Cambridge University Press
9780521689298 - Australian Sentencing - Principles and Practice - by Richard Edney
Frontmatter/Prelims

Australian Sentencing: Principles and Practice

Australian Sentencing: Principles and Practice explains the rules, principles, policies and practices that underpin the manner in which people are punished for criminal behaviour in Australia. It is the only book that examines sentencing law in all Australian jurisdictions. As well as dealing with sentencing law today, the book provides an extensive analysis of the wider policy, moral and political considerations that shape sentencing law. It analyses and evaluates existing standards and practices, and undertakes a normative and empirical analysis of the manner in which this area of law ought to be developed so that it operates in a more fair, efficient and effective manner.

Australian Sentencing is a text that all students in law, criminology and criminal justice will need for their studies. It will also be invaluable for judicial officers, legal practitioners and academics in the field.

Richard Edney is a member of the Victorian Bar.

Mirko Bagaric is Professor of Law at Deakin University and a lawyer.

Australian Sentencing

Principles and Practice

Richard Edney

Mirko Bagaric

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo

Cambridge University Press
477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521689298

First published 2007

Printed in Australia by Ligare

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

National Library of Australia Cataloguing in Publication data

   Edney, Richard.
   Australian sentencing: principles and practice.
   Bibliography.
   Includes index.
   ISBN-13978-0-52168-929-8 paperback
   ISBN-100-52168-929-5 paperback
   1. Sentences (Criminal procedure) - Australia. I. Bagaric, Mirko. II. Title.
345.940772

ISBN-13978-0-521-68929-8
ISBN-100-521-68929-5

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	List of figures	xiii
	Table of cases	xiv
	Table of statutes	xxix
	Preface	xxxvi
PART A
1	The Nature of Sentencing and Theories of Punishment	3
	1.1 The nature of sentencing	3
	1.2 Structure of sentencing law and of the book	4
	1.2.1 Main sentencing statutes	4
	1.2.2 Main topics covered by sentencing statutes	5
	1.2.3 Structure of this book	6
	1.3 The interdependence of punishment theory and sentencing practice	7
	1.4 Theories of punishment	9
	1.4.1 Overview of theories	9
	1.4.2 Hybrid theories	9
	1.4.3 The errors of retributive theories	10
	1.4.4 Utilitarianism theory is most persuasive	11
	1.4.5 Restorative theories of punishment	12
	1.5 Confiscation orders	14
2	Plucking Figures From the Air: Instinctive Synthesis	15
	2.1 Introduction: overview of sentencing decision making	15
	2.2 Historical background to instinctive synthesis	17
	2.3 The High Court and instinctive synthesis	20
	2.3.1 Earlier analysis	20
	2.3.2 Recent analysis – the majority judgment	24
	2.3.3 Greater transparency in sentencing – the judgment of Justice Kirby	26
	2.4 Problems with the instinctive synthesis approach	28
	2.4.1 Subjectivity	28
	2.4.2 The rule of law	29
	2.4.3 The problem of the ‘black box’ – absence of proper reasons	32
	2.5 Explanation for the instinctive synthesis approach	33
	2.6 Move to greater certainty: guideline judgments, sentencing statistics and minimum penalties	33
	2.6.1 Ambivalence towards use of statistics	33
	2.6.2 Move towards guideline judgments in some jurisdictions	37
	2.2.3 Minimum penalties	41
	2.7 Conclusion	42
3	Objectives Attainable Through Sentencing	43
	3.1 Introduction	43
	3.2 Incapacitation	43
	3.2.1 Overview–the nature of incapacitation	43
	3.2.2 Is incapacitation an effective means of protecting the community?	44
	3.2.2.1 The corrupting effect of prison: Are prisons schools of crime?	45
	3.2.2.2 Identification of offenders likely to re-offend	46
	3.2.2.3 General incapacitation	48
	3.2.2.4 Significant link between reduction in minor crime and increase in prison numbers	51
	3.2.3 Overview of incapacitation	53
	3.3 Deterrence	54
	3.3.1 Overview	54
	3.3.2 The ineffectiveness of special deterrence	56
	3.3.3 The effectiveness of general deterrence	58
	3.3.3.1 The failure of marginal deterrence
	3.3.3.2 The success of absolute general deterrence	62
	3.3.3.3 Other factors relevant to deterrence	63
	3.3.3.4 General deterrence and exemplary punishment	65
	3.4 Rehabilitation	66
	3.4.1 Overview	66
	3.4.2 Does rehabilitation work?	67
	3.4.3 Inconsistency between punishment and rehabilitation?	69
	3.5 Denunciation	71
	3.6 Conclusion: only absolute general deterrence clearly works	72
4	High Court Sentencing Jurisprudence	73
	4.1 Introduction	73
	4.2 Early decisions of the High Court on sentencing: 1903–35	74
	4.3 Applications for special leave in criminal appeals	75
	4.4 The role of the High Court in reviewing sentences	77
	4.5 The receptivity of the High Court to criminal appeals	78
	4.6 The achievements of the early High Court in sentencing jurisprudence	79
	4.7 The foundational case of House	79
	4.8 House and beyond: 1937–76	82
	4.9 Contemporary principles governing special leave applications in sentencing appeals	84
	4.10 The emergence of a High Court sentencing jurisprudence: 1977–89	86
	4.11 Australian sentencing principles further emerge: 1990–2006	88
	4.12 Australian sentencing principles in practice: a blended jurisprudence	89
	4.13 Conclusion	92
PART B
5	The Principle of Proportionality	95
	5.1 Introduction: justification and explanation of the proportionality principle	95
	5.2 Role of proportionality in sentencing	96
	5.2.1 Proportionality and the common law	97
	5.2.2 Statutory recognition of proportionality principle	97
	5.2.3 Statutory incursions into the proportionality principle	98
	5.3 Factors relevant to the seriousness of the offence	99
	5.3.1 The ‘Who’s Who’ existing approach	99
	5.3.2 Living standard approach to offence seriousness: promising but flawed	99
	5.4 Other criteria for measuring offence seriousness	103
	5.5 Impact on well-being as the ultimate criterion	104
	5.5.1 Pain and happiness and ultimate standards	104
	5.5.2 Humans all wired similarly	104
	3.4.3 The things that matter	105
	5.5.4 Implications for the proportionality thesis	107
	5.6 Conclusion: the work that remains regarding proportionality	107
6	Aggravating Factors	109
	6.1 Introduction	109
	6.2 What are aggravating factors? The problem of definition	111
	6.3 The nature of aggravation – taking the offence out of the ordinary	114
	6.4 Statutory principles of aggravation	117
	6.4.1 The ‘Commonwealth	117
	6.4.2 The ‘Australian Capital Territory	117
	6.4.3 The ‘New South Wales	119
	6.4.4 The ‘Northern Territory	120
	6.4.5 The ‘Queensland	120
	6.4.6 The ‘South Australia	121
	6.4.7 The ‘Tasmania	123
	6.4.8 The ‘Victoria	124
	6.4.9 The ‘Western Australia	124
	6.5 Common law principles of aggravation	126
	6.5.1 Degree of planning	126
	6.5.2 Offences committed while on bail	127
	6.5.3 Nature of the victim	128
	6.5.4 Consequences for the victim	130
	6.5.5 Breach of trust	134
	6.5.6 Motive	137
	6.5.7 Circumstances of the offence	139
	6.6 Procedural and matters of proof relating to aggravation	140
	6.6.1 Uncharged acts for the purpose of sentence	140
	6.6.2 Burden and standard of proof of aggravation	142
	6.6.3 Interpreting the jury verdict for the purpose of aggravation	145
	6.7 Conclusion: towards a theoretical account of aggravation for sentencing purposes	146
7	Mitigating Considerations	148
	7.1 Introduction: overview of mitigating considerations	148
	7.2 Theoretical justification for the plea in mitigation	150
	7.2.1 The purpose of the plea	150
	7.2.2 The interpretive community and the plea in mitigation	152
	7.2.3 An example of a changed interpretive community for the purpose of mitigation	153
	7.3 Statutory recognition of mitigating factors	154
	7.3.1 Commonwealth jurisdiction	154
	7.3.2 Australian Capital Territory	155
	7.3.3 New South Wales	156
	7.3.4 Northern Territory	157
	7.3.5 Queensland	158
	7.3.6 South Australia	158
	7.3.7 Tasmania	159
	7.3.8 Victoria	159
	7.3.9 Western Australia	160
	7.4 Common law principles of mitigation	161
	7.4.1 Youth	162
	7.4.2 Psychiatric and psychological illness	164
	7.4.3 Intellectual disability	167
	7.4.4 Unfortunate background	170
	7.4.5 Remorse	175
	7.4.6 Drug and alcohol addiction	179
	7.4.7 Gambling	186
	7.4.8 Prospects of rehabilitation	190
	7.4.9 Assistance to law enforcement authorities	193
	7.4.10 Delay	196
	7.4.11 All of the circumstances of the offence	198
	7.5 Procedural and evidentiary aspects of mitigation	199
	7.5.1 Burden and standard of proof in mitigation	199
	7.5.2 Fresh evidence and reopening of the sentencing discretion	200
	7.6 Conclusion	202
8	Relevance of a Guilty Plea	203
	8.1 Introduction and overview of reform proposal	203
	8.2 Present legal position	205
	8.3 Does the discount penalise those who elect to proceed to trial?	208
	8.4 Reasons for retaining the discount	210
	8.4.1 Utilitarian reasons – cost savings	210
	8.4.2 Avoiding inconvenience to witnesses	212
	8.4.3 Facilitation of the course of justice	213
	8.5 Reasons for abolishing the discount	214
	8.5.1 Pressure to plead guilty	214
	8.5.2 Discrimination against non-guilty pleaders	216
	8.5.3 Interference with legal rights	217
	8.6 Proposed reform	218
	8.6.1 Details of reform proposal	218
	8.6.2 Response to likely criticisms of reform	220
	8.6.2.1 Punishing those claiming to be innocent	220
	8.6.2.2 Increased court time establishing tenable defence	222
	8.6.2.3 Reform could result in more guilty pleas	222
	8.7 Conclusion on reforms to guilty plea discount	222
9	Relevance of Prior Criminality	224
	9.1 Introduction	224
	9.2 The legal relevance of prior convictions	225
	9.3 The doctrinal basis for considering prior convictions	227
	9.3.1 Progressive loss of mitigation theory	228
	9.3.1.1 The form of the argument is flawed	228
	9.3.1.2 Lapse theory is invalid	229
	9.3.1.3 Punishing bad character is unsound	230
	9.3.1.4 The analogy between intentions and bad character is flawed	232
	9.3.1.5 Capacity for people to respond to censure is irrelevant	233
	9.3.1.6 Inconsistency between retributivism and relevance of prior convictions	234
	9.3.2 Utilitarian arguments – incapacitation and deterrence	235
	9.4 Proper approach to prior convictions	235
	9.5 Flat rate sentencing partially addresses unjust society concerns	236
	9.6 Conclusion – abolishing prior convictions	239
10	Aboriginality	241
	10.1 Introduction	241
	10.2 The importance of history in the sentencing of Indigenous offenders	243
	10.3 Modern authorities on Aboriginality and sentencing	244
	10.4 Consolidation of earlier authorities in Fernando	246
	10.5 Beyond Fernando – new Indigenous sentencing principles	249
	10.5.1 The Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (1991) and Bringing Them Home (1997)	249
	10.5.2 Extension of the categories of Aboriginality and sentencing: Fuller-Cust	251
	10.5.3 Aboriginality as a cipher: the majority in Fuller-Cust	255
	10.6 Retreat from Fernando and erasure of Indigenous identity in sentencing	256
	10.7 Continued relevance of the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (1991)	259
	10.7.1 Scobie and the capacity of the criminal justice system to implement the RCIADIC Recommendations	260
	10.7.2 Recommendation 92 of the RCIADIC: imprisonment as a sentence of last resort	263
	10.8 The emergence of Indigenous courts	266
	10.8.1 Justifying Indigenous courts	266
	10.8.2 The Koori Court of the Magistrates Court of Victoria	268
	10.8.2.1 Jurisdiction of the Koori Court	268
	10.8.2.2 The sentencing procedure of the Koori Court	269
	10.8.2.3 Evolution of the Koori Court	270
	10.8.2.4 Evaluating Indigenous courts	270
	10.9 Conclusion	271
PART C
11	The Nature of Criminal Sanctions	275
	11.1 Introduction	275
	11.2 Nature and objectives of criminal punishment	276
	11.2.1 Sanctions should impose hardship	276
	11.2.2 Sanctions need to be effective	276
	11.2.3 Sanctions need to be efficient	277
	11.2.4 Important moral prescriptions	277
	11.3 Models of criminal behaviour underpinning criminal sanctions	278
	11.3.1 The classic model of criminal behaviour	278
	11.3.2 Contextual understandings of criminal behaviour	279
	11.3.3 New types of intermediate sanctions: therapeutic jurisprudence	280
	11.3.4 Rehabilitation as a dominant sentencing aim	281
	11.4 The recording of a conviction	282
	11.4.1 Significance and meaning of a conviction	282
	11.4.2 Statutory provisions on imposing conviction	283
	11.4.3 Case law on imposing conviction	284
	11.4.4 Is conviction or non-conviction still relevant?	287
	11.4.5 Impact on employment opportunities	288
	11.5 Conclusion	290
12	Imprisonment	291
	12.1 Introduction: nature of imprisonment and frequency of use	291
	12.2 Prison as a last resort and the principle of parsimony	297
	12.2.1 Prison only used as a sanction of last resort	297
	12.2.2 Parsimony principle reduces length of imprisonment	298
	12.3 Considerations relevant to the imposition of imprisonment	299
	12.3.1 Impact on the offender	299
	12.3.2 Hardship to others	301
	12.3.3 Prison conditions	303
	12.3.3.1 Prison informers and other high risk prisoners	304
	12.3.3.2 Women prisoners	307
	12.3.4 Relevance of the principle of mercy	311
	12.4 Parole, non-parole periods and minimum terms	312
	12.4.1 The purpose of parole	312
	12.4.2 Parole in Australian jurisdictions	314
	12.4.2.1 Commonwealth jurisdiction	314
	12.4.2.2 Australian Capital Territory	315
	12.4.2.3 New South Wales	316
	12.4.2.4 Northern Territory	317
	12.4.2.5 Queensland	317
	12.4.2.6 South Australia	318
	12.4.2.7 Tasmania	319
	12.4.2.8 Victoria	320
	12.4.2.9 Western Australia	321
	12.5 Concurrent and consecutive or cumulative sentences – totality principle	321
	12.6 Preventive detention: indefinite sentences	325
	12.6.1 The difference between preventive detention and additional sentences	325
	12.6.2 Most severe form of indefinite sentences – ad hominem	326
	12.6.3 General preventive legislation is lawful	327
	12.6.4 Moral evaluation of preventive detention	332
	12.7 Conclusion	335
13	Intermediate Sanctions	336
	13.1 Introduction: overview of intermediate sanctions	336
	13.2 Community based orders	338
	13.2.1 Frequency of use of community based orders	338
	13.2.2 Commonwealth jurisdiction	340
	13.2.3 Australian Capital Territory	340
	13.2.4 New South Wales	342
	13.2.5 Northern Territory	343
	13.2.6 Queensland	343
	13.2.7 South Australia	346
	13.2.8 Tasmania	347
	13.2.9 Victoria	348
	13.2.10 Western Australia	349
	13.2.11 Breaches of intermediate sanctions	350
	13.3 Suspended terms of imprisonment	350
	13.3.1 Overview	350
	13.3.2 The reasoning process underlying imposition of suspended sentences	352
	13.3.2.1 Conceptual problems with suspended sentences	352
	13.3.2.2 Practical problems with suspended sentences	353
	13.3.2.3 Suspended sentences do not constitute punishment	354
	13.4 Home detention	357
	13.4.1 Overview of home detention schemes	357
	13.4.2 Evaluation of arguments for home detention	358
	13.4.2.1 Reduction in prison numbers or net widening?	358
	13.4.2.2 Cost of the scheme	359
	13.4.3 The correct benchmark on which to evaluate sentencing reform	361
	13.4.3.1 Does home detention constitute punishment (as pain)?	361
	13.4.3.2 Punishing the innocent (other members of the household)	362
	13.4.3.3 Extent to which home detention promotes sentencing objectives	363
	13.5 Conclusion	364
14	Discharges and Bonds, Fines and Disqualifications	365
	14.1 Introduction: fines and other less severe sanctions	365
	14.2 Reparation	366
	14.3 Dismissals, discharges and bonds	367
	14.4 Licence disqualifications	370
	14.5 Conclusion: consolidating criminal sanctions	371
PART D
15	The Way Forward – Strategic Sentencing	377
	15.1 Introduction	377
	15.2 Step 1: pick a theory of punishment	378
	15.3 Step 2: ignore public opinion	378
	15.3.1 The experts must develop sentencing	378
	15.3.2 The experience of victims is important	379
	15.3.3 The community is revengeful, except when it becomes self-defeating	379
	15.3.3.1 Swiss study shows vengeance can be controlled	379
	15.3.3.2 Methodology of study	380
	15.3.3.3 Findings	381
	15.4 Step 3: identify the objectives of sentencing	383
	15.5 Step 4: make the punishment fit the crime	384
	15.6 Step 5: scrutinise aggravating and mitigating factors	384
	15.7 Step 6: on-going reform	386
	15.8 Conclusion	387
	Subject index	388

