The Law-Making Process

As a critical analysis of the law-making process, this book has no equal. For more than two decades it has filled a gap in the requirements of law students and others taking introductory courses on the legal system. It deals with every aspect of the law-making process: the preparation of legislation; its passage through Parliament; statutory interpretation; binding precedent; how precedent works; law reporting; the nature of the judicial role; European Union law; and the process of law reform. It presents a large number of original texts from a variety of sources – cases, official reports, articles, books, speeches and empirical research studies – laced with the author’s informed commentary and reflections on the subject. This book is a mine of information dealing with both the broad sweep of the subject and with all its detailed ramifications.

Michael Zander QC is Emeritus Professor of Law at the London School of Economics. He is the author of Lawyers and the Public Interest ; Legal Services for the Community ; Cases and Materials on the English Legal System (a companion volume in the Law in Context series); A Bill of Rights? ; The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984; and The State of Justice. He has conducted many empirical studies, is a regular journalist, a frequent broadcaster on radio and television, and is an acknowledged authority on the working of the legal system.

The Law in Context Series

Editors: William Twining (University College, London) and
Christopher McCrudden (Lincoln College, Oxford)

Since 1970 the Law in Context series has been in the forefront of the movement to broaden the study of law. It has been a vehicle for the publication of innovative scholarly books that treat law and legal phenomena critically in their social, political, and economic contexts from a variety of perspectives. The series particularly aims to publish scholarly legal writing that brings fresh perspectives to bear on new and existing areas of law taught in universities. A contextual approach involves treating legal subjects broadly, using materials from other social sciences, and from any other discipline that helps to explain the operation in practice of the subject under discussion. It is hoped that this orientation is at once more stimulating and more realistic than the bare exposition of legal rules. The series includes original books that have a different emphasis from traditional legal textbooks, while maintaining the same high standards of scholarship. They are written primarily for undergraduate and graduate students of law and of other disciplines, but most also appeal to a wider readership. In the past, most books in the series have focused on English law, but recent publications include books on European law, globalization, transnational legal processes, and comparative law.

Books in the Series

Ashworth: Sentencing and Criminal Justice

Barton & Douglas: Law and Parenthood

Bell: French Legal Cultures

Bercusson: European Labour Law

Birkinshaw: European Public Law

Birkinshaw: Freedom of Information: The Law, the Practice and the Ideal

Cane: Atiyah's Accidents, Compensation and the Law

Collins: The Law of Contract

Cranston: Consumers and the Law

Cranston: Legal Foundations of the Welfare State

Davies: Perspectives on Labour Law

Davies & Freedland: Labour Law: Text and Materials

de Sousa Santos: Toward a New Legal Common Sense

Detmold: Courts and Administrators: A study in Jurisprudence

Diduck: Law's Families

Doggett: Marriage, Wife-Beating and the Law in Victorian England

Dummett & Nicol: Subjects, Citizens, Aliens and Others: Nationality and Immigration Law

Elworthy & Holder: Environmental Protection: Text and Materials

Fortin: Children's Rights and the Developing Law

Glover-Thomas: Reconstructing Mental Health Law and Policy

Gobert & Punch: Rethinking Corporate Crime

Goodrich: Languages of Law

Hadden: Company Law and Capitalism

Harlow & Rawlings: Law and Administration: Text and Materials

Harris: An Introduction to Law

Harris: Remedies, Contract and Tort

Harvey: Seeking Asylum in the UK: Problems and Prospects

Hervey & McHale: Health Law and the European Union

Lacey & Wells: Reconstructing Criminal Law

Lewis: Choice and the Legal Order: Rising above Politics

Likosky: Transnational Legal Processes

Maughan & Webb: Lawyering Skills

Moffat: Trusts Law: Text and Materials

Norrie: Crime, Reason and History

O'Dair: Legal Ethics

Oliver: Common Values and the Public-Private Divide

Oliver & Drewry: The Law and Parliament

Page & Ferguson: Investor Protection

Palmer & Roberts: Dispute Processes–ADR and the Primary Forms of Decision Making

Picciotto: International Business Taxation

Ramsay: Consumer Protection: Text and Materials

Reed: Internet Law: Text and Materials

Richardson: Law, Process and Custody

Seneviratne: Ombudsmen: Public Services and Administrative Justice

Snyder: New Directions in European Community Law

Stapleton: Product Liability

Turpin: British Government and the Constitution: Text, Cases and Materials

Twining: Globalisation and Legal Theory

Twining & Anderson: Analysis of Evidence

Twining & Miers: How to do Things with Rules

Ward: A Critical Introduction to European Law

Ward: Shakespeare and Legal Imagination

Zander: Cases and Materials on the English Legal System

Zander: The Law-Making Process

The Law-Making Process

Sixth Edition

Michael Zander QC
Emeritus Professor of Law
London School of Economics and Political Science

PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, CB2 2RU, UK
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477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia
Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain
Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa

http://www.cambridge.org

© Michael Zander 2004

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First edition first published by Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1980
Second edition first published by Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1985
Third edition first published by Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1989
Fourth edition first published by Butterworths 1994
Fifth edition first published by Butterworths 1999
Sixth edition first published by Cambridge University Press 2004

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

Typefaces Minion 9.75/12.5 pt., and Frutiger System LATEX 2_e [TB]

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 0 521 60989 5 paperback

Contents

Preface to the Sixth Edition

There are no major changes since the last edition but some 60 pages of new material have been added. A high proportion of the new material brings the text up to date. But there are a considerable number of topics that cover entirely new or significantly strengthened material. They include: the constitutional changes involving the abolition of the Lord Chancellor; the proposed move of the House of Lords to a Supreme Court and the establishment of a Judicial Appointments Commission; the composition of the House of Lords; the work of the Joint Human Rights Committee of the Lords and Commons; devolution; parliamentary reform including programming and the carry-over of legislation; the parliamentary scrutiny of delegated legislation; the new Court of Appeal practice of delivering composite judgments; developments regarding intervention in litigation by third parties; and the new EU constitution agreed in June 2004. Important new empirical research, especially by Professor Edward Page informs the revision and strengthening of both Chapter 1 and 2.

   One of the most important developments since the last edition is the accessibility of a wealth of material (case law, legislation, statutory instruments, parliamentary debates, official committee and governmental reports) online. Web references are given throughout and the index collects references to the website addresses given in the book.

   The manuscript was revised up to July 2004.

Michael Zander

Preface to the First Edition

The chief purpose of this book is to improve the understanding of the law-making process. For many years I have taught the English Legal System course at the London School of Economics and an equivalent course taken by non-law students. Experience has suggested to me that there is a great gap in the existing literature which this book attempts to fill. It is something between a book of cases and materials, on the one hand, and a textbook on the other. It presents a large number of original texts from a variety of sources – cases, official reports, articles, books, speeches and surveys. It also, however, contains a good deal of the author’s own reflections on the subject-matter. The book deals only with the official forms of law-making on a national scale and therefore says nothing about ‘private’ law-making by lawyers for their clients or by organisations such as trade unions, clubs or companies for their members or shareholders. The book is intended as a companion to the author’s Cases and Materials on the English Legal System [9th edn, 2004]. There is no overlap between the two books. They are intended to complement each other and together to provide the basic reading required for a university or equivalent course on the legal system. It is hoped that the book will also be of value to anyone concerned to understand how the law-making process actually operates.

