbach, Jacob 827

law

   basis on scriptural authority, and the origins of midrash halachah 341

   changes related to historical contingencies 885

   criminal law, theoretical exposition 891

   Jewish law

      compared with Roman law, in the Collatio 504

      observance, during the Bar Kochba Revolt 121

   practice of Roman provincial law and Jewish law, after First Jewish Revolt 26

   rabbinical involvement, in Palestine, second and third centuries 49

   See also Jewry law

lawcourts

   appellate courts, non-existence in talmudic law 896

   dinim, establishment by the Gentiles 653

   High Court (Jerusalem), as an ideal not reflected in rabbinic legal practice 896

   Jewish courts

      jurisdiction 158–9

      under the christianized Roman Empire 1002

      under Justinian’s Code 1074

   Jews forbidden to testify against Christians, under Justinian’s Code 1074

   use by Jews, under Justinian’s Code 1074, 1075

“the law of the kingdom is the law,” principle 654, 796

lawmakers, infallibility, as an indication of the religious nature of talmudic law 878, 881

laws

   historical development seen as changes in rabbinical opinions rather than changes in historical circumstances 884

   historical locus 884

lay courts, in Israel, under paganism 136

Lazar, R., on God’s subjection to law 886

Le Bohac, Y. 68, 70, 71

Lecce (Salento), Diaspora 503

Leda and the Swan, detail on sarcophagus, Beth Shearim 523

legal cases, Jewish–Christian relations 161

legal codices, as records of social interaction 628

legal decision-making, as influenced by miracles, as an indication of the religious nature of talmudic law 878

legal documents, languages 630

legal information, within the midrash halachah 336

legal practices, forbidden to Jews, under Justinian’s Code 1074

legal systems

   effects on Jewish legal status in the Roman Empire 130–2

      Christianization 132–3

   function, as an indicator of religiosity 878

   permanency, as an indication of the religious nature of talmudic law 878

   regulatory spheres, as indicators of religiosity 879

   source, as indication of religiosity 879

   various systems assumed as the background to talmudic law 877

legends

   biographical legends 726–7

   fables (mashal) 734–41

   historical legends 727–30

   humoristic tales 741–4

   tall tales 743–6

legions

   II Traiana 25, 101

   III Cyrenaica 96, 100

   VI Ferrata 25, 46

   X Fretensis 46

   XXII Deiotariana 25, 96

   deployment in Israel after the Jewish revolts 135

   Egyptian legions, during Jewish uprisings, in Trajan’s reign 96

   involvement in the defeat of the Bar Kochba Revolt 123

Leiman, Sid 276

lemmata 326

Leontopolis (Memphis, Egypt)

   burial sites 522

   Temple of Onias 55, 192–3, 195

“leprosy,” midrash halachah in the Sifra 356–8, 360

lesbianism 616

Lesses, Rebecca 705

Letter of Aristeas, cultic significance of washing before prayer 576

Letter on the Conversion of the Jews (Severus of Minorca) 510, 511

Letter to Flora (Ptolemy), views on Judaism 253

Levinas, Emmanuel 708

Levine, Baruch A. 712

Levine, Lee I. 5, 8–9, 174, 425, 519

Levites, access to the heikhal, reflected in Heikhalot literature 757

Leviticus Rabbah 11, 688, 689

   messianism 1069

Lewin, B. 320

Lewis, J. P. 234

Libya

   Jewish uprisings, during Trajan’s reign 93, 94, 97, 98

   Jewry law in 141

Licinius (supplicant to Augustine of Hippo) 1020

Liebermann, Saul 215, 285, 317, 326, 332, 333, 334, 389, 668, 913

life, need for the sustaining kindness of divine grace 960

Life of Bar-Sauma, on Jewish population levels in Palestine 409

Lifschitz, B. 637

Linder, Amnon 4, 128

“lion converts” 655

“The Lion and the Egyptian Partridge” (fable) 739

literacy, and the rabbinic movement 219

literature

   as evidence of the Diaspora in Italy 493, 504–7

      third to seventh centuries 494, 504–7

   as evidence of Jewish presence in Carthage and western North Africa 72

   Jewish literature possibly reintroduced into Egypt and Cyrenaica after the Second Jewish Revolt by Christians 63

   Second Temple literature, in BT 841

litigants, in talmudic and contemporary western law 895, 897

Litorius (governor of the Balearics) 510

liturgy

   decisions concerning taken by the Yavneh academy 269

   language, influence on Mishnaic Hebrew 399

   New Year liturgy 600

   rabbinic liturgy

      as a model of the sacrificial cult 580–6

      questioning of its role as a model of the sacrificial cult 587–91

   Sabbath liturgy 560

local authorities (mara deatra) 888

local government, and the bishops, effects on Judaism 1020

loculi 184

Lod (Diospolis), destruction mentioned during the Jewish revolt under Gallus (351/2) 411

Lombards, invasions of Italy and their effects on Justinian legislation against the Jews 507

London manuscript (Tosefta) 332

love amulets, burning 709

Lucian, tall tales 745

Luḥit (Arabia), population displacement as a result of the Bar Kochba Revolt 112–13

Luke, Gospel of

   evidence for banning from the synagogue 274

   as a reflection of Jewish–Christian relations 261, 262

   views of Judaism 248

Lukuas (leader of Jewish uprising in Libya) 94

lunar months, and solar years, synchronization 558

Lupus, Rutilius (prefect of Egypt) 96, 97

Luther, Martin, views of the Letter of James 246

Luzzatto, Samuel David 344, 360

Lycopolite (Egypt), Jewish uprisings, during Trajan’s reign 95

Lycurgus, laws 140

Lydda

   demography, after the Bar Kochba Revolt 37

   rabbinic settlement within 220, 222

   raised to consular rank 46

Maaseh Merkavah (ascent text) 716

Maaser (Mishnaic tractate) 301

maasim literature, and the influence of the Rabbinate 427

Maccabees

   books of

      exclusion from the Hebrew biblical canon 16

      lacking in messianism 1057

   as evidence of Jewish presence in Asia Minor 75, 76

   rededication of the Temple (Ḥannukah) 568

Macedonia, Judaism and Christianity, first to second centuries 252–3

magic 11, 699–701

   and amulets 708–11

   Babylonian Jews seen as knowledgeable in magic 814–15

   concept 701–2

   Heikhalot literature 715–18

   Jewish expertise, of interest to Christians in Sicily 506

   Jewish magic, and its sources 702–18

   and magic bowls 711–13

   practice 67

      in Jewish society 718–19

   tales 730–4

   use of handbooks (grimoires) 713–15

Magnesia, Christian–Jewish relations, second to third centuries 82

Magness, Jodi 538

Magona (Minorca), Jewish colony 510–11

Maier, John 755

Maimonides

   application of gorin mosifin ve-dorshin 363

   on controversies and the demise of the High Court in Jerusalem 896

   and the origins of the Tosefta 320, 325

   reliance on the Sifra in codifying Jewish law 350

Malakites (Monophysites) 1041

Malta

   burial sites 522

   Diaspora 503

      third to seventh centuries 492, 503

mamzer/mamzerim (certified offspring of adulterous or incestuous unions), marriage 657, 851

man, as the icon of God 954

Mandel, Paul 7, 316

Manichaeans, excluded from legal activity 162

Manichaeism 797

   anti-Judaism 1013

   Augustine of Hippo’s arguments against in the light of his defense of Jews and Judaism 1014, 1015

Manoaḥ 835

Mantel, H. 106

manuscripts, as evidence of the transmission of PT 672

Manyumi ben Ḥelkiah, R., recitation of folk tales 723

Maoza (Mahoza) (Provinica Arabia) 26

mara deatra (local authorities) 888

Marcellus, Certus Publicus (governor of Syria) 125

Marcion 246, 252

   anti-Judaism 252, 253

      and use of the Septuagint 979, 982, 984

   biblical canon 255

Marcionism 245

Marcionites, martyrdom 996

Marcus Aurelius (Roman emperor), on the unruly nature of the Jews 48

Margaliot, Mordechai 714

Mark, Gospel of

   anti-Judaism 261, 264

   discussion of Shema as covenant 967

   views of Judaism 248

marketplaces

   control, under the Exilarch 803

   cultural role 722

   women’s presence in 636

Marmorstein, A. 285

Marqa (Samaritan poet), as means to dating the midrashim 687

marriage 9

   arranged marriages 618

   Babylonian rabbinical views 617, 621, 622–4

   boundaries within, as discussed within the Mishnah 310

   conditional betrothal 618

   conjugal sex, affirmation 956

   early marriage, among Babylonian Jewry possibly influenced by Iranian practices 813

   Jewish customs and identity 612–13

   levirate marriages 623

      forbidden under Justinian’s Code 1075

   marriageable ages 618

   Palestinian sources 616–19

   rabbinic concerns with 217, 219

   rabbinic laws, dating and the origins of the Mishnah 200

   regulation, lack of rabbinic authority 213

   sanctity 624

   second marriages 619

   and sexual relations, between Jews and Christians, under Justinian’s Code 1074

   temporary marriages 624

   See also divorce; intermarriage

marriage contracts (ketubba), use of Aramaic 468

Martial, possible epigrams on defectors from Judaism 32

Martialis, Rammius (Egyptian prefect) 97

Martyn, J. L. 270, 290–1

Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah 247

Martyrdom of Polycarp, views of Judaism 251

martyrologies, lack of evidence for Jewish persecution of Christians in North Africa 73

Masada, synagogue 177

Masbala ben Simeon (commander, Bar Kochba Revolt) 110

masculinity, concept 614

mashal (fables) 734–41

maskhetot (mishnaic tractates) 299, 300

Masoretic Text, Greek and Aramaic translations 344

masturbation, rabbinic views 18

material culture, Israel, first to third centuries 174

Matiah ben Heresh 507

Matthew, Gospel

   anti-Judaism 31, 248, 261, 264

   Christology 260

   evidence for the banning of Christians from the synagogue 274

   possibility of underlying Hebrew text 1011

   references to “floggings” in the synagogue seen as evidence of Christian membership of the synagogue 272

Mauretania, Diaspora’s emigration to Naples 503

Maurice (Byzantine emperor) 1

mausolea

   Gush Halav (Byzantine Palestine) 521

   Kefar Giladi (Byzantine Palestine) 521

   Sepphoris (Byzantine Palestine) 521

Maxentius (co-emperor with Constantine I the Great) 1036

Maximus of Turin

   attempts to alleviate anti-Judaism ineffective 505

   sermons relating to the Jews 505

Maximus of Tyre, on God’s sovereignty 607

Maximus the usurper (overthrown by Theodosius I) 153

Mazdakites (popular religious movement, Sasanian Empire) 800

Mazdayasnian see Zoroastrianism

meals

   eating, as Sabbath celebrations 562

   pre-prandial washing, and washing before prayer 576–8

measure-for-measure (middah keneged middah) principle, in relation with retribution for sin 933

Mechilta d’arayot, on Gentiles studying Torah 918

medicine, women’s involvement, and the wearing of amulets 642

Meeks, Wayne 284

Megillah (Esther scroll), reading of on the festival of Purim 568

Megillat Taanit, use of Aramaic 468

Megillat Taanith, use of Aramaic 462

meḥasya 822, 824, 829

Meḥoza (Arabia)

   academy 835

   population displacement as a result of the Bar Kochba Revolt 112

Meila, use of Aramaic 478

Meir, R.

