Author Index

Aass N, 256, 273–287

Abad L, 52–59

Abbey A, 41–57, 144–154, 155, 172–192, 217–233, 234, 235, 430–438, 461–475

Abbott AF, 240–256

Abdalla HI, 308–317, 510–518

Abel PD, 5–18, 38–56

Abraham N, 219–234

Abraham S, 99–112, 113, 446–457

Abrahams N, 40–57, 70–71, 115, 172–192

Abrams BF, 446–457

Abshoff K, 417–426

Abt M, 203–210

Abyholm T, 53, 59

ACT Health, 528–541

Acton W, 215

Adair A, 308–317

Adam R, 72–82

Adams J, 197–209

Adams ML, 190–194

Adams PB, 106–115

Adamson D, 464–475

Addis A, 104–114

Adinma JB, 71–81

Adler A, 157

Affleck G, 93–96, 144–154, 430

Affonso D, 444–456

Agarwal A, 48–58

Agazzi L, 173–193

Aggleton P, 70–81

Aghanwa HS, 70–71

Aghassa MM, 74–82

Ahn H, 121

Ahsan SK, 70–74

Ahuja KK, 319–337, 510–518, 519

Ainsworth M, 486–492

Aitkin M, 261–286

Ajmera RL, 205–211

Alagappan RK, 238–256

Alcolea R, 240–256

Alcott WA, 215

Alesi R, 331–338

Alexander BB, 415–426

Alexander CM, 65–80, 81

Alexander F, 133, 170

Alexander-Roberts, C, 400–410

Alhadeff JM, 292–303

Ali ME, 205–211

Allard M, 143–154

Allen C, 269–287

Allen JSF, 280–288

Alper M, 55

Alstein H, 400

Althaus M, 392–409

Althof SE, 225–234

Altmark D, 101–113

Altshuler LL, 104–114, 115, 445

Amer SA, 52–59

American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs, 104–114

American Board of Genetic Counseling, 261–286

American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 23–35

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 271–287, 288

American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology Committee Opinion, 271

American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology Practice Bulletin, 447–457

American Counseling Association, 65

American Psychiatric Association, 98–112, 297–304

American Psychological Association, 61, 65, 87–95, 118–127, 527–541

American Psychological Association Practice Directorate and Interdivisional Healthcare Committee, 502–503, 505–507

American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 5–18, 20–35, 36, 84–95, 189–194, 256, 271–287, 289, 306–316, 318, 329–338, 357, 358–369, 376–386, 481–491, 513–519, 526–541, 542, 545–556

American Urological Association, 27–36

Americans with Disabilities Act, 531–542

Amos J, 239–256

Amsterdam JD, 105–115

Amuzu B, 307–316

Andayani S, 69–80

Anderson A, 479–491

Anderson DJ, 240–256

Anderson J, 246–257, 331–338

Anderson KM, 46–58, 231–235

Anderson N, 199–209, 321–337, 340–354

Anderson R, 67–80

Andersson L, 39–56, 362–369

Andersson SA, 202–209

Andrews FM, 41–57, 144–154, 155, 172–192, 217–233, 234, 235, 430–438, 461–475

Anemone R, 457

Angelsioo L, 445–457

Annas GJ, 243–256, 512–519

Annon J, 228–235

Anonymous v. Anonymous, 535–542

Ansorge MS, 105–115

Anthony S, 479–491

Anton HL, 423–427

Apfelbaum B, 227–235

Appel S, 197–208

Applegarth LD, 130–141, 322–337, 338, 339–354, 355, 359–368, 369, 470–476, 498–507, 515–520

Appleton TC, 83, 85–95, 356–368, 527–541

Apter A, 105–115

Aral SO, 216–233

Araoye MO, 42–57, 81, 219–234

Araoz D, 223–234

Archer RP, 134–142

Ardenti R, 173–193

Argaval A, 205–210

Arian-Schad, M, 319–337

Arici A, 52–53, 58–59

Aristotle, 213

Armare NA, 319–337, 510–519

Arnold ES, 93–95

Arntz A, 297

Aronson M, 206–211

Arthur NJ, 158–167, 168

Artificial Conception Act, 525–540

Arya R, 216–233

Asay TP, 118, 120–127

Asch RH, 343–354

Asher T, 310–318, 326–338

Asimakopoulos B, 313–318

Asmar P, 41–57, 130–141

Aso T, 202–209

Assisted Reproductive Technology Bill, 547–556

The Assisted Human Reproduction Act, 146–155, 524–540, 544–556

Astbury J, 430–438

Aston J, 539–543

Athayde N, 279–288

Atkinson DR, 65–80

Atwood JD, 153–155

Augustus, 412

Aurrell R, 276

Austin C, 430–438

Australia & New Zealand Infertility Counsellors Association, 529–541

Avery O,

Avidan D, 351–355

Aviram-Goldring, AL, 269–287

Aviv A, 217–218, 234, 432–438

Axelsen A, 204–210

Aylward M, 100–113

Azam F, 217–234

Baccetti B, 203–210

Bachman GA, 224–234, 235

Backlund v. University of Washington, 530–541

Backstrom T, 101–113

Baetens P, 83, 85–95, 314–318, 319–337, 341, 527–541

Bahadur G, 510–519

Bahce A, 105–115

Bailey JW, 104–114

Bain J, 228–235

Bakelants E, 144–154, 158–168

Baker AB, 245–257

Baker DB, 120

Baker HWG, 430–438, 442–456

Baker JB, 120

Baker V, 464–475

Bakketeig LS, 269–287

Balasch J, 52–59

Baldo TD, 495–507

Balen A, 311–318

Balercia G, 205–211

Balls Organista, P, 62–79, 411–425

Balmaceda J, 343–354

Baltzer FR, 514–520

Baluch B, 67–80, 82

Banchi P, 202–209

Bancroft J, 136–142

Bandura A, 134–142, 199–209

Bangrazi A, 202–209

Bankier A, 276–288

Banks JM, 294–304

Baqui AH, 70–74

Baram D, 84–95, 98–112, 152–155

Baran A, 307, 391–409

Baras M, 414–426

Barglow P, 171–192

Bar-Hava, M, 217–234

Barlow SH, 157–167

Barnes J, 463–475

Barnes PM, 197–208

Barnett RC, 43–58

Baron J, 527–541

Barreda-Hanson, MC, 462–475, 482–492

Barrett J, 242–256

Barron JW, 417–426

Barrow RG, 511–519, 556

Bartels DM, 260–286

Bartholet E, 399–409, 410

Bartlam B, 119

Bartlett H, 145–155, 182–194

Bartlett JA, 324–337, 344–355

Bartlik B, 223–234

Barton M, 305

Bartoov B, 39–56, 203–210

Baruch GK, 43–58

Bary JD, 280–288

Bashford RA, 345–355

Basseri, 66

Bassin D, 131–141

Basson F, 218–234

Basson R, 222–234

Bastra L, 170–192

Bateman S, 284–289

Bateson CD, 346–355

Bateson G, 135

Bateson W, 259

Battaglia C, 204–210

Batzer FR, 515–520

Bauer M, 101–113

Baum JD, 291–303

Baumeister L, 282–289

Beary JF, 171–192

Beauchamp TL, 512–519

Beaurepaire J, 38–56, 93–95, 106–115, 173–193

Beck A, 134

Becker G, 39–56, 58, 84–95, 132–141, 149–151, 153–155, 217–234, 308–317, 359–369, 434–438

Bee v. Greaves, 530–542

Beeney LJ, 53–59

Beerendonk CC, 53–59

Beeson D, 267–286

Begum L, 70–74

Belar CD, 170–192

Bellissimo A, 175–193

Belluck P, 360–369

Belonoschkin B, 7–19, 216–233

Benagiano G, 510–519

Bendvold E, 307–316

Benedek T, 6–19, 112, 130–141, 216–233, 442–456, 494–506

Benedi A, 105–115

Benedict R, 61

Benezon N, 145–155, 470–476

Benfield DG, 292–303

Benjamin LT, 120

Bennet HA, 445

Bennet JA, 106–115

Bennet MJ, 271–287

Bennett D, 204–210

Bennett JM, 360–369

Bennett RL, 282–289

Benoff S, 239–256

Benoit J, 53–54, 59

Ben-Rafael, Z, 292–303

Bensch RL, 93–95

Bensen P, 391–409

Benshushan A, 510–519

Benson HR, 53–54, 59, 103–114, 120, 124, 158–167, 168, 171, 184–194, 419–426, 429–438

Benson K, 121

Bentley G, 415–426

Benward J, 536–542

Benyamini Y, 42–57, 172–192

Beran MD, 86–95

Berenson AB, 102–114

Berg BJ, 6–19, 38–56, 135, 145–154, 155, 179–193, 217–234, 419–426, 430–438, 477–491

Berg G, 445–457

Berga JL, 203–210

Berga SL, 184–194, 244–257

Bergart A, 158–167

Bergeeron S, 224–234

Berger DM, 39–56, 494

Berger MD, 307–316

Berger P, 50–59

Bergh C, 430–438, 479–491

Bergh D, 441, 456

Bergh T, 39–56, 479–491

Bergin AE, 63–79

Bergman P, 307–316

Bergman S, 44–58

Berkkanoglu M, 68–80

Berkowitz L, 346–355

Berman J, 222–234

Bernal G, 62–79

Bernardini M, 242–256

Bernstein J, 2–17, 98–112, 442–456, 457, 470–475, 476

Berretta MC, 107–115

Berriot-Salvadore, E, 320–337

Berry JW, 62, 64–79, 80

Berryman JC, 451–458

Bertalanffy L, 309–317

Bertrand E, 510–519

Bertrand-Servais, M, 449–458, 470–476

Beski S, 51–59

Betteridge K, 477–491

Beutel M, 99–112

Beutler LE, 126

Bevc V, 361–369

Beyler SA, 359–369

Bharadwaj A, 388–408

Bhasin S, 273–287

Bhatti LI, 416–426

Biagiotti G, 205–210

Bianchi P, 510–519

Bibring G, 141

Biebl W, 446–457

Biener L, 43–58

Biesecker BB, 261–286

Bigner JJ, 514–520

Bill C-6, 310–318

Bingham C, 106–115

Binik YM, 222–234

Bish A, 308–317, 463–475

Bissonette F, 53–54, 59

Bitzer J, 83, 85–95, 264–286, 495–507, 527–541

Black BP, 442–456, 465–475

Black L, 391–409

Blackwell RE, 218–234

Blanchard A, 388–408

Blaney F, 119–127, 158–167, 246

Blankenstein J, 343–354

Bledsoe CH, 412–425

Blehar MC, 486–492

Blenner JL, 11, 66, 144–154, 430, 431–438

Blondel B, 467–475

Blood D, 510–519

Blood J, 310–318

Bloom BL, 138–141

Blumberg B, 281–288

Blyth E, 306–316, 317, 339–354, 372–386, 524–540, 544–555, 557, 561

Bochard E, 323–337

Boggio A, 306–316, 321–337, 340–354

Boivin JA, 4–18, 39–56, 58, 75–82, 83, 85–95, 96, 98–112, 117–127, 128, 143–154, 155, 157–167, 173–192, 193, 194, 217–234, 310–318, 362–369, 419–426, 429–438, 439, 494–507, 527–541, 565–568

Bombard A, 271–287

Bonacich P, 360–369

Bonadonna G, 241–256

Bonanno GA, 163

Bonduelle M, 272–287, 479–491

Bonnickson A, 285–289

Bonte L, 106, 174–193

Bontis J, 40–57, 73–82

Boonmongkon P, 414–425

Boostanfar R, 51–59, 333–338

Borders L, 391–409

Borduin CM, 134–142

Borg G, 430–438

Bork MA, 22–35

Bornstein J, 361–369

Borochowitz ZU, 281–288

Borrero C, 363–369

Boscaro M, 205–211

Bosch E, 300–304

Bosch X, 50–59

Boss P, 327–338

Bostwick JM, 158–167, 168

Bourne S, 291–303

Boveri T, 259

Bowen M, 486–492

Bowen-Simpkins P, 510–518, 519

Bower B, 390–409

Bower C, 269–286, 480–491

Bowlby J, 293, 326–338, 393–409, 486–492

Boxer AS, 39–56, 84–95, 98–112, 232–235, 430–438, 494–506

Boydell KM, 119–128, 165–168

Bozzo M, 240, 256

Braat DDM, 53–54, 59, 106–115, 117–127, 430–438, 456, 479–491

Bracken MB, 191–195

Bradbury TN, 143–154

Bradley S, 468–476

Bradshaw J, 309–317

Bradstreet A, 411

Bradt JO, 461–474

Brähler E, 306–316

Brand HJ, 54–59

Brandon J, 309–317

Brandt KR, 457

Brandt U, 122, 136–142, 144–154

Brannon L, 43–58

Brater DC, 503–507

Braude P, 524–540

Braverman AM, 335, 338, 342–354, 355, 372–386, 429–438, 449–458, 468–476, 494–507, 514–519

Bray JH, 503–507

Brazier M, 510–519

Breheny SA, 359–369

Brender W, 98–112, 119, 124, 145–154, 173–193, 217–234, 419–426

Brenner JL, 100–113

Brensinger C, 299–304

Bresnick E, 4–18, 493–506

Bretherick KL, 275–287

Brew T, 432–438

Brewaeys A, 307–308, 309–316, 317, 463–475, 483–492, 553–557

Brey K, 248–257

Brezinka C, 446–457

Brier N, 300–304

Brigham S, 300–304

Brill M, 344–355

Brinsden P, 324–337

British Infertility Counselling Association, 528–541, 553–557

Britt DW, 301–304

Brobst K, 65–80

Broca PP, 259

Brochu J, 104–114

Brockington I, 106–115

Broderick P, 172–192

Brodzinsky DM, 310–318, 390–408, 409

Brokaw v. Mercer County, 531–542

Bronzo M, 105–115

Broome A, 41–57, 98–112

Broverman DM, 100–113

Brown C, 311–318

Brown D, 388–408

Brown L, 4, 477, 489, 522

Brown SE, 93–95, 98–112

Bruce NW, 174–193

Bruhat MA, 5–18

Bruinse HW, 456, 479–491

Brumbach B, 107–116

Bryan EM, 301–304, 468–476

Bryant LT, 242–256

Bryson CA, 430–438

Buck PS, 388

Buitendijk S, 479–491

Bulik CM, 99–112

Bundren JC, 101–113, 114

Bunge RG, 341–354

Burgos C, 324–337

Burke WF, 137–142

Burlew AK, 62–79

Burlingame GM, 157–167

Burn IP, 341–354, 355

Burnett A, 222–234

Burns LH, 4–17, 18, 19, 22–35, 39–56, 58, 64–79, 80, 88–95, 105–115, 125, 164–168, 169–192, 194, 212–233, 234, 235, 258–285, 297–304, 310–318, 319–337, 338, 425, 440–455, 458, 459–474, 475, 486–492, 505–507, 527–541, 552–556