January 1980                        Michael Zander

Acknowledgments

The materials excerpted here are included with the kind permission of those who hold the copyright. A book of this kind would be impossible without their help and I am most indebted to all those who consented to this use of their material. They may be divided into four main groups. There are, first, those who hold copyright over official publications and law reports – the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, and the Incorporated Council of Law Reporting for England and Wales in relation to the Law Reports and the Weekly Law Reports, and Butterworths in relation to the All England Law Reports. The second group are the publishers and editors of journals from which extracts have been taken – Australian Law Journal, British Tax Review, Canadian Bar Review, Current Legal Problems, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Israel Law Review, Journal of the Society of Public Teachers of Law, Law Quarterly Review, Law Society’s Gazette, Michigan Law Review, Modern Law Review, New Law Journal, New Society, New Zealand Law Review, Parliamentary Affairs, Public Law, Statute Law Review, The Lawyer and William and Mary Law Review. The third group are publishers of extracts in books: Oceana Press, for the extracts from Karl Llewellyn’s Bramble Bush; the Yale University Press, for extracts from Benjamin Cardozo’s The Nature of the Judicial Process; the BBC, for extracts from a broadcast on the background to the Criminal Justice Bill which was later published in Beyond Westminster, edited by Anthony King and Anne Sloman; the Institute of Criminology, Cambridge, for extracts from a paper by Mr Michael Moriarty published in a Cropwood booklet; Hamish Hamilton Ltd, for extracts from the late Lord Radcliffe’s book Not in Feather Beds, and Hamish Hamilton and Jonathan Cape Ltd, for an extract from Diaries of a Cabinet Minister by the late Richard Crossman. Fourthly there are the individual authors themselves: Mr E. Angell, Dame Mary Arden, Professor Patrick Atiyah, Mr G. W. Bartholomew, Mr Francis Bennion, Mr Mark Carlisle QC, MP (now Lord Carlisle), Professor J. A. Clarence Smith, Professor Stephen Cretney, the late Sir Rupert Cross, Sir William Dale, Mr Edmund Dell MP, Lord Devlin, Professor Aubrey Diamond, the late Lord Elwyn-Jones, Sir George Engle, Professor M. D. A. Freeman, Ms G. Ganz, Mr James Goudie QC, Professor J. A. G. Griffith, Dr H. R. Hahlo, the late Professor Delmar Karlen, Sir Harold Kent, Sir Michael Kerr, Professor Anthony King, Mr G. Kolts, Professor H. K. Lücke, Professor Norman Marsh, Mr Timothy Millett, Mr Michael Moriarty, Dr R. J. C. Munday, Mr Andrew Nicol, Dr Peter North, Lord Russell of Killowen, Mr Alec Samuels, Lord Scarman, Mr I. M. L. Turnbull, Mr D. A. S. Ward, Professor J. Willis, and Mr William Wilson. I am extremely grateful to all those listed, and finally to Mrs Sonia Llewellyn for permission to use extracts from her late husband’s work, The Bramble Bush.

Books, pamphlets, memoranda and articles excerpted

Angell, E., ‘The Amicus Curiae: American Developments of English Institutions’, 16 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 1967, p. 1017 417–18

Atiyah, Patrick, ‘Judges and Policy’, Israel Law Review, 1980, pp. 360–70 371–80

Bennion, Francis, book review of Sir William Dale’s Legislative Drafting, in Statute Law Review, 1980, p. 61 39–42

Braybrooke, E. K., ‘Custom as a Source of English Law’, 50 Michigan Law Review, 1951, pp. 84–88 453–54

Cardozo, Benjamin N., The Nature of the Judicial Process (17th printing, 1960), pp. 48–49, 62–63, 111–15, 129, 141, 167–69 274–75, 332–34, 455

Clarence Smith, J. A., ‘Legislative Drafting: English and Continental’, Statute Law Review, 1980, pp. 14–22 31–33

Cohn, Ernst, ‘The German Attorney’, 9 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 1960, pp. 586–87 487

Cretney, Stephen, ‘The Codification of Family Law’, 44 Modern Law Review, 1981, pp. 1, 3–5, 6–7, 19 498–502

Cross, Sir Rupert and Harris, J.W. Precedent in English Law (1977), pp. 12–22 256–61

Crossman, R. H. S., Diaries of a Cabinet Minister (1975), vol. 1, pp. 628–29 80

Dale, Sir William, Legislative Drafting – a New Approach (1977), pp. 331–33 29–30

Devlin, Lord, ‘The Process of Law Reform’, 63 Law Society’s Gazette, 1966, pp. 453–62 477

Devlin, Lord, ‘Judges and Lawmakers’, 39 Modern Law Review, 1976, p. 11 402

Devlin, Lord, ‘Judges, Government and Politics’, 41 Modern Law Review, 1978, pp. 505–11 357–60

Devlin, Lord, ‘The Judge as Law Maker’, in The Judge (1979), pp. 3, 5, 9, 17 362–64

Diamond, Aubrey, ‘Codification of the Law of Contract’, 31 Modern Law Review, 1968, p. 361 492

Diplock, Lord, ‘The Courts as Legislators’, Holdsworth Club Lecture, 1965, pp. 5–6 211–12

Donaldson, ‘Review of the Year’, New Law Journal, 17 October 1986, p. 990 411–12

Engle, Sir George, ‘Bills are made to pass as razors are made to sell: Practical constraints in the preparation of legislation’, Statute Law Review, 1983, pp. 7, 10–15 21–25

Freeman, M. D. A., ‘Standards of Adjudication, Judicial Lawmaking and Prospective Overruling’, 26 Current Legal Problems, 1973, p. 166 381–85

Goudie, James, ‘The Paper Chase’, Counsel, June 1991, p. 8 124–25

Griffith, J. A. G., Parliamentary Scrutiny of Government Bills (1974), pp. 206–07, 231 83–84

Griffith, J. A. G., The Politics of the Judiciary (2nd edn., 1991), pp. 230, 231–2, 235–6 355–57

Hahlo, H. R., ‘Here Lies the Common Law’, 30 Modern Law Review, 1967, p. 241 488–89, 490–92

Hart, Henry, and Albert M. Sacks, The Legal Process (tentative edn., 1958, mimeographed), pp. 587–88 302–03

Hopkins, E. R., ‘The Literal Canon and the Golden Rule’, 15 Canadian Bar Review, 1937, p. 689 140–41

Jowitt, Lord, quoted in 25 Australian Law Journal, 1951, p. 278 390

Karlen, Delmar, ‘Appeal in England and the United States’, 78 Law Quarterly Review, 1962, p. 371 403–04

Kent, Sir Harold, In on the Act (1979), pp. 43–45 18–19

Kerr, Sir Michael, ‘Law Reform in Changing Times’, 96 Law Quarterly Review, 1980, pp. 515, 517–18, 532 459–60, 481–82, 502–03

King, A. and Sloman, A. (eds.), Westminster and Beyond (1973), chapter 12 75–78

Kolts, G., ‘Observations on the Proposed New Approach to Legislative Drafting in Common Law Countries’, Statute Law Review, 1980, p. 144 42–45

Leiber, F., Legal and Political Hermeneutics (3rd edn., 1880), p. 18 127–28

Llewellyn, K. N., The Bramble Bush (Oceana edn, 1930), pp. 42–43, 44–45, 47–50, 51–52 270–74

Lücke, H. K., ‘The Common Law: Judicial Impartiality and Judge-Made Law’, 98 Law Quarterly Review, 1982, pp. 29, 60–61, 62, 74–76, 88 334–35, 477–78

Marsh, Norman, ‘Law Reform in the United Kingdom: A New Institutional Approach’, 13 William and Mary Law Review, 1971, p. 263 467–68, 478–79

Mason, Alpheus T., Brandeis (1956), pp. 248–51 281–82

Millett, Timothy, ‘A Comparison of British and French Legislative Drafting’, Statute Law Review, 1986, pp. 130, 156–60 34–36