   on human merit 929

   on the meaning of Mishnah 913

   on the salvation of Elisha ben Abuyah as being a receptacle of Torah 921

   on the study of Torah 914, 920

   and the transmission of the Mishnah 215

Meir bar Isaac, R. 579

Meiron

   housing 179, 180

   mikvaot 182

Mekhilta, use of Aramaic 459

Mekhilta de-R. Shimon bar Yoḥai 337, 339, 685

Mekhilta de-R. Yishmael 336, 338, 339, 640, 685, 902–4

Meletius (brother of Theodorus, patronus of Magona) 510

Melito of Sardis 246

   allegorization of the Septuagint 981

   anti-Judaism 251

memory, acquiring of prodigious memory through magical invocations 715, 718

Memphis (Egypt), Jewish uprisings, during Trajan’s reign 95

men

   marriage as an antidote to sexual desire, Babylonian views 623

   marriageable ages 618, 623

   sexuality

      Babylonian rabbinical views 621

      Palestinian rabbinical understandings 614, 615, 621

Menachem ben Yosi, R., on the power of Torah 922

menorot

   designs 520, 542

      Bet Alpha synagogue 547

      Bet Shearim 522

      Dura Europos 529

      Ḥammat Tiberias synagogue 542

      Roman catacombs 524

      Sardis synagogue 534

      Sepphoris synagogue 546

      on terracotta lamps, Israel, first to third centuries 187

   detail from the Arch of Titus 195

   represented in paintings in Roman catacombs 524

   symbolism in Jewish art 550

   use in the synagogue liturgy 574

   See also art

Mérida (Spain), Jewish colony 509

Merkavah 12, 768

   descent, reflection in the mystical prayers in Heikhalot literature 762, 764

   and heavenly prayers 771–83

   liturgy 770

   mysticism 12, 715

   vision

      in Heikhalot literature 749, 752, 753, 754, 755, 756, 757

      as reported in the Shiur Qoma 783

Meshorer, Y. 181, 186

meshumaddin (apostates) 281

Mesopotamia

   Diaspora, second to third centuries 83

   Jewish uprisings, during Trajan’s reign 99

   Second Jewish Revolt 59

Messiah of Aaron 1059

Messiah of Israel 1059

messianism 15, 17, 1053, 1070

   amoraic literature 1069–70

   and apocalypticism 1053

      in BT 1068

   arrival of the messiah as a time of suffering 202

   biblical background 1054–56

   effects of the Bar Kochba Revolt 235

   first and second centuries 1060–61

   growth in Egypt and Cyrenaica, Second Jewish Revolt 59

   restorative messianism 1054, 1064, 1065, 1067, 1070

   Second Temple period 1056–60

   talmudic literature 1061–69

   utopian messianism 1054, 1065, 1068, 1070

   See also Daniel, book of

Metatron

   associations with Heikhalot literature 758, 760–1

   description 784

   description of God, as reported in the Shiur Qoma 783

   pronunciation of the Ineffable Name in the heavenly liturgies 780

metics 658

metivta, term’s use in BT 831–4, 835, 837

Meton (Athenian astronomer) 558

Meyers, Eric 8, 174

Michael (angel), association with Metatron 760

Middle Ages, practice of prayer 595

Middle Persian, use by Babylonian Jews 811

Midrash 11, 681, 682

Midrash Exodus Rabbah, final redaction 925

midrash halachah 7, 336, 365–7, 369

   cultural setting 339–45

   exegetical schools 338

   and Mishnah 349

   and scriptural exegesis 345–65

   texts 336–9

   use of Aramaic 461

Midrash Psalms, final redaction 925

Midrash Tanḥuma 690

Midrashei Aggadah, use of Aramaic 461

midrashim 1, 684–91

   exegetical midrash 685, 686, 687

   homiletical midrash 685

   Tanḥuma-Yelammedenu type 690

   understanding of the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 201

   See also aggadah

midwives 636

Mihragan (Babylonian festival) 812

mikvaot (ritual baths), Israel, first to third centuries 182–225

Milan, Diaspora 492, 503

Mildenberg, L. 107, 114, 116

Miletus, God-fearers’ roles in synagogues 80

Milik, J. T. 114

military service

   exemptions from 144

      under Justinian’s Code 1074

millenarianism, and the rise of anti-Judaism 1008

Milvian Bridge (battle) (312 CE) 1036

minim 261, 294

   identification 287–93

   Jewish confrontation with 743

   relations with 275–6

   use in the Birkat ha-Minim 281, 283, 286, 287

Minucius Felix, on the logic underlying resurrection 961

minuth (heresy) 283

miracles, influence on legal decisions, as an indication of the religious nature of talmudic law 878

Miriam of Palmyra (Nazirite) 634

Mirsky, S. K. 827

Mishnah 1, 5, 6, 16–17, 19, 20, 311–13, 316, 369, 557

   audience and social setting 308–10

   authorities within 303

   and the Bar Kochba archives 630

   on the biblical prohibition of sorcery 705

   on the celebration of Ḥannukah 569

   commentary on in BT 841

   concept 913

   concerns with women 631–3

      contrasted with those in the Tosefta 632

      role in the home 633

   dating 319

   disputes within 305–6

   on the eating of meals 562

   as formalization of rabbinic Torah 214–16

   import into Babylonia 89

   lack of references to Jesus Christ 271

   languages 304, 308

      use of Aramaic 461

   law within 312

   messianism 1062, 1063, 1064

   and midrash halachah 338, 349

   not included in the canon of the Hebrew Bible 233

   orders (sedarim) 299, 300

      Kodashim 300, 301, 310

         omission from PT 664

      Moed 300, 301, 310

         inclusion with PT 663

      Nashim 300, 301, 310

         inclusion within PT 663

         on the wife’s legal position in relation to her husband 631

      Nezikin, inclusion within PT 663

      Neziqin 300, 301

      Tohorot 300, 301, 310

         omission from PT 664

      Zeraim 300, 310

         inclusion within PT 663

   organization 299–301

   origins and character 134, 299–300

   priestly qualities 310–11

   proscriptions on Merkavah literature 754

   reception 313–14

   as record of halakhah 133

   redaction 5, 6, 19

   rhetoric 307

   similarities to the Tosefta 317–20, 321

      evolution of tradition 322–8

   on social dependency 44, 45

   as source for PT 669

   style and formulation 301–4

   topics, listed in accordance with their dependence on Scripture 901

   tractates 299, 300

      Avot 300

         and the development of the rabbinic movement 216

         not found in the Tosefta 317

         on retribution for sin 934

      Baba Batra 301

      Baba Kamma 301

      Baba Metzia 301, 302, 303

      Berachot 300, 301, 303

      Kiddushin 301

      Kilaim 310

      Kinnim, not found in the Tosefta 317

      Kodashim 300–1

      Maaser 301

      Makkot 301

      Middot 301

         not found in the Tosefta 317

      Mikvaot 301

      Moed, as source for information about the festivals 557

      Neziqin 301

      Niddah 301

         inclusion within PT 663, 664

      Pesahim 301, 310

         on the definition of leaven 564

      Sanhedrin 301

      Shabbat 301

         omissions from PT 663

      Sotah, messianism 1062

      Sukkah 310

         on the making of booths for Sukkot 565

      Taanit, on fasting 569

      Tamid

         not found in the Tosefta 317

         on the Temple liturgy 773–4

         use of Aramaic 478

      Temura, use of Aramaic 478

      Terumot 301

      Yoma 303, 310

         on the purification of the Temple on Yom Kippur 566

   understanding of the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 200–1

   unreliability of reports about land tenure 42

   use of Scripture 305, 306–8

   voices within 304–6

   within PT 663

Mishnaic Hebrew 7, 299, 318, 369–71, 400, 458

   and Biblical Hebrew

      common and contrasting features 373–4

      diachronic differences 374

      dialectical differences 374–6

      differences of tradition 376–8

   See also Biblical Hebrew

   dialects 381–3

   editions and manuscripts 384–5, 394

   graphic system 394

   Judaean documentary evidence 396–7

   linguistic types, in the manuscripts 386–7

   literary influence of Biblical Hebrew 378–9, 383–4

   and liturgical language 399

   origins 371–2

      direct and indirect sources 394–400

   and other languages

      Akkadian 389, 392

      Aramaic 389–92

      Greek 389, 392–3, 398

      Latin 393, 398

      Persian 389, 392

   and the piyyutim 399

   Samaritan traditions 397–8

   special traditions 387

   uniformity 379

      as influenced by the language of the Tannaim and Amoraim 380–1

   written and oral traditions 387–9

   See also Hebrew

misogyny 956

mitigated missions 992

mitzvot, women’s role 633

mnemonic criteria, use within the Mishnah 309

Modestinus (jurist) 107, 138, 144

Modrzejewski, J. M. 1038

Monceaux, P. 70

monogamy, and polygamy 618

Monophysites (Malakites) 1041

monotheism 237, 238, 240

   Jewish and Christian attitudes towards 265–6

Montanism 245

Monteverde catacomb (Rome) 495, 522

Montgomery, J. A. 711, 712

months

   beginnings calculated by the appearance of the crescent moon 557, 559

   first days 559

   See also calendars; Nisan

Moore, George Foot 5, 276

mos maiorum 997

Mosaic law, validity, Christian concerns with, as shown in the Collatio 504

mosaics

   floors, Jerusalem, Second Temple period 549

   use in synagogues 547

      Bet Alpha 547, 548

      Hammat Tiberias 542–3

      Sardis 534

      Sepphoris 5, 544–7

Moscowitz, Leib 11, 663

Moses

   association with R. Akiva, in Heikhalot literature 763

   status as a magician 700

   writing of Torah 901–2

Moses of Crete, messianic movement 1045

Moshe bar Asher 5, 7, 20

Mount Colius (Rome), Jewish settlement 1044

Mourners of Zion 199

mourning, textile working during 635

Muffs, Yohanan, on psalmists and Torah 923

Muhammed, death 1

municipal administration, and public office, Jewish and Samaritan legal position 153

municipal government

   councils, in Israel, under paganism 136

   Jewish participation 159–60

Murabbaat, caves, Shema appears in the tefellin 967

Murviedro (Spain), funeral inscription of Adoniram (Solomonic commander) 508

Mydnos, women’s roles in synagogues 80

Myers, Eric vi

mysticism 12

   Heikhalot (Heavenly Sanctuaries) literature 749–57

Nabratein (Upper Galilee), synagogue 178

Nachmanides, on the tendency of BT to alter traditional texts when compared with the Tosefta 330

Nag Hammadi documents, views on Judaism 250, 254

Naḥal Ḥever

   Cave of Letters 110

      papyri, as evidence of the Bar Kochba Revolt 105

Naḥman, Rav

   daughters, reported as practicing magic 643

   on prohibitions against the reading of Jewish-Christian Scriptures 279

Naḥman ben Samuel, R., on evil inclinations 936

names

   funerary inscriptions

      relating to the Diaspora in Rome 496

      relating to the Diaspora in Venosa 500, 501

   use on amulets 710

   use in Heikhalot literature 715

   use in magic 699

Naples 592

   Diaspora 503, 505–6

   Jewish citizens rally to its defense against Justinian 506

   Jewish opposition to Justinian’s reconquest punished 1048

   Jewish social position 505

Narcissus of Jerusalem, and the Sunday celebration of Easter 247

Naresh, academy 835

nasi, see Patriarchate

Nathan, “father of the court” 87

Nathan son of Isaac the Babylonian, on the foundation of the Babylonian academies 823, 824, 825

Natronai Gaon, Rav

   and the Tosefta 317

   One Hundred Blessings, cultic significance of washing before prayer 576

natural law

   as an ideal system, in the relation with talmudic law 883

   binding nature of legal norms, in the relation with talmudic law 883

   discovery by human reason, in the relation with talmudic law 883

   as the mirror of human nature 884

   and talmudic law 882–4

Naveh, Joseph, on amulets 708, 710

“Nazaraei,” use in the Birkat ha-Minim 283

Nazir, use of Aramaic 478

Nazirites, pollution 634

necropolises

   Beth Shearim 185

   Gamart (north of Carthage) 69, 71

Nedarim, use of Aramaic 478

Nehardea 19

   academy 826, 828, 829

   as collection point for the Temple tax (fiscus Judaicus) 84

   Jewish settlement, destruction (260s CE) 797

Neḥemia, R. 320

Neḥunyah b. Hakanah, R., on the identification of God’s essence with his Name 769

Nemesis, shrine (Alexandria), destruction in Jewish uprisings, during Trajan’s reign 95