Burrow AL, 392–409

Burrows T, 157

Burry K, 531–542

Burston A, 469–476

Bush V, 83

Buss KA, 41–57, 71–81

Buster J, 356–368

Butcher JN, 134–141, 142

Butler A, 359–369

Butler P, 2–17

Butow PN, 53–59

Buzaglo JS, 53–54, 58–59

Byrn F, 307–316

Byrnes AL, 282–289

Cadman J, 481–491

Cahill DJ, 204–210

Cai X, 202–209

Cain M, 421–427

Caldwell JC, 415–426

Caldwell P, 415–426

Calef V, 461–474

Calis KA, 42–53, 58–59, 67–80

Callahan CM, 503–507

Callahan EJ, 444

Callahan MM, 118–127

Callahan TL, 448–457

Callan VJ, 55–60, 184–194, 430–438

Callaway LK, 333–338

Campari C, 173–193

Campbell A, 510–519

Campbell MJ, 205–210

Campbell NA, 259–285, 286, 292–303

Campbell SB, 441–445, 456, 457

Campbell SM, 177–193

Camus M, 319–337, 431–438, 449–458, 479–491

Canadian Counseling Association, 528–541

Cannon WB, 171

Cantrell W, 45–58

Capitulo KL, 294–304

Caplan AL, 260–286, 335, 338, 509–518, 519, 520

Caplan G, 136–142

Capparelli S, 205–211

Cardone VS, 52–59

Carey MP, 220–234

Carlsson SA, 52–59

Carnpana A, 130–141

Carol MP, 171–192

Carrell DT, 283–289

Carrera L, 300–304

Carr-Saunders AM, 259–286

Carruthers ME, 119–127

Carson SA, 510–519

Carter B, 416–426

Carter JW, 153–155, 421–427

Carter MD, 36, 153–155, 421–427

Carter RT, 65–80

Cartmill D, 283–289

Casas JM, 65–80, 81

Cashman FE, 101–113

Casini ML, 204–210

Casper RC, 100–113, 114

Casper RF, 93–95, 98–112

Caspi A, 467–475

Castonguay LG, 122, 126

Cates W, Jr, 216–233

Caudill OB, 533–542

Cavillini G, 205–210

Cedars M, 26–36

Cedenho AP, 203–210

Cella DF, 245–257

Cerritelli B, 246–257

Cervamtes M, 343–354

Cervantes Miguel de, 117

Chabon M, 37

Chally PS, 511–519

Chambers CD, 104–114, 445

Chan L, 50–58

Chan PJ, 205–210

Chan R, 486–492

Chan WW, 202–209

Chandley AC, 273–287

Chang LJ, 336–338

Chang RJ, 20–35

Chang SS, 100–113

Chapnick EM, 7–19

Chase GA, 267–286

Chase J, 343–355

Chatterton R, 299–304

Chaudron LH, 101–113

Che Y, 71

Check JH, 197–209

Chen A, 202–209

Chen D, 202–209

Chen HF, 336–338

Chen SU, 336–338

Chen T, 99–112

Chen X, 202–209

Chenier NM, 5–18, 376–386

Chevret E, 273–287

Chevret M, 307–316

Chibber R, 333–338

Chicz-Demet, A, 442–456

Chikovore J, 219–234

Child LM, 305

Child Welfare League of America, 390–408

Childress JF, 512–519

Childs B, 267–286

Chinnaswamy P, 191–195

Chir B, 308–317

Chodorow NJ, 325–338

Choe JK, 197–209

Cholst I, 322–337, 470–476

Choo P, 69–81

Chretien MF, 269–287

Christensen A, 150–155

Christensen M, 390–409

Christensen U, 179–193, 194

Christiansen OB, 300–304

Christianson C, 158–168

Christie GL, 84–95, 159–168

Christophe AB, 106–115

Chu E, 173–193

Chu TY, 70–81, 415–426

Chukchee, 66

Chun KM, 62–79, 411–425

Church AT, 68–80

Churchill W, 196

Chyu L, 197–208

Ciccarelli J, 372–386

Civil Rights Act, 531–542

Clapp D, 54–59, 66–80, 119–120, 124, 127, 131–141, 158–168, 185–194, 467–475

Clark AL, 246, 444–456

Clark AM, 119–127, 158–167, 189–194

Clarke RN, 190–195

Clayton CE, 307–316

Cleland J, 71

Clifford E, 462–475

Cline FW, 392–409

Coeffin-Driol C, 217–233

Cogswell ME, 189–194

Cohen D, 152–155, 222–234

Cohen HR, 216–233

Cohen J, 276–287, 376–386, 509

Cohen LS, 104–114, 115, 445

Cohen M, 495–506

Cohrs WA, 119–128, 165–168

Colburn D, 430–438

Cole JO, 105–115

Coleman P, 197–208

Colla M, 106–115

Collins JA, 20–35, 39–56, 174–193, 430–438

Collins RL, 307–316, 342–354

Colman AD, 444–456

Colman LL, 444–456

Colpin H, 466–475, 483–492

Colton CC, 521

Conlon C, 300–304

Connidis IA, 418–426

Connolly HV, 42–57

Connolly KJ, 7–19, 38–56, 145–155, 172–192, 194, 419–426

Connor E, 243–256

Conrad R, 40–57

Constabile L, 204–210

Cook R, 308–317, 463–475, 476, 483–492

Cooke HG, 273–287

Cooke ID, 38–56, 145–155, 184–194

Coon HM, 68–80

Cooper G, 239–256

Cooper JF, 133–141

Cooper PE, 414–425

Cooper PJ, 454–458

Cooper SL, 468–476, 509–518

Cooper TG, 205–211

Cooper-Hilbert B, 12, 144–154

Cooperman AB, 331–338

Cordray B, 308–317

Corrie S, 118–127

Corrigan E, 146–155, 527–541

Corson SL, 372–386, 449–458

Cortigight B, 66–80

Costabile L, 204–210

Costabile R, 239–256

Costei AM, 104–114

Costello C, 52–53, 59

Cosyns P, 106–115

Cote-Arsenault, D, 300–304

Cott NF, 215–233

Coulson C, 198–209

Courtar DA, 430–438

Cousineau TM, 182–194

Cousins N, 53–54, 59

Covens A, 242–256

Covington SN, 4–17, 18, 36, 39–53, 56, 58, 59, 64–80, 130, 146–155, 164–167, 168, 196–208, 237–256, 257, 290–303, 304, 305–316, 318, 338, 434–439, 440–455, 459–474, 493–506, 507, 509–518, 519, 527–541, 552–556

Cowan CP, 326–338

Cowan PA, 326–338

Cowley DS, 457

Cowling-Guyer S, 310–318

Cox H, 199–209

Cox JL, 454–458

Cox LW, 321–337, 340–354, 358–369

Cox S, 473–476

Coyl D, 390–409

Coyle A, 308–317

Cozze J, 273–287

Craft IL, 51–59, 74–82

Cram DS, 273–287

Crane MM, 189–194, 244–257

Crawford EC, 336–338

Crawshaw M, 132–141

Crenshaw DA, 137–142

Crha I, 190, 204–210

Crick F, 258, 260

Cridennda DK, 197–209

Crockin S, 537–542, 543

Crone K, 324–337, 338

Crosby RD, 106–115

Crow S, 22–35, 105–115

Csemiczky G, 174–193

Cudmore L, 119

Cuisinier MC, 292–303, 304, 442–456

Culasso F, 205

Culberg J, 102–114

Cullari S, 117–127

Cullenberg J, 292–303

Cumming CE, 39–56

Cumming DC, 39–56, 431–438

Cunningham ML, 104–114

Curavett AP, 205–210

Curry CJR, 281–288

Curson R, 308–317, 344–355, 484–492

Czybo JC, 307–316

Daar A, 2–17, 413–425

Dagg PKB, 292–303

Dahoun S, 281–288

Dailey JV, 281–288, 292–303

Dale PO, 53, 59

Daling JR, 191–195, 242–256

Dalla Corte, R, 320

Dally A, 413–425, 460–474

Dalphonse S, 423–427

Dalton M, 319–337, 510–519

Daly KJ, 10–19

Damber JF, 101–113

El-Danasouri L, 197–210

El-Danasouri I, 22–35

D’Andrea M, 65–80

Daniel A, 279–288

Daniels D, 309–317

Daniels J, 65–80

Daniels KR, 165, 306–316, 317, 318, 335, 341–354, 355, 484–492, 494–506, 527–541

Daniels TL, 185–194

Daniluk JC, 38–56, 57, 122, 145–155, 172–192, 430–438, 441

Dare FO, 70–71

Darwiche J, 86–95, 527–541

Data Protection Act, 533

Date J, 202–209

Datner E, 299–304

Datta B, 2–18

Davanloo H, 133

David A, 351–355

David H, 45–58

David M, 72–82

Davidson MK, 203–210, 345–355

Davis DC, 172–192

Davis O, 442–456

Davis RB, 197–208, 211

Davis RI, 104–114

Davis S, 323–337

Davis v. Davis, 522–540, 542

Dawson EB, 205–211

Dawson K, 510–519

Daya S, 52–59, 300–304

de Beaufort, ID, 470–476

de Boer, EJ, 190–195

de Bruyn, JK, 553–557

De Ceballos, ML, 105–115

de Graaf, 320

de Graauw C, 295–304, 442–456

de Graauw KP, 292–303

de Groot RH, 107–115

de Jars M, 508

de Lacey S, 10–19, 359–369

de Liz TM, 118–127, 158–167

De Nuccio L, 205–210

De Shazer S, 152

De Swiet M, 514–519

De Vriese SR, 107–115

de Watteville H, 216–233

de Wert G, 376–386

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Fitzgerald CE, 104–114

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Fitzgerald OR, 42–53, 58–59, 67–80

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Geraedts JP, 276–287

Gerard JL, 359–369

Gergen K, 309–317

Gerhard I, 5–18, 93–95, 119–128, 144–154, 189–194, 202–209, 210

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German EK, 331–338

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Gervaize PA, 300–304

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Haimes E, 309–318

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Haley WE, 503–507

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Hamamy HA, 281–288

Hamazaki K, 106–115

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Hammar M, 527–541

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Hammarberg K, 430–438

Hammerman AJ, 12

Hammond KR, 218–234

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Hansen M, 269–286, 480–491

Hanson K, 281–288

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Harris JR, 245–257, 342–354

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Hatzissabas I, 313–318

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Haynes RB, 122, 125

Hays PA, 65–80

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Heape W, 477

Heard I, 240–256

Hearn HB, 242–256

Hearn MT, 84–95, 98–112, 145–154, 184–193, 419–426, 431–438, 461–474

Heavy C, 150–155

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Heil D, 100–113

Heiman JR, 224–234

Heine SJ, 69–80

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Heineman-Kuschinsky, E, 323–337

Heinmiller v. Department of Health, 529–541

Heinonen K, 204–210

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Helfand BT, 448–457

Helland I, 107–116

Helmerhorst FM, 553–557

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Hemminki E, 479–491

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Henry VII (King), 1

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Hermann H, 307–316

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Hersherberg P, 322–337

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Hippocrates, 20, 170

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Hooper R, 454–458

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House of Commons Science and Technology Committee, 553–556, 557

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Howard S, 539–543

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Hui PW, 276–288

Hui SL, 503–507

Hull MGR, 47–58, 146–155

Human Assisted Reproduction Technology Act, 306–316, 547–556

Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act, 311–318, 522–540, 544–556, 557

Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, 5–18, 85–95, 146–155, 306–316, 321–337, 340–354, 357–369, 510–518, 523–540, 546–556

Human Reproductive Technology Act, 525–540, 547–556

Humphrey M, 212–233, 390–409

Hunfeld JAM, 470–476

Hungerford v. Jones, 529–541

Hunt J, 49–58, 552–556

Hunter, 305

Hunter J, 477

Hunter M, 10–19

Huo LL, 294–304

Hurley I, 239–256

Hurley K, 53–54, 58–59

Hurwitz JM, 514–520

Husang TT, 356

Huter O, 446–457

Huxley A, 455, 506

Hwang S, 104–114

Hynes GJ, 55–60, 184–194

Hynie M, 62–79, 81

Iancu J, 105–115

Ickovics JR, 433–438

Idoyaga Molina A, 213–233

Ifugao, 66

Igarashi M, 204–210

Ikechebelu JI, 71–81

Ikegwuonu SO, 71–81

Iliescu A, 320

Imber-Black E, 309–317, 327–338

Infertility Network, 306–316

Infertility Treatment Act, 525–540, 544–556

Infertility Treatment Authority, 5–18, 547–556

Inglis M, 119

Ingram KM, 55–60

Inhorn MC, 2–18, 19, 37–56, 57, 71–81, 219–234, 411–425

Inoue T, 101–113

International Infertility Counselors Organization, 544–556

Ippoliti F, 202–209

Iredell J, 292–303

Ireland MS, 324–337, 418–426

Ironside W, 467–475

Irvine DS, 46–58, 231–235

Irvine SCE, 39–56

Isasi RM, 262–286

Ishigami J, 205–211

Ishikawa H, 202–209

Isikoglu M, 68–80

Israel A, 529–541

Ito S, 104–114

Itomura M, 106–115

Ittner E, 138–142

Ivey AE, 65–80

Iwasa GY, 65–80

Izumi S, 41–57, 70–81, 159–168, 172–192

Jackson ML, 70–81

Jacob HS, 189–194

Jacob MC, 335–338, 487–492

Jacob MS, 470–476

Jacobsen G, 269–287

Jacobson C, 522

Jacobson L, 132–141, 145–154

Jacobson NS, 143–154, 155

Jacobsson B, 450–458

Jacobsson L, 53–59

Jadoul P, 22–35

Jadva V, 307–317, 464–475, 484–492, 553–557

Jain JK, 51–59, 333–338

Jain T, 22–35

Jaiser F, 423–427

James CA, 55–60, 451–458

Jamieson DJ, 52–53, 59

Jamison PH, 414–425

Janata JW, 343–355, 359–369

Jannini EA, 226–235

Jansen V, 283–289

Janson PO, 202–209

Janssen HJ, 292–303, 304, 442–456

Janssen OE, 55–60

Jarow J, 238–256

Jarvi K, 238–256

Javda V, 372–386

Jeanty A, 279–288

Jefferson F, 373–386

Jeffries DJ, 342–354

Jeker L, 84–95, 130–141

Jelinkova L, 203–210

Jeng G, 479–491

Jenkins GL, 412–425

Jenkins J, 198–209, 308–317

Jenkinson C, 247–257

Jennings E, 1, 212

Jensen CL, 107–115, 347–348, 355

Jensen M, 65–80

Jensvold MF, 102–114

Jerath BK, 444

Jerman J, 361–369

Jevning R, 203–210

Jeyendran RS, 239–256

Joffe MM, 299–304

Johannes CK, 65–80

Johannsen W, 259

Johanson A, 479–491

Johanssson O, 52–59

Johnson KA, 104, 445

Johnson L, 531–542

Johnson M, 243–256, 273–287

Johnson SB, 151–155, 503–507

Johnson SH, 447–457

Johnson SM, 514–519

Johnson v. Calvert, 522–540

Johnson VE, 218–234

Johnston DR, 3–18

Johnston M, 93–96

Jones G, 247–257

Jones KP, 93–95, 283–289

Jones M, 38–56, 93–95, 106–115, 173–193

Jones SL, 283–289

Jonsen AR, 508–518

Jordan C, 54, 59

Joris H, 272–287

Joris V, 86–95

Josefsson A, 445–457

Josephs LS, 324–337, 338

Joyce AS, 163–168

Joyce JN, 100–113

Jozefowicz-Sembini D, 361–369

Juana (Queen), 341

Juang K, 99–112

Juffer F, 392–409

Jung BJ, 173–193

Kaali SG, 204–210

Kader NS, 508–520

Kaempfer SH, 245–257

Kahlo F, 37

Kaij L, 100–113

Kainz RM, 495–507

Kakizaki K, 202–209

Kalfoglou AL, 343–355, 372–386

Kalish LA, 245–257

Kallela K, 204–210

Kallen B, 104–114, 479–491

Kaltman S, 163

Kan AKS, 510–518

Kaneko S, 202–209

Kang W, 106–115

Kanhai HH, 302–304

Kanoti G, 343–354

Kaplan AH, 7–19

Kaplan HS, 218–234

Kaplan RM, 414–425

Kaptchuk TJ, 197–208

Karahasanoglu A, 171–192

Karasawa M, 78–82

Karkanias GB, 100–113

Karnis MF, 275–287, 449–458

Karow AM, 245–257

Karpel MA, 309–317

Kase NG, 83–95, 100–113

Kashima Y, 430–438

Kaslow NJ, 120

Katz DL, 190–194

Katz MG, 276–288

Kaufman SC, 52–53, 59

Kauppila A, 100–113

Kavi S, 322–337

Kazarian SS, 64–80

Kazdin AE, 120, 123, 124

Kazer R, 105–115, 478–491

Keck PE, 106–115

Kedem P, 39–56

Kee BS, 99–112, 173–193

Keh A, 320

Keijnen J, 120

Keiley MK, 77–82

Keita GP, 43–58

Keith-Spiegel, P, 533–542

Kellner KR, 291–303, 304

Kellner R, 442–456

Kelly AL, 165–168, 552–556

Kelly M, 93–95

Kemer P, 217–234

Kemeter P, 119–127

Kemmann E, 98–112, 430–438, 448–457, 468–476

Kemmelmeier M, 68–80

Kendell RE, 106–115

Kenen R, 262–286

Kennan E, 145–154

Kennard A, 279–288

Kennedy S, 247–257

Kennell JH, 291–303

Kentenich H, 4–18, 72–82, 83, 101–113, 138–142, 204–210, 307–317, 318, 320–337, 435–439, 494–507, 527–541

