A Quo Primum encyclical, 83, 87
on the Jews in Poland, 89–90
Abraham, 11, 204
Abramovich, Biernat, 29
Abramovich, Nachum, 38
Abramowicz, Adam, 21, 217
absolution, 88
accusations, anti-Jewish, 100, 107–113, 168
blood (ritual murder), 77, 99, 100, 164
Christians countering, 13
combating Protestants, 131–137
of desecration of the Host, 113
of falsification of the Scriptures, 126
of murdering a Christian girl, 29
Pope Gregory X condemning, 206
Pope Innocent IV condemning, 205
Acta Episcopalia, 86, 221
Acta Sanctorum, 168
adultery, Jewish-Christan sexual relations as, 66, 180
Advent, 70
afikoman, 118–119
Agnieszka, the fallen (exemplum), 76–77, 130
alcoholic beverages
abuse of, 33, 52, 60
brewing on Sundays and holidays, 61
monopoly on the production and sale of, 61
Sunday sins involving, 60
tax (czopowe), 35
violence, 33, 62
wine, 86–87
Aleksandrowicze, parish of, 48
Alexander, Duke Vitold of Lithuania, 1388 charter by, 159
Alexander I, King, 23
Alexander III, Pope, 179
Allemanno, Johanan be Issac, 107
altar, removing from a local church, 50
Amar, Rabbi Shlomo, 1
`[MTI] Amidah prayer, 118
Anabaptists, 47
Ancona (Italian city), 114
Andrzejewski, Jan, 34
Anonymous of Passau, 19
anti-Catholic polemic, Protestant, 22, 46, 48–50, 113, 122–123, 125, 134–135
Antichrist
Catholic Church as, 46, 48, 169
description of, 111–112
as a Jew, 206
anti-Christian sentiments, 210. See also Jews (attitudes toward non-Jews)
anti-Jewish accusations, see accusations
anti-Jewish literature, 95, 100, 107–108, 113–117, 204
anti-Jewish polemics. See also anti-Jewish rherotic, polemical works
Bible (corrupted by Jews), 127
crucifixion, 78
Gospels, 108
Jewish crimes, representation of, 108, 113–114
Jews, in Protestant, 113
medievalism of, 95, 100, 106, 113–117, 144
anti-Jewish rhetoric, also anti-Jewish stereotypes
against nobles, 81–82, 91–95
against Protestants, 107, 125, 127–129, 131–137
Christian blood, 116–117
cruelty, 108, 110
demonization of Jews, 12, 117
epithets, describing Jews, 110
Jewish beliefs, as absurd and alien, 117
Jews as carnal, 134
Jews as child-killers, 109
Jews as Christ killers, 109
as enemies of Christianity, 68, 82, 110, 135
Jews as diabolical, 117
medieval-style, 91–95, 106, 113–117, 144
used to consolidate Catholicism, 107
anti-Protestant legislation, 47–48, 53, 54–57, 104, 135, 137–140, 142, 144
anti-Protestant polemic, 131–137
antiquity of Jewish law, 12
anti-Trinitarianism, 26
anti-Trinitarians, also Arians, Polish Brethren, Socinians, 46, 52, 125
anti-Catholic polemic, 171
Church’s assaults against, 125
conversions, 55–56, 129
expulsion of, 47–48, 52, 53, 142, (reasons for), 54, (rewards for) 55
Jesus (views of), 122–123
legislation against, 53–56, 174, 214
nobles, 55
polemic against, 125–129
property of, 54
Protestant nobles opposed to, 46–47
schools, 51
social radicalism of, 47
treason, accusations of, 54
trials of, 54
Trinity (views of), 47
wars (view of), 174
apostasy, see also conversions, proselytism
in Jesuit reports to Rome, 179
Malcherowa, Katarzyna, 42–44
penalty for, 43–44, 56, 65, 66, 180
in the Protestant community, 48
Aquinas, Thomas, 212
Arba ah Turim, see also Tur, 147
Archbishop of Gniezno, 23, 43
Archbishop of Sens, 154
arenda, 34, 147
Arian heresy, 18
Arians, see anti-Trinitarians
aristocracy, see nobility
Armenians, 83, 180
arrendator, also leaseholder, 29, 32, 34–35, 147
Jewish woman, 32
monopoly rights to sell vodka, 163
a noble lease, 163
as synonym for a Jew, 208
of a tavern in Głębokie, 68
in Wendoroże, 66
art
in baroque churches, 122
devotional, 122
frescoes, depicting Mary’s life, 123
as religious polemic, 122–123
Asch, Ronald, 150
Asher, Jacob ben, 71
atheists, 56
August II, King, 2, 21, 57, 130, 158
August III, King from Saxony, 57, 158
Augustine of Hippo, 12, 13–14, 88
authority. See also supreme authority
Catholic Church, see also hierocracy, 16, 137–138
royal power, 9, 22–25
Avignonese popes, 8
Avinu Malkenu (prayer), 118
Avodah Zarah, 71
Babylonian Talmud, also Talmud, 71, 74, 184
in anti-Jewish polemic, 105, 117, 119
bachor, 197
Bałaban, Majer, 168
Balmes, Abraham de, 107
Balsam, Kasper, 81, 111
bankers, Jews as, 28
baptism, see also conversions
fees for, 84
infant, 223
by Protestants of Catholic children, 49
validity of, 120
Baranowicz, Mikołaj, 177–178
Barański, Woyciech Józef, 115
Basnage, Jaques, 213, 219
bath houses
assistants in, 90
laws restricting the use of, 71–72
Bawarczyk, Marek, 101
beadles, Jewish, 34
Bedlenski, Mikołaj, 42
beggars (among Catholics), 46, 79
Belz, 52
ben Asher, Jacob, 147
ben Samuel, Rabbi Eliyahu, 106
ben Samuel ha-Levi, David, 186
Benedict XIV, Pope
on Christian wet-nurses for Jews, 63
on debts of Jews to religious orders, 87
encyclical A Quo Primum (1751), 83, 89–90, 120, 194
on episcopal authority, 86
on Jews living on Church lands, 85
Ber of Bolechów, 86, 139
Berlin, Protestant books published in, 104
Bernard (a Franciscan), 109
Bernard of Clairvaux
conversions as a triumph for the Church, 120
“judaize,” 85
on violence, 119
Bible, 101. See also. Gospel, Hebrew Bible, Hebrew Scriptures; Scripture; Vulgate
in anti-Catholic polemic, 125
in anti-Jewish rhetoric, 110–111
Catholic interpretation of, 127, 129
Christian (Christological) interpretation, 10–12
Catholic manipulation of stories in, 109
dissemination of, 103, 216
Hebrew, 10, 11, 12, 128
Jews as corrupters of, 127, 214 n. 33
Latin mistranslations of Hebrew, 126
Latin translation of, 126
Polish Catholic translation of, 2
printing, 103
in Protestant polemic, 104, 125
Protestants, 103, 112, 126–127
reading, 112, 127
sola scriptura, 104
study of, 106
translation and heresy, 19, 104
validity of, 126
in vernacular, 19, 101, 156, 202
Vulgate, 126–127
Bible Moralisée, 155
biblical canon, Council of Trent debate over, 215
Bibliotecae Hebreae, 201
Bielicki, Stanisław, 130
Bielski, Marcin, 44
Biem, Marcin, 43, 44
Bienarów (town), 137
Biłgoraj, 114
Bishop of Arles, letter from Pope Gregory I, 168
bishops. See also, Catholic Church; synodal legislation
concern with loss of revenues, 82, 84
episcopal court, 26, 42
on Jewish authority over Christians, 88 on Jewish-Christian social contacts, 69
on mixed marriages, 50
on the nobles’ defiance of Church teachings, 83
on sexual relations between Christians and Jews, 67
wealth of, 170
blasphemers, 56
blasphemy
penalty for, 44
synagogue as a place of, 13
blood. See Christian blood
blood libel, see also accusations, 1, 31, 38, 91, 99–100, 113, 116, 118–119, 165, 168
Boćki (town), 31
Bohemia, Christianity accepted from, 22
Bohemian brethren, consensus with Lutherans and Calvinists (1570), 46
Bolesław II, King, 157
Bolesław the Pious, 17, 159
Bollandists, 100, 168
Boniface VIII, Pope, 7–9, 26
annointing of Pippin III, 9
conflict with Phillip IV (the Fair), 8
Unam Sanctam (bull), 7–8, 143, 221
books. See also printing; publications
approved by Church, 101
confiscation of, 41
devotional, 122
Hebrew in libraries of religious orders, 105
heresy, 101–103
prohibited, 101–102
Protestant (against Catholicism), 101, 104
religious myths disseminated in, 100
trials for disseminating Lutheran, 101
boundaries
religious, 16, 50, 65, 67, 73, 141
social, 65, 69, 73
Boyarin, Daniel, 219
Braunsberg (Jesuit College), 105
Breslau (Wrocław), 17, 67. See also Council of Breslau
Brest, 35, 37
Augustinian monastery encroaching on Jewish land, 36
court in, 33
kahal, 39
parish church in, 62
brewery, of a Cistercian monastery, 86
brewing. See also, alcoholic beverages
violating Christian holidays, 61
Brodawka, Izak, 29, 89
Brown, Judith, 178
Bukowski, Julian, 42, 221
Burchard of Worms, 192, 195
burghers
competition with Jews, 32
Lutheranism, 45
writings hostile to Jews, 107
Burnett, Stephen, 105
business
between Jews and Christians in Brest, 38
between Jews and clergy, 85–87, 188,
between Jews and nobles, 31–32