Nerva (Roman emperor)

   abolition of the calumnia of the fiscus Judaicus 137

   levying of the fiscus Judaicus 32

   policies towards the Jews 55

nesiah, see Patriarchate

Netzer, E. 543

Neusner, Jacob 207

   and the “authorship” of the Mishnah 201

   and the Babylonian academies 829

   on the dating of the texts of the midrash halachah 337

   on the editing of BT 844, 845, 856

   editing of the Tosefta 333

   on the idea of canon 233

   on Jewish magic 701

   on the Mishnah as philosophy 311, 312

   on polemic in the Sifra 355

   on practitioners of magic 718

   on rabbinic literature 191

   on the relationship between the Mishnah and Scripture 306

   on the relationship between the Tosefta and the Mishnah 326

   on the relationship of the Tosefta to other rabbinic literature 334

   on social interaction between rabbis and non-rabbis 856

   on the superiority of revelation over human logic 348–9

   on women’s legal standing in rabbinic literature 631

New Testament 14

   Acts, on God-fearers 987

   allegory within 981

   Ephesians, Letter to the, views of Judaism 250

   as evidence of Jewish presence in Asia Minor 76, 79

   1 Peter, views on Judaism 253

   importance of Hebrew for the link between Judaism and Christianity 1010–12

   James, Letter of, views of Judaism 246, 247

   Johannine letters, views of Judaism 251

   Luke-Acts, views on Judaism 252

   Pastoral Epistles, views of Judaism 250

   2 Peter, views on Judaism 253

   Synoptic Gospels, as means of dating the midrashim 687

   See also Gospels; Hebrews, Epistle to; John, Gospel of; Luke, Gospel of; Mark, Gospel of

new year, calculation 558

Niddui (banning from the synagogue) 272–3, 274

Nippur (southern Iraq), excavation 711

Nisan

   Nisan 1 558

   Nisan 14, and fasting 570

   postponement by reason of intercalation of second Adar 558

   See also calendars; months

Nisan, Yosef biRabbi (poet) 694

Nisibis (Jewish settlement) 804

   capture by Quietus 86

   second to third centuries 83, 84, 85

Noah, flood, allegorization 981

non-rabbis, social interaction with rabbis, as portrayed in the Talmuds 849–52, 853, 854, 855–7, 858, 859

North Africa

   Jewish settlements 1039

   Justinian I’s regulations concerning the Jews 1076

Noruz (Babylonian festival) 812

Noto (Sicily)

   Diaspora 503

   “grotta del carciofo” 503

Notzrim (Nazareans) 275

   use in the Birkat ha-Minim 281, 283, 284, 285, 287, 289, 291

Novak, David 10, 647

Novella 146 (Justinian), anti-Judaism 1048

Numbers Rabbah 690

Numenius of Apamea, on God’s sovereignty 607

nursing, considered as paid labor 635

Odes of Solomon, Christian interpolations 249

Ofannim, in Merkavah literature 773, 774, 775, 776

Ohrmazd-Ardashir (Sasanid ruler) (273–4 CE) 797

oikos 620, 622

Omar I (Caliph), conquest of Jerusalem (638) 19

omer ritual 565

One Hundred Blessings (Rav Natronai Gaon), cultic significance of washing before prayer 576

Onias III (High Priest), and the building of the Leontopolis temple 192

Onias IV (High Priest), and the building of the Leontopolis temple 192

Ono (Palestine), government 46

Oppenheimer, A. 101

Oral Torah 16, 316

oral traditions, importance for the development of post-tannaitic literature 680

oral transmission

   effects on texts in the Tosefta 331

   Mishnaic Hebrew 384

   and the relationship between the Tosefta and the Mishnah 326

ordination, ban on, after the Bar Kochba Revolt 139

Origen 213

   on anti-Judaism within Christ’s teachings 983

   on the Birkat ha-Minim 282, 283, 289

   criticisms of Christians attending the synagogue 271

   on the Hebrew text of the Jewish Scriptures 1011

   on Jewish attitudes to idolatry 989

   on Jewish persecution of Christians 995

   letter to Sextus Africanus, possible mention of the Patriarchate 418–20, 421

   on relations between the Patriarchate and Rome 209

   on the Song of Songs

      place in the curriculum 914

      as a reflection on the relationship between oral and written Torah 905

   teaching circles 223

   on the templization of the synagogue 578

   transcriptions of Mishnaic Hebrew 399

   use of allegory

      and its incipient anti-Judaism 1014

      in opposition to millenarianism 1009

   use of the concept of “Jew” 984

   use of Jewish sources 66

original sin, concept rejected by the Rabbis 934

Orosius

   on the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 195

   on Jewish uprisings in Cyprus, during Trajan’s reign 96

   on Jewish uprisings in Libya, during Trajan’s reign 98

Orphic Hymns, on God’s sovereignty 608

orthodoxy 245

Oshaya, R., magical acts 708

ossilegia (secondary burials), Israel, first to third centuries 185, 188

Ostia (Italy)

Ostrogoths, policies towards the Jews 506

   Diaspora, third to seventh centuries 494

   synagogue 494

Oxyrhynchus

   Greek population commemorates the Roman suppression of the Second Jewish Revolt (third century) 66

   Jewish population, third century 67

   site of victory over the Jews, during Trajan’s reign 98

pagans and paganism

   anti-Judaism, and its effects on Christian attitudes 988–90

   excluded from legal activity 162

   legal situation, linked with that of the Jews 150

   survival under Christianity 145

   toleration of Jewish exclusivism not extended to Christians, effects on anti-Judaism 993

Paget, J. C. 991

paideia, see Gnostics and Gnosticism

Palestine 7, 9, 17, 507

   agriculture, second and third centuries 38

   annexation by Rome after the First Jewish Revolt 25

   demography

      first century AD 23

      second and third centuries 40

   effects of the failure of the Bar Kochba Revolt 33

   effects of the failure of the First Jewish Revolt 23

   family life 620, 622

   Jewish marriage customs 616–19

   Jewish political situation, second and third centuries 48

   Jewish sexual ethics 613–17

   Jewish society, as affected by the decline of the Patriarchate 19

   Judaism and Christianity, first to second centuries 246–7

   land tenure, second and third centuries 42

   Muslim conquest of 7–8

   political history, second and third centuries 45–8

   rabbinic attitudes towards Gentiles 654–5

   rabbis’ influence contrasted with women’s role in the synagogues 641

   Roman army’s presence after the First Jewish Revolt 28

   Roman-Byzantine Palestine, synagogues 536

   social dependency, second and third centuries 43

   social location of the rabbinic movement 219, 220–2, 225

Palestinian Jewry 792

   economic life, compared with that of Babylonian Jewry 809

Palestinian Rabbinate

   influence compared with that in Babylonia 816–17

   views of marriage 9

Palestinian Talmud 1, 11, 369, 551, 663

   audience 857, 857–9

   and BT 380, 675, 841–2

   completion 665–7

   development and redaction 670–3, 678–81

   exegesis of tannaitic texts 676

   geographical provenance 665

   indications of Jewish demography in Palestine, mid-third century 408

   and the influence of the Rabbinate 427

   and information about festivals 557

   on Jewish membership of city councils 413

   on judicial deviations 894

   on land tenure 43

   literary sources 669–70

   on the maturity needed for students of Torah 914

   messianism 1064–5

   and the Mishnah 663

   missing chapters 664–5

   on political relations between the Patriarchate and the Roman government, second- and third-century Palestine 50

   redactions 667–9

   on slavery (the case of one both half slave and half free) 871

   style 675–6

   on the suppression of the Jewish uprisings in Egypt, during Trajan’s reign 97

   tractate Shevit, role in the transmission of rabbinic Torah 216

   on women’s role in the home 633

   See also Babylonian Talmud; Talmuds

Palestinian Targum

   fragments

      use of Aramaic 462, 471

      vocalized manuscripts 485

Palmyra, expansion affects both Roman and Sasanian empires 797

Papa, Rav (principal, Naresh academy) 835

Papak (father of Adashir(?) the first Sasanian king) 797

Papuus ben Judah 740

papyri

   archives relating to women 628

   as evidence of the Bar Kochba Revolt 105

   evidence of Jewish uprisings in Egypt during Trajan’s reign 95

parables, see fables

pardes 763

Pardo, R. David 324, 333

Parkes, James 271, 995

parnasim (administrators, Bar Kochba Revolt) 111

Parthian monarchy, fall (224 CE) 792

Parthian–Roman conflict, and the Diaspora 86

partiality, prohibitions against 894

Paschal lamb, sacrifice 564

The Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas 73

Passover (Pesach) 9, 563, 564–5

   sacrifices

      animals to be used for as determined in the midrash halachah 336

      and the ascription of merit to Israel 930

   work limitations 563

Patriarchate 5, 19

   abolition 1045

      and the completion of PT 667

      effects on Jewish legal position 1047

   burial site at Bet Shearim (Byzantine Palestine) 521, 522

   comparison with the Exilarchate 802

   control of the Jewish legal system, under paganism 136

   decline, effects on Jewish society in Palestine 19

   effects of urbanization, third century 425

   family, burial 523

   financial upkeep 142

   forbidden to judge in court cases involving Christians 161

   land tenure 43

   in Late Roman-Byzantine Palestine 414, 415

   legal authority 155, 156–8, 1040

   nasi, title 127

   and the origins of the rabbinic movement 209–12

   prerogatives preserved under the christianized Roman Empire 1002

   rabbinical references to 49

   relations with the imperial administration 416–23, 424

   relations with the Rabbinate 427

   restoration, under the Severi 139

   standing after the Roman annexation of Palestine 27

   and the Yavneh academy 210–12

Patriarchs (Fathers), merit of (zechut avot) 942

patriarchy 620

patron–client relationships, in the Diaspora, Egypt and Cyrenaica, after the First Jewish Revolt 53–5

patronage, rabbinic opposition to 45

Paul, St. (apostle)

   anti-Pauline literature, third century 250

   attitudes to Jewish religious practices 31

   attitudes to the Torah, as grounds for Jewish anti-Christian attitudes 262–3, 266

   Christology, effects on Jewish–Christian relations 265

   concerns with Jewish law a Christian preoccupation in the fourth century 979

   criticisms of talmudic law unjustified 892

   Jewish opposition to in Asia Minor 79

   and the legal system 131

   no explicit discussion of Shema as covenant 967

   punishment as a Jew for his preaching of Christianity 271

   Roman Jewish community’s ignorance of his work 269

   on the scandal of the crucifixion 270

   Spanish mission 508

   and the synagogue 987

   understands marriage as the channeling of sexuality 617

   views of Judaism 247

   works, as edited by the Marcionites 979

Paulus (jurist) 138

Paulus Orosius, Historiarum adversum paganos 1046

Pelikan, J. 267

Pella (Decapolis) 249, 267

Pelusium, waterways siezed by Jews during uprisings in Egypt, during Trajan’s reign 96

Pentateuch

   discouragement of social dependency 44

   halachic midrash 687–8

   See also Hebrew Bible

Pentecost (Shavuot) 563, 564, 565

peregrines, Jewish legal status 130

Peroz (Sasanid ruler; 459–84 CE) 800

persecution, legal measures, extended to Judaism under Christianity 152–4

Persian language

   influence upon and superiority to Aramaic 460, 483

   and Mishnaic Hebrew 389, 392

Persian society, portrayal in BT seen as historically accurate 853, 854

Persians

   invasion of Palestine (614), Jewish population levels 407

   marriage institutions 623

personal possessions, legal recognition of, in relation to Jewish practices 151

perushim (outsiders/deviationists/opponents) 287

Pesach, see Passover

Pescennius Niger 48

pesha (sin) 932

Pesikta de Rav Kahana 11, 689, 1069

Pesukot, use of Aramaic 462

Peters, J. P. (arhaeologist), excavation of Nippur (southern Iraq) 711

Peticha (proem) (sermon for the exposition of Scripture) 684, 695

Petra (Provincia Arabia) 26

Petrus Chrysologus

   attempts to alleviate anti-Judaism ineffective 505

   sermons relating to the Jews 505

Pharisees

   attitudes to the Torah distinguish them from Christians 261

   attitudes towards the Jerusalem Temple 194

   and messianism 1060

   and the origins of the rabbinic movement 208

   purity concerns 217

Philadelphia, Christian–Jewish relations, second to third centuries 82

Philippus (Praefectus Praetorio, Illyricum, c. 420 CE) 1043

Philo of Alexandria

   allegorization of desert sanctuary 193

   attacks on the Allegorists 261

   complaints about non-payment of the fiscus Judaicus 58

   as evidence of Jewish presence in Asia Minor 75, 76

   failure to appreciate the pleasure factor in Sabbath observance 950

   on God’s sovereignty 607

   and information about festivals 557

   on the Jewish population of Egypt 991

   on the language of the Torah 460

   makes no mention of the Temple of Onias 193

   on the public nature of religious practice 986

   on the soul and body 952–3

   speculations concerning God’s principal angel 265

philosophical schools, and the development of the rabbinic movement 216

phylacteries, women exempted from wearing 640

physical theology 14

   Israel’s election 965–75

   resurrection 956–65

   saying of blessings 947–52

   and the spiritual 946, 975

Pilgrimage Festivals 563, 564–6

pilgrimages, land of Israel 1010

Pinḥas, R., on the recitation of the Shema as evocation of the Sinai covenant 969