Kent-First MG, 273–287

Keppler-Noreuil KM, 269–286

Kerin JF, 100–113, 147–155

Kerper P, 269–287

Kerr J, 311–318

Kerr SM, 515–520, 539–543

Kertz B, 107–115

Kessel B, 54–59, 119–120, 124, 127, 131–141, 158–168

Kessler RC, 197–208

Kessler S, 264–286

Kessopoulou E, 205–211

Keye WR, Jr, 20–35, 51–59, 93–95, 216–233, 537

Kezur D, 11–19, 50–58, 144–154, 155

Khalife S, 222–234

Khalsa HK, 205–211

Khan A, 416–426

Khan KS, 120

Khataya GM, 416–426

Khorram NM, 197–209

Khosla S, 481–491

Khoury MJ, 280–288

Khylchevskaya RI, 100–113

Kielin WG, 120

Kikendall KA, 9

Kikuyu, 66

Killick SR, 189–194

Kim H, 107–115

Kim U, 64–80

Kim WJ, 389–408

Kimmel I, 308–317

Kinast C, 204–210

Kind KL, 482–491

King A, 205–210

King CR, 206–211, 224–234, 242–256

King’s Fund Centre Counseling Committee, 5–18, 365–369

Kingsberg SA, 50–59, 330–338, 339–354, 355, 359–369, 467–475

Kinzl J, 446–457

Kirchengast S, 42

Kirchmeyer P, 99–112

Kirk HD, 390–408

Kirkley-Best, E, 291–303

Kirkman M, 5–18

Kirkpatrick P, 319–337

Kirkwood R, 390–409

Kirsch I, 200–209

Kirsch N, 41–57

Kisekka MN, 71–81

Kitajima Y, 204–210

Kitayama S, 69–81

Kittredge C, 3

Kitzinger C, 42, 57

Kjellberg S, 463–475

Klaiber EL, 100–113

Klaus M, 291–303

Klein DF, 100–113

Klein M, 418–426

Klein SD, 346–355, 373–386

Klempner L, 131–141

Klier CM, 300–304

Kliewer W, 55–60

Kline J, 292–303, 445–457

Kline MV, 64–80

Klock SC, 5–18, 83–95, 96, 105–115, 299–304, 307–316, 317, 322–337, 338, 343–354, 355, 358–369, 442–456, 469–476, 477–491, 492, 494–506, 552–556

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Klonoff-Cohen H, 117–127, 190–195, 442–445, 456

Kloske B, 430–438

K.M. v. E.G., 536–542

Knapp RJ, 292–303, 304

Knoppers BM, 262–286

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Kobayashi Y, 100–113

Kodaman PH, 52–53, 58–59

Koehler WF, 360–369

Koenig HG, 254–257

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Kohut H, 43, 44, 108–116

Koivurova S, 479–491

Kokia E, 42–57, 172–192

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Kondo A, 41–57, 70–81

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Koonce DA, 65–80

Kopitzke EJ, 172–192, 193

Koppelman MCS, 101–113

Koran L, 107–116

Korea L, 510–518

Koren G, 104–114, 115, 444–456

Korenman S, 105–115

Kornblith AB, 246–257

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Kosasa TS, 356

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Kostaras X, 104–114

Koster-Okekan W, 71–81

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Koudstaal J, 456, 479–491

Kouides RW, 283–289

Kouznetsova N, 69–80

Kovacs CT, 307–316

Kovacs GT, 359–369

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Kozer E, 104–114

Kraaimaat FW, 173–193

Kraisarin T, 447–457

Krakaue S, 77–82

Krappmann L, 309–317

Krause NM, 360–369

Krause W, 40–57, 58, 119–128, 131–141, 142, 144–154, 172–192, 194, 306–316

Kraut DA, 447–457

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Kretzer PA, 218–234

Krey LC, 100–113, 332–338

Kristeller JL, 66–80

Kristoffersen I, 463–475

Kroger WS, 170–192

Krokoff LJ, 150–155

Krupp D, 69–80

Kuang W, 48–58

Kubler-Ross E, 11

Kubo H, 277–288

Kubota S, 202–209

Kubu CS, 102–114

Kuchenhoff J, 8–19

Kudo R, 204–210

Kuhse H, 516–520

Kui YR, 336–338

Kuihne’s, 172–192

Kulhara P, 70, 172–192

Kulin N, 104–114

Kulin S, 204–210

Kulkarni V, 202–209

Kumamoto Y, 205–211

Kumi-Diaka J, 205–210

Kump L, 332–338

Kuo BJ, 172–192

Kupfer J, 99–112, 306–316

Kurinczuk J, 269–286, 480–491

Kurogawa M, 197–209

Kurzban R, 310–318, 325–338

Kushner H, 53–54

Kuti O, 42–57

Kutzelnigg A, 204–210

Laborie F, 4–18

Lacan J, 418–426

Lacey JH, 446–457

Lafayette L, 419–426

Laffont I, 98–112, 217, 234

Lafors L, 450–458

LaFramboise T, 65–80

Lagos S, 40–57, 73–82

Lalak A, 50–58

Lalinec-Michaud M, 291–303

Lalonde RN, 69–81

Lalos A, 52–59, 132–141, 145–154

Lalos O, 52–59, 132–141, 145–154, 308–317, 485–492, 553–557

Lalwani SI, 55, 275–287, 449–458

Lamb MA, 245–257

Lamb ME, 486–492

Lambert MJ, 118, 120–127

Lampman C, 310–318, 418–426

Lampropoulos GK, 122, 126

Lanasa MC, 282–289

Lancaster PA, 448–457

Lancastle DS, 117–127

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Landau R, 306–316, 339–354, 525–540, 553–557

Lande R, 216

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Landsberg L, 206–211

Lane MK, 98–112, 145–154

Lang M, 100–113

Lang SS, 414–425

Langenbuch M, 40–57

Lansac J, 37–56

Lansing MH, 253–257

Lapane KL, 105–115

Lapido OA, 446–447, 457

Laraia MT, 445–457

Larget-Piet L, 269–287

Larner G, 118–127

Larney LC, 393–409

LaRoche C, 291–303

Laros RK, 446–457

Larsen U, 71–81

La-Sala, GB, 173–193

Lashwood A, 277–288

Lasker JN, 292–303, 304

Laskowitz v. Ciba Vision Corp., 530–541

Laszoloffy TA, 77–82

Latarche E, 510–518

Latham PM, 237

Laungani P, 64–80

Laurino MY, 282–289

Lauver D, 212, 213–233

Lavery SA, 276

Lavigne SV, 104–114

Lavon H, 205–211

Law on Artificial Insemination, 306–316

Lawler EJ, 360–369

Lawson S, 106–115

Laxoca R, 307–316

Layne C, 150–155

Lazarou S, 219–234

Lazarre J, 319

Lazarus RS, 136–142, 176–193, 429–438

Lazell E, 157

Le X, 202–209

Leader A, 145–155

Leary MR, 310–318, 325–338

Leathem AJ, 205–210

Lechtin A, 248–257

Lecours A, 143–154

Lederberg MS, 161–168

Lederman H, 203–210

Lederman R, 442–456

Ledger WL, 52–59, 119–127, 189–194

Leduc C, 474

Lee CW, 242–256

Lee FR, 341–354

Lee H, 468–476

Lee J, 359–369

Lee RG, 72–82

Lees, 415–426

Lee SH, 99–112, 132–141, 173–193, 306–316, 318

Lee TY, 40–57, 70–81, 415–426

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Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS v. A., 538–543

Leeton J, 320–337, 342–354, 478–491

Lehman AK, 134–142

Leiblum SR, 37–56, 98–112, 130–141, 145–154, 217–218, 223–234, 235, 430–438, 448–457, 468–476

Leichhardt NSW, 5–18

Leitko TA, 132–141, 145–154

Lemmens GMD, 144–154, 158–168

Lenahan KM, 336–338

Lentner E, 119, 158–168

Lenton E, 145–155

Lenzi A, 205–210, 226–235

Leon IG, 9–19, 130–141, 142, 267–286, 291–303, 304

Leonard CO, 267–286

Leong FTL, 61–79

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Leslie GI, 462–475

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Lester EP, 131–141, 443–456, 458

Letizia KA, 190–194

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Levy DM, 461–474

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Lewin A, 205–211

Lewis E, 291–303

Lewis GM, 344–355

Lewis J, 442–456

Lewis V, 283–289

Leyland Z, 478

Li D, 202–209

Li TC, 52–59

Li TC, 300–304

Li XH, 336–338

Liang J, 360–369

Licciardi F, 283–289, 332–338

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Lieb SA, 292–303

Liebaers I, 22–35, 276–288, 479–491

Liebars I, 481–491

Lieberman BA, 173

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Lien YR, 336–338

Lifches v. Hartigan, 537–543

Lifshiz LV, 515–520

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Liguori A, 202–209

Lin JH, 202–209

Lindblad F, 308–317, 392–409, 485–492, 553–557

Lindblad R, 308–317

Lindemann E, 293

Lindheim SR, 322–337, 343–355, 359–369, 510–518

Lindner K, 479–491

Linehan MM, 73–82, 108–116

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Lipschultz LI, 36

Lipshultz LI, 238–256

Lira A, 105–115

Lisbona H, 430–438

Liss J, 197–209

Lissens W, 269–287

Liswood MP, 119–128

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Littam G, 205–211

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Lobo RA, 51–59, 342–354, 478–491

Locke HJ, 147–155

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Loft A, 276–287

Loi Fédérale sur la Procreation Médicalement Assistée, 549–556

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Lopez E, 52–59

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Lu F, 203–210

Lu G, 41–57

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Lübke F, 307–316

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Ludwig M, 442–455, 457

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Lumley J, 242–256

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Lundeberg T, 197–209

Lundin K, 276–287, 479–491

Lundstedt G, 202–209

Lundstrom-Lindstedt V, 292–303

Luolon Z, 202–209

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Lutkenhaus R, 122, 136–142, 144–154

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Macauley J, 346–355

MacCallum F, 307–317, 373–386, 463–475, 483–492, 553–557

MacCormack C, 3–18

Macdonald JA, 515–520

MacDougall K, 359–369

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Macek M, 264–286

Maciocia G, 202–209

Mack S, 129, 131–141

Mackenzie KR, 163–168

Mackenzie TB, 457

Macklin R, 455

MacMahon C, 482–492

Macnamee C, 481–491

Macomber D, 22

MacPherson A, 205–211

Maddock JW, 221–234

Madgar I, 269–287

Madge S, 243–256, 273–287

Madsen KM, 271–287

Maes M, 106–115

Magarelli PC, 197–209

Magna A, 67–80

Magnusson C, 292–303

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Maier LU, 48–54, 58–59, 237–256

Maio GR, 64

Majewski M, 100–113

Mak V, 238–256

Makino T, 41–57, 70–81, 159–168

Makuch MY, 38–56

Malan D, 133

Malcolm CE, 431–438

Malinge MC, 269–287

Mallon GP, 514–520

Malmquist Larsson A, 100–113

Malone FD, 450–458

Mamiso J, 510–519

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Mancino A, 205–211

Mandala R, 144–154

Mandelbrot L, 240–256

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Mann K, 55–60

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Mantegazza I, 341

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Manyande A, 74–82

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Marcellini L, 205–210

Marchand S, 37–56

Marchbanks PA, 52–53, 59

Marcus MD, 185–194, 244–257

Margara R, 308–317

Marin G, 62–79, 411–425

Marina F, 240–256

Marina S, 240–256

Marks I, 152–155

Marks JH, 261–286

Markus H, 69–81

Marlatt GA, 66–80

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Marrs R, 190–195

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Marsella T, 204–210

Marsh C, 157

Marsh M, 2, 4–18, 460–474

Marshall LA, 514–519

Marshall R, 300–304

Marteau TM, 261–286

Martikainen H, 100–113

Martin C, 173–193

Martin E, 44

Martin MS, 495–507

Martinez J, 107–115

Maruta H, 205–211

Mascie-Taylor CG, 415–426

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Mason MC, 132–141, 310–318

Massey JB, 285–289

Massey JK, 297–304

Masters WH, 218–234

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Mastroianni L, 39–56

Matarazzo JC, 169–192

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Matsubayashi HT, 41–57, 70–81, 99–112, 159–168, 172–192

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Matsumoto D, 69–80

Matt GE, 121

Matteo ML, 171–192

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Matthews R, 10–19, 144–154, 390–409, 417–426

Mattox JH, 442–456

Maxia N, 204–210

May ET, 460–474

Mayer JF, 359–369

Mayer KH, 240–256

Mayer RC, 305–315

Mayes G, 365–369

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Mazor M, 225–234

Mazure CM, 84–95, 99–113, 173–193, 323–337, 419–426, 477–491, 494–506

Mbizvo MT, 219–234

McBride J, 448–457

McCallum F, 359–369

McCallum M, 163–168

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McCarthy K, 119–128, 165–168, 243–256, 273–287

McCluskey MM, 216–233

McConkle-Rosell A, 267–286

McConvil J, 535–542

McCook JG, 42–57

McCubbin HI, 10–19

McCusick BA, 260–286

McDaniel SH, 503–507

McDermid A, 359–369

McDonald OL, 446–457

McDonald v. McDonald, 536–542

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McElroy SL, 106–115

McEwen BS, 100–113

McFadden J, 64–80

McFann K, 197–208

McGauley GA, 292–303

McGee G, 510–519

McGill DW, 77–82

McGinley P, 37

McGoldrick M, 77–82, 416–426

McGrade JJ, 40–57

McGrath E, 43–58

McGrath PJ, 9, 248–257

McGue M, 391–409

McGuire A, 279–288

McIntyre HD, 333–338

McKinney M, 84–95, 98–112, 301–304, 449–457

McLeod J, 119

MCLS, 529–541

McMahon CA, 442–456, 462–475

McMullin JA, 418–426

McNamee PI, 356

McNaughton-Cassill ME, 158–167, 168

McNeil TF, 100–113

McNutt RA, 264–286

McQueeney DA, 119–127, 158–167

McRoy R, 391–409, 410

McWhinnie AM, 309–318, 469–476, 527–541

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Meadows L, 315–318

Meana M, 222–234

Meijer J, 100–113

Meikle S, 479–491

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Melli M, 400

Meltzer H, 106–115

Mendel G, 259

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Menge AC, 249–257

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Merkus JMWM, 189–194

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Miller WR, 62–79, 80, 188–194