Moriarty, Michael, ‘The Policy-Making Process: How It Is Seen from the Home Office’, in N. Walker (ed.), Penal-Policy-Making in England (1977), pp. 132–39 3–5

Munday, R. J. C., ‘New Dimensions of Precedent’, Journal of the Society of Public Teachers of Law, 1978, p. 201 314–17

Nicol, Andrew, ‘Prospective Overruling; A New Device for English Courts’, 39 Modern Law Review, 1976, p. 542 399–402

North, Dr Peter, ‘Law Reform: Processes and Problems’, 101 Law Quarterly Review, 1985, p. 338 470–73

Paterson, Professor Alan, The Law Lords (1982), pp. 156–57 223

Radcliffe, Lord, Not in Feather Beds (1968), pp. 212–16 301–02, 330–32

Ram, Sir Granville, ‘The Improvement of the Statute Book’, Journal of the Society of Public Teachers of Law, NS, 1951, pp. 442, 447–49 10–13, 16–18

Reid, Lord, ‘The Judge as Law Maker’, 12 Journal of the Society of Public Teachers of Law, NS, 1972, pp. 22, 24–27, 28 367–69

Russell, Sir Charles, ‘Behind the Appellate Curtain’, Holdsworth Club Lecture, Birmingham University, 1969, pp. 3–8 288–90

Sacks, Albert M. See Hart, Henry

Samuels, Alec, ‘Is It in Force or Isn’t It?’, The Magistrate, November 1979, pp. 173–74 99–101

Sandford, Cedric, ‘Open Government: the Use of Green Papers’, British Tax Review, 1980, p. 351 9–10

Scarman, Mr Justice, ‘A Code of English Law?’, Speech at Hull University, 1966 484–86

Scarman, Mr Justice, ‘Codification and Judge-made Law’, Speech at Birmingham University, 1966 486–87

Scarman, Mr Justice, Law Reform – The New Pattern (1968), pp. 11–16 465–66

Stevens, Robert, Law and Politics, 1800–1976 (1979), pp. 468–88 365–67

Stone, J., ‘The Ratio of the Ratio Decidendi’, 22 Modern Law Review, 1959, pp. 597–98 360–61

Stone, O., ‘Knowing the Law’, 24 Modern Law Review, 1961, pp. 476–47 360–61

Study of Parliament Group, ‘Private Bill Procedure: a Case for Reform’, Public Law, 1981, p. 206 313–14

Turnbull, I. M. F., ‘Problems of Legislative Drafting’, Statute Law Review, 1986, pp. 72–73 192

Ward, D. A. S., ‘A Criticism of the Interpretation of Statutes in the New Zealand Courts’, New Zealand Law Journal, 1963, p. 293 189–90

Willis, J., ‘Statute Interpretation in a Nutshell’, 16 Canadian Bar Review, 1938, pp. 13–1 148

Wilson, William, ‘The Consolidation of Statutes’, Law Society’s Gazette, 30 January 1980, p. 84 64–66

Table of cases

Absalom v Talbot [1943] 1 All ER 589   457

Adams v Adams [1971] P. 188   415–16

Addie v Dumbreck (1929) AC 358   384–5, 392

Adler v Dickson [1955] 1 QB 158   361

The Aello [1961] AC 135   220

The Altrincham Electric Supply Co. Ltd v Sale UDC (1936) 154 LTR 379   148 n. 28

Amanuel v Alexandros Shipping Co. (The Alexandros P) [1986] 1 All ER 278   254

American Textile Mfrs Inst. v Donovan 452 US 490 (1981)   122

Anderton v Ryan [1985] 2 All ER 355   221–2, 446–7

Anns v Merton London Borough [1978] AC 728   221

Arcaro case: see Case C-168/95 Arcaro [1996] ECR I-4705   

Armah v Government of Ghana [1968] AC 192   152

Arnold v National Westminster Bank plc [1988] 3 All ER 977   216 n. 1

Assam Railways & Trading Co. Ltd v Inland Revenue Comrs. [1935] AC 445   134

Aston Cantlow PCC v Wallbank [2003] UKHL 37   481

Attorney General v Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover [1957] AC 436   150, 157

Attorney-General for NSW v Perpetual Trustees Co. (1952), 85 CLR 189   261

Australian Consolidated Press Ltd v Uren [1967] 3 All ER 523   261

Awwad v Geraghty [2000] 1 All ER 608   244

B v B [1978]   236, 237

Bank of England v Vagliano Brothers [1891] AC 107, HL   495

Bannister v S.G.B. plc [1997] 4 All ER 129   292

Barker v Wilson [1980] 1 WLR 884   198

Barrington v Lee [1972] 1 QB 326   241

Bates v IRC [1968] AC 483   457

Beamish v Beamish (1861) 9 HLC 274   217

Beith’s Trustees v Beith 1950 SC 66   260

Bellinger v Bellinger [2003] UKHL 21, [2003] 2 AC 467   187–8

Bendall v McWhirter [1952] 2 QB 466   381

Bennett v Daniel (1830) 10 B. & C. 500   142

Bennett v Orange City Council [1967] 1 NSW 502   239

Bestuur der Sociale Verzekeringsbank v Van der Vecht [1968] CMLR 151   209

Beswick v Beswick, [1966] Ch. 538 (CA), [1968] AC 58 (HL)   162, 207 n. 138, 227

Black-Clawson International Ltd. v Papierwerke Waldhof-Aschaffenburg [1975] AC 591   149, 159–61, 165, 166

Bourne (Inspector of Taxes) v Norwich Crematorium [1967] 2 All ER 576   213

Brasserie du Pêcheur v Germany: see 48/93 R v Secretary of State for Transport ex parte Factortame Ltd; Cases 46/93 Brasserie du Pêcheur v Germany   

Bright v Hutton (1852) 3 HL Cas. 341   234

British & Foreign Marine Insurance Co. Ltd v Sanday & Co. [1916] 1 AC 650, HL   495 n 50

British Movietonews Ltd v London and District Cinemas Ltd [1952] AC 166   361

British Railways Board v Herrington [1972] AC 877, [1972] 1 All ER 749, HL, [1972] 2 WLR 537   220, 384–5, 386, 392

British Telecom Case: see Case 323/93 Queen v HM Treasury, ex parte British Telecom (1996) ECR I-1632   

Bromley London Borough Council v Greater London Council [1982] 2 WLR 62 (HL)   122

Broome v Cassell [1971] 2 QB 354   225–6, 367 n. 90

Brown v Brown [1967] P. 105   150

Brunner v European Union Treaty [1994] 1 CMLR 577   438

Brutus v Cozens [1973] AC 854   198

Buchanan and Co. Ltd v Babco Forwarding and Shipping (UK) Ltd [1977] 2 WLR 107 (Court of Appeal)   209–11

Bulmer Ltd v J. Bollinger S.A. [1974] CL 401   208–9

Button v DPP [1966] AC 591   442

C. v DPP [1994] 3 All ER 190, [1995] 2 All ER 43   387

Cabanis-Isarte: see Case C-308/93 Cabanis-Isarte [1996] CMLR 729   

Cabell v Markham (1945) 148 F 2d 737   195

Callery v Gray [2001] EWCA Civ 1117, [2001] 1 WLR 2112   292

Callery v Gray (No. 2) [2001] EWCA Civ 1246, [2001] 4 All ER   182

Camden (Marquis) v CIR [1914] 1 KB. 641   141

Candler v Crane, Christmas [1951] 2 KB 164   361, 390, 400

Cantliff v Jenkins [1978]   236

Carlisle and Cumberland Banking Co. v Bragg [1911] 1 KB 489   233

Carlsen v Rasmussen [1999] 3 CMLR 854   438

Carr v Mercantile Products Ltd [1949] 2 KB 601   251

Cartledge v D. Jopling & Sons [1963] AC 758   366–7

Case 6/64 Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR 585   437–8

Cases 6/90 and C-9/90 Francovich and Bonfaci v Italy [1991] ECR I-5357, [1993] 2 CMLR 66   436