Pinḥas ben Yair, R. 910

Pionius, martyrdom 995, 996

“pious man among pious men” 614

Pirkei de Rabbi Eliezer 690

   on resurrection 962

pirqa (rabbinic homily) 817, 836, 837

piyyutim 2, 11, 691–2, 693, 694–5, 1045, 1050

   development 678–81

   influence on Mishnaic Hebrew 399

Plato, on sovereignty of kings 607

pleasure, blessings 949–51

Pliny, Natural History, on magic 706

Plotinus, teaching circles 223

Plutarch, on God’s unity 967

poetry, use in synagogue liturgy 694–5

Polycarp, martyrdom, Jewish participation 995, 996

Polycrates, Quartodeciman views 252

polygamy 624, 630

   and monogamy 618

polytheism 988

   as affected by Constantine I’s adoption of Christianity 999

   survival favorable to the Jewish legal position, fifth to sixth centuries 1046

population disturbances, Bar Kochba Revolt 112, 114

populus 148

Porphyry, on Jewish beliefs in God’s sovereignty 608

prayers

   biblical prayers

      differences from the Amidah 597

      practice 589

   evening prayer 562

   as expression of the self 948

   heavenly prayers, in Heikhalot literature 771–83

   in Heikhalot literature 761–83

   Jewish prayer not standardized before the era of the Yavneh academy 286

   mystical prayers, in Heikhalot literature 762–6

   practice 589–98

   rabbinic conceptions 10

   sacrificization

      with the destruction of the Temple during the First Jewish Revolt 573–80

      in the Talmuds 581–6

         seen as doubtful 587–91

   seen as a substitute for the sacrificial cult 201

   shared prayers, in Heikhalot literature 766–71

   thrice-daily prayer 588–9

   See also Amidah

Preaching of Peter (Kerygma Petrou) 65, 254

precedents, binding, doctrine not present in talmudic law 896

precentors, role 573, 598, 599

prepositions, indiscriminate use explained through midrash halachah 352–5

Priene

   Diaspora, first to second centuries 75, 78

   synagogues 75, 78

priests and priesthood

   access to the heikhal, reflected in Heikhalot literature 757, 758

   Jerusalem priesthood, allegorization 981

   role 573

      in synagogue worship 599

   and the role of the precentors 598, 599

   standing posture when praying 591, 592

   support for the Bar Kochba Revolt questioned 36

privies, deportment in, incantations for protection from demons 704

Proclus of Constantinople (mid-fifth century), on Jewish attendance at his sermons 1006

Procopius, on Justinian I’s anti-Judaism 1048

procreation 622

proems (Peticha) (sermon for the exposition of Scripture) 684, 695

professional keeners 636

property cases, exclusion of Jews, pagans, and Samaritans, where churches involved 162

property losses, mishnaic rules for the loss of deposited property 301, 302

property ownership, in Palestine after First Jewish Revolt 25

property rights, sugyot in BT, as indicators of editorial activity 862–7

prophecy, end 922

prophetic literature, canonization 239–41

prophets

   and the role of the precentors 598

   understandings of the destruction of the Solomonic Temple 195

proselytes 10

   relationship with Israel and with God 648, 660–1

   See also God-fearers (sebomenoi)

proselytizing, Christian and Jewish attitudes, in the first century 263, 266

protection, legal measures, extended to Judaism, under Christianity 152–4

Protevangelium [Infancy Gospel] of James, views on Judaism 250

proverbs, as Aggadah 683

provinces, imperial and senatorial provinces 25

Provincia Arabia, effects of Roman annexation (second century) 26

Provincia Gallia, Jewish settlements 1039

Provincia Judaea, see Palestine

provincials, hostility towards the Jews in Egypt and Cyrenaica, after the First Jewish Revolt 56

Psalms of Solomon, messianism 1057

pseudepigrapha

   and information about festivals 557

   understanding of the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 198–9

Pseudo-Aristeas, discussion of Shema as covenant 967

Pseudo-Clementines, anti-Paulinism 250

Ptolemais-Akko, rabbinic movement in 47

Ptolemy, Letter to Flora, views on Judaism 253

public service, limitations on Jewish participation, in the christianized Roman Empire 1001

public spaces, Israel, first to third centuries 225

Pucci Ben Zeev, Miriam 4, 76, 93

Pumbedita, academy 822, 824, 825, 827, 828, 829, 832, 833, 837

punishments, within Torah and the Talmud, as an indication of the religious nature of talmudic law 878, 882

Purim 9, 568

   celebration during the messianic age queried 650

   fasts associated with 570

   recognized under Justinian’s Code 1074

purity

   rabbinic concerns with 217

   taharah 941

Pythagoreans, on God’s unity 967

qamara 88

Qiryat Sefer, synagogue 177

Quadratus

   apologetic nature 252

   views of Judaism 251

Quietus, Lusius (Roman general)

   campaign against the Jews 86

   suppression of the Jewish uprisings in Judaea, during Trajan’s reign 100, 101

   suppression of the Jewish uprisings in Mesopotamia, during Trajan’s reign 99

Quispel, G. 68

Qumran community 10

   attitudes to the Temple 260

   attitudes towards the Jerusalem Temple 194

   belief in the soul’s immortality and their own status as the elect 971

   Community Rule, allusions to the Shema 606

   failure to appreciate the pleasure factor in Sabbath observance 950

   liturgy 581

   Merkavah tradition 764

   messianism 1058–1060, 1061

   purity concerns 217

   women’s role within Judaism 10

   See also Dead Sea Scrolls

Raba

   on evil inclinations 937

   recitation of folk tales 723

   on sacrifice and repentance 941

Rabbah son of Nahmani (principal of Pumbedita academy) 824

“rabbi,” use of the term 508

Rabbinate

   concentration in cities 47

   development

      in Babylonia 206, 213, 817–18

      in Israel 2, 206–12, 213–18, 224–5

   differences in influence between Babylonian and Palestinian communities 816–17

   influence in Italy 507–8

   and Jewish–Christian relations, in Italy, third to seventh centuries 507

   knowledge of Spain in rabbinic sources 509

   landowning, among the Babylonian Jews 810

   legal spheres of influence, among the Babylonian Jews 808

   on the lighting of candles, during Ḥannukah 568

   literature, development vi

   negligible presence in Bet Shearim cemetery suggests separation from the Patriachate 522

   and the Patriarchate 418, 420, 421

   relations with the Exilarchate 802–3

   religious system, as response to national calamity 5

   social location 218–24

   social and political role, in Palestine, third to seventh centuries 423–7

   understanding of Jewish–Gentile relations 10

   views of marriage 9

rabbinic authority, limitations 16

Rabbinic Judaism, the result of the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 203

rabbinic law 13

rabbinic literature

   dangers of dependence on 191

   and magic 702–8

   in relation to the role of women in Jewish society 628

   and women’s legal standing 631–3

rabbinic liturgy

   content and modalities 573

   focus on God’s sovereignty 600–2

   and sovereignization 602–10

rabbinic prayer 573

   and the role of the synagogue 573–80, 610

rabbinic thought

   on Torah 899

      in connection with revelation 902–4

      oral Torah 899–901

      written Torah 901–2

rabbis

   attendance at weddings 624

   in Babylonia, second to third centuries 88–9

   calculations of the beginning of months 558, 559

   and the canon of the Hebrew Bible 234–7

   engagement in magical acts 708

   influence, contrasted with that of women’s role in the synagogues of Palestine and Babylonia 641

   interest in the Gentile relationship with God and its effects on Israel 648

   lack of institutional power, first to fourth centuries 8

   and the midrash halachah 339–45

   and the Mishnah 312

   numbers, first to fourth centuries 221

   in Palestine, second and third centuries 48–9

   portrayal in the Talmuds 858

   portrayals in BT as guides to the editorial history of the Talmud 845, 847, 853

   possible opposition to the Patriarchate 417

   presence in Carthage 72

   presence in Nisibis (second to third centuries) 84

   reputation as wonder-workers 700

   role in the development of talmudic law 887–8, 889, 895

   social interaction with non-rabbis, as portrayed in the Talmuds 849–52, 853, 854, 855–7, 858, 859

   stories of the lives of the Rabbis, as Aggadah 683

   support for the Bar Kochba Revolt questioned 36

   understanding of the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 199–202, 204

Rabello, Alfredo 15, 1073

the Rabshaqe, and the use of Aramaic during the siege of Jerusalem by Assyria 457

Rafram bar Papa, recitation of folk tales 723

Rami bar Ḥamma, mother, magical knowledge 643

Rashi, on talmudic reconciliations between Ezekiel and the Torah 343

Rav see Abba Arika, Rav

Rava

   on conflict between midrash halachah and the legal demands of Scripture 359

   on demonology 703, 731

   magical acts 708

   on the moral imperative to observe the Torah 880

   on the teaching of Torah 915

Rava (fourth generation Babylonian amora), mention in PT 666

Rava (sage, Babylonian academies) 835

Ravenna 492, 506

Ravina

   and property rights 863, 865, 866

   on slavery (the case of one both half slave and half free) 870–2

Rawidowicz, S. 920

Reccared (Visigothic king) 8

   conversion to Catholicism (587) 512, 1023

Recceswinth (Visigothic king; 649–72), anti-Jewish laws 514

Red Sea, Justinian I gains control of 1050

redemption 14

   as the effect of repentance 942–3

refugee caves, use after the Bar Kochba Revolt 126

Reggio, Isaac 367

Reggio di Calabra 492

Regina inscription 497

Regstorf, K. H. 333

religio, and superstitio 148

religion

   and magic 701

   role in the development of talmudic law 878–82

      as affected by rabbinical transmission 887

   Roman attitudes towards, and their effects on Palestine after First Jewish Revolt 29–30

religious activity, in the tannaitic period 5

religious edicts, issued against the Jews by Hadrian 126

religious life, women’s role 643–4

religious privileges, under Jewry law, in the Diaspora, under paganism 141–4

religious uniformity, within the Roman Empire 144

repentance, and messianism, in BT 1066, 1068

resident aliens, relationship with Israel and with God 648, 658–9

restitution, as the fourth element of repentance 939

resurrection 956–65

   bodily resurrection stressed in opposition to Docetism 1008

   Christian claims and their effects on Jewish–Christian relations 260

Reuyot Yeḥezkel, association of Metatron with Michael 760

revelation

   in connection with Torah 902–4

   supremacy over logic 349

Reynolds, J. 94

rhetors, role, and the role of the precentors 598

ribbui u-miyyut (ve-ribbui) (legal principle) 362

Richardson, Peter 6, 14, 244

riparioi 414

rishonim 843

ritual baths (mikvaot), Israel, first to third centuries 182

Rives, James 30, 68

roads

   construction in Palestine

      after First Jewish Revolt 29

      second and third centuries 46

   damage to roads in Cyrene, during Jewish uprisings under Trajan 94

Roman army

   anti-Jewish sentiment, in Egypt and Cyrenaica, Second Jewish Revolt 61, 62

   involvement in the defeat of the Bar Kochba Revolt 122–3

   leadership, in the Bar Kochba Revolt 123–4

   occupation of Palestine

      after the First Jewish Revolt 25, 28–9

      second and third centuries 46

   See also legions

Roman Catholic Church, attitudes towards dream interpretations 848

Roman citizenship

   extension to Jews, helps to diminish native opposition to Jews in Egypt and Cyrenaica 66

   granting of (Constitutio Antoniniana) 48, 1035, 1040

   inclusion of Jews 139

      effects upon halakhah 135

Roman East 3

Roman emperors, Justinian I’s conception as God’s representative on earth 1073

Roman Empire

   adoption of Christianity as the official religion and its effects on Judaism 998–1007

