advertisement: circus, 61, 73–75
Ahlwardt, Hermann, 142
Allgemeiner Deutscher Sprachverein, 170, 171
Alltagsgeschichte, 15
Althoff, Adolf, 114, 115
Althoff, Maria, 114, 115
Americanization: circus, 61, 72–75, 87
androgyny: circus, 64–66, 70
anti-Semitism, 3–4, 14, 16, 20, 119, 121, 130, 132, 142, 160–65, 168, 173, 174, 181, 204, 212, 213, 216, 218, 243, 250, 253, 254, 255, 264, 278, 286
Nazi propaganda, 26, 102–3, 116, 254, 279
Jewish response to, 57, 74, 103, 142, 191, 246, 255, 256, 276
audiences, 8
circus audiences, 24, 25, 27, 34–36, 60, 61
Jargon theater, 119, 156, 158, 159, 163, 178, 196
Metropol Theater, 203, 205–13, 239, 254
female spectators, 62–67, 211, 212, 240
Astley, Philip, 33, 34
Auschwitz, 104, 110, 114
Barnum & Bailey (circus), 74, 231
Baruch, Hugo, 222, 274
Bassermann, Albert, 151, 153
Bendix, Martin, 151
Benjamin, Walter, 24
Bento, Peter, 114
Bergner, Elisabeth (Ella), 146
Berlin, Irving, 231
Berliner Antisemitismusstreit, 164
Berlin’s Central Theater, 224
Berlin’s Verein zur Bekämpfung der öffentlichen Unsittlichkeit E.V., 168
Bismarck, Otto von, 217
birthrate: circus families, 52
Bleichröder, Gerson von, 2, 191, 213, 215, 216
Bleichröder, James von, 213, 214, 216, 218, 250
Bloch, Ernst, 71
Blumenfeld, Aaron, 262
Blumenfeld, Adolf, 55
Blumenfeld, Alex, 89, 93, 97, 100
Blumenfeld, Alice, 104
Blumenfeld, Alfons, 81, 89, 90, 97
Blumenfeld, Alfred, 71, 97, 100, 103, 104, 110, 114
Blumenfeld, Arthur, 93, 97, 100, 105, 107, 112, 113
Blumenfeld, Emanuel, 48
Blumenfeld, Eugen, 93
Blumenfeld, Eva, 112
Blumenfeld, Fritz, 104, 107, 110, 114
Blumenfeld, Gerda, 71, 103, 104, 107, 114
Blumenfeld, Hermann, 55, 56
Blumenfeld, Moritz, 48
Blumenfeld, Rita, 112
Blumenfeld, Rosa, 104
Blumenfeld, Ruth, 100
Blumenfeld, Simon, 55, 95
Blumenfeld, Vicki, 100,
Blumenfeld, Victoria, 106, 107, 113
Blumenfeld, Willi, 100, 114,
Blumenfeldsprache 46, 47
Blumenthal, Oscar, 236
Bouissac, Paul, 36, 56, 117
Brahm, Otto, 146, 157, 224
Brecht, Bertholt, 248
Brumbach circus, 113
Buchenwald (concentration camp), 107, 111
Budapester Possentheater, 147, 158
Bülow, Hans von, 224
Bülow, Bernhard von, 264, 265
Burgfrieden, 92, 167, 185
Busch, Constanze, 39
Busch, Paul, 38, 75, 76, 119
Busch, Paula, 39, 61, 63, 64, 70, 75, 76, 113
censorship, 155
Jargon theater, 156, 171, 184, 188, 190
Metropol Theater, 225–226, 249, 250
Cerf, Maurice Levi, 47
Chagall, Marc, 62
childhood, 52–53, 148–51
circus: definition, 24, 28, 29
Circus Blumenfeld E. Blumenfeld Wwe., 54, 75, 76, 82, 86, 97
circus pantomimes, 37, 39, 41
commercialization, 9, 15, 72–75, 137–38, 140, 154
Dachau (concentration camp), 104
Danner, Irene, 114, 115,
Dasbach, Georg Friedrich, 141, 168
Degas, Edgar, 62
Deutsches Theater, 157
Die freie Bühne, 157
Dietrich, Marlene, 236
Döblin, Alfred, 130, 131, 139
Döring, Karl, 100
duels: Circus, 85, 86; Metropol Theater, 214
Dybbuk, 133
education (Bildung), 6, 265–66
circus 6, 52–53, 69, 100–01
variety theater, 138–39, 148
Empress Auguste Victoria, 63