Case 9/70 Franz Grad v Finanzamt Traunstein [1970] ECR 825, [1971] CMLR 1   437

Case 10/89 CNL-Sucal v HAG GF [1990] ECR-I-3711   262

Case 14/83 Von Colson and Kamann v Land Nordheimû Westfalen [1984] 1891   436

Cases 21-24/72 International Fruit Co v Productschap voor Groenten en Fruit (1972) ECR 1219, [1975] 2 CMLR l   437

Case 25/62 Plaumann v Commission [1963] ECR 95   432

Case 26/62 Van Gend en Loos (1963) ECR 1   437–8

Case 39/72 Commission v. Italy (1973) ECR 101, [1973] CMLR 439   435

Case 41/74 Van Duyn v Home Office (1974) ECR 1337   435

Cases 46/93 Brasserie du Pêcheur v Germany; 48/93 R v Secretary of State for Transport ex parte Factortame Ltd [1996] ECR I-4845   436

Case 80/86 Kolpinghuis Nijmegen BV [1987] ECR 3969, [1989] 2 CMLR 18   436

Case 91/92 Faccini Dori v Recreb Srl (1994) ECR I 3325   435, 436

Case 92/78 Simmenthal v Commission [1979] ECR 777   434

Case 104/81 Haupzollamt Mainz v Kupferberg (1982) ECR 3641, [1983] l CMLR 1   437

Case 106/89 Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacionale de Alimentacion SA [1990] ECR I-4135, [1992] CMLR 305   436

Case 121/97 Commission v Germany O.J., 1997, C166/7   432–3

Case 148/78 Pubblico Ministero v Tullio Ratti (1979) ECR 1629, [1980] 1 CMLR 96   435

Case 152/84 Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching) Case [1986] ECR 723   435

Case 168/95 Arcaro [1996] ECR I-4705   436

Cases 178/94, C-179/94 C-188/94, C-189/94 and C-190/94 Dillenkofer and Others [1996] ECR I-1845   436

Case 188/89 Foster v British Gas plc [1900] ECR 3313   436

Case 188/89 Foster v British Gas plc [1900] ECR 3313, see also Foster v British Gas plc [1991] 2 AC 306   

Case 188/91 Deutsche Shell-Hauptzollamt Hamburg-Harburg [1993] ECRI-363   438–9

Case 224/01 Köbler v Austria ECJ [2003] All ER (D) 73 (Oct.)   436–7

Case 231/82 Spijker v Commission [1983] ECR 2559   432

Case 308/93 Cabanis-Isarte [1996] CMLR 729   262

Case 314/85 Foto-Frost v Hauptzollamt Lubeck-Ost [1987] ECR 4199   438

Case 322/88 Grimaldi v Fonds des Maladies Professionelles [1989] ECR 4407   438–9

Case 323/93 Queen v HM Treasury, ex parte British Telecom (1996) ECR I-1632   436

Case 334/92 Wagner Miret v Fondo de Garantia Salariel [1993] ECR I-6911   436

Case 387/97 Commission v Hellenic Republic [2000] ECJ I-5047   432–3

Case 443/98 UnileverItalia v Central Food [2000] ECR I-7535   435

Case 1994/94 CIA Security International SA v Signalson SA and Securitel SPRL [1996] ECR I-2201   435, 436

Case T-162/94 NMB France and Others v Commission [1996] ECR II-427   262

Case T-586/93 Kotzonis v ESC [1995] ECR II-665   262

Casey v Casey [1949] P. 420   240

Cassell v Broome [1972] AC 479, 535.20, 565.1, Northumberland Compensation Appeal Tribunal [1951] 1 KB 711   

Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd [1947] KB 130   361

Charter v Race Relations Board [1973] 1 All ER 512; [1973] AC 868   162

Chief Adjudication Officer v Foster [1993] 2 WLR 292   170, 171

CIA Security International SA v Signalson SA and Securitel SPRL: see Case C-1994/94 CIA Security International SA v Signalson SA and Securitel SPRL [1996] ECR I-2201   

Clarke v Kato, Cutter v Eagle Star Insurance Co Ltd [1998] 4 All ER 417   213

Cocksedge v Fanshaw (1779) 1 Doug. KB 119   452

Colchester Estates (Cardiff) v Carlton Industries plc [1984] 2 All ER 601   251–3

Colonroll Pension Trustees Ltd v Russell [1995] All ER (EC) 23   434

Commission v Hellenic Republic: see Case C-387/97 Commission v Hellenic Republic [2000] ECJ I-5047   

Congreve v Home Office [1976] QB 629   122

Conway v Rimmer [1968] 1 All ER 874   204

Conway v Rimmer [1968] AC 910   223

Cordell v Second Clanfield Properties Ltd [1968] 3 WLR 864   448

Costa v ENEL: see Case 6/64 Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR 585   

Cox v Hakes (1890) 15 App. Cas. 506   142 n. 23

Crook v Edmondson [1966] 1 All ER 833 (Divisional Court, QBD)   153–5

Customs and Excise Commissioners v Aps Samex (Hanil) Synthetic Fiber Industrial Co. Ltd [1983] 1 All ER 1042   431–2

Da Costa case [1963] CMLR 224   209

David Cooke (2 December 1996, unreported, CA No. 9604988)   395

Davis v Johnson [1979] AC 264   161–4, 232–9, 244

Davy v Leeds Corporation [1964] 1 WLR 1218   25

De Lasala v de Lasala [1979] 2 All ER 1146   320 n. 18

Deutsche Shell-Hauptzollamt Hamburg-Harburg: see Case 188/91 Deutsche Shell-Hauptzollamt Hamburg-Harburg [1993] ECRI-363   

Dillenkofer Case: see Cases 178/94, C-179/94 C-188/94, C-189/94 and C-190/94 Dillenkofer and Others [1996] ECR I-1845   

Dockers’ Labour Club and Institute Ltd. v Race Relations Board 42 [1974] 3 All ER 592; [1976] AC 285   162

Doncaster Borough Council v Secretary of State for the Environment (1993, unreported)   171

Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562   370

Dorset Yacht v Home Office [1970] AC 1004   379

Doughty v Turner Manufacturing Co. Ltd [1964] 1 QB 518   244

Douglas-Hamilton v Duke and Duchess of Hamilton’s ante-nuptial marriage contract trustees 1961 SLT 305   260

DPP v Corcoran [1992] RTR 289, [1993] Criminal Law Review 139   251

DPP v Humphreys [1977] AC 1   389 n. 139

DPP v Jordan [1977] AC 699   198

DPP v Merriman [1973] AC 584   247, 248

DPP v Schildkamp [1971] AC 1, 10, 20, 28   150, 151

DPP for N. Ireland v Lynch [1975] AC 653   221–2

Dr Bonham’s Case (1610) 8 C. Rep. 107a, 118a   228

Duke v Reliance Systems Ltd [1987] 2 All ER 858   243

Duport Steel Ltd v Sirs [1980] 1 All ER 529   375–6

Dyson Holdings Ltd v Fox [1976] QB 503   200

Edwards v Attorney-General, Canada [1930] AC 124   201

Edwards v Dick (1821) 4 B. & Ald. 212   142

Egerton v Harding [1974] 3 All ER 689   450

Ellerman Lines v Murray [1931] AC 126   141

Elliott v C. [1983] 2 All ER 1005   267

Escoigne Properties Ltd v IRC [1958] AC 549   159

F. Hoffman-La Roche & Co. AG v Secretary of State for Trade & Industry [1975] AC 295 (1973)   366

Faccini Dori v Recreb Srl [1995] All ER (EC) 1   439

Faccini Dori v Recreb Srl [1995] All ER (EC) 1, see also Case C-91/92 Dori v Recreb Srl (1994) ECR I 3325   