butchers
Jewish-Christian, cooperation, 116
Christian-Jewish guild of, 116
Buxtorf, Johannes, 105
Byzantine empire, Emperor’s role in Church affairs, 9
calendars
Counter-Reformation liturgical, 149
Gregorian, 124
Jewish awareness of the Christian, 177
Protestant criticisms of the Catholic, 124
Calixtus II, Pope, 14
Calvinism, 26, 45
churches, 139
marriage by a Calvinist minister, 141
Calvinists
accusations against, 132
consensus with Lutherans and Bohemian brethren, 46
piety in Catholic polemical literature, 77
cannibalism, 10, 99
canon law. See Church law
capital punishment. See also, apostasy, penalty for, 34
Capuchin library in Cracow, 105
Carlebach, Elisheva, 177
Carmelite monastery, business relations with Jews, 87
Carmelite order, on blood libel, 110
carnality
in anti-Catholic polemic, 134
in anti-Protestant polemic, 134–135
associated with Jews, 134
catechisms
Catholic, in Poland, 102–104, 199
Protestant, 112–113
Cathars (Cathari), 18
Cathedral chapter in Cracow, 44, 85, 87
Catholic behavior
Jews and heretics corrupted by, 78
Catholic bishops. See bishops
Catholic calendar. See also calendars
critique of the newly established, 124
Catholic Church
authority
over Catholics (limits of), 58
over Jews, 15–16, 62, 138
over non-Catholics, 179
over Protestants, 124
spiritual (claims to), 7–8, 82, 130
temporal, 7–10, 21–22, 27
attitudes toward Jews, 5, 14–17, 41–42, 61–62, 63–64, 67–68, 69–70, 74, 81, 111, (justice) 36
attitudes toward non-Catholics, 2, 3, 56, 136–137, 138
attitudes toward Protestants, 104, 136
books (production and dissemination), 100
business relations with Jews, 81, 85–87
cultural insularity of, 5, 99
restricting access to controversial ideas, 102, 122, (studying with Jews) 106
economic interests, 85
heresy, 18, 41–42
ideals of power, 7–10, 21–22, 27, 143, 144
ideals of social order, 14–16, (in Poland) 21–22, 27
insecurities, 16, 18, 145
Jewish authority over Christians, 35, 89
Jewish debts, 87
Jewish-made wine, 191
judicial authority, 26, 137
land (Jews on), 85
as a land owner, 27, 83, 189
Luther, Martin, 41
nobles, 22, 27, 48, 52, 53, 58, 143, (and Jews) 32, 80–81, 82–83, 84, 97
orthodoxy, 18
properties, Jews on, 85
Reformation, 45, 47–48, 59, 99
on religious and sexual purity, 68
revenue
compensation from Jews, 189
fees for religious rites, 84
loss, 82–86
tithes, 8, 84–85, 87, 89, 189,
secular powers, 9, 20, 22–25, 28, (king) 21–22
social control, 59, 70, 75
spiritual authority, 7, 10–17, 19, 143, 144
taxes on property of, 26–27, (hiberna) 97
temporal authority, 8, 16, 20, 144
Catholic churches. See churches
Catholic clergy. See also Catholic Church
anti-Jewish accusations by, 99, 107–113
anti-Protestant sentiments, 133
on Christian servants of Jews, 63
clothing, 15
on Jewish beliefs and customs, 106, 121
on Jewish-Christian interaction, 63, 70
Protestant views of, 122
secular jurisdiction over, 27
taxation of, 8
Catholic doctrines, promotion of, 122
Catholic preachers. See preachers; sermons
Catholic priests. See priests
Catholic sermons. See sermons
Catholic synods. See synods
Catholic theology. See theology
Catholic women. See women
Catholicism
abandonment of, 42–44, 64–65
as the “True Religion,” 3
Jewish conversions to, 6, 95, 111, 120, 130
polemic against, 22, 46, 48–50, 113, 122–123, 125, 134–135
Catholics. See also Christians
conversions to Judaism, 42–45, 64–65
disobedient, 59, 61, 137
imprisoned by Jews, 34
not a majority of the population, 143
religious education, 59, 140
religious observance, 55, 60–61, 63–64, 77–78
socializing with Jews, 33, 69–70, 71–72, 75
working for Jews, 61–63, 63–69, 76–77
cemeteries, permits to establish, 189, 222
Chańcza (village), 86
charity, 78
Charlemagne, 9, (Jews) 61
Charles X (Swedish King), 55
charters of privileges, 28, 159
Chełm
synod of, 101, 155, 202
tithes, 190
children. See Christian children; Jewish children
as lamb, 116
Chmielnicki, Bohdan, 53, 92
Chmielnicki uprising, 35, 93
Choynacki, Jan, 77
Christ. See also Jesus
devotion to the suffering of, 124
nature of, 127
Poland as, 196
Second Coming of, 95
Christian blood, alleged uses of, 91, 99, 113, 116–117
Christian burghers. See burghers
Christian butchers. See butchers
Christian calendar, 177. See also calendars
Christian children. See also Jewish children
in anti-Jewish accusations, xi, 1, 92, 114–115, 116
as pledges for loans, 35
Christian courts. See courts
Christian female servants. See Christian servants; servants
Christian Hebraism, also Christian Hebraists, 105–106, 201, 215
Christian heresies. See heresies
Christian heretics. See heretics
Christian jurists, 9
Christian scholars, Jewish instruction of, 105–107
Christian servants. See also servants
of Jews, 16–17, 35, 61–63, 63–69, 76–77, 90, 163, 178, 181
jobs performed for Jews, 90
judaizing, 64
Christian space, sacredness of, 95
Christian wet nurses. See wet nurses
Christian women. See also women; servants
corruption of, 135
as servants, 63–65
Christiani, Pablo, 196
Christianity
early, 10–14, (literature on) 153
ideal social order of, 16
Jewish attitudes toward, 118, 210
Jewish converts to, 6, 95, 111, 120, 130, 196
Poland, accepted from Bohemia, 22
as sacred body, 95
Christians. See also Catholics
abandoning Catholicism, 42–44, 64
accused of church robbery, 208
circumcision, 44
as Haman on Purim, 90
Jewish attitudes toward, 118,
Jewish authority over, 34–35, 88, 163,
persecution of early, 11
poverty, claims of, 82
religious education, 66, 140
religious observance, 33, 69–70, 71–72, 77–78
segregation from Jews (laws), 17, 41
social interactions with Jews, 41, 42, 75–76, 195
violence against Jews, 120
Christ’s vicar, 7
Chrysostom, John, 12–13, 135
Jewish festivals, 12
Jews as dogs, 44
Chrzą stowski (a nobleman), 51
Church. See Catholic Church
Church hierocracy
doctrine of, 21, 27
in Poland, 21–22
Church holidays. See calendar; festivals
Church laws. See also Catholic Church
heresy (also Protestantism), 41–42, 137–140
Jews, 14–17, 41–42, 61–62, 63–64, 67–68, 69–70, 74, (influence on Jewish law) 178
church robbery, 37–38, 38–39, 208
churches. See also Protestant churches
art in, 122
Catholic, transformed into Protestant, 49
as Domus Dei, 133
legal restrictions on Protestant, 138–139, 142, 222
Łuck, 114
Lutheran, 78, 139
Moscovite, 78
Protestant, turned into synagogues, 139
as sacred spaces, 95
synagogue rules applied to Protestant, 139
Chwastów (town), 92
Ciborium (pyx), 147
circumcision 117, 134
of Christians, 44
Cistercian monastery, 86
Clement V, Pope, 8
clergy. See Catholic clergy
Clericos Laicos (bull), 8
clothing
clergy, (Catholic) 15, (Protestant) 135, 141
Jews, 15, 41–42, 73
non-Christians, 15, 67
lent by Jews to Christians, 75
non-nobles, 185
Ćmielów, 114
Collectarium canonum of Burchard of Worms, 192, 195
confession, 60
confessionalization, 4, 150
confessionals, 176
confraternities, 217
consensus sandomiriensis, 46
Constance, Council of (1415), 20
Constitutio pro Judaeis (edict), 15
constitution nihil novi (1505), 23
constitution (1573), 46
constitution (1632), on dissidents, 48
conversions. See also apostasy; proselytism
to Catholicism by Jews, 6, 75, 76–77, 95–96, 120, 129, 130–131, 196, 211
to Judaism by Christians, 42–45, 64–65
fears of, 63, 65
tales of, 120, 130–131
Corpus Christi, 124, 217
Protestants, 138
Council of Breslau/Wroclaw (1267), 17, 41, 67, 192
Council of Constance (1415), 20
Council of Elvira, 12
Council of Four Lands (Va ῾ ad Arb ῾ a Arazot), 73, 87, 147
debts to the Church, 87
taxes, 31
Council of Nicea, 18, 181
Council of Trent (1545–1563), 27, 59, 100, 103
acceptance of in Poland, 22
on the authenticity of the Latin Vulgate, 126
on secular jurisdiction over clergy, 27
Council of Vannes, 184
Council of Vienne (1267), 182
Counter Reformation
ghettoization of Jews, 107
in the Habsburg Monarchy, 156
liturgical calendar, 149.