   Diaspora 493

   as the enemy of Jewry 796

   power, ascribed to Esau’s merit 929

   religious uniformity within 144

   Sasanian relations with, and their effects on Babylonian Jewry 794

   split after the death of Theodosius I (395 CE) 1

   suppression of Jewish uprisings in Libya, Egypt and Cyprus, during Trajan’s reign 96–7

   synagogues

      sites in Roman-Byzantine period 526

   See also synagogues

   under Justinian I 1037

Roman government, legal attitudes 150

Roman law

   compared with Jewish law, in the Collatio 504–5

   imperial legislation, effects on Jewry law, under paganism 136–9

   observance by Jews, in Israel 134

Roman Law of the Visigoths (Breviary) (Alaric II) (506), anti-Jewish laws 512

Roman–Parthian conflict, and the Diaspora 86

Romans

   authorization of the Patriarchate 209

   defeat of the Bar Kochba Revolt 116–18, 122–5

   reneging on commitment to rebuild the Temple, possibly reflected in fables 739

Rome

   cemeteries 8

   common burial sites for pagans, Jews, and Christians (third to fourth centuries) 72

   Diaspora 495–9, 503

      demography 494

      third to seventh centuries 495–9

   Jewish catacombs 524

   Jewish community’s ignorance about Paul 269

   Judaism and Christianity

      first to second centuries 253–4

      third to seventh centuries 495–9

   mob violence against the synagogues 505

   Visigothic sack (410) 1046

   visit by rabbis 507

Rosh Hashanah (New Year) 566

Rowland, C. 32

Rubenstein, Jeffrey 846

Rufina (archisynagogos) 80

Rufus, Caius Valerius (tribune of the Upper Moesian legion II Claudia) 97

Rufus, Q. Tineius (governor of Judaea, at the beginning of the Bar Kochba Revolt) 35, 123–4

Rum 1035

Rumelia 1035

Rutgers, Leonard 8, 70, 72, 492

Ryle, H. E. 230

Saady Gaon, R., on the analogy between the priests washing and preparation for prayer in the synagogue 575

Sabbath 560–2

   as a day of study 908

   as the first day of Pesach 565

   liturgy 560

   theology, contrasted with the theology of the Day of Atonement 949–51

Sabbath laws 342

Sabbath observance 154

   during the Bar Kochba Revolt 121

   exemptions from legal business 144

   legalized under Roman law 151

   and messianism, in BT 1068

   recognized under Justinian’s Code 1074

   ridicule of 147

sabbatical year, observance, during the Bar Kochba Revolt 121

saboraim 842

sacrifice, and atonement, as signs of repentance 940–1

sacrificial cult

   modeled in the rabbinic liturgy 580–6

   not modeled in the rabbinic liturgy 587–91

Sadducees

   and messianism 1060

   and scriptural exegesis 344

Safra, Rav

   knowledge of Scripture 842

   learning and its neglect of Scripture 911

   on property rights 862

Safrai, Zeev 40, 41

Sages

   biographical legends about 726

   dissent between, within the Mishnah 303

   financial upkeep 142

   and magic tales 730

   tensions within their thinking, as indication of talmudic law as a religious system 880

   within the Mishnah 304, 305

Salamis

   destruction

      during Jewish uprisings, in Trajan’s reign 98

      in Jewish uprisings in Cyprus, during Trajan’s reign 96

Samaritan Pentateuch 344

Samaritans

   biblical exegesis, effects on Jewish exegesis 679

   demography, in Palestine, third and fourth centuries 408

   excluded from legal activity 162

   forced to serve in municipal administration while being excluded from public office 153

   legal situation compared with that of the Jews 150

   prohibited from serving in the imperial administration (438 CE) 415

   regarded as a sect 149

   relationship with Israel and with God 648, 655–6

   revolts against Justinian 1049

   situation under Islam 1050

Samoe (priest, Sardis synagogue) 535

Samuel (Babylonian amora) 331, 1067

Samuel of Nehardea, Mar (jurist), attitudes to Babylonian law 654

Samuel, R., Nahardea academy 19, 822, 826, 827, 828, 829

Samuel the Small, R., use of the Birkat ha-Minim 283, 284, 286, 287, 290

Samuel son of Idi (disciple of Rava) 835

Samuel (third-century rabbinic sage) 796

Sanders, James T. 5, 230

Sanhedrin

   dissolution 133

   in Israel, under paganism 136

   restoration, under the Severi 139

   structure as basis for that of the academies 822, 829

Sanhedrin-Makkot, omissions from PT 663

Sar ha-Torah (Prince of the Torah) 715, 716

Sar-ha-Hokhmah (Prince of Wisdom) 716

Sar-Torah literature 716

sarcophagi 521

   Beth Shearim 4

   Beth Shearim, showing Leda and the Swan 523

   Israel, first to third centuries 184, 188

   in Roman catacombs 523

   See also catacombs; cemeteries

Sardinia, Diaspora, third to seventh centuries 492

Sardis

   burial society formed in the synagogue 81

   Diaspora, first to second centuries 76–8

   God-fearers’ roles in synagogues 80

   Jewish citizenship 81

   Jewry law in 140

   synagogues 9, 75, 76, 533

      “Eagle” table 534

Sasanians

   and Babylonian Jewry 19, 794–801

   rise, effects on Jewish communities 19

   victory over Parthians 792

Satlow, Michael 9, 612

Saul (king of Israel), faulted for failure to eradicate the Amalekites 649

sayings, as Aggadah 683

Schäfer, Peter 32, 33, 34, 286, 843

Schechter, Solomon 5, 281

Schiffman, Lawrence H. 15, 345, 1053

Scholem, Gershom

   on Jewish magic 701

   on the Merkavah tradition of the Qumran community 765

   on messianism 1054, 1056, 1058

   on Metatron 760

   on mysticism 749

   on the Shiur Qoma 784

Schuller, Eileen 588

Schürer, E., 75

Schwartz, D. R. 107

Schwartz, Joshua 7, 431

Schwartz, Seth 2, 5, 8, 23, 852

Schwarzbaum, H. 740

Scriptures

   aggadic interpretation 681

   anomalies, midrash halachah concerns with 360–4

   as authority for law, and the origins of midrash halachah 341

   exegesis 344

      and midrash halachah 345–65

   Jewish adherence to the literal meaning criticized 1013

   Jewish–Christian Scriptures, reading prohibited 279–80

   Mishnah independent of 299

   reading as central to synagogue liturgy 178

   reading cycles 681, 683

   use within the Mishnah 305, 306–8, 309

   See also Bible; Christian Bible; Hebrew Bible

Scroll of Fasts, The 567, 568

Scythopolis-Beth-Shean

   demography, after the Bar Kochba Revolt 37

   rabbinic movement in 47

sebomenoi (God-fearers) 659

Second Commonwealth 192

Second Festival Day of Exiles 559

Second Jewish Revolt 1, 4, 94

   and the causes of the Bar Kochba Revolt 106

   effects on the Diaspora 2

      in Egypt and Cyrenaica 59

Second Temple see Temple

secondary burials (ossilegia), Israel, first to third centuries 185, 188

Secret Gospel of Mark 65

secta, in relation to superstitio 149

sedarim (orders of the Mishnah) 299, 300, 564

Seder Olam Rabba 369

Seder Tannaim ve-Amoraim, on the foundation of the Babylonian academies 800, 823–4, 825, 826, 829

Sefer ha-Razim (Book of Mysteries) (magical handbook) 713, 714

Sefer Yerushalmi 665

Sefer Yetzira (Book of Creation)

   and Heikhalot literature 785–6

   theme of creation 785

seforim ha-chizonim (books of the heretics) 276, 277

Segal, M. H. 379

Seidel, Jonathan 706

Seiyâl Collection, papyri, as evidence of the Bar Kochba Revolt 105

Seleucia, capture in Trajan’s Parthian campaign 86

self

   experienced as the juncture between body and soul 955

   responsibility, in the rabbinic understanding of soul and body 958–9

   sense, expression in prayer 948

self-control, and sexuality 615

self-mortification, warnings against 949

semen, Babylonian rabbinical abhorrence of 622

Semler, Hohann Salomo, and the canonization of the Hebrew Bible 230

senate, Jewish membership, fifth century 505

Seneca, on resurrection 965

Sepharadim, Mishnaic Hebrew 388

Sepphoris (Diocaesarea) 5, 12, 188

   administration during Hadrian’s reign 101

   destruction mentioned during the Jewish revolt under Gallus (351/2 CE) 411, 412

   housing

      archaeological remains 177

      Dionysos house 179, 180–1

   Jewish city councilors 46

   land tenure 43

   mikvaot 182

   public spaces 182–4

   rabbinic settlement 47, 220, 222

   synagogues 178

      mosaic floors 5, 545

   theater, not classified as Jewish architecture 176

Septimius Severus (Roman emperor) 46, 48, 139, 986

Septuagint

   Christian adoption of 1006

   favored for synagogue liturgy by Justinian I 1076

   as foundation of the Christian Bible 977

   importance of the underlying Hebrew text for the link between Judaism and Christianity 1010–12

   Justinian endorses 1024

   reading by Jews promulgated by Justinian I the Great (553) 1045, 1048

   use by Gentile Christians 978, 980–2

   use by Gnostics 978, 979

   use by Theophilus of Antioch 249

   vowels as indication of vocalization of Hebrew 377

   See also Hebrew Bible

sermons

   as Aggadah 683

   prohibition against preachers 724

settlements, in Palestine, demography, as indication of size of ethnic communities 407, 408

Setzer, Claudia 2, 68

seven blessings, and the Sabbath liturgy 561

seven Canaanite nations, relationship with Israel and with God 648, 650–1

seven Noahide commandments

   acceptance demanded of resident aliens 659

   doctrine 652

   in harmony with human nature 884

   observance seen as the expression of Gentiles’ subservience to God 926

Severan dynasty 19

Severus Alexander (Roman emperor), death (235 CE) 19

Severus of Minorca, Letter on the Conversion of the Jews 510, 511

Severus, Sextus Julius (commander of Roman forces in the Bar Kochba Revolt) 122, 124, 125

Severus, Sulpicius, on the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 195

Seville, Jewish colony 509

sex 9–10, 612

sexes, polarization, in humoristic tales 742

Sextus Africanus, concerns about Jewish autonomy, in letter to Origen 418

sexual ethics, and Jewish identity 612–13

sexual pleasure, Babylonian rabbinical views 622

sexual relations

   illicit sexual relations, death penalty for in the halakhah 129

   and marriage, between Jews and Christians, under Justinian’s Code 1074

   See also marriage

sexuality 9

   Babylonian sources 620–2

   Palestinian sources 613–17

Shaked, Shaul 708, 710, 793

Shammai, and the origins of the Patriarchate 210

Shammai, School

   attitudes to women 632

   discussion of Shema as covenant 967

   on the ending of the Sabbath 562

   on restitution 940

   and the School of Hillel

      controversies between 889

      dispute over the goodness of man’s creation 937

   on the seven blessings 561

   on slavery (the case of one both half slave and half free) 867

   on students’ eligibility to study Torah 916

shanah 316

Shapur I (239–70 CE) 794, 797

Shavuot (Pentecost) 9, 563–5

Shechinah, tarries over the Mount of Olives after the destruction of the Second Temple in the hope of human repentance 942

Shema 580

   antiphonal recitation, as evocation of the Sinai covenant 969

   comparison with the Amidah 597

   correspondence with morning and evening sacrifices 586

   covenant renewal within, supersedes the understanding of covenant within the Decalogue 966–70

   and God’s sovereignty 601

   mishnaic rules for its recitation 301, 303

   second blessing of the daily liturgy, on Israel’s election as an expression of God’s love 972–5

   and the sovereignty of both God and the commandments 603

   and the sovereignty of God 606, 609

   structural likeness to that of the Decalogue 600

Shema liturgy, first blessing, and the link between creation and the divine 951–2