Farrell v Alexander [1976] QB 345, [1977] AC 59   155–7, 233, 238–9, 315, 316, 500 n. 62, 500 n. 64

Fatuma Binti Mohamed Bin Salim v Mohamed Bin Salim [1952] AC 1   261

F.C.C. v WNCN Listeners Guild 450 U.S. 582 (1981)   122

Fisher v Raven [1964] AC 210   150

Fitzgerald v Hall, Russell & Co. Ltd [1970] AC 984   150

Fitzleet Estates v Cherry [1977] 1 WLR 1345   220

Fitzpatrick v Sterling Housing Association Ltd [1999] 4 All ER 705   230

Fitzpatrick v Sterling Housing Association Ltd [2001] 1 AC 27   199, 200–1

Fitzsimmons v Ford Motor Co. Ltd [1946] 1 All ER 429   240

Foster v British Gas plc [1991] 2 AC 306   434

Foster v British Gas plc [1991] 2 AC 306, see also Case C-188/89 Foster v British Gas plc [1900] ECR 3313   

Fothergill v Monarch Airlines [1980] 3 WLR 209   158

Foto-Frost v Hauptzollamt Lubeck-Ost: see Case 314/85 Foto-Frost v Hauptzollamt Lubeck-Ost [1987] ECR 4199   

Francovich and Bonfaci v Italy: see Cases C-6/90 and C-9/90 Francovich and Bonfaci v Italy [1991] ECR I-5357, [1993] 2 CMLR 66   

Franz Grad v Finanzamt Traunstein: see Case 9/70 Franz Grad v Finanzamt Traunstein [1970] ECR 825, [1971] CMLR 1   

Gallie v Lee [1971] AC 1004   233, 235

Gammans v Ekins [1950] 2 KB 328   200

Garvin v Police Authority for City of London [1944] KB 358   249–50

General Accident Fire and Life Assurance Ltd v Foster [1972] 3 All ER 877   282

Ghaidan v Mendoza [2002] EWCA Civ 1533, [2002] 4 All ER 1162   118, 230, 419 n 190

Gibson v Ryan [1968] 1 QB 250   152

Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority and DHSS [1985] 3 All ER 402   418–19

Giltrow v Day [1965] 1 All ER 73   277–8

Gleaner Co. Ltd v Assessment Committee [1922] AC 169   457

Golak Nath v State of Punjab [1967] 2 SCR (India) 762   401

Goller v White, 122 N.W. 2d 193 (1963) Wis.   399

Graves v New York, 306 U.S. 466   260

Greig Middleton & Co. Ltd v Denderowitz [1998] 1 WLR 1164   292

Grey v Pearson (1857) 6 HL Cas. 61   131

Griffith v Secretary of State for the Environment [1983] 2 WLR 172   146–7

Grimaldi v Fonds des Maladies Professionelles: see Case 322/88 Grimaldi v Fonds des Maladies Professionelles [1989] ECR 4407   

Gwynne v Burnell (1840) 6 Bing. N.C. 453   132

H. P. Bulmer Ltd v J. Bollinger SA [1974] Ch. 401 (CA), [1974] 2 All ER 1226   208–9, 431–2

Hadmor Productions Ltd v Hamilton [1982] 1 All ER 1042   388–9

HAG II: see Case C-10/89 CNL-Sucal v HAG GF [1990] ECR-I-3711   

Haines v Herbert [1963] 1 WLR 1401   150

Haley v London Electricity Board [1964] 3 All ER 185   283

Hall v Simons [2000] 3 All ER 673, [2002] 1 AC 615 (HL)   221, 225, 398, 419

Hamilton v Al Fayed (No. 1) [2001] 1 AC 395   419

Hamilton v Fife Health Board (Lexis)   171

Hamilton v Martell Securities Ltd [1984] 2 WLR 699   253

Hanlon v The Law Society [1980] 2 WLR 756   151

Hanning v Maitland (No. 2) [1970] 1 QB 580   236, 282–3

Haughton v Smith [1975] AC 476   223

Haupzollamt Mainz v Kupferberg: see Case 104/81 Haupzollamt Mainz v Kupferberg (1982) ECR 3641, [1983] l CMLR 1   

Havana Railways case: see Re United Railways of the Havana & Regla Warehouses Ltd [1961] AC 1007   

Hawkins (1977) l Cr. App. R.   394–5

Hazell v Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council [1991] l All ER 545   393

Hedley Byrne v Heller Partners [1964] AC 465   268, 400

Helby v Rafferty [1979] 1 WLR 13   201

The Heron [1966] 2 QB 695; [1967] 3 All ER 686 HL   205

Heydon’s case (1584) 3 Co. Rep. 7a   131, 189

Hickman v Peacey [1945] 2 All ER at 235; [1945] AC at 345   138

Hilder v Dexter [1902] AC 474   132

Hill v East and West India Dock Co. (1884) 9 App. Cas. 448   130, 142

Hinz v Berry [1970] 2 QB 40   295

Hornigold v Chief Constable of Lancashire [1985] Criminal Law Review 792    250

Hornsby v Clark Kenneth Leventhal [2000] 4 All ER 567   413–14

Horvath v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2001] 1 AC 489   419

Huddersfield Police Authority v Watson [1947] KB 842 (Divisional Court, QBD)   249, 253

Hudson’s Concrete Products Ltd v D. B. Evans (Bilston) Ltd (unreported)   320

Hughes v Kingston Upon Hull City Council [1999] 2 All ER 49   244

Hulton v Jones [1910] AC 20   225

Inco Europe Ltd v First Choice Distribution [2000] 2 All ER 109 HL   198

Industrial Properties (Barton Hill) Ltd v Associated Electrical Industries Ltd [1977] QB 580   235–6

Indyka v Indyka [1969] 1 AC 33   223, 496–7

Infabrics Ltd v Jaytex Ltd [1982] AC 1 HL   150

International Fruit Co v Productschap voor Groenten en Fruit: see Cases 21-24/72 International Fruit Co v Productschap voor Groenten en Fruit (1972) ECR 1219 [1975] 2 CMLR l   

IRC v Frere [1965] AC 402   457

IRC v Hinchy [1960] AC 748   151

IRC v McGuckian [1997] l WLR 991   195

Jacobs v LCC [1950] AC at 369   269

James Buchanan & Co. Ltd v Babco Forwarding and Shipping (UK) Ltd [1977] 3 All ER 1048   158

The Johanna Oldendorff [1974] AC 479   220

Johnson v Barnes (1872) LR 7 CP 592   452

Ex parte Johnson [1993] 2 WLR 1   170

Johnston v New Jersey, 384 U.S. 719 (1966)   399

Jones v Randall (1774) Cowper 37   307–8

Jones v Secretary of State for Social Services [1972] AC 944   218–20, 223, 225, 397–8

Joscelyne v Nissen [1970] 2 QB 86   241

Jugoslavenska Oceanska Plovidba v Castle Investment Co. Inc. [1974] QB 292   227

Kadhim v Brent London Borough Council [2001] 2 WLR 1674, CA   244

Karsales (Harrow) Ltd v Wallis [1956] 1 WLR 936   361

Katikiro of Buganda v Attorney-General [1961] 1 WLR 119   159

Kirklees Borough Council v Wickes Building Supplies Ltd [1991] 4 All ER 240, [1993] AC 306   434

Kleinwort Benson Ltd v Lincoln City Council [1998] 4 All ER 513, [1999] 2 AC 349   393–4, 398 n. 148

Knuller v DPP [1973] AC 435   221–2, 223, 229, 384

Köbler v Austria: see Case C-224/01 Köbler v Austria ECJ [2003] All ER (D) 73 (Oct.)   