papacy, 154
in Poland, 2, 142–145
courts
ecclesiastical, 42–44, 66, 86, 101
authority over the laity, 26, 167
sexual relations between Jews and Christians in, 66, 68
secular
Jews in, 36, 62
municipal criminal, 62
for the nobles, 24
separation of ecclesiastical from, 26
tribunal
Crown Tribunal, 24
Lithuanian Tribunal, 31, 38
Cracow
academy, 105
archive of the Reformed Franciscans, 75
bishop of, 68, 83, 84, 85, 88, 124, 139,
Capuchins, 105
cathedral chapter in, 44, 85, 87
diocese of, 83
episcopal court in, 66, 101
heresy, 42–44, 101
Jesuits, 105
Jews in the economy of, 160
judaizers, 45
Palatine of, 52
sermons in, 77
Synod, Protestant, 50
crime
Jewish, 37–38, 38–39, 208, (in anti-Jewish polemic), 108, 114
robbery, penalty for, 114
Crusade, persecution of the Jews, 154
crypto-arianism, cases of, 55
cults, of Mary, Jesus and the saints, 122, 124
Cum Nimis Absurdum (bull) (1555), 16, 138
establishing the Roman ghetto, 41
Cum sit nimis absurdum canon, 192
currency, 30
Czartoryski-Sieniawski family, (library) 97, (towns owned by) 189
Danaam, parable about, 110
dancing, Jews and Christians. See also, socializing, 41, 72, 184
Daniłowna, Paraska, 65–66, 182
dark ages, 142
David of Augsburg, 19
Davies, Norman, 143
Dawidowa, Maryna (of Vitebsk), 64
de Espina, Alfonso, 100, 114
decretists (twelfth century), 192
Decretum, 195
Deluge, 53
Demidowy, Swiryd, 68
Denhoffs (noble family), 93
desecration of the Host. See Eucharist; Host
devil. See also Satan
fasts serving, 134
heretics, 133
Jews, 111
The Devil and the Jew, 116
dietary laws, Jewish, 71
dietines, sejmiki, 25, 147
dining. See socializing
“A Discourse on Good Deeds” (poem), 47
dissidents, religious, 47–48, 48, 56–57
divorce, allowed by Protestants, 172
doctors. See physicians
dogs. See also Jewish dogs, 44
Dominicans, Jewish debts to, 87
Domus Dei, churches as, 133
Dowgiało, Alexander, 119, 123
drinking. See also, socializing
at indulgence celebrations, 78
restricting Jewish-Christian, 69–70
dualitas [religious duality], 2, 217
Dubno (town), 64
Dubnow, Simon, 159
Dunaas of Arabia, 110
Dundes, Alan, 119
“Dziesięcina” (poem), 159
Dziewulski, Marceli, 131, 135
Eastern Orthodox Christians, 58, 64, 174. See also schismatics
Catholic servants, 180
tithes, 84
ecclesia, 7
ecclesiastical architecture, 176
Edictum contra dissidentes (1725), 138, 140
Edictum contra Judaeos (1717) of Jan Skarbek, 82
Edictum contra Judaeos (1751) of Andrzej Stanisław Kostka Załuski, 61, 68, 69, 90
education, 51–52. See also religious education
of Catholic clergy and laity, 59
competition from the anti-Trinitarians, 51
control of, 104
Protestant, 50
Egidio, Cardinal, 203
Elvira, Council of, 12
Emperor
Charlemagne, 9
power of, 7
role in Church affairs, 9
Roman, 9
Empire,
idea of in Western Europe, 9
Roman, 9,
Enlightenment, in Poland, 6
ennoblement
of a Jew, 28–29, 35–36, 160
limited to Catholics, 57
entertainment, restricting Jewish-Christian, 69–70
episcopal courts. See courts
Epistola pastoralis (1737) by Bishop Jan Alexander Lipski, 88, 200
Esau, 14
estate, 150
Etienne de Bourbon, 19
Eucharist. See also, Host
in Catholic apologetics, 133
confraternities, 217
devil, 133
miracle stories of, 132
in polemic against Protestants, 132, 218
theft of, 92, 114
worship of, 77
Eucharistic cult, revival among Catholics, 131
Eugeni of St. Matthew, 96
Eusebius, 11
Evangelicals, 134
evicomen (or afikoman), 118–119
excommunication
tithes (non-payment of), 190
for transgressions, 87
Execution of the Laws movement, 24, 27
executioners, Christians employed by Jews as, 89
exempla, 108, 110–111, 120, 130, 206
exile, Jewish, 16, 96
expulsion
of anti-Trinitarians, 54
as punishment for apostasy, 180
Ezofowicz, Abram (Jan), 28
Ezofowicz, Isak, 28
Ezofowicz, Michel, 28–29, 35, 89
False Gods (anti-Catholic pamphlet), 46
fasts, 118, 133–134
Catholic, (meat on) 137, (versus Jewish practices) 118
as mortification of the body, 134
Protestant attacks on, 133
devil, 134
festivals
Catholics not observing, 60–61, 63–64, 77–78
Corpus Christi, 124, 138, 217
devoted to Mary, 123
Feast of the Assumption, 123
Jewish, 12, 69–70, 118
Protestants (and Catholic festivals), 123, 124, 138
Sunday as Christian Sabbath, 70
work for Jews on Christian, 61–62, 90, 177
Filipowicz, Jakub, 78
flogging, 182
Floryk, Woyciech, 114
Fortalitium fidei, 100
Forteca Duchowna (1737), xi
Fram, Edward, 33, 75
France
anti-Protestant pamphlets, 216
art (biblical stories in), 109
Jews, 219
Frederick, Duke, charter to Jews of Austria, 28
friendships, Jewish-Christian, 73, 75, 71, 81
Gamrat, Bishop Piotr
on Katarzyna Malcherowa an apostate, 44
on synagogues, 139
Garbarzów (town), 137
Gawłuszowice (town), 86
Gelasius I, Pope (492–496), 101
gematria, 129
gentry. See nobility
German lands, liability for infantcide, 183
ghettoes, 17, 107, 203
Gierowski, Józef, 24
Głębokie (town), 68
gluttony, 134, 135
Gniezno, Archbishop of, 23, 43
Gnostic-Manichean beliefs, 18
God’s name, letters of, 128
God’s Playground, 143
Goraiec, 114
Górnicki, Łukasz, 44
Goryszewski, Jan (noble), helping Jews, 39
Gospels, in anti-Jewish polemic, 108
Grayzel, Solomon, 14
Greek, language, 105
Gregorian Catholic calendar, 124. See also calendars
Gregory I (the Great), Pope
Dialogues, 207
on Jewish converts to Christianity, 44
letter to Bishop of Arles, 168
Roman Imperial Law on Jews, 14
Gregory X, Pope
on accusations against Jews, 206
on heretics, 20
Lachrymabilem Judaeorum (1274), 206
Grimani, Cardinal, 107
Habsburg Monarchy, 4, 157
Counter Reformation in, 156
ha-Cohen, Shabbatai, 73
Hagar
compared to Jewish law, 11
children of, 88, 204
halakhah. See Jewish law; rabbinic law
Ḥalfan, Elia Menachem, on teaching Hebrew to non-Jews, 202
Haman
motivation as vengeance, 96
Christians’ role at Purim, 90
Hanover, Nathan Nata, 35
haroset, 208
hebraica veritas doctrine of, 126, 127
Hebrew Bible. See also Bible; Hebrew Scriptures
Latin mistranslations of, 126
proof the Trinity, 128
validity of, 126–127
Hebrew books, in libraries of religious orders, 105
Hebrew grammar, handbook of, 105, 201
Hebrew inscriptions on coins, 159
Hebrew language
attitudes toward, 105, 127, 201
knowledge of, 202, 215
Reformation, 105–106
study of (in Poland), 105–106
in western Europe, 105–106, 200, 202
Hebrew printing in Poland, 201
Hebrew Scriptures. See also Bible, Hebrew Bible; Torah
Christian interpretation of, 11
as “the Old Testament,” 10
Hebrew words, numerical values of, 129
Henrician articles, 24
Henry of Anjou, 24
Herbest, Benedict
on books, 101–102
on Eucharist, 132
ḥerem or (ban), 31
heresies, 9, 18–19, 53, 133, 165
Bible (knowledge of) as a cause of, 19
books, 41, 101–102, 104
Cathars, 18
Jews, 41–42, 42–44, 44–45
policies against, (Church) 19, 41–42, 137–141, (imperial) 18
Waldensians, 19
heretics, 5, 70, 144
Catholic rhetoric about, 129, 131–134, 219
Church authority over, 137
economic conditions, 136
as enemies of the state, 136
Eucharist, 132, 133
intermixing with, 136
legislation against, 137–141
marriage to Catholics, 140
as threat to Poland’s purity, 136
ḥezkath ha-yishuv, 31
hiberna, 97
hierocracy. See Church hierocracy