Empress Maria Theresa, 63
Ernst, Max, 190
eroticism: circus, 19, 60, 61, 62, 67, 69, 85
Jargon theater, 141–44, 168–69
fairground performers (Fahrende), 30, 45, 46
family: Jargon Theater, 133–34, 150–54, 283
fashion, 216, 217, 220, 222, 223, 245, 258, 268–274
Folies Caprice, 18, 125, 126, 132, 143, 158, 159, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 189–95,
foreigners: discrimination, 170–75
Forepaugh, Adam: circus, 73
Franconi, Antoine, 34
Frederick the Great, 181
Friedmann-Friedrich, Fritz, 251
Freud, Sigmund, 163
Freund, Jacob, 230
Freund, Julius, 226, 229, 230, 247, 259, 262, 263, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270, 271, 272, 275, 278
Geller, Oskar, 222
gender, 11
gender stereotypes, 33, 34, 117, 185, 240
gender roles, 53, 61, 63–67, 97, 126, 211, 228, 236, 239, 240
Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, 223
Gerson, Hermann, 269
Giampietro, Joseph, 234, 236, 241
Gilbert, Jean, 229, 231
Glasenapp, Curt von, 225, 226
Goethe, Wolfgang, 16
Goldkette (circus family), 49, 112
golem, 133
Gross-Rosen (concentration camp), 104, 107, 110, 111, 112
Grünbaum, Fritz, 258, 275, 278
Hagenbeck, Carl, 38
Hagenbeck circus, 231
Hagenbeck, Wilhem, 38
Hauptmann, Gerhard, 62
Hebrew, 131
Herrnfeld, Anton, 130, 146, 148, 150, 151, 160, 183, 187, 275
Herrnfeld, Donat, 130, 140, 141, 146, 150, 151, 160, 166, 180, 183, 187, 275
Herrnfeld, Ella, 149
Herrnfeld, Käthe, 149
Hirsch (circus family), 112
Hollaender, Felix, 231
Hollaender, Friedrich, 95, 232, 233
Hollaender, Gustav, 231, 233,
Hollaender, Victor, 229, 231, 232, 233, 247, 268
honor, 70–71, 85–86, 87, 214–16
Ihering, Herbert, 201, 247, 248
intermarriage, 19, 59, 116, 121, 176, 177, 178, 184, 185, 244, 283
Internationale Artisten Loge (IAL), 42, 43, 171, 172
Internationaler Variete-Theater- Direktoren Verband, 72, 222
Jacobsohn, Siegfried, 139, 140, 141
Jagow, Trautgott von, 225, 226
Jameson, Egon, 151
Jentz, Paul, 220, 222, 251
Jewish emancipation, 23
“Jewish census”, 95, 127, 167, 250,
jokes, 246, 255–256, 276, 284
Herrnfeld Theater, 156, 163, 187
Folies Caprice, 190, 191, 192
Jolsen, Al, 231
Kainz, Josef, 153
Kaufmanns Variete, 150
Kettner, Martin, 275
Kerr, Alfred, 139
Kleines Schauspielhaus, 168
Kleines Theater, 252
Kloos, Erich, 69
Königliche Oper, 227
Kortner, Fritz, 146, 239, 240
Krone, Hans, 38, 119
Kuzneszow, Jewgeni, 24
Lessing Theater, 252
Lessing, Theodor, 16, 153
Levin, Rachel, 2
Lichtheim, Richard, 231
Liebermann, Max, 231
Linke, Paul, 151
Lorch (circus family), 18, 43, 49, 81, 82, 103, 104, 112, 119
Lorch, Alice, 114
Lorch, Amalie, 89, 90
Lorch, Arthur, 113
Lorch, Gerda, 114
Lorch, Jessy, 113
Lorch, Julius, 113
Lorch, Rudi, 113
Lustbarkeitssteuer (sin tax), 29, 37, 77, 78
Mahler, Gustav, 224
Mann, Thomas, 64, 70
marriage, 133, 178
arranged, 48–50
Massary, Fritzi, 234, 235, 236, 239, 240
masculinity: 217, hypermasculinity, 33
Meiningener Court Theater, 223, 224, 225, 227, 228, 229
Mendelssohn, Moses, 2