Shemini Azeret 566

Shemoneh Esreh 580

“The Shepherd Boy Who Cried Wolf” (Aesop’s fable) 738

Shepherd of Hermas 65, 253

Sherira Gaon, Rav

   on the destruction of Nehardea 797

   Iggeret, on the history of the Babylonian academies 822, 823, 825, 829

   on scriptural exegesis in addition to the thirteen hermeneutical principles 346

   on the Tosefta 317

   use of “saboraim” 842

Shila, Rav (principal, Babylonian academy) 829

Shimeon ben Eleazar, R., on lost and found property 323, 323–5

Shimon bar Va, on the relationship between oral and written Torah 904

Shimon bar Yochai, R. (disciple of Akiva)

   on the first two sayings of the Decalogue and acceptance of God’s sovereignty 967

   on the pre-eminence of Torah study 909

   on the structure of the Decalogue 600

   and the transmission of the Mishnah 215

Shimon ben Eleazar, R., on exposition and application of talmudic law 891

Shimon (Simeon) ben Kosiba, see Bar Kochba

Shimon ben Shetaḥ, and the defeat of witches 643, 706–7, 708

Shimshon of Sens, R., use of the Tosefta 333

Shinan, Avigdor 11, 678

Shiur Qoma 783–5

Shiur Qomah 753

shmad 137

Shoshan-dukht (wife of Yazdgird I), pro-Jewish activities 799

Shuafat, synagogue 177

Sibylline Oracles 12 63

   cultic significance of washing before prayer 576

Sicily 503, 506

   burial sites 522

   Diaspora, third to seventh centuries 492

sickness, recovery from, likened to resurrection 962

Side, Jewish citizenship 81

Sidon, rabbinic movement in 47

Sifra 11, 336, 338, 339

   on leprosy 356–8, 360

   use by Maimonides in codifying Jewish law 350

Sifra Leviticus 9, 685, 688

Sifre Be-Midbar 336, 338, 339

   scriptural exegesis 347

Sifre Devarim 336, 338, 339; see also Sifre for Numbers and Deuteronomy

   scriptural exegesis 347

sifrei minim (heretical books) 276, 277–80

Sifre Zuta 337, 339

Sifre Deuteronomy 11

   piska 41, on Torah study 909

   on Gentiles studying Torah 918, 919

   on the religious dimension in the study of Torah 920

Sifre for Numbers and Deuteronomy 685

   on women’s education 917

Sijpestejn, on strategic importance of the Egyptian waterways, during the Jewish uprisings 96

Silberman, L., on apocalyptic 235

Simeon, R.

   on humanity’s majesty 927

   on the wearing of fringes (tzitzit) by women 641

Simeon bar Abba, R., on the destruction of Jerusalem as the effect of sin 937

Simeon ben Gamaliel

   authorized by Rome in the Patriarchate 209

   and the Yavneh academy 211

Simeon ben Maḥanim (commander, Bar Kochba Revolt) 110

Simeon the Bouleutes 413

Simeon Ha-Paqoli, and the composition of the Birkat ha-Minim 281

Simeon son of Gamaliel II (Patriarch) 87

Simḥat Bet hashoevah 566

Simlai (third-century rabbi) 84

Simon, R., on Metatron 760

Simon, M.

   on Berber converts to Judaism 69

   on Jewish anti-Christianism 271

Simon bar Megas (poet) 694

Simon ben Gamliel, Rabban, favorable views of Samaritan piety 656

Simon son of Aianos son of Justus (market inspector) 414

sin 14, 931–5

   biblical terms 932

   effects, for Israel 937

   recognition, as the first element of repentance 939

sin offerings 940

sinners 933

   three classes of sinners excluded from “the world to come” 942

Sirkes, R. Joel, on prayer as sacrifice 579

Sisebut (Visigothic king; 612–21), and the Jews 513, 1023

Sitifis, inscriptions as evidence of Jewish presence 70

slave-owners, responsibility for the actions of slaves, in connection with human autonomy 928

slave-ownership 620, 625

   legal provisions for Jewish ownership of Christian slaves 164–8

slavery

   in Babylonian Jewry 810

   Jewish ownership of Christian slaves 1000

      forbidden under Justinian’s Code 1074

   sugyot in BT, as indicators of editorial activity 867–73

slaves

   rabbinic attitudes towards 653

   relationship with Israel and with God 648, 656–8

   women slaves, halachic situation in relation to free women 634

Smallwood, E. M. 107, 124

Smyrna

   Christian–Jewish relations, second to third centuries 82

   Diaspora, first to second centuries 80–2

   women’s roles in synagogues 80

social dependency, in Palestine, second and third centuries 43

social dynamics, in Egypt and Cyrenaica, after the First Jewish Revolt 57

social protest, in humoristic tales 741

society

   and individuals, legal regulation, as indicators of religiosity 879

   Jewish society and its effects on talmudic law 897

Socrates (donor, Sardis synagogue) 534

Socrates Scholasticus 1045

Sodom

   administration of justice, as characterized in BT 883

   inhabitants, legalistic iniquity parodied in humoristic tales 742, 743

sojourners (gerim) 658

solar years, and lunar months, synchronization 558

Solomon, magic 700

Solon, laws 140

son of man, application to the messiah, within the Parables of Enoch 1058

Song Rabbah, messianism 1069

Song of Songs Rabbah 689–90

sorcery, women’s involvement 643

soteriology, Christian soteriology 977

soul

   and body 952–6

      resurrection 956–65

   seen as analogous to God 953

Sounding the Horn (festival) 563

Spain

   Diaspora 8, 508–16

   Jewish settlements 1039

Sperber, Daniel 40, 41, 45, 183, 409

spinning 635, 636

Stemberger, G.

   on midrash halachah in relationship to scriptural exegesis 353

   on the Patriarchate 418

Stephen, St. (Protomartyr)

   martyrdom 259, 261, 262, 266

   mentioned in inscription at Gamart 70

   relics 510, 511

Stoicism, understanding of marriage 619

story chains 723

Strabo of Amaseia, on Jewry law 140

street theater 724

streets, cultural role 722

student circles, within the Babylonian community 818

study houses (bet midrash)

   importance for the development of post-tannaitic literature 680

   and the rabbinic movement 223–4

   women’s exclusion from 643–4

   women’s role 10

Suetonius

   on Domitian’s levying of the fiscus Judaicus 32

   reports Domitianic harassment of Jews 137

sugyot

   in BT, as indicators of editorial activity 862–73

   in PT, as indicators of editorial activity 671, 673–4, 675

suicide, proscription 927

Suidae Lexicon, on the Jewish uprisings in Mesopotamia, during Trajan’s reign 99

Sukenik, E. L. 529, 547

sukkot

   sleeping in, affected by climatic considerations 9, 18

   women’s residence 639

Sukkot (Tabernacles, Booths) 563, 565–6

   work limitations 563

supernatural, tales 730–4

superstitio, and religio 148

Sura/Mata Mehasya, academy 19, 822, 825, 826, 828, 829, 832, 833, 837

Susiya, synagogue 541

Susiyeh, mikvaot 182

Sussmann, Y. 11

svara 883

Swartz, Michael D. 11, 699

Sybilline Oracles

   as evidence of Jewish presence in Asia Minor 75

   messianism 1057

   views of Judaism 251

Sylvester (pope), invoked in anti-Judaistic literature 1025

synagogue liturgy

   Bible readings, as controlled by Justinian I’s regulations 1076

   developments under Justinian the Great in the Balkans 1045

   and the evolution of Piyyutim and Targumim 691

   and the influence of the Rabbinate 427

   introduction of the Piyyutim 1050

   introduction of the Shema 17

   morning synagogue service 580

synagogues

   adoption by Christianity 255

   Aegina (Greece) 525

   as affected by the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 9

   Anim (Judaean hills) 540

   Apamea (Syria) 525

      women’s inclusion in donor lists 637

   Aphrodisias 1039

   art and architecture 547–53

   in Asia Minor 75, 76–7, 79

   Babylonia, women’s leadership roles 638

   Baram (Galilee) 537

   basilica-type, Byzantine Palestine 540

   Bet Alpha (Galilee) 542, 547, 548

   Bet Shean area (Byzantine Palestine) 539

   Borion (Cyrene), turned into a church by Justinian the Great 1048

   Bova Marina (southern Italy) 493, 494, 506, 525

   building ii

   building forbidden, Theodosian and Justinian codes 1036

   burial societies, Sardis 81

   Capernaum (Galilee) 532, 537, 538, 551, 552

   Caria, women’s leadership roles 638

   in Carthage, reported by Tertullian 71, 73

   as center of Jewish religious life 137

   centrality to Jewish life, first century 174

   Chorazin 177

   Christian attacks on 506

   Christian attendance

      criticisms 271

      as evidence of positive attitudes towards Judaism 1005, 1006

   Christians expelled from, as reported in John’s Gospel 282, 284, 290

   closure, after the Bar Kochba Revolt 139

   construction and repair, in Babylonia 817

   conversion into churches, Justinian I’s regulations in North Africa 1076

   Crete, women’s leadership roles 638

   cultural role 721–2

   Delos 525

   destruction

      Antioch (under Theodosius II) 1004

      Callinicum (386 or 388) 153, 1001, 1004, 1036, 1043

      Magona (Minorca) (418) 1004

   Diaspora synagogues 54, 525–42

   donor lists 637, 638

   Dura Europos (Syria) 9, 83, 525, 527–32, 1038

      western wall 528, 531

         Torah shrine 530

   Elche (Syria) 525

   Eshtemoa (Judaean hills) 540

   existence as indication of Jewish population levels in Palestine 409

   Galilee 537, 538, 540, 542

   Gamla (Israel) 177

   Garza (Palestine) 532

   Gerasa (Israel) 256, 525

   God-fearers’ presence, in Asia Minor 80, 81

   as God’s presence 592

   Golan (Palestine) 538, 540

   Gush Ḥalav (Galilee) 178, 538

   Hammam Lif (Naro) 68, 71, 525

   Ḥammat Tiberias (Palestine) 538

      art 542–3

   Horvat Ammudim (Galilee) 538

   importance for the development of post-tannaitic literature 680

   Israel

      first to third centuries 177–8

      sites 426

   Judaean hills 540

   Julia Severa founds synagogue in Akmonia 81

   Khirbet Shema (Palestine) 538

   Late Roman-Byzantine Palestine 535–42

   leaders 638

   Maon (Judaean hills) 540

   Meiron (Palestine) 532

   Merot (Palestine) 537

   mob violence against, in Italy 505

   Nabratein (Palestine) 537

   not to be used as places of asylum, under Justinian’s Code 1074

   Ostia (Italy) 493, 494, 525, 1039

   paired with study houses 223

   Palestine, women’s leadership roles 638

   Plovdiv (Philippopolis) (Bulgaria) 525

   policies towards, under the christianized Roman Empire 1001, 1004–05

   Priene (Asia Minor) 525

   protection, under Justinian’s Code 1075

   role 9

      after the First Jewish Revolt 143

      and rabbinical prayer 573, 573–80

   Roman Empire, sites in Roman-Byzantine period 526

   Roman-Byzantine Palestine 536

   Rome 1039

      women’s leadership roles 638

   Sardis (Anatolia Asia Minor) 9, 78, 525, 532–5, 1039

      “Eagle” table 534

   scriptural reading cycles 681, 683

   scriptural readings cycles, and homiletical midrash 685, 689

   seen as center of Jewish religious activity 155–6

   segregation of women from men 637

   as a semblance of the Temple 593

   Sepphoris (Galilee)