Historia Maior (or Chronica maior) by Matthew Paris, 100
Hoffman, Johannes Daniel, 201
holidays. See festivals
Holy Scriptures, see Bible
Holy Spirit, V as the expression of, 128
holy water, devil’s fear of, 111
homes. See houses
homosexual relations, 186
Honorius II, Pope, 221
Honorius IV, Pope, 177
Horowitz, Rabbi Isaiah, 35
Host. See also Eucharist
desecration of, 94, 99, 113–114, 131, 218
popular beliefs about, 114
houses, acquisition by Jews, 83, 93–94, 217
Hubicki, Szymon, 91, 116, 117, 118
humanism in Poland, 106
Hundert, Gershon, 29, 31, 32, 33
Hus, Jan, 19, 20, 41
Hussite heresy, 41
Iberia. See also Spain
mass conversions of Jews, 151
Priscilian sect, 18
idolatry, also idolators, 74, 178, 183, 185
Christianity as, 75, 210
Iewłowicz, Wulf, 37
Iezeiaszowa, Dvora Jakubovna Rubinovichovna, 39
Ignatius of Antioch, 70
immaculate conception, 123, 212
Imperial Code of Law, on heretics, 18
incantations, 74
Index Librorum Prohibitorum (Index of Prohibited Books), 100
indulgences, 78
infanticide, 66, 68, 183
“Infanticide” (painting) in Sandomierz, 5
infants. See also Jewish infants
baptism of, 223
dangers related to rearing, 74
infidels
Jews as, 67
love of, 111
martyrdom of Catholics, xi
inn-keepers. See Jewish inns
Innocent III, Pope, 8, 14, 16, 115, 154, 181, 194
Sicut Judaeis (bull), 14
on vernacular translations of the Bible, 156
Innocent IV, Pope, 141
condemnation of accusations against Jews, 205
on clothing for Jews, 15
inquisition in Poland, 26
inquisitor, salaried office of, 158
intermarriage, between Catholics and non-Catholics, 50, 140
intermixing, see socializing
interregnum, (1572–1573) 24, (1733) 57
interrex, archbishop of Griezno serving as, 23
intimacy, fears of, 72–74
Isaac (biblical), 11
Ishmael (biblical), 11
Islam, on the validity of the Bible, 126
Israelites. See also Jews
biblical laws on “non-Israelites,” 71
Isserles, Rabbi Moses, 33, 36, 71, 72, 183, 210
on non-Jewish doctors, 74
on teaching crafts to a gentile, 73
Italy, Jews teaching non-Jews, 106
Ivan the Terrible, 30
Izrael, Jewish leaseholder in Szczebrzeszyn, 35
Izrael of Przeworsk, 38
Izraelowicz, Judka, 39
Jacob (biblical) as a symbol, 14
Jadwiga, Queen of Poland, 30
Jagiełło, Władysław, King 30
Jakubowicz, Dawid, 62
Jan Kazimierz, King, 56
on dissidents, 48
Jankielewa, Gisia, 65
Jankowski, Krzysztof, 33
Jankowski, Grzegorz (priest), 134
Januszewicz, Shlomo, 34
Jędrzejów, 202
Jerome, translation of the Bible by, 126
Jerusalem, 108
Jeske-Choiński, Teodor, 151
Jesuits
colleges, 104–105
Jewish debts, 87
Jews building a church for, 31, 161
Minsk, 31
noblemen’s education, 51, 142
Jesus. See also Christ, Eucharist, Host
in anti-Jewish polemic, 95, 108–110
baby, emerging from the Host, 113
body of (in Eucharist), 99
crucifixion, 78, 108
Jews’ refusal to accept, 11
Jewish views on, 118
as a lamb, 116
nature of, 122, 125, 129, 213
Polonization of, 109
reference to dogs, 44
suffering of, 123, 131
temptations by the devil, 134
Yeshu, 129
Jewish arrendator. See arrendator; leaseholders
Jewish authorities, 70. See also Jewish leaders; kahal; rabbis
Church influence on decisions by, 178
on real estate ownership, 195
on relations with non-Jews, 75
on tax on liquor, 35
on wine used for idolatry, 191
Jewish beadles (szkolnicy), 34
Jewish Bible. See Bible; Hebrew Bible
Jewish children. See also Christian children;
anti-Jewish rhetoric, 117
Christian women, 64, 69, 73–74
stolen, 179
Jewish community, 28, 37, 72
Jewish conversion stories, 130. See also conversions; Jews
Jewish dietary laws, 71
Jewish dogs, 168. See also dogs
Jewish female servants, 63
Jewish inns, 194. See also inn-keepers
Jewish law (halakhah), 33. See also laws; rabbinic law; Shulḥan Aruk
on converts to Judaism, 180
Hagar compared to, 11
ideals, 178
Jewish dress, 73
on midwives, 73, 183
non-Jewish servants, 63, 178
on non-Jews, 71–76
observance of, 12, 111
on socializing with non-Jews, 72, 75, 184
on wet nurses, 73–74, 183
Jewish leaseholders, 85, 162, 163, 177. See also arrendators; leaseholders
Jewish midwives. See midwives
Jewish population. See also population
in Poland, 1, 42, 161, (demographic shift) 30
Jewish proselytism. See conversions; proselytism
Jewish quarters, establishing separate, 17
Jewish religion. See Judaism
Jewish rituals. See also rituals
Christian observance of, 12
Christian servants’ familiarity with, 64
Jewish synagogues. See synagogues
Jewish women, 69
midwives, 73
as servants, 179
wet nurses, 73–74, 178, 183
Jewish-Christian interaction, regulations of, 14–17, 41–42, 63–64, 73–75
Jewish-Christian polemic, see anti-Jewish polemic; anti-Jewish rhetoric; polemic
Jewish-Christian socializing. See socializing
Jews. See also anti-Jewish polemic; anti-Jewish rhetoric; Israelites
Jew(s)
in anti-Jewish polemic. See anti-Jewish polemic; anti-Jewish rhetoric
appearance, 73
alcoholic beverages, 61, 176
alliances with political powers, 28
attitudes toward non-Jews, 71–76, 117–118, 210, 219, (in anti-Jewish polemic), 112, 117–119
authority over Christians, 14–16, 33, 34–35, 61–69, 82, 88–89, 192
Catholic Church 5, 144, (authority) 63, 138, (business relations with), 81, 85–87, (justice from) 36, (policies) 14–17, 41–42, (revenue) 84
charity, 79
Christian authorities, protection of, 38
Christian servants, 35, 61–62, 63–69, 76–77, 178
Christian women, 63–69, 73–74, 76–77
Christianity, (early) 10–13, (role in) 13, 16
Christians, (business relations) 38, (circumcision of) 45, (instruction of) 73, (interaction with) 15–16, 73–75, 75–76
Church objects, stolen, 114
clothing (distinctive), 15, 41, 67
conversion to Christianity 6, 75, 76–77, 95–96, 120, 129, 130–131, 196, 211
as corrupters, (of the Bible) 127, (of Christians) 67–69, 70, 79
courts, (non-Jewish) 36, 164, (Church) 36, 38–39
crime, 37–38, 38–39, 114, 208
Crusade, First, 154
debts, 87
distorting the words of the Torah, 214
ecclesiastical properties, 85–86
economic reality in Christian lands, 63
economic role, 28–29, 31–32, 58
exile, 16, 96
festivals of. See festivals
ghetto, 16–17
Jesuits, 33–34, (Minsk) 31, 161
land, 88
meat, (sale to Christians) 115
nobles, 27, 29, 30, 31–32, 38–39, 80
business relations, 58
economic interests, 40
protection, 28–32, 82
as Other, 107
piety, 77, 107
Poland, 4, 31, (appreciation for security) 33, 36–37, (population) 1, 42, 161, (privileges) 29, 62, (settlement) 17, 28, 30, 159
proselytism, 42–45
real estate, 83, 85, 112
religious observance, 77–78, 108
segregation from Christians, 17, 41
sexual relations with Christians, 65–67, 71–73, 75
socializing with Christians, 33, 41, 42, 69–70, 71–72, 75, 81, 184
status, 29, 31, 37, (clergy’s view) 82, 97, (like nobles) 35, (in royal domains) 32, (social) 34–36, 80–81, 89
as symbolic significance, 5, (of the Church’s failures) 144, (of good luck) 197
taxes, avoiding the payment of, 32
Johel of Morawy, 38
John III Sobieski, King, on Jewish criminals, 37
John Paul II, Pope, 1
Joseph (in New Testament), 109
Joseph (in Genesis), 172
Józefowicz, Abram, 86
Judaism, also Jewish religion
conversions to, 42–45, 64–65
law against anti-Trinitarians, 56
as a legal religion, 14, 18
religious practices (knowledge of), 118