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Milsom I, 450–458

Milson I, 307–316

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Mitchell J, 430–438

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Monleon Sancho J, 300–304

Monro JM, 467–475

Montanana V, 300–304

Montavanie A, 483–492

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Mooney SB, 204–210

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Moore DE, 191–195, 242–256

Moos RH, 178–193

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Moreno L, 22–35

Morgan A, 159–168

Morgan D, 72–82

Morgan TH, 259

Morley FH, 204–210

Morris, 101–114

Morris M, 467–475

Morrow A, 100–113

Morrow KA, 93–96

Morse C, 85–95

Morton C, 356

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Moses S, 299–304

Mosher WD, 20–35

Moss H, 488–492

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National Health Insurance Law, 525–541

National Institute of Clinical Excellence, 118, 127

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New Zealand Ministry of Social Development, 528–541

Newfoundland Welfare of the Child Act, Part II, 524–540

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Nippert I, 263–286

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NYCRR, 539–543

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Page A, 291–303

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Pellicer A, 22–35

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Penney LL, 93–96

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Penzias A, 55, 67–80

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Peplau LA, 177–193

Peppers LG, 292–303, 304

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Perry B, 469–476

Perry C, 108–116

Perry GS, 189–194

Perry JC, 108–116

Perry Y, 391–409

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Perry-Rogers v. Obasaju, 538–543

Personal Information and Electronic Documents Act, 533–542

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Petersen K, 5–18

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Plunkett KS, 268–286

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Polin G, 515–520

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Polo M, 440

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Ponjaert I, 307–317

Ponjaert-Kristofferson I, 309–317

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Potts M, 213–233

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Powell-Griner E, 197–208

Powes HJ, 205–211

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 22–35, 36, 190–195, 249–257, 276–287, 340–354, 523–540, 543

Pratt E, 345

Pratt JH, 156

Prem AR, 202–209

Prentice-Dunn S, 179–193

The President’s Council on Bioethics, 22–35

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Price WA, 100–113

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Proverbs, 493

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Pugh TF, 444

Puryear L, 107–115

Qui Y, 48–58

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Quigley MM, 343–354

Quintero R, 203–210

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Quresh A, 68–80

R v. HFEA ex parte Diane Blood, 524–540

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Rachman S, 152–155

Raghavan D, 256, 273–287

Ragin A, 448–457

Ragni G, 239–256

Ragson N, 101–113

Raimy VC, 120

Raina R,

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Rana N, 356

Rand CS, 297–304

Randall JM, 100–113

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Ranga GM,

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Raoul-Duval A, 342–354, 449–458, 470–476

Raphael B, 132–141

Raphael-Leff J, 125, 443–456

Rapoport L, 136–142

Ratoye B, 104–114

Rattray A, 46–58, 231–235

Ratzoni G, 105–115

Rausch DT, 343–355

Rawson D, 64–80

Re: Baby M, 538–543

Re: C.K.G., 536–542

Re: Evelyn, 525–540

Re: Guardianship of I.H., 535–542

Re M, 205–210

Re: Marriage of Bazzanca, 538–543

Re: Sullivan, 535–542

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Reading AE, 90–95, 147–155, 222–234

Reale G, 202–209

Reame NE, 42–57, 285–289, 372–386, 450–458

Reamy KJ, 453–458

Reardon W, 269–287

Rebar RW, 20–35, 36, 42–53, 57, 59, 241–256

Rector JM, 63–79

Red Latino American de Reproduccion Asistida, 526–541

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Regnani G, 204–210

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Rehm LP, 441–445, 456, 457

Reichman B, 241–256

Reid W, 243–256, 273–287

Reijo R, 48–58, 238–256, 273–287

Reik W, 481–491

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Reis J, 343–354

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Reitz M, 400–409

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RESOLVE, The National Infertility Association, 351–355, 357–369, 423–427

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Richardson WS, 122, 125

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Riches S, 292–303

Richie JP, 239–256

Richter ML, 261–286

Rickels K, 39–56, 57, 84–95, 98–112, 132–141, 145–154, 494–506

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Riedinger S, 204–210

Rieker PP, 48–58, 245–257

Riessman CK, 419–426

Riet G, 120

Riggs W, 104–114

Riley D, 391–409

Rilke RM, 290

Rindfleisch W, 21

Riordan M, 309–317, 485–492

Ripatti U-R, 359, 369

Ritsher JB, 300–304

Rives N, 269–287

Rizk DE, 416–426

Robbins FP, 216–233

Robert B v. Susan B, 538–543

Roberts C, 482–491

Robertson JA, 249–257, 534–542

Robertson LH, 106–115

Robertson S, 482–491

Robins LN, 99–112

Robinson C, 228–235

Robinson GE, 99–112, 446–457

Robinson J, 482–491

Robinson RD, 158–167, 168

Robinson WP, 275–287

Robson J, 184–194

Roca CA, 106

Rodeck C, 279–288

Rodesch C, 510–519

Rodgers D, 292–303

Rodolfa ER, 120

Roe v. Wade, 522–540

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Rogstad KE, 39–56

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Rohrle B, 40–57, 58

Rojanksy N, 251–257

Rojewski J, 387–408

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Rollnick S, 188–194

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Romitti PA, 269–286

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Ronner W, 2, 4–18, 460–474

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Rosenberg W, 122, 125

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Rosenblatt PA, 451–458

Rosenblatt PC, 4, 66–80, 387–408, 411–425

Rosenblatt PG, 297–304

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Rosenthal JL, 511–519

Rosenthal MB, 50–59, 467–475

Rosenwaks Z, 442–456, 515–520

Rossing MA, 242–256

Roth AJ, 256, 273–287

Rothman BK, 158, 278–288, 440–455, 460–474

Rothman D, 7–19

Rothmann SA, 342–354

Rovet J, 104–114, 115

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Roy C, 245–257

Royal Commission on New Reproductive and Genetic Technologies, 544–556

Royal Commission on New Reproductive Technologies, 5–18

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Rubenstein BB, 216–233, 493, 494

Rubin B, 341–354

Rubin I, 21

Rubin S, 309–317, 485–492

Rubin TI, 415–426

Rubinow DR, 106

Rubinstein BB, 7–19

Rubinstein RL, 415–426

Rumball A, 308–317

Rump EE, 141

Rumpold H, 50–59

Runganga AO, 70–81

Runnebaum B, 189–194

Ruokonen A, 100–113

Rurak D, 104–114

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Rutherford RN, 216–233

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Saarem K, 107–116

Sabatini L, 190–195

Sabin K, 70–74

Sabourin S, 53–54, 59, 145–154, 155, 172–192, 430–438, 470–476

Sachs P, 319–337

Sachse K, 191–195

Sackett D, 122, 125

Sage S, 104–114

Sagovsky R, 454–458

Sahakian V, 197–209

Sahbar MA, 261–286

Said TM, 190–195

Sajaniemi N, 323–337

Salacone P, 205–210, 226–235

Saleh RA,

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Salzer LP, 150–155, 387–410

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Sanders MR, 22

Sanderson C, 73–82

Sanderson MO, 221–234

Sanderson WC, 118–127

Sandler B, 130–141, 171–192

Sandman CA, 442–456

Sanger WG, 245–257

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Santiago-Rivera AL, 61–79

Santori A, 239–256

Santoro A, 241–256

Santoro N, 42–57

Santulli M, 205–210

Sarafino EP, 188–194

Saraiy KS, 282–289

Sarkar M, 104–114

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Satir V, 486–492

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Savage OMN, 42–57

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Schaffer J, 309–317

Schaible A, 307–316

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Scharf ES, 206–211

Schatzberg AF, 105–115

Schechter MD, 390–409

Schechtman KB, 280–288

Schedlowski M, 55–60

Schegel PN, 515–520

Schei B, 5–18

Scheib JE, 309–317, 485–492

Scheidlinger S, 157–167

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Scher HI, 256, 273–287

Scherer KR, 77–82

Scherg H, 93–95, 119–128

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Schieve LA, 189–194, 479–491

Schiff I, 86–95

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Schmid J, 42

Schmidt L, 117–127, 174–193, 194, 435–439

Schmidt WM, 444

Schneider DM, 310–318

Schneider MG, 172–192

Schofield PE, 53–59

Schoonveld C, 258–285

Schoreder CM, 53–54, 58–59

Schover LR, 220–234, 245–257, 269–287, 288, 307–316, 342–354, 355, 449–458

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Schreiner R, 292–303

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Schumacher T, 307–316

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Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, 442–456

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Seaward G, 242–256

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Seelig AS, 449–457

Seeman MV, 100–113

Seibel MM, 41–54, 57, 59, 103–114, 120, 124, 130–141, 158–167, 168, 206–211, 419–426, 442–456

Seibring AR, 182–194

Selby PI, 243–256

Sele B, 273–287

Self SG, 242–256

Seli E, 52–53, 58–59

Selman P, 388–408

Selye H, 170–192

Semke I, 305–315

Semprini AE, 240, 256

Senol Y, 68–80

Serdula MK, 190

Sermon K, 276–288

Servy EJ, 245–257

Sewall G, 322–337, 425

Sewpaul V,

Sexton TL, 121, 125, 126

Seyle H, 170

Sha JL, 3–18

Shaaraway M, 100–113

Shadish WR, 121

Shaikh BT, 198–209

Shalev J, 38–56

Shamma FN, 20–35

Shapiro CH, 132–141, 258–285, 297–304, 420–427, 452–458

Shapiro DM, 285–289

Shapiro H, 333–338

Shapiro JR, 11–19, 388–408

Shapiro SS, 307–316

Shapiro VB, 11–19, 388–408

Sharma A, 70–74, 391–409

Sharma KK, 205–211

Sharp S, 319–337

Sharpe M, 46–58, 231–235

Shatford LA, 93–95

Shaw L, 299–304

Shaw P, 93–96

Shaw R, 93–96

al-Shawaf T, 74–82, 190–195

Shay J, 106–115

Sheard C, 473–476

Sheffield LJ, 261–286

Sheinin S, 105–115, 478–491

Shelling G, 77–82

Shenfield F, 343–355, 376–386, 510–518

Sherman JK, 245–257, 341–354

Sherrard WS, 125–126, 148–155, 179–193

Sherwin BB, 102–114

Shettles LB, 341–354

Shields P, 216

Shields S, 414–425

Shilkret v. Annapolis Emergency Hosp., 529–541

Shiloh S, 258–285

Shipley WU, 239–256

Shirai Y, 67–80

Shoog-Svanberg A, 39–56

Short R, 213–233

Shrout P, 292–303, 445–457

Shuhaiber S, 105–115

Shushan A, 67–80

Shusler JJ, 206–211

Sibbritt DW, 197–209

Sichel DA, 106–115

Siebel MM, 103–114

Sieber W, 173–193

Siedntopf F, 101–113

Siegel-Itzkovich J, 336–338

Siegel-Itzkovich L, 525–541

Sierens J, 205–210

Sifneos P, 133

Sigal M, 101–113

Sigmon S, 119–127, 158–167

Silber SJ, 38–56, 336–338

Silbert L, 269–287

Silman R, 501–507

de Paiva e Silva RB, 261–286

Silver L, 477–491

Silver RC, 144–154

Silver RK, 448–457

Silvertz K, 104–114

Simkin P, 441–455

Simmons RG, 346–355, 373–386

Simmons RI, 373–386

Simmons RL, 346–355

Simon AE, 275–287

Simon GE, 104–114

Simon R, 400

Simons EG, 319–337, 510–518, 519

Simons HF, 467–475

Simpson JL, 268–286, 287, 510–519

Sims J M, 21

Sinclair AJ, 106–115

Singer D, 10–19

Singer E, 391–409

Singh L, 70–81

Sireling L, 152–155

Siterman S, 203–210

Sitland-Marken PA, 101–113

Sjro P, 205–210

Skau M, 393–409

Skinner v. Oklahoma, 521, 534–542

Skirton H, 264–286

Skjaeraasen J, 307–316

Skoog-Svanberg A, 362–369

Slade P, 173

Slater CC, 51–59, 333–338

Slawsby EA, 54–59, 66–80, 119–120, 124, 127, 131–141, 158–168, 185–194

Slayden S, 285–289

Slota D, 102–114

Slyter H, 291–303

Smajdor AC, 315–318

Smeenk JMJ, 53–59, 106–115, 117–127, 171–192, 193

Smiley J, 37

Smith ACM, 266–286

Smith AL, 345–355

Smith GC, 446–457, 467–475

Smith H, 63–79

Smith LM, 104–114, 116

Smith R, 106–115

Smith SM, 310–318, 326–338

Snarey J, 172–192, 423–427

Snowdon C, 276–288

Snowdon EM, 306–316

Snowdon R, 306–316

Snyder DK, 147–155

Soderstom-Antilla V, 321–337, 340–354, 359, 369

Sodowsky GR, 77–82

Soenen S, 483–492

Solnit JA, 280–288

Son L, 172–192

Sonmezer M, 22–35, 241–256

Soranus, 20

Sorensen J, 107–116

Sorocco KH, 65–80

Sorosky AD, 391–409, 469–476

Soule DJ, 292–303

Soules MR, 20–35, 285–289

Soules R, 20–35

Soussis I, 277–288

Souter VL, 41–57, 131–141

Sovio U, 479–491

Spallanzani L, 3, 21, 477

Spandorfer SD, 442–456

Spanier GB, 147–155

Spar D, 529–541

Sparks AF, 359–369

Sparrow MK, 533–542

Spector IP, 220–234

Speidel H, 42–57

Spensley JC, 462–475, 482–492

Sperling H, 48–58

Sperling R, 243–256

Speroff L, 83–95, 100–113

Speyer E, 546–556

Spira A, 37–56

Spivey G, 104–114

Srougi M, 203–210

St. Augustine, 412

St. James, 320

St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Co. v. Cecil B Jabson, Jr, 522

Stack JM, 291–303

Stading G, 144–154

Staeding G, 430–438

Staessen C, 22–35

Stahl S, 105–115

Stammer H, 5–18, 50–58, 93–95, 119–128, 138–142, 144–154, 548–556

Standis E, 291–303

Stangor C, 310–318

Stanton AL, 7–19, 41–57, 119–127, 144–154, 158–167, 176–193, 194, 430

Stanworth M, 414–426

Stark JH, 280–288

Status of Children (Amendment) Act, 525–540

Steegers-Theunissen RPM, 205–211

Steif G, 204–210

Steiger C, 391–409

Steinbock B, 340–354

Steirteghem A, 479–491

Stener-Victorin, E, 197–209

Stephens LE, 104–114

Stephenson P, 4–18

Steptoe P, 4, 22, 478–491

Sterky K, 400–410

Sterling EW, 361–369

Stern MJ, 150–155, 157–167

Sterzik K, 22–35, 197–209, 210

Stevens DC, 292–303

Steward AE, 120

Stewart DE, 99–112, 114, 115, 119–128, 165–168, 446–457

Stewart S, 430–438

Stewart-Williams S, 200–209

Stich F, 121

Stief G, 101–113

Stiles WB, 122, 126

Stolwijk AM, 53–54, 59, 124, 430–438

Storeng R, 53, 59

Storey LB, 143–154

Stotland NL, 446–457, 494–506

Stoudemire A, 99–112

Stouffs K, 269–287

Stout JE, 345–355

Stowe ZN, 104–114, 115, 454–458

Strathern M, 3–18, 310–318

Straus SE, 122, 125

Strauss AL, 442–456

Strauss B, 5–18, 37–56, 57, 85–95, 117–127, 138–142, 144–154, 415–426, 430–438, 527–541