List of Figures

10.1	Indigenous prisoners	page 242
12.1	Imprisonment rates	292
13.1	Persons in community-based corrections	338

Table of cases

AB v The Queen (1999) 198 CLR 111 21, 74, 89, 199

Adami v The Queen (1988–1989) 51 SASR 229 121, 159

Ahmad [2006] NSWCCA 177 145

AJB v R [2007] NSWCCA 51 198

Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Company Ltd (1920) 23 CLR 129 78

Amos v Fraser (1906) 4 CLR 78 75

Anderson v The Queen [1981] VR 155 165

Anderson v The Queen (1993) 177 CLR 520 74

Anderson v The Queen (1997) 92 A Crim R 348 201

Anderson v The State of Western Australia [2007] WASCA 25 126

Andrews [2007] NSWCCA 68 258

Antonio (2005) 154 A Crim R 183 144

Arnold v The King-Emperor [1914] AC 644 76

Ashdown v The Queen (1994) 72 A Crim R 63 190

Assi v The Queen [2006] NSWCCA 257 189

Attard v The Queen (1999) 105 A Crim R 431 170

Attorney-General (SA) v Tichy (1982) 30 SASR 84 324

Attorney-General (Tas) v Knight [2003] TASSC 77 130

Attorney-General (Tas) v Saunders [2000] TASSC 22 135

Attorney-General (Tas) v Wells [2003] TASSC 78 35

Attorney-General for the Commonwealth v Ah Sheung (1906) 4 CLR 949 78

B v Department of Public Prosecutions (Tas) [2005] TASSC 16 174

B v Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services [2003] TASSC 100 81

Bailey v The Queen (1988) 35 A Crim R 458 201

Bain v The Queen (2006) 161 A Crim R 36 144, 225

Bamaga v Trenerry (1992) 111 FLR 335 66

Barandrecht v Ranford [2001] WASCA 202 188

Barrett v The State of Western Australia [2007] WASCA 21 139

Barton-Smith v Railton (1918) 25 CLR 427 79

Bataillard v The Queen (1907) 4 CLR 1282 76

Baumer v The Queen (1987) 27 A Crim R 143 180

Baumer v The Queen (1988) 166 CLR 51 225

Bekink v The Queen (1999) 107 A Crim R 415 202

Benitez v The Queen (2006) 160 A Crim R 166 165, 193

Bensegger v The Queen [1979] WAR 65 133

Bernes v The Queen [1998] TASSC 27 52

Binse v Williams [1998] 1 VR 381 296

Birch v Fitzgerald (1975) 11 SASR 114 184

Blanco v The Queen (1999) 106 A Crim R 303 197

Bond v Commonwealth of Australia (1903) 1 CLR 13 78

Bond v The Queen (1990) 48 A Crim R 1 207, 211

Borbil v The State of Western Australia [2007] WASCA 24 33

Bowie v Police (2003) 85 SASR 52 193

Boxtel v The Queen [1994] 2 VR 98 134

Boyle v The Queen (1987) 34 A Crim R 202 303

Braham v The Queen (1994) 73 A Crim R 353 196

Briant v Bessell (1994) 74 A Crim R 204 366

Bromley v Dawes (1983) 10 A Crim R 98 296

Browne [2006] ACTCA 15 201

Buckley v The Queen (2006) 164 A Crim R 312 89, 331–2

Buffrey v The Queen (1992) 14 Cr App Rep (S) 511 206

Bugmy v The Queen (1990) 169 CLR 525 74, 88, 190, 313–14

Bulger v The Queen (1990) 2 Qd R 559 207

Burgoyne v Dixon (2004) 150 A Crim R 1 130

Burke (1994) 75 A Crim R 48 137

Burrell v R [2007] NSWCCA 25 126

Cameron v The Queen (2002) 209 CLR 339 74, 88, 91, 203, 205, 206, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213, 216, 219