study of (by non-Jews), 99, 106
Judaizers, reports of, 45
Judaizing, 12, 45, 64, 77, 180
jurydyka, 31, 147
Justin the Martyr, 10–11
kahal, 31, 147
Kalik, Judith, 84, 163, 178, 188, 222
Kalisz, 41
Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, 1
Karnkowski, Bishop Stanisław, 102
Karp, Bishop Josaphat Michal, 70, 88, 90
Kashrut (dietary laws), 71
Katechizm Rzymski (1568), 199
Kazimierz the Great, King, 28
Kegler (inspector), 86
Kieremowicz, Mikołaj, 206
King (Polish). See also monarchs; royal authority
concessions to the nobles, 23–24
conditions of reign, 24
electoral process, 23
nobles and the Catholic Church, 22
religion of, 23
King of France
conflict with Pope Boniface VIII, 8
Pope Innocent III letter to, 16
Kniazyce, synagogue in, 66
Kobielski, Bishop Franciszek, 90, 94
authority over Jews, 138
on Christian servants, 64
pastoral letter to the Jews, 138
Kobryń, municipal court of, 68
Komajce, 38
Korona, Marek, 127–129
on Hebrew, 201
as an authority in the Hebrew Scriptures, 128
Kotowski, Kazimierz, 39
Kotowski, Konstanty, 39
Kowalski, Jan, 33
Kowalski, Waldemar, 149, 202
Kowelski, Semeon Samuel, 34
Kożminek, 48
Kraiński, Krzysztof, 113
anti-Catholic rhetoric, 130, 212, 220
on Catholic belief in the devil, 111
on Catholic fasts, 134
on celebrating Sunday, 70
on festivals devoted to Mary, 124
Postylla, 123, 124
sermons against Catholic festivals, 123
Krasnowski, Jerzy, 113
Kreisgseisen, Wojciech, 221
Królewiec (Königsberg), 104
Krosnowski, Jan, 60, 135–136
on Christian behavior, 77
Krowicki, Marcin, 22, 46, 207
Kurzą dka, Łukasz Ludwik Olkowski, 62
Kwiatkowska-Frejlich, Lidia, 122
Lachrymabilem Judaeorum (1274), 206
Lakó, Elemér, 169
land
Church, 27, 83, 85, 189
Jewish control of, 88
ownership of, 25
sale to Jews, 94
landed proprietors (zieminanie), 34
Langmuir, Gavin, 99
Laslowa, Dorothea, 137
Lateran Council (III), 181
Lateran Council (IV), 15, 17, 18, 41, 167
on distinctive clothing for Jews and clergy, 15, 67
on Jews mocking Christians, 15
on tithes from Jews, 189
latifundia, 30, 147
Jews as administrators or leaseholders, 33–34
Latin Vulgate. See Vulgate
laws. See also Church laws; Jewish law
anti-Protestant, 47–48, 53, 54–57, 104, 135, 137–140, 142, 144, (paralleling anti-Jewish) 133
ex regestro arianismi, 125
lay powers, 9
leaseholders, 29. See also arrendator; Jewish leaseholders
leases
autonomy of leaseholders, 85
Jewish versus noble, 163
Leipzig, 104
Lent, 70
Leo III, Pope, 9
leprosy, in polemical literature, 135, 220
Levita, Elias, 106
Lewartów, anti-Trinitarian school, 51
Lewek, Jan Krzysztof (Jewish convert), 96
Lewko, Jewish banker, 28
Leyba, 65
Leżajsk (town), 59, 65
liberties, 24
library catalogues, 202
Licet universis (papal bull), 179
Lincoln, England, 114
Linowski, Albert, 66
Lipie, 52
Lipski, Bishop Jan Alexander, 61, 84, 85, 94, 200
on Christians in the role of Haman, 90
Epistola Pastoralis, 88
pastoral letter of 1737, 61
Lipton, Sara, 149, 155, 224
liquor, tax on (czopowe), 35
literacy, 5, 112, (heresy) 41
Lithuania
union with Poland, 30–31
conflicts with Russia, 30
Lithuanian Statute (1588), 163
Lithuanian Tribunal, 31, 38. See also courts
Livonia, 221
loans, Jewish authority over Christians, 35
lords. See nobles
Lord’s Prayer. See Pater Noster
Lorencowicz, Alexander, 135, 219
Łosiewski, Fortunat, 94, 218
Łowicz, provincial synod of, 104
Lubieniecki, Stainsław, 54
Łubieński, Bishop Kazimierz of Cracow, 124, 139
Lublin (town), 104
Luboml (town), 190
Łuck, 114
diocese of, 64
Lucławice, 51
Ludwik, Prince Jakub, 86
Lukowski, Jerzy, 23, 24, 25
Łulin, 32
Luther, Martin
Church’s reaction to, 41, 101
on individual reading of the Bible, 215
sympathizing with, 137
Lutheran advisors, of August II, 57, 130
Lutheran books, trials for disseminating, 101
Lutheran churches
in Catholic polemic, 78
demolition of, 139
Lutheranism, burghers attracted to, 45
Lutherans, see also anti-Protestant polemic
consensus with Calvinists and Bohemian brethren, 46
as merchants, 58
in northern provinces, 143
prominence at the court of Augustus II, 57, 130
Lwów, Archbishop of, 82, 95
machlarstwo/machlojstwo, 196
Mackiewicz, Jarosz, 31
Mą czak, Antoni, 25
Magdeburg, bishopric of, 22
Magdeburg Laws, 167
apostasy, 180
Jewish proselytism, 65
penalizing Jewish-Christian sexual relations with death, 65, 68
magic, Jewish midwives accused of, 74
magnates. See also nobles
the rise of, 23
as independent rulers, 25
Jews, 32, 188
land ownership, 25
republic of, 21, 25
royal power, 24
Maharam, Rabbi of Lublin, 72
Maimon, Salomon, 162, 182
Maimonides, 108, 210
Małachowski, Bishop Jan, 124
Malcherowa, Katarzyna, also Malchierowa, Weigel, 42–44
Małopolska
Calvinist congregations, 124
center of anti-Trinitarianism, 122
Manicheans, 18
manors, Jews ruling, 89
Marian devotion, 75, 123, 124
Marianna, 66
marit ayin, principle, 71
marriages
between Protestants and Catholics, 140, 223
between Jews and Christians, 65, 223
by Protestant ministers, 140
in Protestant teachings, 172
requirements for, 140
martyrdom, Catholic, 2
Martyrologium Romanum series in Sandomierz, xi, 2
destruction of the Sandomierz castle, xi, xxviii, 2
martyrdom of Catholics, xi, xxiv, 2
martyrdom of Dominicans at the hands of the Tatars, xi, xxv, 2
a scene of ritual murder, xi, xxviii, 1–2
Mary (the Virgin), 109, 122–123, 130–130, 216
Polonization of, 109
Masiukiewicz, Pawel, 34
Masoret ha-Masoret, 106
Masovia, Duchy of, 139
mass (Catholic), 60, 122
Matuszewicz, Marcin, 183
matzah (matzoth), 69, 99, 118, 184
meat
kosher, 115
sold by Jews, 70, 115
Męciński, Józef, 175
medical emergencies. See also midwives; physicians
contacts between Jews and non-Jews, 72, 74
medieval anti-Jewish sentiments, 116. See also anti-Jewish polemic
medieval iconography, Jews in, 224
medievalism
of Polish anti-Jewish polemic, 113–117
of Polish Catholicism, 142
Medigo, Elia del, 107
Mennonites, Dutch, 58
menstrual bleeding, 117
menstruating woman, Jesus born of, 118
merchants, Jews as, 28
Meshullam, Rabbi, 116
Messiah, Jewish as Antichrist, 112
messiahship of Jesus, 213
messianic movement, 33
Metz, 156
Metzger, Rabbi Yona, 1
Michelevich, Abram, 65, 182
Michelewicz, Itzḥak, 35
Michiel, Jewish arrendator, 68
Mickiewicz, Adam, 196
Miczyński, Sebastian, anti-Jewish work by, 29, 107, 116
midwives, 68–69, 73–74, 183
Jewish, 74, 178
Jewish rulings on, 73
Mieczysław, Brzozowski, 109
Mielec (town), 65
Mikhelevich, Esther, 36
military duty, limitations on for nobles, 23
Minsk (royal town), 31
miracles, 113, 132
Mirandola, Pico della, 107
Miriam [Mary], numerical value of, 129
Mishnah, 71
on assistance during childbirth, 183
on Jewish midwives, 178
on nursing children, 183
on teaching gentiles crafts, 73
Misiakiewicz, Pawel, 172
mixing of Christians and Jews, 17. See also socializing
Młodzianowski, Tomasz, 109, 212, 215
Modena, Leon, 107
Mohilev, 65, 114
Mojecki, Przecław, 91, 116, 117, 118, 210
monarchs. See also King (Polish)
electoral process in Poland, 23
financial weakness of, 25
Jewish relationship with, 28
land, 25
nobles, 22–25, 31, 46–47
rules for, 24
monarchy
Catholic Church ties to, 22, 23
in Lithuania, 30
papacy as, 16