Strehler E, 22–35, 197–209, 210

Strickland BR, 43–58

Strickler RC, 20–35

Strobino B, 282–289

Strong C, 264–286

Stuart EM, 184–194

Stuart W, 538–543

Substitute Parent Agreement Act, 525–540

Sue DW, 65–80

Sugishita C, 198–209

Sugiyama Y, 159–168

Suh E, 70, 78

Suleiman SA, 205–211

Sullivan PF, 99–112

Sun GH, 40–57, 70–81

Sun Q, 41–57

Sun Y, 106–115

Sundby JS, 5–18, 70–81, 219–234, 430–438

Sureau C, 510–519

Suri R, 104–114

Surrogate Contracts Act, 525–540

Surrogate Parenthood Act, 525–540

Sutcliffe AG, 463–475, 481–491

Sutherland G, 282–289

Sutton WS, 259

Suzbak P, 100–113

Suzuki LA, 65–80, 81

Suzuki T, 41–57, 70–81

Swain ME, 531–540, 542

Swan JE, 360–369

Swank N, 300–304

Swanson KM, 292–303, 304

Swanson PB, 301–304

Sweet V, 245–257

Swerdly S, 165–168

Swerdlyk S, 119–128

Sydsjö, A, 463–475

Sydsjö, G, 463–475

Sykes DH, 430–438

Syme GJ, 292–303

Synesiou K, 371–386

Syrop C, 102–114

Syz HC, 157

Szasz T, 20

Szendei G, 99–112

Szkupinski Quigora, S, 308–317

Szoke H, 5–18, 306–316

Szuba MP, 104–114, 445

Tabachnick BG, 533–542

Tabaste JM, 37–56

Tachann JM, 335

Taddio A, 444–456

Taffe RC, 77–82

Tagatz GE, 106–115

Tagnfors U, 202–209

Takefman JE, 93–96, 98–112, 119, 124, 145–154, 155, 173–193, 217–234, 320–337, 339–354, 419–426, 429–438

Takeshita N, 277–288

Takeuchi S, 69–80

Talebi H, 126

Tallec A, 37–56

Tanbo T, 53, 59, 269–287

Tang M, 336–338

Tansey MJ, 137–142

Tarabusi M, 158, 168, 173–193, 194

Tarasoff v. Regents of the Univ. Cal., 532–542

Tarlatzis BC, 40–57, 73–82, 333–338, 376–386

Tarlatzis I, 40–57, 73–82

Tash JA, 515–520

Taska L, 448–457, 468–476

Tatla S, 69–81

Tattersall MH, 53–59

Tausig J, 132–141, 145–154

Taylor H, 47–58

Taylor K, 306–316

Taylor PJ, 20–35, 145–155

Taylor RN, 52–59

Taylor SE, 68–80, 431–438

Taymor ML, 4–18, 130–141, 175–193, 493–506

te Velde, ER, 50–59, 308–317

Teeter MA, 245–257

Tekpetey F, 359–369

Templeton AA, 41–57, 100–113

Tennant C, 38–56, 442–456, 462–475, 482–492

Tennen H, 93–96, 144–154, 430

ter Kuile, MM, 158–167

ter Laak, J, 392–409

Teresawa K, 106–115

Terry DJ, 55–60, 184–194

Tessler R, 387–408

Thatcher SS, 42–57

Thebaud F, 215–233

Theiring P, 173–193

Theobald H, 191–195

Theut SK, 291–303

Thewes B, 241–256

Thiering P, 38–56, 93–95, 106–115

Thomas AJ, 48–58, 269–287, 288

Thomas CMG, 189–194, 205–211

Thomas KJ, 197–208

Thomas L, 258

Thomas M, 105–115

Thomas v. Rubin, 535–542

Thomasset C, 214–233

Thompson EA, 10–19

Thompson JF, 53–59

Thompson JG, 482–491

Thompson JR, 473–476

Thompson K, 69–81

Thong J, 173–193

Thonneau P, 37–56

Thoreson CE, 62–79

Thorn BE, 179–193

Thorn P, 165, 305–318, 336–338, 527–541

Thornbill AR, 276–287

Thornley B, 190–194

Throsby K, 122, 430–438

Tieman W, 392–409

Tierney WM, 503–507

Tiitinen A, 323–337

Tikkiwal M, 205–211

Tilson D, 71–81

Timmreck L, 55

Timms N, 309–318

Timor-Tritsch, I, 301–304, 449–457

Tindle HA, 197–208

Tjeltveit AC, 63–79

Todorova I, 418–426

Toedter LJ, 292–303, 304

Tolor A, 40–57

Tomaer R, 101–113

Tomlinson L, 119–127, 158–167, 190–194, 246

Tompkins JR, 292–303

Toren P, 102–114

Toreson RW, 93–96

Totusek J, 204–210

Toubia N, 41–57

Tourelot E, 84–95

Tourgeman DE, 51–59, 333–338

Tournaye H, 239–256, 269–287, 431–438

Tourtelot E, 98–112

Tourtelot Z, 152–155

Townsend J, 205–210

Trabman T, 525–541

Trant AS, 204–210

Traub AI, 430–438

Tremaglio Coyle, A, 132–141

Trevarthen C, 482–492

Triandis HC, 68–70, 78, 80

Trimble JE, 62–79

Trimbos-Kemper TCM, 430–438, 461–474

Triseliotis J, 309–318

Tronstad SE, 52–59

Trounson A, 3–18, 478–491, 510–519

Trouson A, 320–337, 342–354

Truong KY, 190–193

Tsai C, 99–112

Tsai YY, 336–338

Tschann JM, 10–19, 58, 172–192, 266–286, 308–317, 469–476

Tschuggel W, 184–194, 203–210

Tse CK, 190–193

Tseng YF, 294–304

Tsuchiya K, 101–113

Tsukayama H, 198–209

Tucker J, 129–141

Tudelope DI, 292–303

Tugrul KG, 106–115

Tuil W, 182–194

Tulandi T, 98–112, 114, 119, 124, 145–154, 155, 173–193, 419–426

Tully LA, 467–475

Tummon IS, 359–369

Tunks E, 175–193

Tureck R, 39–56, 430–438

Turek PJ, 205–211

Turner A, 308–317

Turner C, 276

Turton P, 292–303

Tuschen-Caffier B, 40–57, 58, 119–128, 131–141, 144–154, 185–194

Tweed RG, 71–81

Tyler EM, 412–425

Ulbrich PM, 132–141

Ulman KH, 162–168

Umapathy E, 216–233

Unfer V, 204–210

Ungerer JA, 442–456, 462–475, 482–492

United States Census Bureau, 62–79

Unruh AM, 9, 248–257

Unterberg H, 307–316

Untergasser G, 50–59

Upchurch DM, 197–208

Upton RL, 71–81

Urdin C, 105–115

Ursano RJ, 133–141

Uskul AK, 70–81

Usuki S, 202–209

Usuki Y, 202–209

Vacc NA, 8–19, 117–127, 128, 186–194

Valabussa P, 241–256

Valentine P, 310–318

van Akker OV, 344–355

Van Assche E, 272–287

Van Balen F, 2–18, 19, 71–81, 123, 219–234, 411–425, 430–438, 461–474

van Berkel R, 308–317

van de Wiel HBM, 170–192

van den Akker OBA, 173–193, 194, 361–369, 389–408

Van den Bergh M, 510–519

van den Hout MA, 297–304

Van der Elst J, 241

van der Ende J, 392–409

van der Kolk BA, 108–116

van der Spuy ZM, 40–57, 70–71, 172–192, 194, 219–234

van der Veen F, 216–233

van der Veen L, 308–317

van der Ven H, 239–256

van der Ven K, 239–256

van Dijkum C, 392–409

van Dulman M, 390–409

Van Hall E, 307–317

Van Hartesveldt C, 100–113

van Ijzendoorn MH, 392–409

van Keppel M, 388–408

van Leeuwen E, 216–233

van Leeuwenhoek A, 3, 22, 341

van Minnen A, 53–54, 59, 106–115, 117–127, 173–193

Van Rompay MI, 197–208

Van Royen P, 214–233

Van Steirteghem A, 22–35, 239–256, 276–288, 431–438, 449–458, 481–491

Van Voorhis BJ, 359–369

van Weert JM, 216–233

Vandereycken W, 99–113

Vanderhoof V, 42–53, 58–59

Vanderschueren D, 144–154, 158–168

Vandervorst M, 431–438

Vanfraussen K, 309–317

van-Rooij FB, 123

Vanscoy SE, 158–168

Varney NR, 102–114

Vatev I, 463–475

Vayena E, 2–10, 17, 38–56, 63

Vazquez-Nutall E, 65–80

Veal L, 198–209

Veatch RM, 508–518

Vega M, 22–35

Venkat G, 51–59

Venn A, 242–256

Ventruba P, 204–210

Venturoli S, 204–210

Verburg C, 100–113

Vercollone CF, 488–492

Verhaak CM, 53–54, 59, 106–115, 117–127, 169–192, 193, 430–438

Verheyen G, 239–256

Verhulst F, 392–409

Verlinsky Y, 276–287, 288

Vermeiden J, 479–491

Verp MS, 283–289

Verres R, 5–18, 50–58, 93–95, 119–128, 144–154, 548–556

Versluis-den Bieman H, 392–409

Vervaeke M, 144–154, 158–168

Vesalius, 21

Vestergaard M, 271–287

Vidaver J, 450–458

Viguera AC, 104–114, 115

Vilimova S, 264–286

Villani F, 241–256

Villeponteaux VA, 445–457

Vine MF, 190–193

Vingerhoets AJJM, 171–192, 194

Vinnerljung B, 392–409

Viorst J, 420–426

Visnova H, 204–210

Visser AP, 184–194

Visser G, 479–491

Vitalli G, 205–210

Viviani S, 239–256

Vlaeyen JW, 297–304

Vogel W, 100–113

Vogelzang NJ, 256

Voigt RG, 107–115

Vollman JH, 292–303

Vollmer AM, 493–506

Volpe A, 158, 168, 173–193, 194, 204–210

von Baer, K, 3

von Kolliker, A, 3

Von Schoultz B, 132–141

von Schoultz B, 53–59

Vutyavanich T, 447–457

Vytiska-Binstroger E, 42

Wada I, 481–491

Wadden TA, 190–194

Wadhaw PD, 442–456

Wadsby M, 463–475

Wagner F, 151–155

Wagner KD, 102–114

Wagner M, 4–18

Wainwright JL, 514–519

Wald NJ, 279–288

Waldenstrom U, 202–209

Waletzky J, 206–211

Walker AP, 259–285

Walker BG, 3–18, 215–233

Walker HE, 7–19, 212–233

Walker I, 172–192

Walker ME, 495–507

Walker SM, 75–82, 86–95, 435–439

Walker SW, 310–318

Wall S, 486–492

Wallace KM, 147–155

Wallbott HG, 77–82

Waller L, 544–556

Walter JL, 135–142

Walters L, 478–491, 508–518

Walther VN, 292–303, 304, 448–457

Wampold BE, 65–80, 121

Wang HJ, 245–257

Wang SM, 48–58, 336–338

Wang W, 197–209

Wang X, 119–127

Warburton D, 282–289

Ward S, 182–194

Wardell H, 421–427

Wardle PG, 204–210

Warner J, 309–317

Warnock JK, 101–113, 114

Warnock M, 5–18

Watanabe O, 197–209

Watanabe S, 106–115

Watchman M, 107–116

Waters E, 486–492

Watkins C, 266–286

Watkins KJ, 495–507

Watson J, 258, 260

Watson L, 242–256

Watters WJ, 319–337

de Watteville H, 7–19

Weaver SM, 462–475

Webb S, 269–286, 480–491

Weber B, 106–115

Webster A, 184–194

Weeks GR, 225–234

Weijenborg P, 158–167

Weinberg H, 166–168

Weiner-Davis M, 152–155

Weingartner PJ, 6–19, 38–56, 150–155, 419–426, 430–438

Weinman J, 435–439, 441

Weinshel M, 144–154, 155

Weir RF, 359–369

Weiss NS, 191–195, 242–256

Weiss SM, 169–192

Weissman A, 182–194

Weitaman A, 105–115

Weitz B, 269–287

Weizman ES, 102–114

Wellisch DK, 245–257

Wells BG, 101–113

Wells RA, 134–141, 142

Wendland CL, 307–316

Wennerholm UB, 441, 456, 479–491

Wenqian Y, 202–209

Wertz DC, 263–286, 288, 510–519

Westergaard H, 479–491

Western Australia Reproductive Technology Council, 554–557

Westphal LM, 204–210

Westrom L, 28

Wheeler SM, 104–114

Whiston SC, 121, 125

Whitaker A, 446–457

White A, 197, 203–210

White R, 45–58

Whiteford LM, 39–56, 414–426

Whitehead G, 64–80

Whitehead MB, 371

Wick K, 481–491

Wiemann I, 309–317

Wiggins JG, 503–507

Wikland M, 202–209, 479–491

Wilcox L, 479–491

Wild T, 307–316

Wiley FM, 245–257

Wilholm BE, 104–114

Wilkey SA, 197–208

Will JC, 190

Wille MC, 269–287

Williams KE, 97–112, 113, 116

Willmott J, 57

Willouby DF, 242–256

Willson JB, 494–506

Wilmut I, 478–491

Wilson AF, 203–210

Wilson AL, 292–303

Wilson JF, 6–19, 38–56, 145–154, 155, 172–192, 193, 217–234, 246–257, 419–426, 430–438, 477–491

Wilson L, 37

Wilton L, 276–288

Windridge KC, 451–458

Wingfield MB, 158–167, 246–257

Winkler R, 388–408

Wirtz M, 122, 136–142, 144–154

Wischmann TH, 5–18, 19, 50–58, 93–95, 119–128, 138–142, 144–154, 170–192, 434–439, 527–541, 548–556