Campbell v Turner [2001] TASSC 91 366

Carreras v The Queen (1992) 60 A Crim R 402 135

Champion v The Queen (1992) 64 A Crim R 244 165, 169

Channon v The Queen (1978) 20 ALR 1 45, 66, 166

Chen v The Queen [1993] 2 VR 139 196

Chester v The Queen (1988) 165 CLR 611 87

Cheung v The Queen (2001) 209 CLR 1 74, 88, 146

Chivers v Western Australia [2005] WASCA 97 28

Christianos v The Queen (2000) 114 A Crim R 215 300

Cobiac v Liddy (1969) 119 CLR 257 21, 311–12

Coghlan (1997) 96 A Crim R 64 174

Colefax v The Queen (1962) ALR 399 84

Coleman v The Queen (1990) 19 NSWLR 467 179

Commonwealth v Baume (1905) 2 CLR 405 78

Connor v The Queen (2005) 158 A Crim R 389 175

Cooley v State of Western Australia (2005) 155 A Crim R 528 164

Cornelius v The King (1936) 55 CLR 235 84

Cox (1996) 85 A Crim R 1 136

Craig v The King (1933) 49 CLR 429 84

Cranssen v The King (1936) 55 CLR 509 83

Crawley v The Queen (1981) 55 FLR 463 196

Crosbie v Police [2002] SASC 433 141

Crowley v The Queen [2003] TASSC 147 36

Cubillo v Commonwealth (2001) 183 ALR 249 252

Cubillo v Commonwealth (No 2) (2000) 174 ALR 97 252

Curtis v R [2007] NSWCCA 11 113

Dadley v South Australian Police (1996) 66 SASR 352 190

Dalton v New South Wales Crime Commission [2006] HCA 17 110

Davies v R [1998] WASCA 114 189

De Gruchy v The Queen (2002) 211 CLR 85 137

De Rosa v State of Western Australia [2006] 32 WAR 136 134, 135, 136

De Simoni v The Queen (1981) 147 CLR 383 125

Dennison v State of Tasmania (2005) 15 TasR 50 28

Denyer v The Queen [1995] 1 VR 186 190

Des Rosiers v The Queen (2006) 159 A Crim R 549 36, 301

Devine v The Queen (1967) 119 CLR 506 83

Dimozantos v The Queen (No. 1) (1992) 174 CLR 504 74

Dimozantos v The Queen (No. 2) (1993) 178 CLR 122 74

Dinsdale v The Queen (2000) 202 CLR 321 74, 80, 88

Director of Public Prosecutions (ACT) v Ip [2005] ACTCA 24 137

Director of Public Prosecutions (Cth) v AB (2006) 94 SASR 316 193, 206

Director of Public Prosecutions (Cth) v Carter [1998] 1 VR 601 311

Director of Public Prosecutions (Cth) v El Karhani (1990) 21 NSWLR 370 45, 55

Director of Public Prosecutions (Cth) v Goldberg [2001] VSCA 107 90

Director of Public Prosecutions (Tas) v M [2005] TASSC 14 137

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Armstrong [2007] VSCA 34 137

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Barnes [2007] VSCA 51 137

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v BGJ [2007] VSCA 64 133

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Bright (2006) 163 A Crim R 322 36, 87

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Buhagiar & Heathcote [1998] 4 VR 540 353

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Bulfin [1998] 4 VR 114 127

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Burgess (2001) 3 VR 363 201

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Byrnes [2005] VSCA 63 129, 130

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Candaza [2003] VSCA 91 284–6

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v DJK [2003] VSCA 109 129

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Duong [2006] VSCA 78 171

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v England [1999] 2 VR 258 111, 112, 124, 133, 141

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Faure (2005) 12 VR 115 304

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Gany (2006) 163 A Crim R 538 36, 87

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v GJL (2004) 7 VR 366 136

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Grabovac [1998] 1 VR 664 129, 130

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Josefski (2005) 13 VR 85 17, 28, 90, 113, 320

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Lawrence (2004) 10 VR 125 163

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Marks [2005] VSCA 277 137

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Oates [2007] VSCA 59 139

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Raddino [2002] VSCA 66 187–8

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Reid [2004] VSCA 105 138

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Riddle [2002] VSCA 153 136

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Rzek [2003] VSCA 97 36, 90

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Snell [2005] VSCA 131 191

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Taylor [2005] VSCA 222 253

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Truong [2004] VSCA 172 135

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v VH (2004) 10 VR 234 129

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Waack (2001) 3 VR 194 90

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Whiteside & Dieber (2000) 1 VR 331 169

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Wilson [2002] VSC 299 244, 248

Director of Public Prosecutions (Vic) v Wong [2007] VSCA 26 137

Director of Public Prosecutions (WA) v A (a child) (2001) 23 WAR 331 80

Dixon-Jenkins v The Queen (1985) 14 A Crim R 372 55

Dixon-Jenkins v The Queen (1991) 55 A Crim R 308 130

DLM v The Queen [1999] 2 VR 98 196

Doolan v The Queen (2006) 160 A Crim R 54 128

Douar v The Queen (2005) 159 A Crim R 154 297

Dougan v The Queen (2006) 160 A Crim R 135 36

Ducca v Police (1999) 73 SASR 15 66

Dumas v The Queen [1988] VR 65 115

Duncan v The Queen (1983) 47 ALR 746 190

Eather v The King (1914) 19 CLR 409 76, 79, 86

Eldridge v Bates (1989) 51 SASR 532 37

Eliasen v The Queen (1991) 53 A Crim R 391 201

Elliott v Harris (No. 2) (1976) 13 SASR 516 355

Ellis v The Queen [2005] NTCCA 1 185

Elyard v The Queen [2006] NSWCCA 43 114, 149, 157, 191, 192

Eva v Director of Public Prosecutions (Cth) (1999) 76 SASR 1 186

Everett v The Queen (1994) 181 CLR 295 36, 74, 87, 88

Fardon v Attorney-General (Qld) (2004) 223 CLR 575 47, 74, 87, 98, 327–30

Federal Capital Commission v Lauriston Building & Investment Company Pty Ltd (1929) 42 CLR 582 78

Felton v Queensland Corrective Services Commission [1994] 2 Qd R 490 296

Fischer v Police (2005) 154 A Crim R 511 206

Fisher v The Queen (1989) 40 A Crim R 442 212

Flynn v The King (1949) 79 CLR 1 296

Freeman v Harris [1980] VR 267 67, 182

Gallagher v The Queen (1991) 23 NSWLR 220 194

Gallo v The Queen [2002] SASC 172 129

Gardiner [2004] NSWCCA 365 199

GAS & SJK v The Queen (2001) 206 CLR 267 89

GAS & SJK v The Queen (2004) 217 CLR 198 74, 89, 146

Gollan v Samuels (1973) 6 SASR 452 182

Goodwin v The Queen (1990) 51 A Crim R 328 201

Graham v Bartley (1984) 57 ALR 193 353

Gray v The Police (2004) 145 A Crim R 424 202, 301

Green v The King (1939) 61 CLR 167 83

Griffiths v The Queen (1977) 137 CLR 293 36, 63, 73, 86

Groom v The Queen [1999] 2 VR 159 179

Grubb v The Queen [2002] WASCA 158 136

Gumbinyarra v Teague (2003) 12 NTLR 226 192

Gumurdul v Reinke (2006) 161 A Crim R 87 190

Haidar v R [2007] NSWCCA 95 170

Harding v Moreland (2006) 159 A Crim R 370 23

Harris v The Queen (1954) 90 CLR 652 83

Harvey v State of Western Australia [2005] WASCA 117 125

Hayes v The Queen (1967) 116 CLR 459 83

Hector v The Queen [2003] NSWCCA 196 140

HG v The Queen (1999)197 CLR 414 200

Higgins v Fricker (1992) 53 A Crim R 473 206

Hill v The Queen [1999] TASSC 29 135

Hoare v The Queen (1989) 167 CLR 348 87, 99

Holmes v The Queen (1979) 1 Cr App R (S) 233 37, 66

Hood (1997) 91 A Crim R 526 137

Hooper v The Queen (1995) 64 SASR 480 116

Houghton v Western Australia (2006) 32 WAR 260 136, 304

House v The King (1936) 55 CLR 499 20, 77, 78, 79–84, 286

Houston & Stanhope v The Queen (1982) 8 A Crim R 392 67

Hrasky v Boyd (2000) 9 Tas R 144 90

Huddart Parker v Commonwealth of Australia (1931) 44 CLR 492 78

Hull v Western Australia (2005) 156 A Crim R 414 134, 297, 303

Hurd v The Queen [1988] Tas R 126 165

Hyman [2007] NSWCCA 47 35

Ibbs v The Queen (1987) 163 CLR 447 133

Iese v The Queen [2005] NSWCCA 418 169

Inge v The Queen (1999) 199 CLR 295 74, 88

Ioannou v The Queen (1985) 16 A Crim R 63 66

Isaacs v The Queen (1997) 90 A Crim R 587 143, 146

Jabaltjari v Hammersley (1977) 15 ALR 94 245, 254, 298

Jamieson v The Queen [1988] VR 879 55

Jeans v Commonwealth Bank of Australia [2004] FCA 938 81

Jeffree v The Queen [1998] WASCA 113 37

Johnson v The Queen (2004) 78 ALJR 616 74, 89, 324

Jordan v The Queen [2002] TASSC 121 136

Juli v The Queen (1990) 50 A Crim R 31 247, 301

Kable v Director of Public Prosecutions (NSW) (1996) 189 CLR 51 326–7

Kane v The Queen (1987) 29 A Crim R 326 55

Kaye v Vagg (No. 2) (1984) 11 A Crim R 127 366

Kelly v The Queen (2000) 10 NTLR 39 195

Kent v Wilson [2000] VSC 98 349

Kops v The Queen; Ex parte Kops [1894] AC 650 76

Kovacevic v Mills (2000) 111 A Crim R 131 127

Krencej v The Queen [1999] WASCA 20 130

Kuczynski v The Queen (1994) 72 A Crim R 568 296

Kumantjara v Harris (1992) 109 FLR 400 55

L v Tasmania [2006] TASSC 59 137

Lahey v Sanderson [1959] Tas R 17 163

Langridge v The Queen (1996) 17 WAR 346 142, 144

Langridge v The Queen (2004) 12 Tas R 470 90

Law; Ex parte Attorney-General (Qld) [1996] 2 Qd R 63 196

Leach v The Queen (2005) 145 NTR 1 90

Lee Vanit v The Queen (1997) 190 CLR 378 74

Liberato v The Queen (1985) 159 CLR 507 85

Lowe v The Queen (1984) 154 CLR 606 21, 73, 84, 87

Lowndes v The Queen (1999) 195 CLR 665 74

Lucas v The Queen (1970) 120 CLR 171 83

Ly [2007] NSWCCA 28 298

M v Hibble [2003] TASSC 13 167

Mabo v Queensland (No. 2) (1992) 175 CLR 1 243

MacDonald [2007] NSWCCA 105 165

Mainka v Custodian of Expropriated Property (1924) 34 CLR 297 78

Maione v Police [2007] SASC 116 166

Makita (Aust) Pty Ltd v Sprowles (2001) 52 NSWLR 705 200

Mallett v Mallett (1984) 156 CLR 605 81

Malvaso v The Queen (1989) 168 CLR 227 87, 193, 353

Mann v Medical Practitioners Board of Victoria [2004] VSCA 148 81

Markarian v The Queen (2005) 215 ALR 213 15, 23, 24, 25, 26–7, 28, 74, 89

Marker v The Queen (2002) 135 A Crim R 55 114, 142

Marshall v Llewellyn (1995) 79 A Crim R 49 225

Mason v Pryce (1988) 34 A Crim R 1 66

Mason-Stuart v The Queen (1993) 61 SASR 204 168

Mawson v Nayda (1995) 5 NTLR 56 303

Maxwell v The Queen (1996) 184 CLR 501, 501 74, 88, 145

McAree v Barr [2006] TASSC 37 127

McEvoy v Lobban (1988) 35 A Crim R 68 296

McGarry v The Queen (2001) 207 CLR 121 74, 89, 328

McGee v The Queen (1907) 4 CLR 1453 75

McKerlie v The State of Western Australia (No 2) [2006] WASCA 274 146

McL v The Queen (2000) 203 CLR 452 196

McPherson v Commonwealth Services Delivery Agency (2005) 156 A Crim R 188 127

Medcraft v The Queen (1992) 60 A Crim R 181 141

Medina v The Queen (1990) 108 FLR 288 90

Michael v The Queen [2004] WASCA 4 80

Miles v The Queen (1997) 17 WAR 518 37

Mill v The Queen (1988) 166 CLR 59 21, 73, 87, 196, 197, 324

Millard v The Queen (1906) 3 CLR 827 75

Miller v Burgoyne (2004) 150 A Crim R 7 192

Mitchell v The Queen (1996) 184 CLR 333 80

Moody v The Queen [1998] WASCA 23, WASCA 37

Mooney v The State of Western Australia [2007] WASCA 54 304

Morris v The Queen (1987) 163 CLR 454 85, 86

Morrison v Behrooz (2005) 155 A Crim R 110 312

Moulds v The Queen [1998] WASCA 45 37

Moyse v The Queen (1988) 38 A Crim R 169 137

MS2 v The Queen (2005) 158 A Crim R 93 162

Murphy v The Queen [2000] TASSC 169 175

Mustafa v The Queen (2002) 27 WAR 73 90

Neal v The Queen (1982) 149 CLR 305 73, 84, 87, 91, 153, 175, 199, 244, 245, 246, 248, 254, 256