Moroz, Stefan, funerary sermon for, 119
Moscovite. See Muscovite
Moszko “the Senator,” 39
Moszkowski, Hieronim, 212
Motole (town), 177
Moyżeszowicz, Jakub, 34
municipal criminal courts, Jews in, 62
Muraszko, Tymoteusz, 32
Muscovite churches as more pious, 78
Muscovite forces, siege of Vitebsk, 58
Muscovy. See Russia
Muslims, also Saracens, 17, 58, 67, 219
myths, anti-Jewish, 91–95, 100, 107, 119, 207
Nadav, Modekhai, 163
Narew, 29
neighborly love, 111, 120
Nicea, Council of, 18, 181
Nicene Creed, 18
niddah, law of, 178
Nieciecki, Bartłomiej, 33
Niekurza (village), 86
Nihil novi constitution, 23
Nirenberg, David, 67
Noaḥide commandments, 106, 202
nobility. See also magnates, nobles
equality of, 23
identification with Catholicism, 3, 36, 54, 57
membership, 23, 26, 36, 57, 185
multi-religious and multi-ethnic definition of, 36
re-Catholicization of, 53
Reformation, 26–27, 45, 47
rise of, 23
nobles. See also magnates; Protestant nobles
arrested by Jews, 34
Catholic Church, 22, 26, (defiance of) 80, 87–88, 95–98, 143, (imposing taxes on) 26–27, (tithes) 190
clergy (Catholic), 96–97, (critique of nobles) 82–83
divisions among, 25
economic interests, 30–32, 40, 87
education, 51–52, 142
governmental positions, 23
identity, Catholic, 26, 54, 57, 58, 143
Jews, (laws against) 94, (protection of), 28–32, 39, 82 (relationship with) 5, 28–32, 144
king, relations with, 22–25, 31, 46–47
land, 25, 30, 34, 162
landless (gołota), 25, 162
liberties of, 24, 26, 47
power, 4, 21
Protestants, 142, (laws against) 47–48, 53, 54–57
re-Catholicization among, 4, 48, 52, 53, 142
Reformation, 26–27, 45, 47
serfs as collateral, 35
wars, 25, 54, 170
noblewomen, 69, 182
Nochim of Lublin, 38
non-Catholics, exclusion from nobility, 58, (clothing) 185
non-Jews, 71–76, 117–118, 210, 219
instruction of by Jews, 106, 202
representation of in Jewish sources, 72–73
Nowy Korczyn (town), 66, 86
nudity, 186
Ochabowicz, Woyciech, 131, 217
Odo of Chateauroux, Bishop of Maguelonne, 15
“Old Testament”, Hebrew Scriptures as, 10. See also, Bible, Hebrew Bible
Oleśnicki family, 122
Oliwa, treaty of, 55
Olkowska, Anna Dą browska, 62
Opacki, Father I., 113
Opatów (town), 72
Opulence, of the Catholic Church, 19
Orense, Bishop of, 100
Orla, 139
Orthodox Christianity, 143, (Jews’ resistance to) 58
orthodoxy, within the Catholic Church, 18
Ossior, leaseholder of a brewery, 66
Ostrów Mazowiecki, 84
Otwinowski, Erazm, 159
Our Father. See Pater Noster
pacta conventa, 24, 48
pagans, 137. See also idolatry
papacy, 16, 22, (Counter-Reformation) 96, 154
papal authority, 7–9, 16, 22, 154
parch as a pejorative term for Jews, 96
Paris, Matthew, 100, 114
parish priests. See priests
Paruta, Paolo, 10
Passion, sermons, 108
Passover, 99, 119
Pasternak, Jew, 65
Pater Noster, 140, 147
Paul IV, Pope
Cum Nimis Absurdum, 16–17, 74, 138, 186, 221
Paul the Apostle, 11
Epistle to the Galatians, 88
passions of the flesh, 134
Pauli, Żegota, 221
Pentateuch, laws in, 71
Perecewiczowa, Baska, 36
perekh, 196
Peter the Apostle, two swords, 7
Peter’s pence [świętopietrze], 22
Pfefferkorn, Johannes, 117, 196
Phillip IV (the Fair), King of France, 8
Phinehas of Korzec, 33
physicians, 71, 73–74
Piast dynasty, 23
Piccardists, 48
pidiyon shevuim, 72
piety, (Catholic) 77, (Jews as examples of) 107
Pińczów, 115
Pinsk, court in, 36, 62
Piotrków
Sejm of, 29
synod of, 22, 101, 104
Pippin III, 9
Płock, synod of, 103, 155
Pociej, Lady, 37, 208
Pogost (Pohost) (town), 32
Poland
as the Christ of nations, 196
Church’s claim to power, 144
Counter Reformation in, 142–145
cultural decline of, 142
cultural insularity of, 99–100
eastern territories, 3
eastward expansion, 30
humanism in, 106
Jewish law in, 71
Jews, 28, 62. See also Jews (Poland)
as a multi-cultural and multi-religious country, 58, 145
papacy (feudal relationship with), 22
as “Paradise” for the Jews, 97
power relations, 22–25
purity of, 136
Re-Catholicisation, 6, 48, 52, 53
royal elections, 23
Russia, wars with, 53, 58
size of towns, 189
socioeconomic conditions, 90
union with Lithuania, 30–31
wars, 4, 20, 53, (non-Catholic states) 4, 53, 57
polemical works. See anti-Catholic polemic, anti-Jewish polemics; anti-Protestant polemic
Polish anti-Trinitarians. See anti-Trinitarians
Polish Brethren (Socinians), 46. See also anti-Trinitarians
Polish Church. See Catholic Church
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 3–4, 53. See also Poland; Lithuania
expansion, 30
Jews, 4, 40
land ownership, 25
map of, xi
socioeconomic conditions, 90
political power, fragmentation of, 25
Polock (town), 30, 65
Polonization of Jesus and Mary, 109
Pontiff. See Pope
Pontius Pilate, 108
Pope. See also specific Popes
as anti-Christ, 112
political sovereignty of, 10
Popławski, Mikołaj,
Jews, 95, 108, 110, 112
Protestants, 132
population, 1, 42, 143, 161. See also Jewish population
Postylla, 70, 123, 124
Postylla Katholicka Mnieysza, 220
Poszakowski, Jan, 104, 111, 117, 213
on printing and heresy, 103
on Eucharist and transubstantiation, 208
on reading the Bible, 106
Potocki, Stainisław, 87
Potocki, Wacław, 54, 56, 172
“A Discourse on Good Deeds” (poem), 47
conversion to Catholicism, 54
Potocki, Wojewoda, 93
Poznań, synod of (1720), 103
Prawda Chrześcijańska [Christian Truth], 83, 93
prayers
Christian, 3,
Jewish, direction, 119
views of Christianity in Jewish, 117–118
Prażmowski, Franciszek, 62
preachers, 119, 134, 176, 203. See also, sermons
Przemyśl, Bishop of, 88
priests. See also, Catholic clergy
clothing, 15, 67, 141
competition for authority, 140
function of, 45, 62, 177, 198
garb of, 141
judaizing, 85
negative perception of, 98
neglecting religious instruction, 104
sale of wine to, 191
printing. See also books
control of, 100–105
Hebrew, 201
heresy, 103
importance of, 103
Priscilian, 18
private worship, rulings against, 140
Process kryminalny, xxix, xx, 1, 97, 113–114, 115, 118. See also, Żuchowski
processions, 139
Prodi, Paolo, 10, 16
Prohibitions on
alcoholic beverages, 61
bath houses, 72, 73
Jews in public office, 15, 192
servants, 17, 180
socializing, 41, 71–72, 184,
women, 68–69, 74, 183
proselytism, Jewish, 44–45, 65, 180
Protestant books. See books
Protestant catechism, 113. See also catechisms
Protestant churches. See also churches
restrictions on, 138–139, 142, 222
Protestant ministers, 49
baptism of infants, 223
clothing, 141
marriages performed by, 140
Protestant nobles. See also nobles
conversion to Catholicism, 48, 143
education, 51
laws against, 56
Protestant Reformation. See Reformation
Protestant scholars, 100, 105
Protestant synods, 27, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 134, 222
censorship, 103
education, 51
printing, 103
tithes, 27, 49
Protestants, 48, 52, 104, 112, 131. See also, anti-Protestant legislation
Catholic clergy, 122, 141
on Catholicism, 22, 46, 64, 111, 113, 122, 124, 134–135
Bible, 127
deputies to the Sejm, 53
economic conditions, 136
marriage, 172, 221, (with Catholics) 50
on non-Christians, 113
real estate, 49, 139
religious worship, ban of, 139–140
Pruszcz, Piotr Hyacynth (Jacek), 110, 118
Forteca Duchowna (1737), xi, xxxi
Pruszczyce (town), 92