military, 5, 92–95, 232, 241
parades, 24
cavalry, 32, 33, 34,
Milos, Josef, 83
Morgan, Paul, 252, 253, 254
Mosse family, 162
Munk, Alois, 251
Nathan the Wise, 133, 141
naturalistic drama, 157, 188
Napoleon Bonaparte, 34
Nazi movement, 3, 5, 26, 27, 102–13, 115, 120, 121, 246, 254, 255, 279
Nelson, Rudolf, 229, 233, 234, 275, 278
nobility: relationship to the circus, 75–81, 92
Nordau, Max, 117
nudity: partial, 62, 66, 67
Ostjuden (Eastern European Jewish immigrants), 4, 130, 141, 161, 163, 172–73, 192, 243, 253, 256, 277, 278
patriotism, 203, 275
German-Jewish, 72, 76, 78, 93–95, 101, 133, 179, 183, 186–89, 193–95, 232, 233, 249
Perl, Rosa, 231
Phiadelphia (circus family), 112
philantrophy: German-Jewish, 56–58, 75
pogrom, anti-Jewish, 173, 197
Poiret, Paul, 269, 270, 271, 272
press, daily, 7, 62, 154, 156, 158, 206–207, 245, 246, 247, 248, 252, 258
Primor, Avi, 115
Prinz Egon zu Fuerstenberg in Donaueschingen, 233
Prinz Joachim Albrecht, 233
prostitution, 211–12
Quargs Vaudeville, 150
Rathenau, Emil, 2
Reinhardt, Max, 18, 146, 151, 231
Reichshallen Theater, 150
reproductive pattern: circus families, 19, 51–52
respectability
circus, 23, 25, 61, 70, 117
Jargon Theater, 137, 154
Roland von Berlin, 233
Rothschild, Baron James de, 191
Rotter, Alfred, 246, 251, 252, 253, 255, 278, 285
Rotter, Fritz, 246, 251, 252, 253, 255, 278, 285
Scala Theater, 158
Schiller, Friedrich von, 16, 87, 153
Schnitzler, Arthur, 168
Schultz, Richard, 207, 219, 220, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 230, 232, 245, 247, 249, 251, 252, 265
Shakespeare, 153, 185
Shylock, 133, 141
Simmel, Georg, 138
Simplicissimus, 205
Stein (circus family), 112
Stein, Jeanette, 48
Stosch-Sarrasani, Hans, 38, 41, 42, 56, 119
Strassburger (circus family), 18, 43, 49, 81, 82, 99, 104, 112, 119
Straus, Oscar, 236
Strauss, Richard, 224
Sucher, Torenhajm, 104, 107, 108
Sulzer, Maria, 233
Szatmaris, Eugen, 236
Theresienstadt (concentration camp), 104
Theater des Westens, 252,
Theater unter den Linden, 219
Thielscher, Guido, 234, 236, 240, 241, 243
Thoma, Ludwig, 190
Todesartistik (death artistry), 95–97, 169, 284
Trianon Theater, 252
Treitschke, Heinrich von, 164
Tucholsky, Kurt, 174
Turszinsky, Walter, 166
Ullstein family, 162
Variety Theater, 134–38, 148, 149, 150, 153, 154, 156, 165, 174, 225, 229
Vilna Yiddish Theater, 131
Völkerschauen, 41, 42, 102
Volkskultur (folk culture), 126, 128, 131–33, 261
Volkstheater, 146, 157, 158, 228
Wagner, Richard, 181
Weber, A. O., 160–165
Wedekind, Frank, 62
Willhelm II., 75, 232, 233, 241, 267
Wintergarten, 150
World War I, 20, 24, 284, 285
consequences for circus entertainment, 26, 82–84, 87, 88, 95–97
consequences for Jargon theater, 165–67, 170–75, 183–89, 196, 197
Folies Caprice, 193–95
Metropol Theater, 203, 248–51
Yiddish, 46, 47, 128, 131–32, 134, 158, 161, 166, 180, 260–63, 268, 276
Yiddish film, 10
Zentral Theater, 252
Zentralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens, 246, 255
Zionism, 197, 231,