New South Wales v Bujdoso (2005) 222 ALR 663 311

Newcombe v Police (2004) 144 A Crim R 328 286

Newman & Turnbull v The Queen [1997] 1 VR 146 141

Ngulkurr v O’Brien (1989) 45 A Crim R 92 182

Nguyen v The Queen (2001) 118 A Crim R 519 161

Nicholas v Brain [1971] Tas R 383 151

Nixon v The Queen (1993) 66 A Crim R 83 206

Norbis v Norbis (1986) 161 CLR 513 286

Novak v The Queen (1993) 69 A Crim R 145 187

O’Brien v The Queen (1991) 55 A Crim R 410 206

Oliver v Tasmania [2006] TASSC 95 303

O’Meally v The Queen (1958) 98 CLR 13 83

O’Shea v The Queen (1982) 31 SASR 129 201

Osland v The Queen (1998) 197 CLR 316 110, 174

Pantano v The Queen (1990) 49 A Crim R 328 55

Papadopolous v Hunter (1985) 85 A Crim R 572 151

Paparone v The Queen (2000) 112 A Crim R 190 168

Pappin v The Queen [2005] NTCCA 2 185, 193

Patterson v Stevens (1992) 57 SASR 213 355

Pavlic v The Queen (2003) 5 Tas R 186 61

Peanut Board v Rockhampton Harbour Board (1933) 48 CLR 266 78

Pearce v The Queen (1983) 9 A Crim R 146 199

Pearce v The Queen (1998) 194 CLR 610 74, 88, 323

Pecora v The Queen [1980] VR 499 141

Peel v The Queen (1971) 125 CLR 447 83

Perez-Vargas & Stevens v The Queen (1986) 8 NSWLR 559 194

Perkins v R [2007] NSWCCA 80 201

Perre v Apand Ltd (1999) 198 CLR 180 29

Petersen (1998) 100 A Crim R 344 196

Pettitt v Dunkley [1971] 1 NSWLR 376 32

Petty & Maiden v The Queen (1991) 173 CLR 95 213

Pfennig v The Queen (1995) 182 CLR 461 113

Police v Cadd, Illes, Vlachos & Quinn (1997) 94 A Crim R 466 37, 116, 121, 138

Police v Humby [2004] SASC 358 129

Police v Town [2007] SASC 45 87

Postiglione v The Queen (1997) 189 CLR 295 21, 85, 88, 324

Power v The Queen (1974) 131 CLR 623 83–4, 312–13

Prehn v The Queen [2003] TASSC 55 196

Price v The Queen (1988) 33 A Crim R 359 136

Prior v Malogorski (2005) 156 A Crim R 122 114

Putland v The Queen (2004) 218 CLR 174 74

Quarrell v White [2004] TASSC 45 123

R v Abbott [2007] VSCA 32 34

R v ABS [2005] NSWCCA 255 129

R v Adami (1989) 51 SASR 229 303

R v AEM [2002] NSWCCA 58 163

R v Agius (2000) SASR 469 158

R v AJW (2001) 80 SASR 246 129

R v Ali [1996] 2 VR 49 143

R v Allen [1999] SASC 346 193

R v Arnold (1991) 56 A Crim R 63 166

R v AS (2006) 165 A Crim R 100 163

R v Ashdown [2003] VSCA 216 124

R v Athuai [2007] VSCA 2 193

R v AWF (2000) 2 VR 1 171, 172, 173

R v AWJ (2001) 80 SASR 246 136

R v Babic [1998] 2 VR 79 201

R v Bailey (1988) 35 A Crim R 458 301

R v Baltensperger (2006) 96 SASR 34 196

R v Bangard (2005) 13 VR 146 34–5

R v Barber (1976) 14 SASR 388 193

R v Barby [2001] NSWSC 1169 144

R v Basso & Frazzetto (1999) 108 A Crim R 392 112, 120, 128

R v Bateman (Unreported, 29 June 1977, CCA (Vic)) 63

R v Bazley (1993) 65 A Crim R 154 301

R v BCC [2006] NSWCCA 130 195

R v Beary (2004) 151 A Crim R 388 80

R v Beer [2000] QCA 193 121

R v Bell [1999] VSCA 223 162

R v Bergman [2007] SASC 31 122

R v Berlinsky [2005] SASC 316 158, 302

R v Bibi (1980) 2 Cr App R (s) 177 63

R v Birnie (2002) 5 VR 426 129, 141

R v Black [2002] WASCA 26 135

R v Blair (2005) 152 A Crim R 462 225

R v Blaskovic [1999] FCA 1306 185

R v Bloomfield (1998) 101 A Crim R 404 36

R v Bolamatu [2002] NSWCCA 454 317

R v Boyd [1975] VR 168 134

R v Brady (2005) 155 A Crim R 230 299

R v Brewer [2004] ACTCA 10 80

R v Burchell (1987) 34 A Crim R 148 55

R v Burge [2004] QCA 161 174

R v Burtt (1987) 139 LSJS 235 186

R v Bux (2002) 132 A Crim R 395 165, 169

R v C, OM (2005) 151 A Crim R 570 114

R v Cakovski (2003) 141 A Crim R 446 144

R v Campbell [1999] NSWCCA 76 192

R v Campbell [2005] VSCA 225 34

R v Carmody (1998) 100 A Crim R 41 303

R v Cartwright (1989) 17 NSWLR 243 194

R v Castles (2005) 152 A Crim R 277 168

R v Ceissman (2001) 119 A Crim R 535 254, 256

R v Chamberlain [1983] 2 VR 511 143

R v Chambers (2003) 145 A Crim R 15 174

R v Chan (1994) 76 A Crim R 252 111

R v Chan (2002) 128 A Crim R 119 80

R v Chandra & Hart [2003] SASC 319 137

R v Chapman [2001] NSWCCA 457 190

R v Chilvers [2003] WASCA 87 129

R v Cicekdag (2004) 150 A Crim R 299 128

R v Cifuentes [2006] QCA 566 33

R v Clarke (1975) 61 Cr App R 320 51

R v Clarke [1996] 2 VR 520 36, 87

R v Clarke [2006] VSCA 174 164, 174, 192

R v Claydon (1994) 15 Cr App R (S) 526 220

R v Coleman (1990) 47 A Crim R 306 185

R v C, OM (2005) 151 A Crim R 570 114

R v Combey (Unreported, 5 February 1980, CCA (Vic)) 56

R v Connell [1996] 1 VR 436 279

R v Cooke & Woolmington (1955) 72 WN (NSW) 152 55

R v Cooksley [1982] Qd R 405 141

R v Costen (1989) 11 Cr App Rp (S) 182 206

R v Cottrell (1989) 42 A Crim R 31 127

R v Coukoulis (2003) 7 VR 45 136

R v Creed (1985) 37 SASR 566 324

R v Crowley & Garner (1991) 55 A Crim R 201 301

R v Cumberbatch (2004) 144 A Crim R 253 301

R v Currie (1988) 33 A Crim R 7 180

R v DAF [2004] QCA 368 129

R v Dalgety [2000] WASCA 10 169

R v Daniel [1998] 1 Qd R 499 248, 254

R v D’Arcy (2001) 122 A Crim R 268 137

R v Darvill (1987) 9 Cr App R (S) 223 177

R v Davey (1980) 2 A Crim R 254 66, 245, 353

R v Davies [2006] SASC 232 170

R v Day (1998) 100 A Crim R 275 303

R v De Simoni (1981) 147 CLR 383 73, 87, 123, 140, 141, 146

R v Delaney (2003) 59 NSWLR 1 192

R v Dent [2005] VSCA 134 136

R v DM [2005] NSWCCA 181 162

R v Dodge (1988) 34 A Crim R 325 208

R v Donnelly [1998] 1 VR 645 194

R v Doolan (2006) 160 A Crim R 54 129

R v Dorning (1981) 27 SASR 481 201

R v Douglass (2004) 146 A Crim R 590 126

R v Dowie [1989] Tas R 167 35

R v Doyle (1996) 84 A Crim R 287 301

R v Dubois (2004) 88 SASR 304 90

R v Dudley [2006] 2 Cr App R (S) 514 130

R v Dunn [2004] NSWCCA 346 206

R v Dunne [2003] VSCA 150 90, 137, 151

R v Durocher-Yvon (2003) 142 A Crim R 489 300, 304, 306

R v DVG (1999) 109 A Crim R 145 300

R v E (a child) (1993) 66 A Crim R 14 248

R v Economedes (1990) 58 A Crim R 466 134

R v Edie [2006] QCA 111 318

R v Edwards (1993) 67 A Crim R 486 162, 351

R v Edwards (1996) 90 A Crim R 510 248, 301, 302

R v El Hani [2004] NSWCCA 162 195

R v Eliasen (1991) 53 A Crim R 391 300, 301

R v Elliott (2001) 121 A Crim R 254 80

R v Ellis (1986) 6 NSWLR 603 199

R v El-Sayed (2003) 57 NSWLR 659 195

R v Empey [2004] VSCA 243 134

R v Engert (1995) 84 A Crim R 67 16, 166

R v Errington (2005) 157 A Crim R 553 39

R v Esposito [2000] SASC 182 127

R v WEF [1998] 2 VR 385 300

R v Fabian (1992) 64 A Crim R 365 190

R v Faure [2006] VSC 169 115

R v FD [2006] NSWCCA 31 133

R v Fearon [1996] 2 Cr App R (S) 25 207

R v Fereiro [2006] QCA 10 137

R v Fern (1989) 51 SASR 273 56

R v Fernandez [2006] VSCA 38 137

R v Fernando (1992) 76 A Crim R 58 247–9, 254, 256–9, 269, 301

R v Ferrer-Esis (1991) 55 A Crim R 231 301

R v Fisher [2002] QCA 259 186

R v Fletcher-Jones (1994) 75 A Crim R 381 179

R v Forbes (2006) 160 A Crim R 1 193