      art 542, 543–7

      mosaic floor 545, 546

   Smyrna, women’s leadership roles 638

   Stobi (Macedonia) 525, 1039

   subject to mob violence, fourth century 505

   Susiya (Judaean hills) 540, 541

   Terracina (Lazio, Italy) 506

   Thessalonica 1039

   Thrace, women’s leadership roles 638

   Tiberias, referred to as “synagogue of the boule” 413

   Tripolitana (Lybia), women’s leadership roles 638

   use of the pirqa (rabbinic homily), within the Babylonian community 817

   Venosa (Italy), women’s leadership roles 638

   Veroia 1039

   as visible evidence of Jewish religious practices in city life 986–8

   women’s roles 637–8

      in Asia Minor, second to third centuries 80

synedrii 423

Syracuse (Sicily), Diaspora 503

Syria

   Judaism and Christianity, first to second centuries 248–50

   Roman army’s presence (first century) 28

Ta Nea (church; Jerusalem) 1049

taanaitic literature

   messianism 1062–4

   use of Aramaic 467–8

Tabernacles, see Sukkot

Tabi (Gentile slave of Rabban Gamliel II) 657

table fellowship, and the development of the rabbinic movement 217

Tabory, Joseph 9, 556

Tacitus

   attitudes to the Jews 989

   on the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 194

taharah (purity) 941

Tal, A., on the use of Aramaic in the Targums 471

tall tales 743–6

talmud 317

Talmud

   comprehensive scope of its coverage indicates that it is a religious system 880

   tractates, use of Aramaic 477

Talmud Yerushalmi (Jerusalem Talmud), see Palestinian Talmud

talmudic law 877–8

   as an abstract entity subject to historical development 886–7

   contrasted with contemporary western law 895–8

   controversies within and their resolution 888–90, 896

   exposition and application 890–2

   and history 884–6

   judicial deviations 893–4, 895

   judicial processes 892–3

   legal decisions 893

   and natural law 882–4

   nature as a religious system questioned 878–82

   rabbinical role in its development 887–8, 889

talmudic literature, messianism 1061–9

Talmuds

   baraitot, and the Tosefta, transmission of traditions 328–31

   as commentaries on the Mishnah 313–14

   and the dating of the midrash halachah 337, 338

   eastern and western Aramaic forms 480–2

   editing 849

   evolution 134

   knowledge of the Targums 462

   and midrash halachah 365–7

   on the origins of the Amidah at Yavneh 580

   prayer as sacrifice 581–6

      questioned 587–91

   rabbinic attributions 860–1

   as record of halakhah 133

   social background, as an aid to understanding rulings 18

   as sources for information about the festivals 556

   understanding of the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 201

   use of Aramaic 461, 472

   See also Babylonian Talmud; Palestinian Talmud

Tam, Rabbenu, on the relationship between the Tosefta and the Mishnah 326

Tammuz, 17 Tammuz, and fasting 569

TaNak, see Hebrew Bible

Tanchuma, final redaction 925

Tanḥuma, R. 691

Tanḥuma-Yelammedenu 11

tannaim 6, 19, 317

   authority, as viewed by the Talmuds 366–7

   definition of categories of work forbidden on the Sabbath 560

   on the giving of gifts to the poor on the festival of Purim 568

   language, influence on Mishnaic Hebrew 380–1

   linguistic awareness of Aramaic when using Hebrew 38

   literature 369

   mention in the Tosefta 318

   religious activity 5

   and the Talmuds 556

   travels in the Diaspora, as evidence of the authority of the Yavneh academy 269

   works, editorial work 384

tannaitic statements see baraitot

tannaitic texts, exegesis, within the Talmuds 676

Taranto (Italy) (Jewish settlement) 1039

Tarfon, R.

   on the burning of heretical books 278

   on marriage between mamzer and the offspring of female slaves of Jews (shifḥah) 657

   on the relationship between oral and written Torah 905

   on scriptural exegesis and the law 350

   on Torah study 909

targum, see targumim

Targum Abraham 63

Targum Job 63

Targum Jonathan

   use of Aramaic 462, 463, 466

   use of Hebrew 482

   vocalized manuscripts 485

Targum Neophyti, use of Aramaic 462, 468, 471

Targum Onkelos 693

   use of Aramaic 462, 463, 466–7, 468

   use of Hebrew 482

   vocalized manuscripts 485, 486, 487

Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, use of Aramaic 462, 472

Targumim 691–4, 695

targumim 2, 11

   Aramaic targumim 462–3, 466–7, 471–2

      and the influence of the Rabbinate 427

   development 678–81

Tarichaeae (city near Tiberius) 38

Tarragona, Jewish colony 509

Tarshish, identification with Tartessus (Spain) 508

taxation

   after the First Jewish Revolt 26

   Aurum coronarium 157–8

   effects on Babylonian Jewry 807–8, 809

   effects on farming, in Palestine, second and third centuries 39

   effects on Jewry law, after the Jewish revolts 137

   effects on Jews after the First Jewish Revolt 32

   ethnic distinctions within, and the Second Jewish Revolt 64

   exorbitant fees for water supply to Arsinoe synagogue exacted in response to the First Jewish Revolt 56

   ostraca from Apollinopolis Magna, as evidence of Jewish uprisings, during Trajan’s reign 95

   possible tax avoidance among Babylonian Jews linked with Iranian festivals 813

See also fiscus Judaicus

Taxeota (subaltern fiscal office) 161

Taylor, M. 994

tefillah 578

ha-tefillah, designation of the Amidah 580, 581

Teicher, J. L. 114

Tekoa, involvement in the Bar Kochba Revolt 113

Temple

   account of in rabbinic literature 191

   altar 193

   archaeological remains 177

   centrality to Jewish cult 192–4

   destruction 16, 194–6

      attempts to explain 196–202

      denied in Heikhalot literature 754–6

      effects on the development of the synagogue 9

      effects on Jewish identity 202–3

      Jewish responses to 5, 19

      regarded as the obliteration of Judaism 30

   donations 634

   as the earthly abode of God’s Name 770

   festivals associated with 567–70

   heikhal, relationship to Heikhalot literature 757–8

   hopes for its rebuilding 203

   importance debated, and effects on Jewish–Christian relations 260–1

   Julian the Apostate’s proposals to rebuild 15, 405, 1003

   liturgy

      and Merkavah liturgy 771–83

      in Mishnah tractate Tamid 773–4

      practice compared with that of the Amidah 592–3, 597–9

      reflection in Heikhalot literature 761–83

   Mishnah’s familiarity with 308, 310

   pilgrimages, women’s participation 639

   purification, on Yom Kippur 566

   rededication, by the Maccabees (Ḥannukah) 568

   “templization of the synagogue,” with the destruction of the Temple during the First Jewish Revolt 573–80

   treasures, Justinian the Great’s seizure of 1049

Temple Mount, construction of temple to Jupiter, as contributory cause of the Bar Kochba Revolt 106

temples, Jupiter Capitolinus (Rome), rebuilding 26

Ten Commandments, see Decalogue

Tepper, Y. 108

terefot (animals unfit for either consumption or sacrifice) 353–5, 360

Terracina (Lazio, Italy)

   Diaspora 506

   Jewish social position 506

Tertullian

   Adversus Iudaeos 255

      on Jewish proselytes to Christianity 980

   concerns with the spiritual importance of the Land of Israel 1008

   de Ieinio, on the public nature of religious practice 986

   on God’s sovereignty 607

   on Jewish persecution of Christians 995

   on Jewish presence in Carthage 72, 73, 75

   on Judaism as a religio licita 30, 1040

   millenarianism 1008

   reports of synagogues in Carthage 71, 73

   on resurrection 964

   use of the concept of “Jew” 984

Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs

   interpolation with Christian materials 247

   messianism 1059

Testaments of the Twelve Tribes, connections with the emergence of Heikhalot literature 757

Tetragrammaton

   pronunciation only in the Temple and not in the synagogue 599

   Samaritan careless use condemned 656

Tevet, Tevet 10, and fasting 569

textile industries

   as affected by anti-Jewish legislation in the period before the Theodosian Code 1042

   women’s involvement 635

texts, sanctified texts, accessibility to those seeking knowledge of the law 878, 881

theaters, Israel, first to third centuries 182–4

Theodoret of Cyrus, on Christian attendance at synagogues 1005

Theodoric (Visigothic king; 455–26), policies in relation to the Jews 1022

Theodorus (patronus, Magona) 510

Theodosius I (Roman emperor)

   anti-Jewish legislation 1042

   Callinicum affair 153, 1036, 1043

   death (395 CE) 1

   legal prohibitions on intermarriage between Jews and Christians 164

   recognizes synagogues as the center of Jewish religious activity 155

Theodosius II (Roman emperor)

   anti-Judaism 1, 149, 1027

   bars Jews from public office 514

   forbids the Patriarch to judge in court cases involving Christians 161

   on Judaism as a sect 149–50

   Novella 3 (438 CE), prohibits Jews and Samaritans from serving in the imperial administration 415

   orders that the synagogue of Chalkoprateia be transformed into a church 1035

   policy towards synagogues 156

   prohibits Jews from service as advocates 160

   proscriptions on circumcision of Gentile Christians 1000

See also Codex Theodosianus

theological anthropology 925, 943

   human merit (zechut) 928–31

   inclinations, evil and good inclinations (yetzer ha-ra and yetzer ha-tov) 935–7

   repentance (teshuvah) 938–41

      effects in redemption 942–3

      sacrifice and atonement as signs of repentance 940–1

   sin 931–5

theology, and canonization 238–41

Theopempte (archisynagogos) 80

Theophilus of Antioch

   on God’s sovereignty 604

   on resurrection 962, 965

   views of Judaism 249

Theophilus of Caesarea, and the Sunday celebration of Easter 247

Third Sibylline Oracle, on Jewish uprisings 93

thirteen hermeneutical principles (R. Ishmael) 345, 351, 361

Thornton, T. C. G. 282

Throne of Glory, glorification in Heikhalot literature 766

Tiberias

   administration during Hadrian’s reign 101

   destruction mentioned during the Jewish revolt under Gallus (351/2 CE) 411

   government 46

   land tenure 43

   rabbinic settlement in 47, 220, 222

Tiberius Caesar (Roman emperor) 147

Tigris river, Jewish settlements 805

Timtinis (R. Yohanan’s doctor) 642

Tish b’Av, and fasting 569

Titus (Roman emperor)

   Arch of Titus, detail showing menorah 195

   and the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 194

   reported as settling Jews in Africa 69

To Autolychus (Theophilus of Antioch), views of Judaism 249

Todos of Rome 507

Toledo

   Councils, anti-Jewish policies 512–13, 514, 515, 516

   Jewish colony 509

   Jews, legend of pleading against the crucifixion of Jesus 508

Toledoth Yeshu, collections of folk traditions critical of Jesus Christ 270

Torah

   audience for 903–4

   based on presumption of the existence of the sacrificial cult 202

   centrality to Judaism 14

   Christian attitudes as a provocation of Jewish antagonism to early Christianity 261–3

   compared with the Mishnah 299, 303

   denial of its origin “from Heaven” leads to exclusion from “the world to come” 943

   divine origin, seen as a constant within talmudic law 880

   expansion by the talmudic precepts indicates that the Talmud is not a religious system 881

   festivals originating in 562–7

   and God 919–21

   importance, for Jewish communities in Asia Minor (second to third centuries) 79

   Jewish and Christian attitudes towards 233

   mental acceptance if Torah is to be binding 880

   nature 922

   observance, based upon moral imperatives 880

   observance of the commandments seen as the expression of Israel’s subservience to God 926

   oral Torah, in rabbinic thought 899–01

   origins, as seen in Ptolemy’s Letter to Flora 253

   in rabbinic thought 236, 899

      in connection with revelation 902–4

   reading cycles 561

   relationship between oral and written Torah 904–7

   spirit, not reducible to a set of rules 894

   study 13–14, 899, 907–10

      by Gentiles 918–19

      by women 916–18

      curricula 910–13

      eligibility for 913–19

      emphasized in BT 857

      and its power 921–2

      as the means of disclosing God’s love 974

      women’s exemption from 638

   as true shield against demons 732, 734

   use within the Mishnah 305, 307, 308

   written Torah, in rabbinic thought 901–2

Torah ark designs, Bet Shearim cemetery 522

Torah shrines

   Dura Europos 530, 532

   Sardis 535

Tortosa (Spain), Jewish colony 509

Tosefta 1, 6, 16, 369, 557

   attitudes to women contrasted with those in the Mishnah 632

   authorship 320–1

   commentaries 333

   dating 319

   editions 333

   on human merit 929

   language 321–2

   manuscripts 323, 331, 332

   messianism 1062, 1063

   and the midrash halachah 338

   on oral Torah 901

   origins 316–20

   page 318

   and PT 669

   paucity of references to Jesus Christ 271

   similarities to the Mishnah 317–20, 321

      evolution of tradition 322–8

   on social dependency 44, 45

   and talmudic baraitot, and the transmission of traditions 328–31

   text, and its transmission 331–4

   use of Aramaic 461

   on women’s role in the home 633

Tosefta Ḥullin, on relations with minim 275

Tosefta Peah, on Torah study 908

town residency, and taxation, among Babylonian Jewry 793

trade, importance in Palestine, second and third centuries 39, 40

Trajan (Roman emperor) 1, 4, 62

   anti-Jewish policies 55, 61

   Jewish uprisings 93

   orders Lusius Quietus’ campaign against the Jews 86

   policy towards cities and Jewish control 46

   suppression of Jewish uprisings in Libya, Egypt and Cyprus 96–7

Tralles, God-fearers’ roles in synagogues 80

Trebilco, Paul 2, 13, 75

Tribonian, responsibility for Justinian I’s legal reforms 1073

triumphal arches, erected to Hadrian near Bet Shean (Scythopolis) following the quelling of the Bar Kochba Revolt 125