Wise MJ, 451–458, 467–475

Wisner KL, 104–114, 115, 116

Wlowlsky Y, 281–288

Wohlreich MM, 447–457

Wolf M, 412–425

Wolfe HG, 170

Wolff CF, 3

Wolff ES, 108–116

Wolfson V, 203–210

Wolitsky DL, 417–426

Wolpin J, 105–115

Wong WY, 189–194, 205–211

Wood C, 3–18, 158–167, 246–257, 342–354

Wood RM, 158–167, 199–209, 246–257

Woodcock K, 216–233

Woodside JV, 205–210

Woodward v. Commissioner of Social Security, 522–540, 543

Woody S, 118–127

Woolridge A, 259–286

Worden JW, 11

World Health Organization, 5, 22–35, 190–195, 196–208, 216–233

Wortman CB, 144–154

Wouters I, 184–194

Wozny M, 39–56, 84–95, 132–141, 149–151, 155, 217–234, 434–438

Wright, 536–542

Wright EJ, 103–107, 114

Wright J, 53–54, 59, 143–154, 155, 172–192, 430–438, 470–476

Wrobel G, 401–410

Wu LS, 202–209

Wu X, 336–338

Wurn BF, 206–211, 224–234

Wurn LJ, 206–211, 224–234

Xi G, 202–209

Yager A, 206–211

Yalom ID, 66–80, 157–167

Yalom M, 213–233, 411–425

Yamashita H, 198–209

Yamaura Y, 203–210

Yang DT, 48–58

Yang L, 41–57

Yang YS, 336–338

Yap C, 359–369

Yaryura-Tobias JA, 457

Yates RW, 205–211

Yee B, 190–195

Yen P, 28–36

Yen SSC, 100–113

Yeung CH, 205–211

Yingling S, 84–95, 98–112

Yoder JD, 418–426

Yokoyama Y, 468–476

Yong PC, 173–193

Yonkers KA, 106–115

York v. Jones, 536–542

Young KS, 77–82

Young MA, 261–286

Yovel I, 217–234

Yovitch J, 482–492

Yuksel E, 72–82

Yuzpe AA, 84–95, 98–112, 114, 145–154, 184–193, 419–426, 431–438, 461–474

Zabludovsky N, 203–210

Zahid MA, 42–57, 70, 74, 419–426

Zaki ZM, 205–211

Zalmstra H, 184–194

Zander KM, 106–115

Zappert LN, 97–112

Zaslow MJ, 291–303

Zboyan H, 107–115

Zeanan CH, 281–288, 291–303

Zeeb M, 84–95, 130–141

Zegers-Hochschild F, 73–82, 324–337, 526–541

Zekoski EM, 103–107, 114, 445

Zelizer V, 460–474

Zellman GL, 359–369

Zeskind PS, 104–114

Zhai Y, 202–209

Zhang M, 22–35, 197–209, 210

Zhang SH, 467

Zhang X, 105–115, 336–338

Zhang Z, 419–426

Zheng Z, 203–210

Zhou M, 105–115

Zhoujun S, 202–209

Zhu JL, 271–287

Ziebe S, 276–287

Zielhuis GA, 53–54, 59, 106–115, 117–127, 205–211

Zierler S, 105–115

Zilbergeld B, 226–235

Zilberstein M, 283–289

Zimon AE, 449–458

Zitzmann M, 190–195

Zolbrod AP, 37, 39–56, 58, 305–316, 338

Zuber C, 104–114

Zucali R, 241–256

Zukerman Z, 205–211

Zuttermeister PC, 41–54, 57, 59, 98–112, 114, 158–167, 178–193, 194, 245–257

Zuzkar D, 280–288

Zweifel J, 345

Subject Index

AAMFT. See American Association of Marriage and Family Therapy

ACMG. See American College of Medical Genetics

ACOG. See American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

acupuncture, 202–203

   electroacupuncture, 202

   β endorphin levels after, 202–209

   GnRH normalization from, 202

   IVF and, 202

   male infertility and, 203, 211

   ovulation and, 202

   pregnancy and, 202–203

ADA. See Americans with Disabilities Act

Adjustment Disorder, 99, 103

adolescence, as parenthood stage, 472

adopted children. See children, adopted

adoption, 15, 33, 406–407

   See also adoption agencies; complex adoption theory; domestic adoption; independent adoption; international adoption; transracial adoption

   aboriginal, in Australia, 388

   Adoption and Safe Families Act, 396

   attachment and loss theory and, 393

   birth parent relationships, 402–403

   in China, 388

   complex adoption theory, 11, 395

   DI v., 306–307, 314

   domestic, 389, 395–397

   embryo v. ED, 358

   enforced Native-American, in United States, 388

   EuroAdopt program, 400

   family systems theory and, 394–395

   as family-building, 8, 9, 10, 12, 403–405

   fears about, 401

   grief therapy during, 405

   home studies for, 400–401

   identity formation and, 393–394

   after infertility, 387

   infertility counseling and, 390, 401–402, 407

   information disclosure as part of, 391

   information sources about, 405–406

   intercountry, 389

   international, 388, 389, 391–393, 398–399

   Islam and, 74

   migration’s influence on, 388

   parent education of, 395–401

   prenatal, 526

   Protection of Children and Co-Operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption, 389, 398

   psychological issues as part of, 401

   psychosocial adjustment to, 390–391

   as relationship realignment, 387

   in Romania, 388

   social stigma of, 388, 389

   social transitions towards, 407

   transnational policies for, 388

   transracial, 392–393, 399–400

adoption agencies

   domestic, 395–397

   Welcome Home, 388

Adoption and Safe Families Act, 396

adrenal hormones, 241

advanced maternal age, 270–271, 450, 466–467

   American Society for Reproductive Medicine on, 513

   Canadian Fertility and Andrology Society on, 513

   Down syndrome from, 271

   European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology on, 513

   infertility counseling for, 513–514

   OD and, 332–333, 513

   post-infertility pregnancy during, 450–451

   pregnancy risks for, 450

   prenatal testing for, 451

advocacy organizations. See organizations, advocacy

affective disorders, 98–99, 103

   Adjustment Disorder, 99, 103

   bipolar disorders, 99

   depression, 98–99

   pathological grief, 98

Africa. See also Egypt; Mozambique; Nigeria

   childlessness in, 415

   DI in, 306

   female circumcision in, 214, 413

   female sexual expression in, 214–215

   fertility rites in, female, 3, 74

   male infertility in, 40, 413

   reproduction in, social importance of, 413

   sub-Saharan, female infertility in, 42, 71

age

   advanced maternal, 270–271, 466–467

   ART and, as factor for, 173

   childlessness and, for females, 415

   female infertility and, 50–51

   fertility and, for males, 271

   infertility treatment withdrawal and, 430

   male infertility and, 47

   miscarriages and, 300

   OD and, 332–333

   parental, surrogacy and, 385

   preconception counseling and, 270–271

   pregnancy rates by, Spain,

   pregnancy rates by, United States, 50

   semen analysis and, 246

AHR. See Assisted Human Reproduction Act

AHRA. See Assisted Human Reproduction Agency

alarm reactions, 170

alcohol/drug usage, 190–191

   male reproductive hormones and, 191

   sperm production after, 188

Alcoholics Anonymous, 49

alexithymia, from male infertility, 40

allocentrism, 69

alternative medicine. See complementary and alternative medicine

altruism

   empathy hypothesis for, 346

   exchange reinforcement theory and, 346

   in group counseling, 160

   OD and, 321, 340

   organ donation and, 346

   psychoanalysis of, 373

   surrogacy and, 373, 380

American Association of Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT), 527

American Board of Genetic Counseling, 261

American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG), 271

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), 271

American Psychiatric Association, 527

American Psychiatric Nurses’ Association

American Psychiatric Nurses’ Association (APNA), 527

American Psychological Association (APA), 75, 118, 527

   ethics code for, 528

   on informed consent, 87–95

American Public Health Service, 188

American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), 85, 129, 146, 261, 339, 485, 522, 544–546

   on advanced maternal age, 513

   Child-rearing ability and the provision of fertility services, 85

   cryopreservation for, 249

   DI recommendations, 306, 313

   ED guidelines, 357

   Ethics Committee of, 509

   gamete donation guidelines, 347, 514

   genetic testing guidelines, 352

   infertility program guidelines, 85–92, 527

   on infertility treatment withdrawal, 434

   Mental Health Professional Group of, 86, 166, 340, 523, 544–546

   OD guidelines, 321, 322, 340, 536

   on PGD, 277

   on post-infertility parenting, 459

   surrogacy guidelines, 377

   treatment denial guidelines, 311

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 531

   HIV under, 243

γ-aminobutyric acid. See GABA

amniocentesis, 280, 451

   pregnancy adaptation from, 453

androgens, PCOS and, 52

aneuploidy, 276

anorexia nervosa, 99

   See also eating disorders

anorgasmia, 105

   in females, 216, 223

   primary, 223

   secondary, 223

Antenatal Questionnaire, 454

Antepartum Questionnaire, 454

antiandrogens, 30

anticipatory mourning, 132

antiestrogens, 30

   clomiphene citrate, 30, 100–101

   tamoxifen citrate, 30

anxiety disorders, 99, 107

   See also phobias

   Adjustment Disorder, 99, 103

   estrogen’s influence on, 100

   OCD, 99, 107

   phobias, 99

   during post-infertility pregnancy, 442, 444

   during pregnancy, 445

   reduction techniques for, 228

   in Taiwan, 99

ANZICA. See Australia & New Zealand Infertility Counsellors Association

APA. See American Psychological Association

APNA. See American Psychiatric Nurses’ Association

ART (assisted reproductive technology), 4, 15, 32–33, 38

   See also DI; donations; donors, embryo; donors, oocytes; ED; ICSI; IVF; MESA; OD; reproductive tourism; sperm donors; TESE

   advances in, 441, 456

   age demographics for, 173

   in Asia, 67

   Beckwith-Weideman syndrome from, 481

   bereavement theory and, 295

   bioethics for, 509–510

   birth defects from, 482

   Catholic Church and, 526

   chemical pregnancies from, 290

   children from, 16–17, 363

   Christianity and, 73–74

   family systems theory and, 486

   genetic-assisted, 268, 269

   in Germany, cultural attitudes towards, 72

   gestational carriers, 15

   in Greece, 73

   HIV and, 240

   ICSI, 22, 47, 48, 272, 420, 477

   infertility counseling and, influence on, 494

   infertility counseling for, 129, 486

   information disclosure about, to children, 483–485, 487

   Islam and, 74

   in Italy, 340

   IUI, 31, 48, 51

   IVF, 4, 22, 23–35, 48, 51, 55, 143, 274, 477

   Judaism and, 72, 73

   MESA, 22, 47, 272

   morality of, 306

   MPR from, 290

   in The Netherlands, 48

   in Nigeria, 415

   parenthood after, 462–463

   perfect babies from, 441

   PESA, 48

   PGD as part of, 22, 35

   PHSP, 514–515

   pregnancy loss and, 290

   pregnancy risks from, 441–442

   psychological responses to, 173

   psychosocial health after, for children, 482–483

   PVSA, 48

   sexual dysfunction and, 217–218

   sperm donation, 15, 16, 272

   stress from, 53–54, 59

   in Sweden, 340

   TESE, 22, 32, 47, 272

   in Turkey, religion’s influence on, 67

   in United States, 415

Artificial Conception Act, 525

artificial insemination by donor (AID). See DI

artificial insemination, history of, 341

Asia. See also Bangladesh; China; India; Taiwan; Turkey; Vietnam

   reproduction in, social importance of, 412–413

   sexual expression in, 214

ASRM. See American Society for Reproductive Medicine

assisted hatching, 33

   age as factor for, 33

Assisted Human Reproduction Act (AHR), 524, 528, 551

   ED guidelines under, 537

Assisted Human Reproduction Agency (AHRA), 339, 340

   ED under, 358

   OD under, 321

assisted reproductive technology. See ART

atheism, 63

attachment and loss theory

   adoption and, 393

   claiming under, 393

   entitlement as part of, 393

   full attachment parameters in, 393

   grief counseling for, 137

   infertility and, 132

   OD and, 326

Australia

   Artificial Conception Act in, 525

   Australia & New Zealand Infertility Counsellors Association, 130, 321, 357, 528, 540, 546–547

   children from ART in, psychosocial health of, 482–483

   Commonwealth Family Law Act in, 525

   complementary and alternative medicine in, 197, 199, 209

   counselor accreditation in, 528–529

   cystic fibrosis study, 246

   DI in, 306

   Donor Registry in, 321, 357, 468

   ED in, 357–358

   endometriosis study, 246

   enforced adoption in, 388

   eugenics in, 259

   Federal Privacy Act in, 533–542

   Fertility Society of Australia, 340

   genetic counseling programs in, 261

   healthcare privacy in, 533

   Human Genetics Society of Australia, 261

   Human Reproductive Technology Act, 480

   Infertility Act in, 524

   Infertility Treatment Act in, 321, 340

   Ingarda tribes in, 3

   IVF studies in, 462–463, 479–481

   OD in, 340, 342

   reproductive laws in, 524–525, 547

   Reproductive Technology Accreditation Committee in, 321, 339, 340, 357

   Reproductive Technology Register, 480

   surrogacy in, 525

   Western Australia Birth Defects Registry, 480

Australia & New Zealand Infertility Counsellors Association (ANZICA), 130, 321, 357, 528, 540, 546–547

Austria

   information disclosure in, for gamete/embryo donations, 485

   PCOS studies in, 42

autogenic therapy, 203

avoidance, 186

Avoidant/Dependent Personality Disorder, 109

azoospermia

   in Klinefelter’s syndrome, 237

   male infertility and, 28, 39, 47, 48

   from Y-microdeletions, 273–287

Baby M., 522

BAI. See Beck Anxiety Inventory

Bangladesh, infertility treatment options in, 74

barren females, 3

basal body temperature. See BBT

Batak tribe, 3

BBT (basal body temperature)

   menstruation and, 21

   ovulation and, 26

BDI. See Beck Depression Inventory

Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), 454

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), 92, 98, 178

   in group counseling, 159

   for OD, 324

Beckwith-Wiedeman syndrome (BWS), from ART, 481

behavioral medicine. See also biopsychosocial model

   biopsychosocial model for, 174

   cognition in, 175

   focus areas for, 169

   health-based, 187–191

   Internet resources for, 593–594

Belgium, OD in, 324

Beratungsnetzwerk Kinderwunsch Deutschland (BKiD), 548

bereavement theory, 293–294

   See also grief

   ART and, 295

   medical history and, 295

   pregnancy loss history and, 295

   psychological assessment under, 295

BFS (British Fertility Society), 528, 546

BICA. See British Infertility Counseling Association

biochemical/nuchal translucency screen, 278

bioethics, 509

   American Society for Reproductive Medicine and, 509

   for ART, 509–510

   autonomy as part of, 512–517, 518

   beneficence as part of, 512

   committees, 511–512

   European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology guidelines, 509

   future applications of, 518

   IRBs and, 511

   justice under, 512

   literature on, 510–511

   non-maleficence as part of, 512

   for PHSP, 514–515

   principles of, 512

biologically-based therapies, 201, 203–205

   ephedra, 203

   for female infertility, 204–205

   Isoflavones, 205

   for male infertility, 205

   phytoestrogens, 204

   Pychnogenol, 205

   St. John’s Wort, 205

   vitamin supplements, 204

   Vitex, 204

biopsychosocial medicine, genetic counseling and, 264

biopsychosocial model (of infertility), 174, 175, 177–178

   complementary and alternative medicine as part of, 199

   crisis in, 175

   DI and, 309

biotechnology, reproductive laws for, 522–523

bipolar disorders

   clomiphene citrate and, in females, 101

   from infertility, 99

   in postpartum period, 106

   valproic acid for, 106

birth control

   in China, 215

   depression symptoms, 102

   development of, 215

   under Islam, 215

   oral, 102, 109–114

birth defects, from ART, 482

birth parents, during adoption, 402–403

BKiD. See Beratungsnetzwerk Kinderwunsch Deutschland

BMI (body mass index), 189

   underweight, 189

   WHO measurements for, 189

Borderline Personality Disorder, 107–108

   boundary issues as part of, 108

   sexual abuse as factor in, 108–116

Boulder model, of infertility counseling, 120

breast cancer

   chemotherapy for, 241

   female infertility from, 241–242

   hormonal therapies for, 242

   infertility counseling after, 251

   IVF and, 241

   oocyte cryopreservation and, 241

   oopherectomy and, 241

   pregnancy after, 241

British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy Professionals, 528

British Infertility Counseling Association (BICA), 130, 505, 528, 546

   under Human Fertilization and Embryo Authority, 546

bromocriptine mesylate, 101, 110

   hyperprolactinemia and, 101, 105

Buddhism, 63

bulimia, 99.

   See also eating disorders

burnout, compassion fatigue v., 498

BWS. See Beckwith-Wiedeman syndrome

CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia), 275

   PCOS and, 275

CAM. See complementary and alternative medicine

Canada

   Assisted Human Reproduction Act in, 524, 528, 551

   Assisted Human Reproduction Agency in, 321, 339, 340, 358

   Canadian Counselling Association in, 528

   Canadian Infertility Counselling Association in, 551

   Canadian Infertility Counsellor’s Association in, 528

   complementary and alternative medicine in, 197

   counselling regulation in, 528

   cultural diversity in, 62

   DI in, 310

   ED in, 358, 359

   Health Act, 524–540

   healthcare privacy in, 533

   infertility legislation in, 85

   infertility rates in, 20

   legal parentage in, 524–540

   OD in, 321, 340

   Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act in, 533–542

   Regulated Health Professionals Act in, 528

   reproductive laws in, 524

Canada Health Act, 524–540

Canadian Counselling Association, 528

Canadian Fertility and Andrology Society (CFAS)

   on advanced maternal age, 513

   on lesbian couple counseling, 514

Canadian Infertility Counselling Association (CICA), 551

Canadian Infertility Counsellor’s Association, 528

cancers, 38, 245–246.