R v Ford (2006) 95 SASR 133 126

R v Fordham (1997) 98 A Crim R 359 201

R v Fraser [2004] VSCA 147 136

R v Friday (1984) 14 A Crim R 471 245

R v Fuller-Cust (2002) 6 VR 496 153, 174, 246, 249, 250, 251–6, 269

R v Gallagher [1991] 23 NSWLR 220 16, 21, 22

R v GDP (1991) 53 A Crim R 112 162

R v Gladkowski [2000] QCA 352 195

R v Geddes (1936) 36 SR (NSW) 554 18, 19

R v Gellion [2006] 2 Cr App R (S) 464 137

R v Gibuma & Anau (1991) 54 A Crim R 347 247

R v Gilfillan (2003) 139 A Crim R 460 80

R v Gill [2003] VSC 364 144

R v Gillan (1991) 54 A Crim R 475 353, 355

R v Gilles; Ex parte Attorney-General [2002] 1 Qd R 404 90

R v Ginder (1987) 23 A Crim R 1 136

R v Golding & Golding (1980) 24 SASR 161 193

R v Goldsmith (1995) 65 SASR 373 174

R v Gommers [2005] SASC 493 168, 169

R v Gordon (1994) 71 A Crim R 459 66, 163, 179

R v Gordon [2002] NSWCCA 476 190

R v Governor of South Australia (1907) 4 CLR 1497 78

R v GP (1997) 93 A Crim R 351 37

R v Gray [1977] VR 225 90, 128

R v Grbin [2004] NSWCCA 220 317

R v Grech [1999] NSWCCA 268 130, 137

R v Grillo [2003] VSCA 143 142, 143

R v Griinke [1992] 1 Qd R 196 318

R v H (1993) 66 A Crim R 505 355

R v H, ML (2006) 96 SASR 139 141

R v HAA [2006] QCA 55 129

R v Halliday [1998] WASCA 71 167

R v Harch [2004] QCA 113 136

R v Hardwick [2007] 1 Cr App R (S) 54 136

R v Harmouche (2005) 158 A Crim R 357 180

R v Harris & Simmonds (1992) 59 SASR 300 195, 206

R v Haseloff (unreported, Supreme Court of Victoria, 10 April 1997) 111

R v Hassarati [2005] QCA 102 186

R v Hatfield [2004] VSCA 195 140

R v Hathaway [2005] NSWCCA 368 197

R v Hawkins (1989) 45 A Crim R 430 55, 136

R v Haydon (2001) 80 SASR 560 144

R v Hayes (1987) 29 A Crim R 452, 469 197

R v Hearne (2001) 124 A Crim R 451 162

R v Held [2007] 1 Cr App R (S) 118 35, 136

R v Hemsley [2004] NSWCCA 228 167

R v Henry (1999) 46 NSWLR 346 37, 39, 40, 179, 180–2, 185

R v Henry [2007] NSWCCA 90 165

R v Hickey (unreported, 27 September 1994, NSWCCA) 256

R v Hietanen (1989) 51 SASR 510 141

R v Higgins (2002) 133 A Crim R 385 301

R v Hignett (2000) 210 LSJS 27 135, 136

R v Hilton (2005) 157 A Crim R 504 164

R v Hindle (Unreported, 3 April 1981, CCA (Vic)) 52

R v Hoerler [2004] NSWCCA 184 129

R v Hogon (1987) 30 A Crim R 399 66

R v Holder [1983] 3 NSWLR 245 323

R v Holyoak (1995) 82 A Crim R 502 301

R v Hood [2005] QCA 159 345

R v Howcher (2004) 146 A Crim R 371 191

R v Huang (2000) 113 A Crim R 386 301

R v Hughes (2003) 142 A Crim R 497 200, 201

R v Hundric [2005] QCA 324 318

R v Hunter (1984) 36 SASR 101 301

R v Hurley & Murray [1967] VR 526 199

R v Huynh [2001] NSWCCA 269 139

R v Iddon & Crocker (1987) 32 A Crim R 315 314

R v Ioane [2006] VSCA 84 35

R v Israil [2002] NSWCCA 255 165

R v Izzard (2003) 7 VR 480 165

R v Jabaltjari (1989) 64 NTR 1 175

R v Jackson (1972) 4 SASR 81 90

R v Johnston (1985) 38 SASR 582 63

R v Jolly [1994] 1 VR 446 166

R v Jongsma (2004) 150 A Crim R 386 80

R v Jurisic (1998) 45 NSWLR 209 38, 40, 123, 362

R v K (1991) 161 LSJS 135 129

R v Kane [1974] VR 759 66, 130, 196

R v Kellisar [2001] VSCA 224 133

R v Kelly [2005] NSWCCA 280 258

R v Kelvin [2000] NSWCCA 190 137

R v Khalouf [2002] NSWSC 19 144

R v Killen (2005) 152 A Crim R 1 199

R v King [1970] 1 WLR 1016 354

R v Laffey [1998] 1 VR 155 180

R v Lambert (1990) 51 A Crim R 160 55

R v Landy (1995) 16 Cr App R (S) 908 207

R v Langdon [2004] 11 VR 18 90

R v Lappas (2003) 152 ACTR 7 90, 137

R v Lawrence & McDonagh [2007] SASC 106 141

R v Laws (No. 2) (2000) 116 A Crim R 70 301

R v Le (1999) 107 A Crim R 355 303

R v Leach (2003) 85 SASR 139 165, 168

R v Lear [1998] 1 VR 285 300

R v Leggett [2000] WASCA 327 136

R v Lennon (2003) 86 SASR 295 90

R v Lewis (1993) 60 SASR 582 136

R v Li [1998] 1 VR 637 142

R v Liang (1995) 82 A Crim R 39 301

R v Liddy (No. 2) (2002) 135 A Crim R 468 90, 133, 137, 197

R v Liu [2005] NSWCCA 378 199

R v LLK (2003) 146 A Crim R 1 130, 134

R v Lobban (2001) 80 SASR 550 144

R v Locke & Paterson (1973) 6 SASR 298 351

R v Lodhi [2006] NSWSC 691 110

R v Low [2001] QCA 67 186

R v Lyon [2006] QCA 146 139

R v MA (2004) 145 A Crim R 434 152, 163

R v Maccia [2003] VSC 384 144

R v Maher [2004] NSWCCA 177 129

R v Mailes (2003) 142 A Crim R 353 165

R v Major (1998) 70 SASR 488 324

R v Major [2001] WASCA 46 136

R v Malceski [2004] VSCA 138 195

R v Malesevic (1999) 204 LSJS 32 193

R v Mangano (2006) 160 A Crim R 480 206

R v Manners [2002] VSCA 161 35, 136

R v Margach [2006] VSC 77 115

R v Martin [1973] VR 854 162

R v Martin (1990) 47 A Crim R 168 300

R v Martin (1994) 74 A Crim R 252 186

R v Martin [2003] NSWCCA 325 129

R v Martin (No 6) (2000) 109 A Crim R 508 196

R v Mason-Stuart (1993) 61 SASR 204 300

R v Matthews (1996) 130 FLR 230 117

R v Matthews (2004) 145 A Crim R 445 170

R v Maxwell (1998) 102 A Crim R 374 225

R v MBD [2003] VSCA 181 133

R v McCann [2007] 1 Cr App R (S) 20 136

R v McCullagh (2003) 141 A Crim R 150 144, 145, 146, 180, 196

R v McDermott [2007] 1 Cr App R (S) 145 129, 179

R v McDonald (1988) 38 A Crim R 470 301

R v McInerney (1986) 42 SASR 111 283

R v McIntosh [2005] VSCA 106 17

R v McKee (2003) 138 A Crim R 88 185

R v McNally [2000] 1 Cr App R (S) 535 129

R v Meers & Moles [1998] TASSC 32 129

R v Mendoza-Torrico [1999] NSWCCA 413 129

R v Merrett, Piggott & Ferrari [2007] VSCA 1 196

R v Miceli [1998] 4 VR 588 197, 312

R v Mills [1998] 4 VR 235 162, 164

R v Minney (2003) 12 Tas R 46 90

R v Mitchell [1971] VR 46 80

R v Mitchell (2000) 112 A Crim R 315 300, 301

R v Miyatatawuy (1996) 6 NTLR 44 190

R v MJR (2002) 54 NSWLR 368 90

R v MMK [2006] NSWCCA 272 324

R v Moffatt [1998] 2 VR 229 98, 325, 331

R v Molesworth [1999] NSWCCA 43 187, 189, 190

R v Monroe (2003) 149 A Crim R 478 135, 144

R v Moon (2000) 117 A Crim R 497 198

R v Morgan (1996) 87 A Crim R 104 300

R v Morgan (2003) 57 NSWLR 533 90, 258

R v Morton [1986] VR 863 205

R v Mostyn (2004) 145 A Crim R 304 300, 305–7

R v Mulholland (1991) 102 FLR 465 99, 225

R v Muller [1995] QCA 276 129

R v Munday [1981] 2 NSWLR 177 201

R v Murphy [2004] VSCA 23 115

R v Murphy [2006] NSWCCA 417 180

R v Nagul [2007] VSCA 8 301

R v Nagy [1992] 1 VR 637 17, 90, 194, 206

R v Nagy [2004] 1 Qd R 63 90

R v Newman & Simpson [2004] NSWCCA 102 258

R v Ngo [1999] 3 VR 265 201

R v Nguyen [2004] SASC 405 129, 193

R v Nguyen [2005] SASC 329 187

R v Nichols (1991) 57 A Crim R 391 163

R v Norman (1993) 15 Cr App R (S) 165 220

R v NP [2003] NSWCCA 195 196

R v Nugnes [2002] VSCA 114 139

R v Oblach (2005) 65 NSWLR 75 199

R v O’Brien [1997] 2 VR 714 225

R v Olbrich (1999) 199 CLR 270 16, 22, 74, 88, 90, 91, 138, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 151, 161, 193, 199, 307