Tunis, inscriptions as evidence of Jewish presence 70

Turbo, Q. Marcius (Roman general, Second Jewish Revolt) 61, 96, 97, 102

Tylor, E. B. 701

Tyre, rabbinic movement in 47

Ukban bar Neḥemiah (Exilarch), attitudes to Jewish–state relations 796

Ulla, on the destruction of Jerusalem as the effect of sin 937

Ulpian 144

unattributed materials

   in BT 840, 842

      and the editing of the text 845–6

unleavened bread (mazzah)

   eating 564–5

   use of Samaritan unleavened bread by Jews debated 656

upper classes, conversion to Judaism 1039

Urbach, Ephraim E. 5, 264, 341, 700, 937

urbanization

   effects on the Rabbinate and the Patriarchate, third century 425

   in Palestine, second and third centuries 45–6

   and the rabbinic movement 221, 224

Ursicinus (Roman commander) 411, 413

   arrival in Palestine, as indication of the completion of PT 666

Valentinian I (Roman emperor), recognizes synagogues as the center of Jewish religious activity 155

Valentinian II (Roman emperor), prohibits Jews from service as advocates 160

Valentinian III (Roman emperor), prohibits Jews from disinheriting apostate children 162

Valentinus

   use of the Septuagint 978, 982

   views on Judaism 253

Valerian (Roman emperor) (259–60 CE) 794

Venafrum (Molise) (Italy), Diaspora 503

Venosa (Basilicata), Judaism and Christianity, third to seventh centuries 499–502

Venosa (Italy) 1039

   burial sites 522

   Diaspora 499–502, 503, 505, 508

      third to seventh centuries 499–502

   funerary inscriptions, use of Hebrew 499–502

   Jewish social position 500–1

Venufrum (Molise) (Italy), Diaspora 503

Vermes, G. 261

Versnel, Hendrik S. 702

Vespasian (Roman emperor) 1

   antipathy to the Jews 55

   introduction of the fiscus Judaicus 142

   land redistribution as a result of the First Jewish Revolt as a possible cause of the Bar Kochba Revolt 34

Via Appia 496

Via Casilina (Rome), catacomb 496

Victor (bishop, in property dispute with Licinius, supplicant to Augustine of Hippo) 1020

viddui (confession), as the third element of repentance 939

Vienna manuscript (Tosefta) 323, 331, 332

Vigna Cimarra (Rome), catacomb 496

Vigna Randanini (Rome), catacomb 496

Villa Torlonia (Rome), catacomb 496

villages, destruction, during the Bar Kochba Revolt 125

Visigoths, attitudes to Jews in Spain 8, 511–14

vocabulary, in Biblical and Mishnaic Hebrew 373

vocalization, as indication of the precise form of words, in Biblical and Mishnaic Hebrew 376, 395

Vologases I 87

voluntary associations, and the development of the rabbinic movement 216

Wacholder, Ben Zion, and the dating of the Mekhilta de-Rabbi Yishmael 337

Wadi Murabba‘ât 110, 114, 116, 121

   papyri, as evidence of the Bar Kochba Revolt 105

waking, as an expression of resurrection or divine renewal 963

washing

   pre-prandial washing, and washing before prayer 576–8

   as the symbolic removal of sin 933

   undertaken in honor of God 953

   washing before prayer, cultic significance extended to the prayers in the synagogue 575–8

water, use for immersion of Jewish menstruant women, as cause of Zoroastrian anti-Jewish activities 798

water shortages, and fasting 569

“ways of the Amorites” 706

wealth, and the rabbinic movement 219

weapons, Dio’s report of the use of defective weapons in the Bar Kochba Revolt 108

weeks, seven-day week 560

Wegner, Judith R. 631

Weiss Halivni, David 273, 901

Weiss, I. H. 827

Weiss, Z. 183, 543

western North Africa, Diaspora, first to third centuries 68

Weszburg, Y. 892

wetnurses 635, 636

wheat, harvesting in relation to wheat sown (first century), as indicator of Palestinian demography 23

Wilken, R. L. 1005

Wilson, S. G. 284

wine, use, on the Sabbath 562

wine-drinking, halachah, as response to romanization of Palestine 17

“Wisdom of the Jerusalemites” 743–4

witches

   defeat 706–7

   See also magic

“The Wolf and the Heron” (Aesop’s fable) 739

women

   influence upon domestic architecture 179

   involvement in folk medicine 724

   involvement in Jewish community life, in Asia Minor 80

   legal standing 628–33

      within marriage 631

   and magic 701, 705

   and marriage 617

   marriageable ages 618

   roles

      in the home 633–4

      in Jewish society, sources 627–9

      in marriage, Babylonian views 623, 625

      in religious life 643

      within Judaism 10

   seen as sinful within the Torah 220

   sexuality, Palestinian rabbinical understandings 615

   and Torah study 916–18

   working women 634, 635–7

work

   categories of work forbidden on the Sabbath 560

   limitations imposed by Torah on the festivals 562, 563–4

world

   nations of, relationship with Israel and with God 648, 651–5

   relationship to God seen as analogous to the soul’s relationship to the body 953

   seen as God’s temple recognized through the theology of blessings 947, 948

worshipers, dignity 595

Writings (Ketuvim), canonization 230, 231, 234, 238, 241

Xiphilinus (editor of Dio’s Roman History) 105

Yadin, Y. 118, 186

Yahoel (angel), association with Metatron 760

Yalon, H. 379, 388, 395

Yanai (poet) 694

Yassif, Eli 11–12, 721

Yavneh academy 5

   and the canonization of the Writings 230, 231, 234

   foundation 207–8

   and Jewish–Christian relations 268

      attempts to discredit Christianity, in Palestine and the Diaspora 268–71

      Birkat ha-Minim 268, 274, 280–95

      excommunication of Christians 271–6

      prohibitions against the reading of heretical books 276–80

   and the origins of the Amidah 581

   and the origins of the rabbinic movement 210–12

   and the process of canonization 277

   role after the First Jewish Revolt 235

   social location 220, 221

Yazdgird I (Sasanid ruler) (399–420 CE), tolerance to minority populations in the Sasanian empire 799

Yazdgird II (Sasanid ruler) (438(?)–457 CE) 800

Yehoḥanan ben Yeshua (En-Gedi’s parnasim, Bar Kochba Revolt) 111

Yehosef ben Ḥananyah 121

Yehoshua, R. 340, 855

   on the status of Torah 921

Yehoshua ben Levi, R.

   on the power of Torah 922

   on sexuality 614

Yehuda, R., on the meaning of Mishnah 913

Yehuda ben Manasseh (commander, Bar Kochba Revolt) 110

Yehudah ben Yehudah (soldier, Bar Kochba Revolt) 121

Yehudai Gaon, Rav, and the Tosefta 317

Yeivin, I. 376

Yemenites, Mishnaic Hebrew 388

Yerushalmi see Palestinian Talmud

Yerushalmi of the Midrashim, and redactions of PT 668

Yerushalmi Nezikin, and redactions of PT 667

Yerushalmi parallels, and redactions of PT 668

“Yerushalmi” (The Fragment Targum) 693

yeshivot, term’s use in BT, as indication of the development of the Babylonian academies 831–4, 835, 837

Yeshua ben Eleazar (En-Gedi’s parnas, Bar Kochba Revolt) 111

Yeshua ben Galgola (commander of Herodium, Bar Kochba Revolt) 110, 114, 116

Yirmiya, R. 855, 919

Yishmael, R.

   on oral Torah 900

   on the relationship between oral and written Torah 905

yitur lashon (superfluities in language), as the concerns of midrash halachah with scriptural exegesis 351–8

Yoash, feminization 616

Yohanan, R. 320

   application of gorin mosifin ve-dorshin 363

   on appointment of Jews to city councils 46

   on Beruriah’s learning 918

   on cultic significance of washing before prayer 576

   on eligibility to teach Torah 915

   on Gentiles studying Torah 919

   on landownership in Palestine, third century 409

   mentioned in relation with Jewish membership of city councils 413

   possible reference to the Etana myth 737

   on the relationship between oral and written Torah 904

   on the Amidah as sacrifice 585

   sees the Torah as directed at the Jews alone 904

   on the Shema as sacrifice 586

   to the kingship motif to the blessing formulary of the Shema 601

   on women learning Greek 917

Yoḥanan bar Nappaha, R., attitudes towards Gentiles 655

Yoḥanan ben Torta, R.

   dissent from R. Akiva’s support for Ben Kosiba 109

   understanding of the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple 197

Yoḥanan ben Zakkai, Rabban 583

   on atonement 941

   learning 910

   and the Patriarchate 210

   and the relationship between law and scriptural authority 340, 341

   on scriptural exegesis and the law 350

   and the Yavneh academy 207, 210, 268

Yofiel (angel) 717

Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) 563, 566

   efficacy in the light of repentance 941

   fasting 569

   theology, contrasted with the theology of the Sabbath 949–51

Yona, R., learning 912

“Yonatan ben Uziel” 693

Yonatan ben Baayan (commander, Bar Kochba Revolt) 110

Yonatan ben Maḥanim (En-Gedi administrator (parnasim), Bar Kochba Revolt) 111, 118

Yose (disciple of Aqiba), and the transmission of the Mishnah 215

Yose ben Akiva, R., on women studying Torah 917

Yose ben Ḥalafta, R. 319

Yose ben Yehuda, R. 319

Yose Ha-Gelili, R., on the burning of heretical books 278

Yose ha-Maoni, angers Judah I by preaching against his dynasty 724

Yosef, Rav

   on the power of Torah 922

   on slavery (the case of one both half slave and half free) 868–72

Yosi ben Ḥannina, R., practice of prayer 589

Yosi Haglili, R., on Torah study 909

Yosi, Rabbana (principal, Babylonian academies) 824

Yosse ben Yosse (poet) 694

Yozer, Kedushah 767

Yuda ben Pazi, R., on the relationship between oral and written Torah 905

Yuddan, Abba, reported generosity to rabbis 855

Zechariah, messianism 1056

zechut avot (merit of the Fathers [Patriarchs]) 942

zechut (human merit) 14, 928–31

zedim 287

Zeev ben-Hayyim, on the influence of Samaritan traditions on Mishnaic Hebrew 397, 398

Zeira (folk tale character involved with demons) 707

Zeira, R. 708

   on talmud 317

Zeitlin, Solomon 5

Zeno of Verona

   attempts to alleviate anti-Judaism ineffective 505

   sermons relating to the Jews 505

Zeus

   sovereignty 607

   temple (Cyrene), destruction in Jewish uprisings under Trajan 94

zodiac designs 520

   use in synagogues

      Bet Alpha 547

      Ḥammat Tiberias 542–3

      Sepphoris 544, 546

Zoroastrianism 2, 18

   clergy possibly exempted from the poll tax 807

   contrast with rabbinic theology of the physical 946

   effects on Judaism 813

   intensive agricultural policies, effects on the Jewish population 807, 809

   raised to status of state religion by the Sasanids, effects on Babylonian Jewry 797–9, 800

   relations with Judaism 12

   as source of information about Babylonian Jewry 792

Zuckermandel, M. S. 326, 333

Zunz, Leopold, on Torah 923

Zutra, Mar (Exilarch), abortive attempt to establish Jewish state within the Sasanian empire 801

Zutra ben Tobiah, Mar 738

Zvi, Sabbatai 203

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