Kojis v Doctor’s Hospital, 107 N.W. 2d 131 (1961) Wis.   399

Kolpinghuis Nijmegen BV: see Case 80/86 Kolpinghuis Nijmegen BV [1987] ECR 3969, [1989] 2 CMLR 18   

Kotzonis v ESC: see Case T-586/93 Kotzonis v ESC [1995] ECR II-665   

Kuddus v Chief Constable of Leicestershire [2002] 2 AC HL   481

L. v K. [1985] 1 All ER 961   442

Laker Airways Ltd v Dept of Trade [1977] QB 643   122

Lambert v Lewis [1982] AC 225   320 n. 18

Law v Jones [1974] Ch. 112   242

Lees v Secretary of State for Social Services [1985] 2 All ER 203   147

Lewis v Attorney General of Jamaica [2001] 2 AC 50   222

Ley v Hamilton (1935), 153 LT 384   225

Limb v Union Jack Removals Ltd [1998] 2 All ER 513   230, 243–4

Linkletter v Walker, 381 U.S. 618 (1965)   399

Locabail Ltd v Bayfield Properties [2000] QB 451   278 n. 2

London Graving Dock Co. Ltd v Horton [1951] AC 737   366

London and NE Railway Co. v Berriman [1946] AC 278   141

London Tramways v London County Council [1898] AC 375   217, 218, 234

M. V. Yorke Motors v Edwards [1982] 1 All ER 1024   407–9

McGoldrick & Co. v CPS [1990] 2 QB 261   241

Magor and St. Mellons v Newport Corpn [1950] 2 All ER 1226 (Court of Appeal), [1951] 2 All ER 839 (HL), [1952] AC 189   132–5, 208, 210

Malcolmson v O’Dea (1863) 10 HL Cas. 593   452

Mapp v Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961)   399

Margate Pier Co. v Hannam (1819) 3 B. & Ald. 266   142

Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacionale de Alimentacion SA: see Case C-106/89 Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacionale de Alimentacion SA [1990] ECR I-4135, [1992] CMLR 305   

Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching): see Case 152/84 Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching) Case [1986] ECR 723   

Mattison v Hart (1854) 14 CB 357   131

Melluish (Inspector of Taxes) v BMI (No. 3) Ltd [1995] 4 All ER 453   171, 174

Mendoza v Ghaidan [2004] UKHL 30, [2004] All ER 411   188, 230

Merryweather v Nizan (1799) 8 Term Rep. 186   397

Michaels v Taylor Woodrow Developments Ltd [2001] Ch. 493, [2000] 4 All ER 645   323

Midland Silicones Ltd v Scruttons Ltd [1962] AC 446   360–1, 365

Miliangos v George Frank Textiles Ltd. [1976] AC 443, [1975] 3 All ER 801, [1976] 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 201   220, 225, 228–9, 236, 240–2, 244, 253–4, 261

Minister of Pensions v Higham [1948] 2 KB 153   233, 251–3

Miranda v Arizona 384 U.S. 436 (1966)   399

Mitchell (1977) 65 Cr. App. R. 185   394–5

Mock v Pension Ombudsman, The Times, 7 April 2000   159

Molitor v Kaneland Community School Dist. No. 32 163 N.E. 2d 89 (1959) Ill.   399

Molloy, 23 July 1997, unreported, CA 96/5131/SI   396

Morelle Ltd v Wakeling [1955] 2 QB 378 (1955), 1 All ER 708 CA   238, 242–3

Morgans v Launchbury [1973] AC 127   382–3

The Mostyn [1927] P. 25   202

MRS Environmental Services Ltd v Marsh [1997] 1 All ER 92   439

Muir v Keay (1875) LR 10 QB 594   182

Muller v Oregon 208 US 412 (1908)   280–2

Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1991] 1 AC 398   221

Myers v DPP [1965] AC 1001   223, 366–7, 383–4

Myers v Elman [1940] AC 282   241

National Provincial Bank v Ainsworth [1964] 1 All ER 688   361

National Provincial Bank v Ainsworth [1965] AC 1175, [1965] 2 All ER 472, [1965] 3 WLR 1, 194 EG 1085, [1965] EGD 173   381, 492

New Windsor Corporation v Mellor [1974] 2 All ER 510 Ch   450–2

Newbury District Council v Secretary of State for the Environment [1980] 2 WLR 379   141

Nicholas v Penny [1950] 2 KB 466   250

NMB France and Others v Commission: see Case T-162/94 NMB France and Others v Commission [1996] ECR II-427   

Nothman, v, Barnet London Borough Council [1979] 1 WLR 67   141

Nowotnik v Nowotnik [1967] P. 83   282–3

Oldendorff & Co. v Tradex Export SA [1974] AC 479   223

Oliver v Ashman Oliver v Ashman [1962] 2 QB 210   233

Oliver Ashworth (Holdings) Ltd v Ballard (Kent) Ltd [1999] 2 All ER 791   152

Page v Lowther (1983) 57 TC 199   195

The Parana (1867) 2 PD 118   205

Parker v R [1963] ALR 524   261

Peart v Stewart [1983] 1 All ER 859   207

Pepper v Hart [1993] AC 593, [1993] 1 All ER 42   164–9, 170–9, 194–5, 203, 225

Percy v Hall [1996] 4 All ER 523   395

Perkins v Hugh Stevenson & Sons Ltd [1940] 1 KB 56   231

Pickstone and Others v Freemans plc [1988] 2 All ER 803   158, 165

Pigg [1983] 1 All ER 56   147, 164

Pinochet cases: see R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrates, ex parte Pinochet (No. 1) [1998] 3 WLR 1456; R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrates, ex parte Pinochet (No. 2) [1999] 2 WLR 272   

Pittalis v Grant [1989] 2 All ER 622   230

Plaumann v Commission: see Case 25/62 Plaumann v Commission [1963] ECR 95   

Poplar Housing and Regeneration Community Ltd v Secretary of State for the Environment and the Regions   187

Police Authority for Huddersfield v Watson see Huddersfield Police Authority v Watson   

Practice Note (Presentation of Appeals) [1983] 2 All ER 34   409

Practice Statement (Judicial Precedent) [1966] 1 WLR 1234   217–18

Priestley v Fowler (1837) 3 M. & W. 1   397

Pringle, Baker v Matheson [1946] 1 All ER at 93; [1946] Ch. at 131   139

R v A [2001] 1 AC 45   419

R v A (No. 2) [2002] 1 AC 45, [2001] 3 All ER 1   177 n. 65, 184–8

R v Acton Justices, ex parte McMullen (1990) 92 Cr. App. R. 98   164 n. 48

R v Blane (1849) 13 QB 769   203–5, 207

R v Bow Road Domestic Proceedings Court, ex parte Adedigba [1968] 2 All ER 89 (Court of Appeal)   203–5

R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate ex parte Pinochet [2001] 1 AC 61   419

R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet (No. 1) [1998] 3 WLR 1456, [1998] 4 All ER 897 (HL)   220–3, 286–7

R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet (No. 2) [1999] 2 WLR 272, [1999] 1 All ER 577 (HL)   220–3, 286–7