R v Osborne (2002) 123 A Crim R 519 142

R v Osenkowski (1982) 30 SASR 212 192, 311

R v Ottobrino [1999] WASCA 207 135

R v Parsons (2000) 1 VR 161 115

R v Patel [2007] 1 Cr App R (S) 179 139

R v Payne (2004) 89 SASR 49 37

R v PDJ (2002) 7 VR 612 25

R v Perez-Vargas (1986) 8 NSWLR 559 305

R v Peterson [1984] WAR 329 56

R v Petrovic [1998] VSCA 95 187, 189

R v Petrovski [2005] SASC 330 137

R v Pham & Ly (1991) 55 A Crim R 128 163

R v Phung (2003) 141 A Crim R 311 162, 191

R v Pitt [2001] NSWCCA 156 254, 257

R v Pividor & Dale [2002] VSCA 174 195

R v Place (2002) 81 SASR 395 22, 37, 324

R v Ponfield & Ors (1999) 48 NSWLR 327 129

R v Popovic [2001] NSWSC 1118 144

R v Porter (1933) 55 CLR 182 55, 165

R v Powell (2001) 81 SASR 9 187

R v PP [2002] VSC 578 144

R v Price [1978] Qd R 68 162

R v Price [2007] 1 Cr App R (S) 28 135

R v Priestly (2002) 137 A Crim R 289 114

R v Proom (2003) 85 SASR 120 184

R v PX [2005] QCA 246 195

R v QMN & WD [2004] VSCA 32 195

R v Quarry (2005) 11 VR 337 111

R v Quinn [2005] VSCA 100 129

R v Radich [1954] NZLR 86 18, 45, 54

R v Rahme [2004] NSWCCA 233 80

R v Raimondi (1999) 106 A Crim R 288 139

R v Ray [2001] NSWSC 1145 144

R v Relph [2002] ACTCA 6 192

R v Remilton [2001] NSWCCA 546 129

R v RFD [2001] VSCA 198 201

R v Richards [1981] 2 NSWLR 464 120, 128

R v Richards [1999] WASCA 105 127, 133

R v Richards (2006) 160 A Crim R 120 303

R v Richards & Gregory [1998] 2 VR 1 174

R v Richmond [1920] VLR 9 90, 351

R v Roche [2005] WASCA 4 110

R v Roadley (1990) 51 A Crim R 336 301

R v Robinson [1975] VR 816 183–5, 353

R v Robinson (2004) 11 VR 165 165

R v Roby [2003] NSWCCA 242 175

R v Rollo [2006] VSCA 154 201, 309

R v Rongonui-Chase (2004) 144 A Crim R 242 166

R v Rose and Sapino (1980) 2 Cr App R (S) 239 220

R v Rostom [1996] 2 VR 97 305

R v Rowe & Or [1996] QCA 423 345

R v Rowlands [2007] VSCA 14 34

R v Rushby [1977] 1 NSWLR 594 55

R v Russell (1995) 84 A Crim R 386 248

R v Russell [2005] QCA 392 318

R v S (a child) (1982) 31 SASR 263 162

R v SAG [2004] QCA 286 129

R v Schaffer (2005) 153 A Crim R 371 129

R v Schloss (1998) 100 A Crim R 80 301

R v Scholes (1998) 102 A Crim R 510 225

R v Schwabegger [1998] 4 VR 649 196

R v Scobie (2003) 85 SASR 77 259, 260–3

R v Sellen (1991) 57 A Crim R 313 300

R v SH [2006] VSCA 83 201, 308–9, 310

R v Shannon (1979) 21 SASR 442 175, 211

R v Sharkey & Daniels [1994] Crim LR 866 206

R v Sharma (2002) 54 NSWLR 300 22, 91

R v Shepherd (2003) 142 A Crim R 101 193

R v Sheppard [2001] 1 Qd R 504 90

R v Shepperbottom [2001] SASC 31 319

R v Sherpa (2001) 34 MVR 345 141

R v Shorten [2005] NSWCCA 106 197

R v Shrestha (1991) 173 CLR 48 88

R v Silczak [2000] TASSC 123 347

R v Simon (2003) 142 A Crim R 166 192, 300

R v Simpson (2004) 89 SASR 515 159

R v Sinclair (1990) 51 A Crim R 418 117

R v Singh [2006] QCA 71 132

R v Sirillas (2004) 145 A Crim R 166, 167, 320

R v Skura [2004] VSCA 53 133

R v Slack [2004] NSWCCA 128 131, 132

R v Sladic (2005) 92 SASR 36 28

R v Slater (1984) 36 SASR 524 208

R v SLD (2003) 58 NSWLR 589 90, 91

R v Smedley (1981) 3 Cr App (S) 177 63

R v Smith (1987) 44 SASR 587 201, 300

R v Smith (1988) 33 A Crim R 95 66, 162

R v Smith [2001] QCA 430 129

R v Smith [2004] WASCA 44 134, 136

R v Snow (1915) 20 CLR 315 75

R v Sopher (1993) 70 A Crim R 570 301

R v SP [2004] ACTCA 16 137, 196, 197

R v Spiero (1979) 22 SASR 543 37

R v Staples [2005] VSCA 130 127, 129, 137

R v Starr & Smith [2002] VSCA 180 175

R v De Stefano [2003] VSC 68 186

R v Steggall (2005) 157 A Crim R 402 349

R v Stockdale (2004) 142 A Crim R 448 307

R v Stone (1995) 84 A Crim R 218 248

R v Stone (2004) 144 A Crim R 568 196

R v Storey [1998] 1 VR 359 90, 124, 126, 132, 138, 142, 143, 144, 146, 151, 161, 193, 199

R v Strong (2003) 141 A Crim R 56 80

R v Su [1997] 1 VR 1 194

R v Suteski (No. 6) (2002) 129 A Crim R 559 144

R v Swan [2006] NSWCCA 47 138, 167, 169

R v Taddeo (1993) 67 A Crim R 338 141

R v Tarr [1999] VSCA 61 129

R v Taudevin [2001] 2 VR 402 90

R v Taylor (1985) 18 A Crim R 14 66

R v TDJ [2003] VSCA 151 195

R v Telford [2005] SASC 349 186, 190

R v Thomson & Houlton (2000) 49 NSWLR 383 175, 192, 205, 206, 210, 212, 217, 219

R v Thornberry [2000] NSWCCA 526 317

R v TK [2004] QCA 394 129

R v TL [2005] 1 Qd R 659 90

R v Todd [1976] Qd R 21 300

R v Todd [1982] 2 NSWLR 517 197

R v Togias (2001) 127 A Crim R 23 117

R v Tomaiuolo [2007] SASC 34 126

R v Totten [2003] NSWCCA 207 300

R v Tran (1992) 4 VR 457 199

R v Tran (2002) 4 VR 457 128, 163

R v Tran; Ex parte A-G [2002] QCA 021 189

R v Trowbridge [1975] Crim LR 295 352

R v Tsiaras [1996] 1 VR 398 165, 300

R v Tuncbilek [2000] NSWCCA 465 169

R v Tutchell [2006] VSCA 294 146

R v Ulla (2004) 148 A Crim R 356 165, 170

R v Ung [2002] VSCA 101 126, 139

R v Valenti (1980) 48 FLR 416 45

R v Van Boxtel [2005] VSCA 175 300, 307

R v Van Der Horst [2006] SASC 243 192

R v Van Gelder (2003) 142 A Crim R 1 168, 173

R v Vodopic [2003] VSCA 172 166

R v Voegeler (1988) 36 A Crim R 174 355

R v VZ (1998) 7 VR 693 312

R v Wallace [2007] NSWCCA 63 304

R v Way (2004) 60 NSWLR 168 90, 119, 138, 157

R v Whelan [1997] QCA 305 318

R v Whitby (1957) 74 WN (NSW) 441 113

R v White [1995] QCA 198 344

R v Whyte [2000] SASC 93 129, 133, 137

R v Whyte (2002) 55 NSWLR 252 39

R v Whyte (2004) 7 VR 397 175, 196, 197, 198, 301, 312

R v Williams [2000] VSCA 174 169

R v Williscroft [1975] VR 292 17, 18, 19, 45, 55, 66, 190

R v Winchester (1992) 58 A Crim R 345 207

R v Wirth (1976) 14 SASR 291 158, 302

R v Wise (2000) 2 VR 287 142

R v Wise [2004] VSCA 88 248

R v Wiskich (2000) 207 LSJS 431 165

R v WKR (1993) 32 NSWLR 447 162

R v Wooden [2006] VSCA 97 309, 310

R v Woodley, Boogna & Charles (1994) 76 A Crim R 302 247

R v Wordie [2003] VSCA 107 244, 248, 253

R v Wright (1997) 93 A Crim R 48 169

R v Wu [1999] VSCA 209 137

R v Wurramarra (1999) 105 A Crim R 512 248

R v Yaldiz [1998] 2 VR 376 165, 166

R v Yates [1985] VR 41 301

R v Yates (1993) 15 Cr App Rep (S) 400 207

R v Yates [2006] QCA 101 195

R v Yildiz (2006) 160 A Crim R 218 126

R v Yilmaz [2003] ACTCA 20 144

R v Yougie (1987) 33 A Crim R 301 247

R v Young [1990] VR 951 17

R v Young [2002] QCA 489 137

R v Yousef (2005) 155 A Crim R 134 284

R v Zehir (1998) 104 A Crim R 109 300

Radebe v The Queen (2001) 122 A Crim R 559 195

Radenkovic v The Queen (1990) 170 CLR 623 74, 91

Re Application of the Attorney-General (No. 3 of 2002) (2004) 61 NSWLR 305 39

Reaburn v R [2007] NSWCCA 60 174

Rend v The Queen (2006) 160 A Crim R 178 225

RH McL v The Queen (2000) 203 CLR 452 74

Rich v Gronigen (1997) 95 A Crim R 272 296

Richardson v The Queen (1974) 131 CLR 116 83

Risdale v The Queen (1995) 78 A Crim R 486 137

Roadley v The Queen (1990) 51 A Crim R 336 167, 168

Rogers & Murray v The Queen (1989) 44 A Crim R 301 247, 254

Ross v The King (1922) 30 CLR 246 76

Rostom v The Queen [1996] 2 VR 97 195, 201

Rostron v The Queen (1991) 1 NTLR 191 80

Rucioch v Police (2004) 88 SASR 326 90

Ryan v The Queen (2001) 206 CLR 267 17, 20, 21, 74, 88, 89, 99

SA Police v John (1995) 79 A Crim R 510 136

Saveka v The Queen (2001) 124 A Crim R 74 165

Savvas v The Queen (1995) 183 CLR 1 74, 145, 146

Saxon v Commonwealth Services Agency (2004) 88 SASR 382 90

Schumacher v The Queen (1981) 3 A Crim R 441 212

Scognamiglio v The Queen (1991) 56 A Crim R 81 167

Serra v The Queen [2004] NTCCA 3 317

Sewell & Walsh v The Queen (1981) 5 A Crim R 204 182, 184

Shaw v Wolf (1998) 83 FLR 113 243, 258, 268

Shipton v The Queen (2003) 39 MVR 143 123

Shore v The Queen (1992) 66 A Crim R 37 196, 197

Siganto v The Queen (1998) 194 CLR 656 74, 90, 125, 208, 209

Skinner v The King (1913) 16 CLR 336 75, 77–8, 79, 80

Smallwood v Police [2007] SASC 124 287

Stanford v R [2007] NSWCCA 73 179

State of South Australia v State of Victoria (1911) 12 CLR 667 78

State of Tasmania v P (No. 2) [2005] TASSC 31 137

State of Tasmania v State of Victoria (1935) 52 CLR 157 78

State of Western Australia v Marchese [2006] WASCA 153 192

State of Western Australia v Skaines [2006] WASCA 160 303

Stokes v The Queen (1960) 105 CLR 279 83

Strachan v Brown (2000) 9 Tas R 291 90

Strong v The Queen (2005) 216 ALR 219 74, 88

Stumbles [2006] NSWCCA 418 201

Sysel v Dinon [2003] 1 Qd R 212 344

SZ v R [2007] NSWCCA 19 193

SZDCJ v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Ethnic Affairs [2004] 212 ALR 581 81