Przemyśl, 83
Przypkowski, Samuel, 54
public offices, Jews in, 15, 192
publications. See also books
based on Hebrew and Greek, 105
Pupowiec, monopoly rights to sell vodka, 163
Purim, Christians as Haman at, 90
purity, 67, 73, 136
pyx, 147
rabbinic law. See also Jewish law
Jewish-gentile relations, 71–76, 183
non-Jewish holidays, 71
non-Jewish women, 63
teaching a non-Jew, 106
rabbis, authority in Poland, 36
Radliński, Jakub, 59, 93, 114, 116
Jewish status, 80, 196, 220
Prawda Chrześcijańska, 83, 93
Radziwiłł, Prince Albrecht Stanisław, 177
Radziwiłłs, 93, 195
Raków
anti-Trinitarian school, 51
latifundium, 34
Rakowski, Jan, 33
Raweński, Lord, 39
real estate. See also houses
Church law, 139
in Jewish hands, 95
patterns of ownership, 83, 93
re-Catholicization 4, 6, 48, 52, 53, 142
Reformation, 2, 21, 41–42
Anabaptists, 47
anti-Trinitarians. See anti-Trinitarians
Bohemian brethren, 46
Calvinism, 45
Catholic Church (effects on), 2, 4, 26–27
Consensus sandomiriensis, 46
education, 51–52
nobles, 26–27, 45
social discipline, 52
tithes, 52
Reformed churches. See Protestants
religio licita, Jewish religion as, 14
religious arguments, 91–95, 125
religious boundaries. See boundaries
religious corruption
fear of, 70, 74
religious dissent. See Reformation
religious diversity, 3
religious education, 66, 140. See also education
religious identity, of Poland, 6
religious myths. See also myths
dissemination and popularization of, 100
religious negligence, 60–61, 63–64, 77–78
religious orders, Catholic, 86. See also specific orders
religious polemic. See anti-Catholic polemic; anti-Jewish polemic; anti-Protestant polemic
religious services
attending with Jews, 81
campaign to eradicate Protestant, 140
religious toleration, 46–47, 55, 170
Renaissance, in Poland, 106
Renaissance Italians, concerns about wet nurses, 179
Republic
ideal, 7, 136
legal foundations for, 24
respublica Christiana, 7
revenues. See Catholic Church
rights, political, 56–57, 142. See also nobles (liberties)
ritual animal slaughter, 115, 116
ritual murder, 1, 77, 99, 107, 109, 114, 116, 164, 207
ritual objects, trading in, 113
rituals. See also Jewish rituals
attacked by Protestants, 46
Roman catechism, 102–104. See also catechisms
Roman Empire, 9
Roman ghetto, 41. See also ghettoes
Roman Imperial legacy, 14
Romanowna, Ulana, 68
Romans, persecution of Christians, 10
Rosh ha-Shanah, 70, 147
Rosman, Moshe, 32
Rososz, 29
royal authority in Poland, 25–25, 31, 46–47, 80
royal domains, 25
administrators of, 28
Jews (economic role), 28–29, (privileges) 62, (vulnerability) 32
royal elections, 24
royal officials (starosta), 28
royal treasurers (podskarbi), 28
Rubinowicz, Moyżesz, 34
Ruggiero, Guido, 98
Rupniewski, Bishop Stefan Bogusław, 90
Russia
as a threat to Lithuania, 30
wars with Poland, 53, 58
Russian Orthodoxy, Jews resistance to conversion to, 58
Rzeszów, 116
Sabbath observance, 33, 81, 187
sacred texts, knowledge of, 19
sacrilege, 94
saints, 122, 130
Salomonowicz, Jakub, 38
salt mines, 28
Samogitia (Żmudż), Bishop of, 88, 90
Samsonowicz, Henryk, 84
Samuelowicz, Pinkas, 33
Sandomierz
blood libels against Jews in, 1, 3, 5, 113, 165
consensus of, 46
“Infanticide” (painting) in, 1, 5
“Martyrologium Romanum” (series of paintings), 2–3
Sapiehas, 93
Sara, Jewish mistress, 76
Sarnicki, Stanisław, 103
Sarnina Zwola, leaseholder of a brewery in, 66
Sarnowski, Bishop Stanisław, 83
Satan, 206, 219. See also devil
Saul, 66
Saxon monarchs, 158
Saxony, 4
schismatics, 3, 137
scholars
instruction of Christian, 100, 105–107
Protestant works about Jews by, 99, 100, 105
recall to Poland from Wittenberg, 101
scholarship
control of, 100–105
western, in Poland, 99
Hebrew, 105
schools, 51–52, 104, 140. See also education
Scripture. See also Bible; Hebrew Bible
Christian interpretation of Hebrew, 11
Christological reading of Hebrew, 12
falsification of, 126
Hebrew as “the Old Testament,” 10
heresy, 125, 127
Jews, 111, 126
validity of, 127
Secemin, 49
Second Coming of Christ, 95
Second Temple period, Jewish sectarianism, 10
Second Vatican Council of 1965, 108
secular authorities, 167
secular courts. See also courts
jurisdiction over clergy, 27
separation from ecclesiastical, 26
security, Jewish, 33, 37–38
segregation of Jews and Christians, also separation, 17, 41
Sejm, 23, 24, 30, 50, 147
chambers of, 23
ennoblement restrictions, 36
influence of the magnates on, 25
laws against anti-Trinitarians, 55, 180
Protestant deputies to, 53
Sejm of Piotrków, 27, 29
sejmik (sejmiki), 25, 147
Senate, 23
senators, non-Catholic, 224
Sentences, by Waldo, 19
Serafinowicz, Jan, 209
serfs, pledged as loan collateral by nobles, 35
sermons, 59–60, 212. See also preachers
clergy’s ideals in, 176
published vs. unpublished, 3
servants
Catholic (in Protestant homes), 124
female (in Jewish homes) 63–69, 76–77, 130, 182
servitude, ideal of Jewish, 15, 16, 28
Sewulenka, Magdalena, 66
sex, Sunday sins involving, 60
sexual carnality in Christian rhetoric, 134–135
sexual pollution, fear of, 73
sexual relations
between Christians and non-Christians, 15
between Jews and Christians, 65–67, 72, 75, 181, 182
prohibited between Jews and Christians, 17
Shimonivich, Mayer, 34
Shnei Luḥot ha-Brit (Two Tablets of Commandments), 35
Shulḥan Aruk, 71, 147, 185. See also, Jewish law
non-Jewish midwives, 73
non-Jewish physicians in, 74
non-Jewish wet nurses, 73
professional boundaries between Jews and Christians, 73
sickness, language of, 135
Sicut Judaeis (bull), 14
Siemieński, Józef, 47
Sienna (village), 114
Sierakowski, Bishop Waclaw Hieronim, 67, 83, 88, 139
Sigismund (Zygmunt) I, King, 21,24
concessions to the nobles, 24
ennoblement of Michel Ezofovich, 35
on Lutheran books, 101
portrait of, xi
Sigismund (Zygmunt) III Vasa, King, 22, 158
Sigismund August, King, 24
on authority of rabbis, 36
edicts in support of the Church, 21
on expulsion of heretics, 47
on nobles and clergy, 26
Silesia, Jews of, 159
silver, stolen, 113
Simon of Trent, 131
sins, 76–79
Christian relationships with Jews as, 81
seven deadly, 134
Sunday, 60
Sirkes, Joel, 35, 75, 195, 202
Skalski, Andrzey Jakób, 39
Skarbek, Bishop Jan of Lwów, 82, 94
slavery, comparison of Jewish law to, 12
slaves, 61
Śleszkowski, Sebastian, 107, 194
Slonik, Benjamin, 75
Slonim, 33, 34
social boundaries. See also boundaries
in the lower social strata, 69
in Poland, 65
social hierarchy, Church ideal of, 7–20, 88–91
threatened by anti-Trinitarians, 47
socializing
brawls, caused by, 33
between Catholics and Protestants, 136
between Christians and non-Christians, 15
Jewish-Christian (dining), 41, 42, 69–70, 81, (Jewish law on) 71, (prevention of) 106, 184
sexual relations (as result of), 71, 75
Socinians, 123. See also anti-Trinitarians
Socinus, Faustus, 46, 170
Soltan, Ivan, 35
Spain. See also Iberia
mass conversions of Jews, 151
Speculum Saxonum, 44
spices, supplied by Jewish merchants, 91
spiritual authority of the Church. See Catholic Church
St. Mary’s Church, Cracow, 77
Stancaro, Francesco (Franciszek Stankar), 48, 105
Stanislaus, Saint, 130
Stanisław, Bishop of Cracow, 157
Stankar, Franciszek (Francesco Stancaro), 48, 105