R v Broadcast Complaints Commission, ex parte Owen [1985] 2 All ER 522   147

R v Brown [1970] 2 QB 711   235

R v Burstow, sub nom R v Ireland [1998] AC 147   199

R v C [2004] EWCA Crim 292, [2004] 3 All ER 1   396

R v Caldwell [1982] AC 341   222, 267

R v Central Criminal Court, ex parte Francis & Francis [1988] 3 All ER 775   196

R v Chan-Fook [1994] 1 WLR 689 CA   198

R v Chief Immigration Officer, ex parte Salamat Bibi [1976] 1 WLR 979   458

R v Cuthbertson [1980] 3 WLR 89   182

R v Daniel [2002] EWCA Crim 959   187

R v DPP ex parte Pretty [2002] 1 AC 800   419

R v Ealing Magistrates’ Court, ex parte Dixon [1989] 2 All ER 1050   250–1

R v Forbes (1999) 2 Cr. App. R. 501   246 n. 63

R v G [2003] UKHL 50, [2003] 4 All ER 765   222

R v Gough [1993] AC 646   255

R v Gould [1968] 2 QB 65   235, 246, 247, 250

R v Governor of Brockhill Prison, ex parte Evans (No. 2) [2000] 4 All ER 15   395–6, 398–9, 403

R v Greater Manchester Coroner, ex parte Tal [1984] 3 All ER 240   250

R v Howe [1987] 1 All ER 771   221–2

R v Hyam [1975] AC 55   389

R v International Stock Exchange, ex parte Else (1993) QB 534   431–2

R v Judge of the City of London Court [1892] 1 QB 273   130

R v Kansal [2001] 1 AC 395   419

R v Kansal (No. 2) [2001] UKHL 62, [2002] 1 All ER 257   222

R v Knuller (Publishing, Printing and Promotions) Ltd [1973] AC 435: see Knuller v DPP [1973] AC 435   

R v Lambert [2001] 3 WLR 206, [2001] 3 All ER 577   186, 222

R v Lambert [2001] 3 WLR 1562   419

R v Lord Chancellor, ex parte Witham [1997] 2 All ER 779   120, 283

R v McKinney (1991) 171 CLR 468   403

R v Moloney [1985] AC 905   221 n. 9

R v Newsome; R v Browne [1970] 2 QB 711   235, 246, 247, 248

R v Northumberland Compensation Appeal Tribunal [1951] 1 KB 711   251

R v Palmer (No. 1) [2002] EWCA Crim 2002   247–9

R v Philips Electronics Ltd (1981) 116 DLR (3d) 298   191 n. 101

R v Popat (1998) 2 Cr. App. R. 208   246 n. 63

R v Popat (No. 2) (2001) 2 Cr. App. R. 387   246 n. 63

R v Power [1919] 1 KB 572   246

R v Preston Supplementary Benefits Appeal Tribunal, ex parte Moore [1975] 1 WLR 624   283

R v R [1992] 1 AC 599   387, 396

R v Ramsden (1972) Crime LR 547, CA   394–5

R v Ring (1892) 61 LJMC 116   246

R v Secretary of State for Employment, ex parte Equal Opportunities Commission [1995] 1 AC 1   436

R v Secretary of State for Employment, ex parte Seymour-Smith [1997] 2 All ER 273   436

R v Secretary of State for the Environment, ex parte Brent London Borough Council [1982] QB 593   122

R v Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions, ex parte Spath Holme Ltd [2000] 1 All ER 884   120 n. 201, 177 n. 65

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Al-Mehdavi [1989] 1 All ER 777   241

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Fire Brigades Union [1995] 2 WLR l, [1995] 2 All ER 244   103

R v Secretary of State for Home Affairs, ex parte Hosenball [1977] 1 WLR 766   458

R v Secretary of State for Home Affairs, ex parte Kharrazi [1980] 1 WLR 1396    458

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Naughton [1997] 1 All ER 426   395

R v Secretary of State for Home Affairs, ex parte Ram [1979] 1 WLR 148   458

R v Secretary of State for Social Security, ex parte Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants [1996] 2 All ER 385   120 n. 201

R v Secretary of State for Transport ex parte Factortame Ltd, [1999] 4 All ER 906   434

R v Secretary of State for Transport ex parte Factortame Ltd [1989] 2 CMLR 353 (Divisonal Court/CA); [1990] 2 AC 85, [1989] 2 All ER 692 (HL judgment of 18 May 1989); [1991] 1 AC 603, [1991] 3 All ER 769, [1990] 3 CMLR 1 (HL Judgment of 11 October 1990)   166, 425–6

R v Shayler [2002] 2 WLR 754   419

R v Shivpuri [1986] 1 All ER 334   221, 446–7

R v Simpson [2003] EWCA Crim 1499, [2003] 3 All ER 531   247–9

R v Smith [1975] AC 476   366 n. 77

R v Smith (Morgan) [2001] 1 AC 146   419

R v Spencer [1985] 1 All ER 673   247

R v Stafford Justices, ex parte Customs and Excise Commissioners [1991] 2 All ER 201   250–1

R v Surrey (NE Area) Assessment Committee [1948] 1 KB 28   150

R v Taylor [1950] 2 KB 368 (Court of Criminal Appeal)   246, 247, 250

R v Tomsett (1985)   251

R v Treanor (1939), 27 Cr. App. R. 35   246

R v Ward [1993] 1 WLR 619, 96 Cr App Rep 1, [1993] 2 All ER 577   396

R v Westminster Betting Licensing Committee, ex parte Peabody Donation Fund [1963] 2 QB 750   152–3

R. Hagen v Fratelli, D. & G. Moretti SNC and Molnar Machinery Ltd [1980] 3 CMLR 253   431–2

R (on the application of Amin) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2003] UKHL 51, [2003] 3 WLR 1169   419 n. 190

R (on the application of Anderson) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2002] UKHL 46, [2003] 1 AC 837   187–8

R (on the application of Daly) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2001] UKHL 26, [2001] 2 AC 532   420–1

R (on the application of H) v Mental Health Review Tribunal, North and East London Region [2001] 3 WLR 512, CA   117 n. 195

R (on the application of Quintavalle) v Secretary of State for Health [2002] EWCA Civ 29, [2002] 2 WLR 550, [2002] 2 All ER 625   195, 200

R (on the application of Quintavalle) v Secretary of State for Health [2003] UKHL 13, [2003] AC 687, [2003] 2 All ER 113   195, 200

R (on the application of Richards) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2004] EWHC 93 (Admin), 28 January 2004   395–6, 403

R (on the application of Wooder) v Feggetter and Mental Health Act Commission [2002] 3 WLR 591   187 n. 93

R (Westminster City Council) v National Asylum Support Service [2002] UKHL 38, [2002] 4 All ER 654   181–2

Rahimtoola v Nizam of Hyderabad [1958] AC 379   361, 388–9

Rakhit v Carty [1990] 2 All ER 202   243

Ramsay Fairfax v Ramsay Fairfax [1956] P. 115   240

Re Automatic Telephone and Electric Co. Ltd’s Agreement [1965] 1 All ER 206    215

Re Bravda [1968] 2 All ER 217 (Court of Appeal)   205–7

Re Dowling [1967] 1 AC 725   218–20

Re Farm Products, Marketing Act (1957), 7 D.L.R (2nd) 257   261

Re Flynn [1968] 1 All ER 49   295 n. 46

Re Gillespie, ex parte Robarts (1885) 16 QBD 702   495

Re James [1977] Ch. 41   415–16

Re K (minors) (wardship: care and control) [1977] Fam. 179   235–6

Re L (infants) [1962] 1 WLR 886   235–6

Re Medicaments Case (Director General of Fair Trading v (1) Proprietary Association of Great Britain (2) Proprietary Articles Trade Association sub nom In Re Medicaments and Related Classes of Goods (No. 2)) [2001] 1 WLR 700   255

Re Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission [2002] UKHL 25   419–20