Talbot v Police [2005] SASC 94 138

Tapper (1992) 64 A Crim R 281 137

Thompson v The Queen (1988) 37 A Crim R 97 196

Thompson v The Queen (1994) 76 A Crim R 75 193

Thompson v The Queen (1999) 165 ALR 219 74

Thompson v The Queen (2005) 157 A Crim R 385 164, 165

Thomson v The Queen (2000) 49 NSWLR 383 212

Thorn v Laidlaw [2005] ACTCA 49 119, 162, 298

Thorne v R [2007] NSWCCA 10 201

Trescuri v The Queen [1999] WASCA 172 129, 206

Tuckiar v The King (1934) 52 CLR 335 246

Tyne v Tasmania (2005) 15 Tas R 221 199

V (1998) 99 A Crim R 297 198

Valentine v R [2007] NSWCCA 23 199

Van Roosmalen v The Queen (1989) 43 A Crim R 358 129

Vartzokas v Zanker (1989) 51 SASR 277 66, 191

Vaughan v The King (1938) 61 CLR 8 83

Veen v The Queen (1979) 143 CLR 458 73, 84, 87, 91

Veen v The Queen (No. 2) (1988) 164 CLR 465 26, 65, 73, 87, 99, 133, 138, 166, 225, 235

VIM v State of Western Australia [2005] WASCA 233 130, 131

Vu [2006] NSWCCA 188 189

Wade v The Queen [2001] WASCA 252 126

Wakely v Police [2002] SASC 196 130

Walden v Hensler (1987) 163 CLR 561 55

Waqa (No 2) (2005) 156 A Crim R 454 193

Warrell v Kay (1995) 83 A Crim R 493 130

Warren v Police [2004] SASC 334 80

Waterhouse v The King (1911) 13 CLR 228 78

Webb v O’Sullivan (1952) SASR 65 264

Weininger v The Queen (2003) 212 CLR 629 74, 88

Wessling v Police (2004) 88 SASR 57 90

Western Australia v Miller (2005) 30 WAR 38 90

White v The Queen (1962) 107 CLR 174 83, 84

Whittaker v The King (1928) 41 CLR 230 79, 80

Wilkie v State of Western Australia [2005] WASCA 156 136

Williams v The Queen (2002) 133 A Crim R 317 201

Willoughy v Trenerry [2000] NTSC 57 144

Winchester v The Queen (1992) 58 A Crim R 345 206, 207, 208, 211

Winn [2007] NSWCCA 44 130

Wise v The Queen [1965] Tas SR 196 134

Wong v The Queen (2001) 207 CLR 584 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 29, 33, 38, 74, 88, 89, 208

Woods v The Queen (1994) 14 WAR 341 323

Woodward v Police [2000] SASC 246 80

Yardley v Betts (1979) 1 A Crim R 329 56, 190

Yarran v The Queen (2003) 27 WAR 427 90

York v The Queen (2005) 79 ALJR 1919 74, 75, 86, 88, 89, 91, 195, 305, 307, 310–11

Table of statutes

Commonwealth of Australia

Bankruptcy Act 1924 80

Constitution 78, 327

ch III 38

s 73 75

Crimes Act 1914 44

ss 16–22A 4

s 16(2)(h) 194

s 16A 38, 117

s 16A(1) 5, 55, 117

s 16A(2) 55

s 16A(2)(f) 55, 154, 175

s 16A(2)(f)–(h) 148

s 16A(2)(g) 154, 205

s 16A(2)(h) 55, 154

s 16A(2)(j) 5, 55

s 16A(2)(k) 5, 98

s 16A(2)(m) 154, 155

s 16A(2)(m)–(p) 148

s 16A(2)(n) 5, 66, 155

s 16A(2)(p) 155, 302

s 16B 323

s 16C 365

s 16C(1) 366

s 17A 298

s 19AD 323

s 19AL 314

s 19AP 314

s 19B 367, 368, 369

s 19B(1)(b)(i)–(iii) 284

s 20 368

s 20(1)(b) 351

s 20AB(1) 340

Judiciary Act 1903 75

s 35A 85–6

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 14

Trading With the Enemy Act 1914 75

Australian Capital Territory

Confiscation of Criminal Assets Act 2005 14

Crimes (Sentence Administration) Act 2005 341

s 117–170 316

s 120(1) 316

s 120(2)(a)–(m) 316

Crimes (Sentencing) Act 2005 4

s 7(1)(a) 97

s 7(1)(a)–(g) 5

s 7(1)(d) 66

s 7(2) 5

s 10(2) 297

s 10(4) 297

s 12 351

s 13 340, 367

s 13(3)(d) 340, 341

s 13(3)(e) 340

s 13(3)(g) 341

s 14(1) 365

s 14(3) 366

s 16 370

s 17 283, 367

s 17(2) 367

s 17(3)(a)–(c) 284

s 19 366

ss 28–31 342

s 29(1)(a)–(j) 342

s 33 109

s 33(1) 118

s 33(1)(a) 118

s 33(1)(a)–(z) 118, 148

s 33(1)(c) 117, 118

s 33(1)(d) 118

s 33(1)(e) 118

s 33(1)(f) 118

s 33(1)(g) 118

s 33(1)(h) 155

s 33(1)(j) 155

s 33(1)(k) 155

s 33(1)(l) 155

s 33(1)(m) 155

s 33(1)(o) 302

s 33(1)(p) 155

s 33(1)(q) 155

s 33(1)(r) 155

s 33(1)(s) 155

s 33(1)(t) 155

s 33(1)(u) 117, 119

s 33(1)(v) 155

s 33(1)(w) 155

s 33(1)(x) 155

s 33(1)(z) 155

s 33(3) 156

s 35 155

s 35(2) 205

s 36 155, 194

ss 47–53 131

s 65(1) 316

s 65(2) 316

s 65(4) 316

s 67 316

s 68(1) 316

s 68(2)(a)–(d) 316

ss 76–80 297

s 81(1)(a)–(b) 340

s 89(2)(a)–(d) 340

s 89(4) 340

s 90 341

s 91(1) 341

s 91(2)(a)–(b) 341

s 96(1)(a)–(c) 341

s 97(1)–(5) 341

s 99 341

ss 107–113 340

ss 114–133 340

Parole of Prisoners Ordinance 1971 313

New South Wales

Community Protection Act 1994

s 5(1) 326

Confiscation of Proceeds Act 1989 14

Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 4

div 4 365

pt 3 div 4 37

s 3A(a) 98

s 3A(a)–(g) 5

s 5(1) 297

s 5(2)–(3) 297

s 5A 343

s 7 357

s 8 342

s 9 368

s 10 283

s 10(1)(a) 367

s 11 66, 368

s 12 351

s 17A 343

s 21A 109, 120

s 21A(d) 226

s 21A(2) 119

s 21A(2)(b) 119

s 21A(2)(c) 119

s 21A(2)(d) 120

s 21A(2)(e) 120

s 21A(2)(j) 120, 127

s 21A(2)(l) 120

s 21A(3)(a) 156

s 21A(3)(a)–(m) 119, 148

s 21A(3)(b) 156

s 21A(3)(c) 156

s 21A(3)(d) 156

s 21A(3)(e) 157

s 21A(3)(f) 157

s 21A(3)(g) 157

s 21A(3)(h) 157, 190

s 21A(3)(i) 157

s 21A(3)(j) 157

s 21A(3)(k) 157

s 21A(3)(l) 157

s 21A(3)(m) 157

s 22 157, 206

s 22(1) 205

s 22(2) 206

s 22A 157

s 23 157, 194

s 23(2)(b) 195

ss 26–30A 131

s 37 38

s 37A 38

s 44(2) 316

s 54A(2) 41

s 54B(2) 41

s 54B(3) 41

s 54B(4) 41

s 54C 41

s 55 322

ss 64–73 297

s 85(6) 350

s 90 342

s 95 368

s 99 369

Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Amendment (Standard Minimum Sentencing) Act 2002 41