   See also cancers, breast; cervical cancer; Hodgkin’s disease; testicular cancer

   breast, 241–242

   cervical, 242

   crisis-intervention counseling for, 276–287

   endometrial, 242

   female infertility from, 50, 241–242

   of female reproductive tract, 53–54, 242, 249

   Hodgkin’s disease, 246, 250, 257

   infertility counseling for, 54–59

   male infertility from, 239

   ovarian, 242

   testicular, 48, 239

   treatment decisions for, 276–287

   urological, 245

carbamazepine, 109

Carib tribes, 9

Cartesian dualism, 170

catharsis, 160

CBAVD (congenital absence of the vas deferens), 27, 28, 47, 48, 273.

   See also cystic fibrosis

   CFTR and, 27, 273

   sperm donation for, 273

CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), 49, 52, 107, 131, 159, 188

   goals of, 134

   in group counseling, 158, 164–165, 168

   interactionist perspective in, 134

   reciprocal determinism as part of, 134

   Relaxation Response as part of, 165

CCP. See Certified Clinical Psychologist

CDC. See Center for Disease Control and Prevention

CEGRM. See Colored Ecological and Genetic Relational Map

Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 197, 523

Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. See CES-D

Center for Surrogate Parenting, 371

Certified Clinical Psychologist (CCP), 549

cervical cancer, 242

   HPV and, 242

   surgery for, 242

cervix, 29

CES-D (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale), 98

CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator), 27, 273.

   See also cystic fibrosis

chemotherapy, 249

   for breast cancers, 241

Child Project Questionnaire, 566

childfree, 421

childless couples. See also counseling, couples; counseling, infertility; infertility, in females; infertility, in males

   boundary issues for, 416

   as childfree, 421

   decision-making for, 421–422

   emotional denial by, 421

   exercises for, 421

   familial relationships for, 416, 424

   feminist theory and, 417–418

   in object relations theory, 417

   polygamy as response to, 419

   pronatalism and, 422–423

   psychological transitions for, 417

childlessness

   across cultures, 411

   aging and, for females, 415

   in China, 412, 415

   under Christianity, 412

   cultural comparisons of, 66

   distinctions within, 11

   in Egypt, 415

   emotional concerns about, in females, 415

   family systems theory and, 416–417

   grief from, 420–421

   HIV/AIDS as cause of, 415

   incidence rates for, 414

   involuntary, 2, 61, 414–416

   in Israel, 414

   medical responses to, 66

   National Center for Health Statistics, 414

   in Nigeria, 415

   paths to, 419–420

   psychoanalytic theory and, 417

   reproductive tourism and, 419

   social psychology of, 418–419

   social realignments as result of, 66

   spirituality as response to, 66

   stigma theory and, 418–419

   throughout Africa, 415

   for traditional females, 419

   for transitional females, 419

Child-rearing ability and the provision of fertility services (American Society for Reproductive Medicine), 85

children, adopted

   Adoption and Safe Families Act, 396

   family compatibility for, 391

   in The Netherlands, 392

   psychosocial adjustment of, 390–391

   PTSD for, 392, 409

   special needs, 396–397

children, genetic, 459–460

   from ART, 16–17, 363

   from DI, 315

   economic utility of, 460

   eugenics and, 460

   female investment in, 460

   immortality desires and, 411, 460

   as labor source, 460

   last-chance-children, 467

   normalcy desires for, 411

   quality of life desires for, 411

   religious reasons for,

   social value of, 411

children, via third-party reproduction

   from ART, 16–17, 363

   from ED, 16, 359

   from OD, 15, 16, 33, 51, 73, 84, 274, 319

   parenting issues, 462–463, 464

   psychosocial health of, 482–483

   from S/GCs, 15, 16, 33, 34, 51, 370–371, 449–450

   from sperm donors, 15, 16, 272, 341, 349–350

China

   adoption in, 388

   birth control in, 215

   childlessness in, 412, 415

   collective culture in, 69

   Cultural Revolution in, 413

   female infertility in, 41

   international adoption from, 398

   male infertility in, 40

   personhood in, 291

   traditional medicine in, 202

Chlamydia, 28

   serology for, 53

chlamydiosis, 216–233

Christianity. See also Roman Catholic Church

   ART and, 73–74

   childlessness under, 412

   reproduction under, 412

chromopertubation, 53

chromosomes, 260–261

   female designations, 260

   male designations, 260

   Y-microdeletions in, 273

chronic illness

   acute illness v., 247

   couples counseling for, 254

   development of, 247

   psychosocial support for, 254

   spirituality and, 254

   stress management for, 254–255

   support groups for, 254

chronic illness theory, 247–248

chronic stressors, 176–193

   infertility as, 178

Chukchi shamans, 3

CICA. See Canadian Infertility Counselling Association

cimetidine, 240

CISS. See Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations

Civil Rights Act, 531–542

civil rights, in United States, 64

classical conditioning, 200

clinical practices, counseling, 502–503, 505–507

   alternative services as part of, 503

   Beck Anxiety Inventory for, 454

   Beck Depression Inventory for, 504

   collaboration within, 503

   consultants in, 500

   CPT for, 502, 507

   ethics committees in, 515–517

   expertise in, 504

   Fertility Problem Inventory for, 147–148, 504, 565

   independent, 499–500

   management of, 502–503

   multidisciplinary approach to, 504

   patient assessment as part of, 503

   PRIME-MD Brief PHQ for, 504

   referrals as part of, 505

   screening instruments for, 504

clinical practices, medical, infertility counselors as part of, 500–501

clomiphene citrate

   bipolar disorder and, in females, 101

   FSH and, 100

   Gn-RH and, 100–101

   LH and, 100

   menopausal symptoms from, 100

   PDD and, 100

   premenstrual syndrome and, 100

   psychosis as side effect, 101

cognitions, 175, 178

   cognitive therapy, 184–185

   cognitive-phenomenological stress theory, 176

   infertility, 185

   Social Cognition Theory, 199

Cognitive Adaptation Model, for infertility treatments, 434

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. See CBT

cognitive therapy, 184–185

   principles of, 184–185

cognitive-behavioral treatments, 15

cognitive-phenomenological stress theory, 176

Collaborative Reproductive Healthcare Model, 495–497

   Six Phase of Infertility Treatment Model as part of, 496–497

   Ten-step Circular Process Model as part of, 495–496

collective therapy, 157

collectivism

   in Chinese culture, 69

   cultures and, 68

   emotional expression and, 78

   in Indian culture, 69

   infertility-specific distress from, 70

   marriage under, 71

Colored Ecological and Genetic Relational Map (CEGRM), 262

commercial surrogacy, 373

Commonwealth Family Law Act, 525

COMPI (Copenhagen Multicentre Psychosocial Infertility), 179

complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), 15, 174, 175, 177–178, 196, 202–203

   in Australia, 197, 199, 209

   biologically-based therapies, 201, 203–205

   in biopsychosocial theory, 199

   in Canada, 197

   caregiver communication as part of, 207–208

   Clear Passage Therapies, 206

   culture as factor for, 206

   energy/biofield therapies, 201, 206

   Expectancy Theory and, 199

   5 categories of, 201–202

   in Germany, 197

   in Great Britain, 196, 197

   homeopathy, 203

   in Iceland, 198

   infertility counselors and, 208

   in integrated medicine, 196

   Internet resources for, 594

   in Japan, 197–198

   manipulative/body-based methods, 201

   mind-body programs, 201, 203

   mind-body programs as part of, 201, 203

   National Center for Complimentary and Alternative Medicine, 196

   in Pakistan, 198

   patient motivation’s towards, 206–207

   placebo effects and, 199, 200

   sexual counseling as part of, 15

   traditional Chinese medicine, 202

   treatment efficacy for, 207

   in United States, 196, 197, 198–199

complex adoption theory, 11, 395

   ED and, 360–361

   ethnographic theory as part of, 395

Comprehensive Psychosocial History for Infertility. See CPHI

confidentiality forms, in contractual surrogacy, 374

conflict management

   acceptance promotion as part of, 149–150

   communication in, 150–151

   in couples counseling, 149–151

   for females, 150

   for males, 151

   resolution as part of, 151–152

conflict-of-interest waivers, 374

congenital absence of the vas deferens. See CBAVD

congenital adrenal hyperplasia. See CAH

contractual surrogacy, 370, 374

   confidentiality forms as part of, 374

   conflict-of-interest waivers as part of, 374

   documents for, 374

   informed consent for, 374

   retainers, 374

Copenhagen Multicentre Psychosocial Infertility. See COMPI

Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS), 179

Coping Scale for Infertile Couples, 567

coping strategies, 185–187, 188

   adaptive, 176

   appraisal-focused, 176, 186–193

   avoidance as, 186

   COMPI, 179

   Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, 179

   by culture, 71–73

   emotion-focused, 176, 186

   group counseling and, 164

   hypervigilant, 453

   for infertile females, 172

   for infertile males, 172

   in infertility counseling, 119

   maladaptive, 176, 186–187

   for post-infertility pregnancy, 452–454

   problem-focused, 176, 186

   in stress and coping theory, 174, 176, 179–180

   Ways of Coping Checklist, 178, 179

cortisol secretions, 184

counseling. See clinical practices, counseling; counseling, couples; counseling, genetic; counseling, grief; counseling, group; counseling, infertility; counseling, multicultural; counseling, sexual

counseling, couples, 15, 148–149.

   See also conflict management; psychological evaluations; psychological tests

   for chronic illness sufferers, 254

   conflict management as part of, 149–151

   Coping Scale for Infertile Couples in, 567

   deconstruction in, 152

   Dyadic Adjustment Scale for, 147

   effectiveness of, 145–146

   Fertility Problem Inventory in, 147–148

   gender differences in, 149

   goals of, 148

   history of, 143–144

   infertility treatment parameters in, 23, 26

   after infertility treatment withdrawal, 435–437

   interventions for, 45–46

   legal history as factor in, 89

   Marital Adjustment Scale and, 147

   MSI for, 147

   participant assessment in, 146, 147

   PGD in, 276–277

   psychological evaluations as part of, 83–85, 88

   psychological services as part of, 84

   reasonable welfare principle in, 147

   reconstruction in, 152–153

   relationship history in, 89

   ritual development from, 153

   social support outside of, 89

   spoiled identity in, 152

   stage theories and, 144

   welfare of the child as goal of, 147

counseling, genetic, 13, 261–262, 264, 265–267.

   See also counseling, preconception; counselors, genetic

   ART and, 268, 269

   biopsychosocial medicine approach to, 264

   client-centered, 263

   collaborative treatment approach to, 264

   communication approach to, 263

   family pedigree assessment for, 262

   family systems theory and, 264

   gender responses to, 266

   Internet resources for, 594

   non-directive, 263

   preconception, 269–272

   psychological aspects of, 265, 269

   psychotherapy v., 263

   reproductive, 272–277

   requirements for, 261

counseling, grief, 137

counseling, group, 15, 156

   altruism as part of, 160

   Beck Depression Inventory in, 159

   behaviorally oriented, 103

   catharsis in, 160

   CBT in, 158, 164–165, 168

   cognitive restructuring from, 157

   collective therapy as, 157

   confidentiality as part of, 162

   coping strategies and, 164

   curative factors of, 159

   decision-making as part of, 164

   diagnostic conditions and, 157–158

   emotive-interactional, 165

   encounter groups and, 157

   gender differences within, 163–164

   grief therapies under, 163

   history of, 156–157

   imitative behaviors within, 160

   for infertility, 405

   Internet groups, 166

   interpersonal learning from, 160

   loss of control in, 163

   for medical staff, 166

   membership in, 162

   pregnancy during, 159, 164

   psycho-educational, 165

   social cohesion within, 160

   socialization development in, 160, 164

   stages of, 162–163

   structure of, 161–162

   support groups v., 161

   technology-mediated, 166

   themes within, 163

   Transcendental Meditation as, 157

   treatment teams in, 164

   universality of, 160

   weight loss under, 158

counseling, infertility, 2, 5, 55, 493, 527.

   See also Collaborative Reproductive Healthcare Model; counseling, couples; counseling, group; counseling, multicultural; counselors, infertility; psychological evaluations

   abnormality issues as part of, 252–253

   access to, 554

   adoption as part of, 390, 401–402, 407

   for advanced maternal age, 513–514

   American Society for Reproductive Medicine guidelines, 527

   for ART, 129, 486

   ART’s influence on, 494

   behavioral medicines in, 15

   Boulder model for, 120

   after breast cancer, 251

   British Infertility Counseling Association guidelines, 505

   Canadian regulation of, 528

   for cancer, 54–59

   children’s welfare as factor in, 553

   clinical issues within, 126

   cognitive-behavioral treatments for, 15

   Collaborative Reproductive Healthcare Model for, 495–497

   common factors within, 121

   compassion fatigue v. burnout in, 498

   competency in, 14

   complementary and alternative medical approaches to, 15

   coping strategies as part of, 119

   counter-transference in, 253–254, 497

   for couples, 15, 23, 26

   CPHI, 88, 125, 178, 563

   crisis intervention therapy in, 15

   cultural resistance to, 75

   culturally-sensitive, 12

   denial of treatment, 405

   for DI, 310–312

   after diabetes diagnosis, 251

   for endometriosis, 52

   ethics literature for, 511

   European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology guidelines, 24

   family therapies in, 15

   fear as factor in, 405

   for gamete donations, 341

   for gay males, 506, 514

   genetic counseling as part of, 13

   goals of, 13, 119

   grief and, 15

   gynecologists as part of, 23

   history of, 129, 493–494

   after HIV diagnosis, 251

   hostility in, 180–181

   Human Fertilization and Embryo Authority guidelines, 15

   after hypertension diagnosis, 251

   implication/decision-making therapies as part of, 15

   independent clinical practice for, 499–500

   for individuals, 15

   Infertility Counseling Award, 505, 528

   initial visits for, 24, 25

   integrationist approach to, 121

   International Infertility Counseling Organization, 14

   intervention-focused, 120–121

   legislation for, 5

   with limited life expectancy, 252

   literature about, 494

   medical examinations as part of, 25

   medical issues for, 12–13, 252

   medical organizations and, 5

   medical staff collaboration with, 498

   mind-body programs for, 120

   models for, 11, 12

   mortality issues as part of, 252

   multicultural, 63, 65, 66, 67, 77–78

   multi-modal approach to, 123

   National Association of Social Workers guidelines, 527

   for OD, 333

   patient collaboration as part of, 497–498

   PGD during, 22, 35

   for physicians, 436, 441

   for post-infertility pregnancy, 16, 17, 451–452, 454–455

   post-treatment, 435, 441

   practice issues for, 13–14

   with pre-existing illnesses, 513

   pregnancy loss and, 13

   psychodynamic therapy in, 15, 133–134

   psycho-education in, 181–183

   in psychological consequences theory, 7

   Psychological Special Interest Group guidelines, 322

   psychometric testing as part of, 552–553

   psychosocial assessment during, 14

   psychotherapy v., 132–133

   RCTs and, 120, 123

   relaxation training as part of, 119

   religion as factor in, 78

   reproductive health psychology as, 169

   sexual counseling as part of, 15, 119, 230

   for S/GCs, 449

   shame and, 405

   S-P model for, 120, 122–123

   standards of care for, 505–506

   strategic/solution-focused brief therapies in, 15

   stratification of services, 2, 8, 18, 215

   study parameters for, 118

   tasks as part of, 501, 502

   teams for, 23–24

   testicular cancer and, 48, 249

   transference in, 497

   treatment options from, 14

   urologists as part of, 23–24, 27

counseling, multicultural, 77–78

   dimensions of, 65

   for reproductive tourism, 63

   sensitivity as part of, 66, 67

   in United States, 65

counseling, preconception, 269–272

   age as factor in, 270–271

   family history assessment during, 270

counseling, sexual, 15

   anxiety-reduction techniques in, 228

   complementary and alternative medicine and, 15

   directed masturbation in, 228

   imagery techniques in, 228

   within infertility counseling, 15, 119, 230

   Internet resources for, 594

   orgasmic reconditioning in, 228

   P-LI-SS-IT model of, 228

   sensate-focus techniques in, 229

counselors, genetic, 258

   American Board of Genetic Counseling, 261

   American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 85, 129, 146, 261

   in Australia, 261

   education programs for, 261

   European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology, 85, 130, 146, 261