Re Osman [1988] Criminal Law Review 611   251

Re Polemis [1921] 3 KB 560   244

Re Rowland [1963] Ch. I (Court of Appeal)   135–40, 142–4, 196

Re S (BD) v S (DI) (infants: care and control) [1977] Fam. 109   235–6

Re S (Care Order: Implementation of Care Plan) [2002] 2 WLR 720   186 n. 88

Re S (Minors) (Care Order: Implementation of Care Plan) [2002] UKHL 10 [2002] 2 AC 291   187–8

Re Schweppes Ltd’s Agreement [1965] 1 All ER 195   215

Re Shoesmith [1938] 2 KB 637   231

Re Tax on Imported Lemons [1968] CMLR 1   208

Re United Railways of the Havana & Regla Warehouses Ltd [1961] AC 1007 542   236, 240–1, 253–4

Re Woking Urban Council (Basingstoke Canal) Act 1911 [1914] 1 Ch. 300   150

Read v J. Lyons & Co. [1947] AC 156   293

Read v Joannou (1890) 25 QBD 300   251

Reardon Smith Line v Yrgrar Hansen-Tangen (trading as Hansen-Tangen) [1976] WLR 989   196–7

Remmington v Larchin [1921] 3 KB 404   156

Reynolds [1981] 3 All ER 849   147

Rickards v Rickards [1989] 3 All ER 193   243

River Wear Commissioners v Adamson (1876) 1 QBD 546 (Ct of App.); (1877) 2 App. Cas. 743   130, 201

Roberts Petroleum Ltd v Bernard Kenny Ltd [1983] 2 AC 192   319–24

Robinson v Bird, The Times, 20 January 2004, CA   328

Robinson v Secretary of State for Northern Ireland (Unreported, 25 July 2002 (Lawtel transcript))   176–7

Rondel v Worsley [1966] 3 WLR 950, [1967] 3 All ER 993   221, 398, 406–7, 449

Rookes v Barnard [1964] AC 1129   225–6, 251

Ross-Smith v Ross-Smith [1963] 1 AC 280   223, 240

Royal College of Nursing of the United Kingdom v Department of Health and Social Security [1981] AC   199

Royal Crown Derby Porcelain Co. Ltd v Russell [1949] 2 KB 417   203–4

The Ruahepu [1927] P. 47   148 n. 28

Ruse v Read [1949] 1 KB 377   251

Rylands v Fletcher (1868) LR 3 HL 330   497

Schorsch Meir GmbH v Hennin [1975] QB 416   226–9, 236, 240–1, 242, 253–4

Seaford Court Estates Ltd v Asher [1949] 2 KB 481   210

Secretary of State for Education & Science v Tameside Metropolitan Borough [1977] AC 1014   122

Secretary of State for Social Security v Remilien [1998] 1 All ER 129   170

Shah v Barnet LBC [1983] 1 All ER 226   146

Sharpe v Wakefield (1888) 22 QBD 239   198

Shaw v DPP (the Ladies Directory case) [1962] AC 220   221, 367, 384

Shaw v DPP, The Times, 23 November 1992, 142 New Law Journal 1683   251

Shelley’s Case (1581) 1 Co. Rep. 93b   397

Simmenthal Case: see Case 92/78 Simmenthal v Commission [1979] ECR 777   

Simpson v Wells (1872) LR 7 QB 214   449, 452

Sinclair-Jones v Kay [1989] 1 WLR 114   241

Smith v Charles Baker and Sons [1891] AC 325   230

Spijker v Commission: see Case 231/82 Spijker v Commission [1983] ECR 2559   

Spiliada Maritime v Cansulex Ltd [1986] 3 All ER 843 HL   447 n. 100

Starkowski v Attorney-General [1954] AC 155   366

Starmark Enterprises Ltdv v CPL Distribution Ltd [2002] 4 All ER 264, CA   240

Steadman v Steadman [1976] AC 536   

Stuart v Bank of Montreal (1909), 41 SCR 516   261

Stubbings v Webb [1993] 2 WLR 120   170

Sutherland v Hatton [2002] EWCA Civ 76, [2002] 2 All ER 1   294

Swain v Law Society [1982] 2 All ER 827   244

Thai Trading Co v Taylor [1998] 3 All ER 65   244

Thomas Witter Ltd v TBP Industries Ltd [1996] 2 All ER 573   174

Thorburn v Sunderland City Council [2002] 3 WLR 247, [2002] 4 All ER 156   425, 438 n. 74

Three Rivers District Council v Bank of England (No. 2) [1996] 2 All ER 363   171

Tiverton Estates Ltd v Wearwell Ltd [1975] Ch. 146   242

Trendtex Trading Corporation v Central Bank of Nigeria [1977] 1 All ER 881   256 n. 70

Trimble v Hill (1879) 5 App. Cas. 342   261

Twycross v Grant (1877) 46 LJQB 636   142

Ulster-Swift Ltd and Pigs Marketing Board (Northern Ireland) v Taunton Meat Haulage Ltd and Fransen Transport NV [1977] 1 LloydÆs Rep. 346   315

UnileverItalia v Central Food: see Case C443/98 UnileverItalia v Central Food [2000] ECR I-7535   

Vacher v London Society of Compositors [1913] AC 107   148 n. 28

Vagliano Brothers v Bank of England (1889) 23 QBD 243, CA   495

Van Duyn v Home Office: see Case 41/74 Van Duyn v Home Office (1974) ECR 1337   

Van Gend en Loos case: see Case 26/62 Van Gend en Loos (1963) ECR 1   

The Vera Cruz (No. 2) (1884) 9 PD 96   234

Vestey v IRC (No. 2) [1979] 2 All ER 225; [1979] 3 All ER 976 (HL)   457

Von Colson and Kamann v Land Nordheim-Westfalen [1984] 1891: see Case 14/83 Von Colson and Kamann v Land Nordheim-Westfalen [1984] 1891   

W and J B Eastwood Ltd v Herrod (Valuation Officer) [1968] 2 QB 923   236

Wagner Miret v Fondo de Garantia Salariel: see Case C 334/92 Wagner Miret v Fondo de Garantia Salariel [1993] ECR I-6911   

Wagon Mound, No. 1 [1961] AC 388   244

Ex parte Walton (1881) 17 Ch.D. 746   142, 148 n. 28

Warwick Film Productions Ltd v Eisinger [1969] 1 Ch. 508   158

Warwickshire County Council v Johnson [1993] 1 All ER 299   170

Washington v Grand Trunk Railway, 28 SCR 184   148 n. 28

Watson v Tuckwell (1947) 63 TLR at p. 635   276

Webster v Ashton-under-Lyne Overseers, Hadfield’s Case [1873] LR 8 CP 306    235

Western Bank Ltd v Schindler [1976] 2 All ER 393   198

White v Jones [1993] 3 All ER 481   447

Whiteley v Chappell (1868–9) 4 LR QB   147

Whitton v Garner [1965] 1 All ER 70   276–7

Widell v Holy Trinity Catholic Church, 121 N.W. 2d 249 (1963) Wis.   399

Williams v Fawcett [1985] 1 All ER 787   243

Williams and Glyn’s Bank Ltd v Boland [1981] AC 487   202

Willis v Baddeley [1892] 2 QB 324   298

Wilson v First County Trust Ltd [2003] UKHL 40; [2003] 4 All ER 97   172, 177–8

Worcester Works Finance Ltd v Cooden Engineering Co. Ltd [1972] 1 QB at 217   244

Yaxley v Gotts [2000] 1 All ER 711   172

Yorkshire Insurance Co. Ltd v Nisbet Shipping Co. Ltd [1961] 2 All ER 487   495

Young v Bristol Aeroplane Co. Ltd [1944] KB 718   229, 230–2, 234–44, 246, 247, 249–50, 282–3