Stanko, Stainsław, 43
Starosta, 147
“state” versus “estate”, 150
Steffanowicz, Stanislaw, 171
Stephen III, Pope, 9
stereotypes
anti-Jewish, 68, 131–137
Stow, Kenneth, 14, 168
Stradom, Cracow suburb of, 60
subservience, 154. See also servitude
suffering, Catholic teaching on, 124
Sundays. See also sermons
lax observance of Catholics on, 60, 77
Christians working on, 61
problem of servile labor on, 177
as regular workdays for Jews, 64
superstitions, 97–98
supreme authority, 7. See also authority
Sweden, wars with, 53–54
Swedish king, support for, 54
świętopietrze [Peter’s pence], 22
swords, theory of two, 7, 21
Symkhovich, Zorokh, 39
synagogues, 90
in anti-Jewish rhetoric, 13, 78, 206
laws concerning, 17, 138–139
permits, 189, 222
turning Protestant churches into, 139
synods, Catholic. See also Protestant synods
Chełm (1694), 88, (1717), 64
Chełmno and Pomerania (1745), 135
Cracow, 85, 141
Gniezno (1720), 139
Łuck and Brest (1684), 85, (1726), 70, 187
Piotrków, 22, 137
Płock (1733), 61, 139, 141, 177
Wilno, 85, (1717), 139, (1744), 64, 70, 135
synodal legislation, 67, 70, 83, 84, See also anti-Jewish legislation, anti-Protestant legislation
Christian holidays, (informing Jews about) 61, (violation of) 187
Christian nurses, 64
heresy, (investigation of) 139, 141, 177, (judaizing) 85
Jewish-Christian contacts, 64, 69, 72
Jews, (business relations with clergy) 85, (worship) 139
nobles, 88, 135
preventing Catholics from renting to heretics, 139
Protestant worship, (restrictions for Catholics), 135, 139, 141
Syrowajec, Dawid, 64
Syryjczyk, Jerzy Waldemar, 167
Szachna, Jew of Krzynek, 36
Szaniawski, Bishop Jan Felix, 2, 21, 217
Szaniawski, Bishop Konstantyn Felicjan
Edictum contra dissidents (1725), 138, 140
pastoral letter (1725), 124
permitting mixed marriages, 140
Szawel (town), 86
Szczebrzeszyn (town), 35
Szczeglice, 114
Szczęśliwa trzynastka (film), 197
Szembek, Bishop Jan Krzysztof, 103
Szembek, Bishop Jozef Eustachy, 70, 90, 93
Szembek, Bishop Krzysztof, 3, 67
catechism written and published by, 140
collection of Catholic teachings (1719), 137
Szesztelewicz, Kondrat, 62
Sztychling, Jonas, 55, 173
Szymczyszowa, Dwora Łazarzowa Leyzerowa, 32
Szyszkowski, Bishop Marcin, 101, 104
Tachanowski, Stainislaw, 38
tales. See also anti-Jewish rhetoric; exempla
anti-Jewish medieval, 95, 100, 114
Christians killing a Jew, 120
conversion, 120, 130
of a Jewish pope, 179
Talmud, see Babylonian Talmud
Tarłów, 122, (church in) 123
Tatars, xi
taverns, Jewish, 61, 144
tax collectors, Jews as, 89
Tax Universal (1573), 27
taxation of the clergy, 8, 26–27, 97
Tazbir, Janusz, 167, 169, 170
Temple in Jerusalem, 127
temporal authorities, Church working with, 21
temporal rulers, power of, 7
Tetragrammaton, YHWH, 128
Theodosian Code
heretics, 18
Jewish-Christian marriage as adultery, 180
Theodosius II, 221
theology, 18, 82, 105, 109
tithes, 8, 189
confiscation of by town owners, 84
conflicts over, 190
Jews refusing to pay, 85
problems with extraction of, 87, 89
Protestant, 49
taxing of, 26
toleration. See religious toleration
toll collector, Jewish, 34
Tollet, Daniel, 150, 204
tolls, avoiding the payment of, 32
Tomicki, Bishop Piotr, 42
Torah. See also Hebrew Bible
instructing non-Jew in, 202
laws separating Jews from non-Jews, 71
scroll, 119
Toruń, Catholic-Protestant riot, 57
towns. See also villages
Jews, 29, 31, 83
size of in early modern Poland, 189
Trachtenberg, Joshua, 116, 197
transgressions, 77, 87
transubstantiation, doctrine of, 99, 119
Protestant challenges to, 100, 131
treasury, royal, 24
Trent, Council of (1545–1563). See Council of Trent
trials
anti-Trinitarians, 54
apostasy, 42–44, 64
disseminating heretical works, 101
heresy, 42–44
sexual relations with Jews, 65–66
for ritual murder, 207, 165
Tridentine catechism. See catechisms
Trinity
doctrine of, 18, 125, 127
in polemic, 127–128
Trucki, Roch, 130
Trypho the Jew, 10
Trzecieski (priest), 45
Tur, 71, 147
Turks, 79
Catholic servants, 180
conversion of, 216
Jews’ alliance with, 115
Twardowski, Samuel, 54
Tylkowski, Wojciech, 3, 108
Unam Sanctam (bull), 7, 143
claim of papal supreme authority, 7
as an ideal, 8
tithes, 26
unleavened bread, 69
Urban IV, Pope, 217
Urban VI, Pope, 20
Va ad Arba Arazot. See Council of Four Lands
Vannes, Council of, 184
Venice, Jewish quarter, 17
Ventzkovich, Jakub Michalovich, 35
verbum Dei non scriptum (unwritten word of God), 125
Veronique, Blessed, 124
vertical alliance, 28
Vietor, Hieronim, 101
villages. See also towns
Jews in, 31, 89, (as administrators of), 192
violence, 60, 119–120, 176
Vitebsk, 64
siege of, 58
voivode (palatine) of, 34
Volhynia, 114
Vulgate, 126
authenticity of, 126
Protestant argument against, 127
vulnerability, 74
Wadowice, John Paul II’s hometown, 1
wafer, doctrine of divine presence in, 133, 197
Wajsblum, Marek, 56
Waldensian heresy, 18, 19
Waldo, 19
wars, 80, (in Poland), 53, 92
weddings. See socializing
Węgierski, Wojciech, 104, 122, 125
Węgrzynowicz, Antoni, 80, 194, 206
Weibesh, Rabbi Meshullam, 33
Weigel, Melchior, 42. See also, Malcherowa, Katarzyna
welfare, domestic service as part of, 178
Wendoroże, 65
western Europe
Christian scholarship, 99, 105
Hebrew, 200
humanism, 106
Jews, 28, 100, 117
wet nurses. See also Christian servants; women
Christian, 63, 81, 90
Jewish rulings on, 73, 74
living with Jewish families, 63
Wielowieyski, Stefan, 3
Wieluń, 41
Wieniawski (priest), 86
Wiesner, Merry, 178
Wilno. See also synods, Catholic
city of, 38
town official in, 119
wine, 71, 86–87, 99, 191
wine trade, Jewish involvement in, 191
Wiśniowiecki, King Michal Korybut, 193
Wiszowaty, Andrzej, 54
witchcraft, 74
Wittenberg, 101
Wodzisław, 139
Wohyń, 165
Wojciechówna, Maryna, 64
Wojnia, 38
Wojnicz, 165
Wojnówka, 165
Wójtowicz, Gregier, 137
Wolf, Johannes Christian, 201
Wolkowicz, Jan Dawidowicz, 36
wolves in sheep’s clothing, Protestant ministers as, 135, 141
women
autonomy within families, 56
birthing, 74
Christian, 65–66, 69, (in Jewish homes) 63
Jewish, 69, 178, 183, (as servants) 179
noblewomen, 69, 182
worship, rulings against organizing private, 140
Woyciech, St., 94
Woytkiewicz, Lord, 39
Wrocław. See Breslau
Wujek, Jakub, 2
homilies, 218
Postylla Katholicka Mnieysza, 220
Wulfowicz, Izrael, 37
Wyclif, John, 19
Wyrozumska, Bożena, 160
Yerushalmi, Yosef H., 28
YHWH, numerical value of, 129
yiḥud, law of, 178
Załaszowski, Jan, 43
Załuski, Bishop Andrzej Chryzostom, 125
Załuski, Bishop Andrzej Stanisław Kostka, 61, 68–69, 94
on Christians serving Jews on Jewish holidays, 90
on Christian wet nurses to Jewish children, 68
Jews, (nobles’s support) 83, (sexual relations with Christians) 67
against Protestantism, 141, (schools) 104
socioeconomic conditions, 90
Załuski, Józef Andrzej, 21
Zamość (town), 189
Zapartowicz, Antoni, 78
Zasław (town), 220
Żegota, Pauli, 198
Zelman, 33
Zelmanowa, 33
Zelmanowicz, Moszko, 36
Żuchowski, Stefan, 1, 113, 116, 165
blood libel, 91, 114, 116, 118
Jews, (crimes) 115, (real estate) 94
Malcherowa, Katarzyna, 44
on nobles’ dealings with Jews, 91–92
Process kryminalny, 97
sexual relations between Jews and Catholic women, 67