Criminal Assets Recovery Act 1990 14

Criminal Legislation Amendment Act 2001 38

Drug Court Act 1998 179

Fines Act 1996

s 6 366

Northern Territory

Criminal Property (Forfeiture) Act 2002 14

Sentencing Act 4

pt 3 div 5 357

s 5(1)(a) 98

s 5(1)(a)–(f) 5

s 5(1)(b) 66

s 5(1)(c) 55

s 5(1)(h) 194

s 5(2)(b) 120

s 5(2)(ba)(i) 120

s 5(2)(ba)(ii) 120

s 5(2)(d) 120

s 5(2)(e) 157

s 5(2)(f) 120, 157

s 5(2)(g) 120

s 5(2)(h)–(j) 157

s 5(2)(j) 205, 206

s 5(3)(a)–(b) 120

s 5(4)(b) 14

s 6 231

s 6(a)–(c) 157

s 8 283

s 8(1)(a)–(c) 284

s 11 368

s 11(1)(c) 343

s 12 367

s 13 368

s 13(1)(c) 343

s 16 365

s 17 366

s 33A 337

ss 33A–39 343

s 36(1)–(2) 343

s 40 351

s 40(1) 351

s 53(1)(a)–(b) 317

s 53A 317

s 54(1) 317

s 55(1)(a)–(d) 317

s 65 98, 227, 325

ss 65–78 98, 325

s 78BA 226

s 100 343

s 106A 131

s 106B 131

Queensland

Corrective Services Act 2000

ss 133–135 318

s 135(2)(e) 317

s 139 318

s 141(1)(a)–(c) 318

s 142 318

s 143 318

s 144 318

s 153 318

Criminal Offence Victims Act 1994

s 14 131

Criminal Proceeds Confiscation Act 2002 14

Dangerous Prisoners (Sexual Offenders) Act 2003 47, 98, 325

Drug Rehabilitation (Court Diversion) Act 2000 179

Penalties and Sentences Act 1992 4, 342, 348

pt 3A 346

pt 9A 227

pt 10 98, 325

s 9(g) 148

s 9(1)(a) 98

s 9(1)(a)–(f) 5

s 9(1)(b) 66

s 9(1)(c) 55

s 9(2)(a)(i)–(ii) 297

s 9(2)(c) 121

s 9(2)(d) 158

s 9(2)(e) 121

s 9(2)(f) 158

s 9(2)(g) 120, 158

s 9(2)(h) 121

s 9(2)(i) 158, 194

s 9(2)(k) 158

s 9(2)(o) 158

s 10(1) 32

s 11 231

s 12 283

s 12(2)(a)–(c) 284

s 12(2)(c)(ii) 284

s 13(2) 206

s 13(3) 206

s 13(4) 205

s 19 367

s 20 368

ss 29–33A 368

s 45 365

s 57 365

s 90 343

ss 90–99 343

s 92(1)(a) 344

s 92(1)(b)(i)–(ii) 344

s 92(2)(a) 344

s 93(1)(a)–(g) 344

s 94(1)(a) 344

s 94(1)(b)(i)–(iii) 344

s 94(1)(c)–(e) 344

s 100 343

ss 100–108 343, 345

s 103(2)(a)–(b) 345

s 104(1)(a)–(c) 345

s 109 345

ss 111–119 343, 345

s 112 345

s 113(1) 345

s 114(1)(a)–(i) 345

s 114(1)(d) 346

s 114(1)(e) 346

s 115(1)(a)–(b)(i)–(iii) 346

s 115(1)(b)(i)–(iii) 346

s 115(1)(c)–(e) 346

s 127(1) 345

s 144 351

s 144(1) 351

s 155 323

s 157 317

s 157(7)(a)–(b) 318

s 163 98, 227, 325

South Australia

Correctional Services Act 1982

ss 55–77 319

Criminal Assets Confiscation Act 2005 14

Criminal Law (Sentencing) Act 1988 4, 159

div 3 227

pt 2 div III 98, 325

s 7 122

s 7A 122, 131

s 9(1) 113

s 10(g) 205

s 10(j) 55

s 10(ka) 14

s 10(m) 66

s 10(1) 301

s 10(1)(a)–(o) 121

s 10(1)(b) 122

s 10(1)(c) 122

s 10(1)(d) 122

s 10(1)(e) 122

s 10(1)(ea) 122

s 10(1)(eb) 122

s 10(1)(ec) 122

s 10(1)(g) 158

s 10(1)(h) 158, 194

s 10(1)(i) 5

s 10(1)(j) 5

s 10(1)(k) 5, 98

s 10(1)(l) 158

s 10(1)(m) 5, 158, 190

s 10(1)(n) 158, 303

s 10(1)(o) 158

s 10(2) 122

s 10(3)(a)–(b) 122

s 10(4) 122

s 11(1)(a)(iii) 226

s 16 283

s 16(a) 284

s 16(a)–(b) 287

s 16(b)(i)–(iii) 284

s 20A 227

s 20B 227

ss 22–23 98, 325

s 23 98

s 29A 37

s 29B 37

ss 31A–32 318

s 32(1)(a) 319

s 32(1)(b) 319

s 32(1)(c) 319

s 34 365

s 38 351, 368

s 39 368

s 47 346

s 47(1)(a)–(c) 346

s 58 368

Victims of Crime Act 2001

s 10 131

Tasmania

Corrections Act 1997

ss 62–83 320

Crime (Confiscation of Profits) Act 1993 14

Criminal Code 1924

s 392 98, 325

Family Violence Act 2004

s 7 123

s 13(a) 123, 347

s 13(b) 123, 347

Sentencing Act 1997 4, 97, 148, 342

pt 3 div 4 351

pt 8 368

s 3(b) 5

s 3(e)(i)–(iii) 5

s 3(e)(ii) 66

s 6 159

s 7(a)–(h) 298

s 7(c) 347

s 7(d) 347

s 7(g) 367

s 7(h) 367

s 8(1)(a)–(b) 347

s 8(2)(a) 347

s 8(3)(a) 347

s 8(3)(ab) 347

s 8(3)(b) 347

s 9 283

s 9(c) 284

s 12(2) 298

s 17 319, 320

s 17(2)(a)–(b) 319

s 17(3) 320

s 17(4)(a)–(c) 319

s 17(7) 319

s 18 319

s 18(1)(a)–(b) 320

s 18(5) 319

s 19 66, 98, 227, 325

ss 28–36A 347

s 28(a) 347

s 28(c) 347

s 28(g) 347

s 31 347

s 32 347

s 33 347

ss 37–42 347

s 37(1)(a) 348

s 37(1)(a)–(g) 347

s 37(1)(c) 348

s 37(1)(d) 348

s 37(1)(g) 348

s 38(2)(a)–(d) 348

s 38(2)(e) 348

s 54A 347

s 55 371

s 81A 131

Victoria

Alcoholics and Drug-dependent Persons Act 1968 183

Children and Young Persons Act 1989

ss 16A–16D 268

Community Protection (Amendment) Act 1991 326

Community Protection (Violent Offenders) Bill 326

Community Protection Act 1990 326

s 4 326

s 8 326

Confiscation Act 1997 14

Crimes Act 1915

s 532 351

Crimes Act 1928

s 532 351

Crimes Act 1958 351

s 20 334

s 21 334

s 21A 334

s 22 334

s 23 334

s 77 124

Intellectually Disabled Persons’ Services Act 1986 167, 168

Magistrates Court (Koori Court) Act 2002 268

s 1(a)–(b) 268

s 4 268

s 4D(4) 270

s 4F(1)(a)–(d) 268

s 4G(2) 269

s 4G(3)(a)–(f) 269

s 17A 269

Magistrates Court Act 1989 179

s 84 19

Penalties and Sentences Act 1985

ss 20–24 351

Sentencing (Amendment) Act 1993

s 17 326

Sentencing (Suspended Sentences) Act 2006 351

Sentencing Act 1991 4, 37, 164, 320

pt 2AA 37

pt 3 div 2 357

s 3 98, 227

s 5 124, 337, 349

s 5(1)(a) 97

s 5(1)(a)–(f) 5, 159

s 5(1)(b) 55

s 5(1)(c) 66

s 5(1)(f) 5

s 5(2)(c) 97, 205

s 5(2)(d) 97

s 5(2)(e) 55, 206

s 5(2)(g) 124, 160

s 5(2A)(a) 14

s 5(2C) 175

s 5(2D) 175

s 5(3)–(7) 297

s 6 227, 231

ss 6A–6F 227

s 6AB(1)(a)–(b) 37

s 6B(1) 268

s 6D(b) 98

s 6H 227

s 6I 227

s 7(1) 142

s 7(1)(e) 348

s 7(1)(e)–(f) 285

s 8 283, 286

s 8(1) 142

s 8(1)(a)–(c) 284

s 11 320

s 11(1)(a)–(b) 320

s 11(2) 320

s 11(3) 320

s 16 323

s 16(3) 124

s 16(3B) 124

s 16(3C) 120, 124, 128

s 18A 227

s 18A–18P 98, 325

s 18B(1) 98, 325

s 18B(1)(a) 227

s 18P 349

s 18Q 344

s 18W 349

s 18ZT 358

s 18ZU 358

s 18ZV 358

ss 19–26 345

s 19(1)(a)–(b) 349

s 20(1)(d)(i)–(ii) 349

s 21(2)(a)–(b) 349

s 26(3B) 349

s 27(1) 351

s 27(1A) 351

s 27(2A) 351

s 31(5A) 352

s 31(5B) 32

s 32 163

s 36 348

s 36(1)(a) 348

s 36(2) 348

s 37(1)(a)–(f) 348

s 37(2) 348

s 38 348

s 38(1)(a)–(e) 349

s 38(1)(f) 349

s 39 348

s 39(1) 348

s 39(7) 341

s 47(4) 349

s 49 365

s 70 368

s 72 368

s 73 367

s 75 368

s 76 367

ss 80–83 167

ss 85A–85AM 366

s 86 366

s 87 366

ss 95A–95F 131

ss 108A–108P 37

s 109 348

Western Australia

Acts Amendment (Criminal Penalties and Procedure) Act 1982

s 5 125

Criminal Code Act

ss 400–401 226

Criminal Property Confiscation Act 2000 14

Sentence Administration Act 2003 321

Sentencing Act 1995 4

s 6 5

s 6(1) 350

s 6(1)(a) 97

s 6(2)(c) 124

s 6(2)(d) 160

s 6(4)(b) 66

s 7(1) 124

s 7(2) 226

s 7(2)(a) 125

s 7(2)(b) 125, 236

s 7(2)(c) 125

s 7(3) 125

s 8(1) 160

s 8(2) 160, 205, 206

s 8(4) 206

s 15 161

ss 24–26 131

s 35 32

s 39 367

s 39(2) 368

ss 42–44 365

s 45(1)(a)–(b) 283

s 45(1)(a)–(b)(i)–(ii) 284

s 46 367

s 47–52 368

s 48 368

s 53 366

s 62 349

s 64 349, 350

ss 65–66 350

s 67(3) 349

s 72 350

s 76 351

s 89(1)–(2) 321

s 89(4)(a)–(d) 321

s 90(1)–(3) 321

s 93 321

s 98 98, 227, 325

ss 98–101 98, 325

ss 130–133 368

s 143 37

s 143(3) 37

United Kingdom

Powers of the Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000

s 152 206

Preface

Sentencing is a controversial and value laden area of the law. It dictates how the community deals with people who are felt to present a threat to some of the fabric that binds communities. Sentencing is the area of law where the State acts in its most coercive and authoritarian manner and hence it is vital that it is empirically and normatively justifiable.

This book sets out the main sentencing principles that operate throughout Australia. Although sentencing law varies markedly throughout the nine Australian jurisdictions, there is sufficient underlying unity of principle to make a book of this nature not only possible but also desirable.

Sentencing, perhaps more so than any other area of the law, is not a wholly academic or legalistic endeavour. Sentencing law is constantly in a state of flux and is often responsive to wider social and political developments.

Thus, rather than merely summarising the existing state of sentencing law and practice, the book critiques the more important and controversial areas of sentencing and provides a moral and empirical analysis of the manner in which this area of law ought to develop.

To this end, the book deals with four main themes. Part A sets out the theoretical framework of sentencing and the overarching legal principles that govern how the state punishes offenders. Part B explains and evaluates the main determinants relating to the choice of penalty. Part C discusses the range of sanctions that can be imposed on offenders. In the last section of the book, Part D, we suggest how sentencing law should be reformed to make it more coherent and justifiable.

To the extent that the book examines existing legal principles, it principally focuses on Australian law. However, the theoretical dimensions of the book (especially chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 14 and 15) are of universal application and hence are of interest to sentencing scholars and practitioners in all jurisdictions.

Earlier versions of several chapters or parts of chapters have been previously published elsewhere. We gratefully acknowledge permission to use the following papers here:

‘The Retreat from Fernando and the Erasure of Indigenous Identity in Sentencing’ (2006) 6 (17) Indigenous Law Bulletin 8–11.

‘Scientific Proof that Humans Enjoy Punishing Wrongdoers: The Implications for Punishment and Sentencing’ (2005) 1 International Journal of Punishment and Sentencing 98–110.

‘In Spite of Itself? The High Court and the Development of Australian Sentencing Principles’ (2005) 2 (2) University of New England Law Journal 1–29.

‘The Sentencing Advisory Council and the Hope of Smarter Sentencing’ (2004) 16 Current Issues in Criminal Justice 125–39.

‘R v Scobie: Finally Taking the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody Seriously?’ (2004) 6 (2) Indigenous Law Bulletin 20–2.

‘The Stolen Generation and the Sentencing of Indigenous Offenders’ (2003) of 5 (23) Indigenous Law Bulletin10–13.

‘What’s Instinct Got to Do With it? A Blueprint for a Coherent Approach to Punishing Criminals’ (2003) 27 Criminal Law Journal 119–41.

‘The Solution to the Dilemma Presented by the Guilty Plea Discount: The Qualified Guilty Plea – “I’m Pleading Guilty Only Because of the Discount...”’ (2002) 30 International Journal of the Sociology of Law 51–74.

‘Incapacitation, Deterrence and Rehabilitation: Flawed Ideals or Appropriate Sentencing Goals’ (2000) 24 Criminal Law Journal 21–45.

‘Proportionality in Sentencing: Its Role and Justification’ (2000) 12 Current Issues in Criminal Justice 142–65.

‘Double Punishment and Punishing Character: The Unfairness of Prior Convictions’ (2000) 19 Criminal Justice Ethics (USA) 10–29.

ABS data in chapters 10, 12 and 13 is used with permission from the Australian Bureau of Statistics, www.abs.gov.au.

My grandparents Stephanie Winifred de Zilwa and Percival Wilhelm de Zilwa did so much for me. Their grace and humility will always inspire. This book is for them.

Richard Edney