   Genetic Counseling Special Interest Groups, 261

   Human Genetics Society of Australia, 261

   International Society of Nurses in Genetics, 261

   National Board of Medical Genetics, 261

   PGD by, 259

counselors, infertility, 2, 4, 5, 67, 75–76, 83

   advocacy organizations for, 499

   in Australia, accreditation for, 528–529, 554–555

   Canadian Infertility Counsellor’s Association, 528

   client identification for, 530

   colleague collaboration during, 498–499, 506

   compassion fatigue for, 498

   competency guidelines for, 529–530

   complementary and alternative medicine and, 208

   confidentiality and, 532–533

   conflicts of interest for, 530–532

   counter-transference/transference for, 137–138

   cross-cultural competency among, 66, 67

   electronic tools for, 122

   ethics for, 13

   European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology guidelines, 527

   during gamete donation, 347–348, 355

   in Great Britain, accreditation for, 528, 554–555

   as independent consultants, 500

   on information disclosure, 487–488

   informed consent guidelines for, 530

   international guidelines for, 528, 552

   lawsuit avoidance by, 533–534

   legal issues, 13

   as medical practice employee, 500–501

   Mental Health Professional Group qualification guidelines for, 559

   outcome assessment by, 124, 552

   patient education by, 254

   during post-infertility parenthood, 470–473

   practice evaluation by, 123–124

   qualification guidelines for, 527

   Regulated Health Professionals Act for, 528

   research collaboration by, 124–125

   self-disclosure for, 138

   sexual dysfunction and, 231–232

   study research for, 122, 506

   3 types of, 66–67

   training of, 554

   treatment modalities for, 14–15

counter-transference, 137–138

   counselor self-disclosure and, 138

   in infertility counseling, 253–254, 497

couples counseling. See counseling, couples

couvade experience, 440

CPHI (Comprehensive Psychosocial History for Infertility), 88, 125, 178, 563

   for OD, 334

   sexual dysfunction and, 219

   surrogacy and, 381

CPT (Current Procedural Terminology), 502, 507

crisis intervention therapy, 15, 136–137

   for cancer, 248

   crises within the crisis in, 136

   goals of, 136

   phases of, 136

cryopreservation

   for American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 249

   of embryos, 356, 385

   hepatitis and, 341

   HIV and, 341

   Hodgkin’s disease and, 245

   of oocytes, 22, 53–54, 59, 241–256, 336, 342, 353

   of ovarian tissue, 249

   of sperm, 239, 341

   testicular cancer and, 239, 245

cultures. See also multiculturalism

   allocentric, 69

   childlessness across, 411

   collectivist, 68

   coping strategies by, 71–73

   definition of, 61–62

   diversity of, immigration’s effect on, 62, 79

   emic, 68

   etic, 68

   family roles within, 70–71

   genograms for, 77

   as identity, in Canada, 62

   as identity, in United States, 62

   idiocentric, 69

   individualist, 68

   infertility counseling within, 75

   infertility response within, 1, 70

   international adoption issues between, 399

   personhood within, 291

   psychology and, 68–70

   stress factors as part of, 172

   surrogacy and, differences between, 382

Current Procedural Terminology. See CPT

CVS (chorionic villi sampling), 279–280, 293, 451

cystic fibrosis

   Australian study on, 246

   genital, 273

   male infertility from, 239–240

   psychosocial issues from, 246

   Scotland study on, 246

   Wolffian duct derivatives in, 239

cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. See CFTR

cysts, ovarian, from hyperstimulation syndrome, 30

DAS. See Dyadic Adjustment Scale

Data Protection Act, 533

D&C (dilatation and curettage), 32

deconstruction, in couples counseling, 152

denial of treatment, 311, 335, 501–502

   Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine guidelines, 311

   factors for, 146, 459

   medical ethics for, 517

Denmark, infertility rates in, 20

deoxyribonucleic acid. See DNA

depression

   CES-D, 98

   Gn-RH influence on, 101

   HPA role in, 106

   from infertility, 98–99

   from IVF, 38

   from LH, 106

   from oral birth control, 102

   during post-infertility pregnancy, 445, 454

   postpartum, sources of, 106

   PPD, 445

   from pregnancy loss, 299–300

   rapid relapse, 103

DES (diethylstilbestrol)

   male infertility from, 39

   uterine effects from, 29, 32

Dhammapada, 73

DI (donor insemination), 47, 49

   adoption v., 306–307, 314

   in Africa, 306

   American Society for Reproductive Medicine recommendations for, 306, 313

   in Australia, 306

   biopsychosocial model for, 309

   in Canada, 310

   children from, 315

   counseling for, 310–312

   donor choice as part of, 311–318

   European Study of Assisted Reproduction Families, 307

   European Union documentation for, 306

   family systems theory and, 309

   future applications for, 315

   in Germany, 306, 308

   in Great Britain, 305–308, 316, 484

   ICSI v., 315

   identity theory and, 309–310

   information disclosure for, 307–309

   international legislation for, 305

   for lesbian couples, 307

   masturbation and, 306

   morality of, 306

   in New Zealand, 306, 310

   pregnancy from, 314–315

   psycho-educational group counseling for, 165

   psychological evaluations for, 84, 85

   psychological indications for, 313

   reproductive tourism and, 314

   research on, 306–307

   stigma from, for males, 47

   stigma theory and, 310

   in Sweden, 306, 342

   in Switzerland, 306

   treatment termination of, 314

   in United States, 305

diabetes

   female infertility and, impact on, 243

   infertility counseling after, 251

   male infertility and, impact on, 240

   obesity and, 243

   pregnancy and, 243

   retrograde ejaculation and, 240

diethylstilbestrol. See DES

dilatation and curettage, 32

discipline, for post-infertility parents, 471–472

diseases. See cancers; chronic illness; Hodgkin’s disease; Klinefelter’s syndrome; PCOS; PID; POF; Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome; STIs; tubal diseases; Turner’s syndrome

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), in genetics, 260

domestic adoption, 389, 395–397

   identified, 398

   independent, 397–398

   placement rules for, 396

   special needs children in, 396–397

donations (gamete/embryo). See also DI; donors, embryo; donors, gamete; ED; OD; sperm donors

   American Society for Reproductive Medicine guidelines, 347, 514

   anonymous v. known, 339, 344, 468

   in Austria, 485

   backups for, 48

   donor-linking, 342

   emotional consequences of, 16

   exchange reinforcement theory and, 346

   future applications for, 353

   gender differences and, 347

   genetic screening for, 283–284

   HGC on, 283

   Human Fertilization and Embryo Authority guidelines, 357

   in Iceland, 485

   infertility counseling for, 341

   infertility counselors during, 347–348, 355

   International Federation of Fertility Societies on, 340

   international guidelines for, 283–284, 514

   limits for, in Great Britain, 343

   organ donations v., 346

   Psychological Special Interest Group guidelines, 340

   registry for, in Australia, 321, 357, 468

   secrecy of, 450

   sperm, 15, 16, 272

   in Sweden, 485

   third-party reproduction from, 449, 450

   UNESCO on, 283

   in United States, 485

   WHO on, 283

donor backups, 48

donor insemination. See DI

Donor Registry (Australia), 321, 357, 468

donors, embryo, 351, 356–357, 365, 366

   anonymous v. known, 362, 363

   consent forms for, 586

   legal issues for, 366–369

   preparation for, 361–362

   psychological guidelines for, 572–573

donors, gamete. See also OD; sperm donors

   anonymity for, 319, 323–324, 330–331, 344, 348

   commercial recruitment of, 319–320, 343

   compensation for, 343

   counseling for, 344–345, 352–353

   genetic testing for, 352

   interviews for, 351–352

   known v. anonymous, 339, 344

   medical follow-up for, 345–346

   motivations for, 352

   oocyte, 350

   partners of, 350–351

   protections for, 348

   psychological interviews for, 348–351, 352

   psychosocial assessment for, 347

   psychosocial status of, 343

   recipient matches with, 348

   sperm, 15, 16, 272, 341, 349–350

   tracking for, 351

donors, oocytes, 350

   anonymous, guidelines for, 569–570

   clinical interviews for, 350

   known, guidelines for, 559, 569, 570

Down syndrome, 278, 279

   prenatal genetic testing for, 278, 279–288

   risks of, by maternal age, 271

drugs. See infertility medications; psychomedications

Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS), 147

dyspareunia, 224

   treatments for, 224

Eating Attitudes Test, 99

eating disorders, 99

   anorexia nervosa, 99

   bulimia, 99

   Eating Attitudes Test, 99

   physical effects of, 99

   during post-infertility pregnancy, 446

EBM (evidence-based medicine), in S-P model, 122–123

ectopic pregnancy, 290

ED (embryo donation), 16, 359.

   See also donors, embryo; embryos

   American Society for Reproductive Medicine guidelines, 357

   under Assisted Human Reproduction Act, 537

   Assisted Human Reproduction Agency guidelines, 358

   in Australia, 357–358

   in Canada, 358, 359

   complex adoption theory and, 360–361

   counselor bias during, 364–365

   donor preparation, 361–362

   embryo adoption v., 358

   European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology guidelines, 340, 357–369

   extra embryos from, 356

   in Finland, 359

   future applications for, 367–368

   in Great Britain, 359–360

   grief and loss theories and, 362

   information disclosure issues for, 363–364, 367

   international regulation of, 356, 357, 358

   Internet resources for, 595

   for lesbian couples, 357, 368

   medical reasons for, 357, 368

   Mental Health Professional Group guidelines, 358

   in New Zealand, 358, 363

   pregnancies from, 356

   prenatal genetic screening for, 284

   psychological evaluations for, 84, 85

   psychosocial evaluations as part, 362–363, 366–367

   recipient consent forms for, 589

   recipient counseling during, 365–366, 572, 573

   reproductive laws for, 536–537

   reproductive tourism and, 357

   RESOLVE and, 360, 366

   social-exchange theory and, 360

   therapeutic interventions for, 365

   United States agencies, 364

   WHO guidelines, 363

Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, 454–458

Egypt

   childlessness in, 415

   infertile women in, 70–71

elderly gravida. See advanced maternal age

elective abortion, 290.

   See also MPR; pregnancy termination

electroacupuncture, 202

embryo donation. See ED

embryo donors. See donors, embryo

embryo transfer, blastocyst transfers, 33

embryologists, in infertility counseling, 24

embryos

   cryopreservation of, 356, 385

   ED, 16, 84

   extra, 356

   lost, 537–538

   transfers of, in IVF, 33, 74

EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing), 54

Emic cultures, 68

encounter groups, 157

endometrial cancer, 242

endometrial polyps, 28

endometriosis, 46, 52, 246–247

   Australian study, 246

   counseling, for infertile women, 52

   Endometriosis Association, 158

   female infertility from, 31, 50, 242–243

   Great Britain study, 247

   infertility medications and, 31

   male partner response to, 46

   medical treatments for, 31, 243, 250

   psychological effects of, 42

   surgery for, 243

   therapy for, 243

Endometriosis Association, 158

Endometriosis Health Profile-30, 567

endometrium

   endometriosis, 46, 52

   during ovulation, 26

β endorphins, 202–209

energy/biofield therapies, 201, 206

   reflexology, 206

ephedra, 203

erectile dysfunction, 219, 225–226

   male infertility and, 46, 225

   medical treatments for, 226

   primary, 225

   psychological treatments for, 226

   secondary, 225

ESHRE. See European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology

estrogens, 100.

   See also antiestrogens

   anxiety increase from, 100

   mood improvement from, 100

   phytoestrogens, 204

   serotonin availability increase from, 100

ethics. See also bioethics; medical ethics

   in medicine, 508

ethics committees

   for American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 509

   components of, 516

   in infertility counseling practices, 515–517

   IRBs v., 511–512

ethnic cleansing, 260

ethnicity

   genetic disorders by, 271, 272

   OD and, 329

ethnographic theory, 395

Etic cultures, 68

eugenics, 259

   in Australia, 259

   children and, 460

   Eugenics Society of Great Britain, 259

   in Germany, 259

   negative, 259–260

   positive, 260

   in United States, 259

Eugenics Society of Great Britain, 259

EuroAdopt program, 400

European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE), 85, 130, 146, 261, 339, 547–548

   on advance maternal age, 513

   bioethics guidelines, 509

   ED guidelines, 357–369

   genetic testing guidelines, 351–355

   on lesbian couples, 514

   OD guidelines, 322, 340–341

   PCSG of, 527

   PCSIG of, 340, 358

   on PGD, 277

   Psychological Special Interest Group of, 322

   surrogacy guidelines, 377

   Task Force on Law and Ethics, 510

   Ten-step Circular Process Model and, 496

European Study of Assisted Reproduction Families, 307

European Union (EU). See also Austria; Belgium; Denmark; Finland; France; Germany; Great Britain; Greece; Italy; The Netherlands; Scotland; Sweden; Switzerland

   DI documentation within, 306

   European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology, 85, 130

   European Union Tissue ands Cells Directive, 321, 339

   immigration to (2001), 62

   IVF studies in, 463

   obesity rates in, 189

   third-party reproduction studies, 463–464

European Union Tissue ands Cells Directive, 321, 339

   OD guidelines, 357

evidence-based medicine. See EBM

examinations, medical. See also gynecology

   infertility counseling and, 25

exchange reinforcement theory

   altruism and, 346

   gamete donations and, 346

Expectancy theory, 200–201

   complementary and alternative medicine and, 199

   placebo effects and, 200–201

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. See EMDR

Eysenck Personality Inventory, 99

failure, female infertility as, 41

faith. See spirituality

faith-healing, for infertility, 74

fallopian tubes

   evaluation of, 21, 28–29

   HSG for, 21, 28

   surgical procedures for, 30

false positives, for pregnancies, 278

family systems theory, 10–11, 43, 552

   adoption and, 394–395

   ART and, 486

   boundary issues, 11, 326–327

   childlessness and, 416–417

   complex adoption as part of, 11

   couples developmental stages in, 12

   DI and, 309

   genetic counseling and, 264

   genograms in, 327

   insistence of difference under, 394–409

   life stage model in, 10, 416

   OD and, 326–327

family therapies, in infertility counseling, 15

fatherhood, 38, 132

   infertility theories and, by gender, 43

   Internet resources on, 596

   as secondary focus, 45

Federal Privacy Act, 533–542

female circumcision, in Africa, 214, 413

female sexual dysfunction. See sexual dysfunction, in females

females. See also infertility, in females; motherhood; sexual dysfunction, in females

   advanced maternal age for, 270–271

   in Africa, sexual expression of, 214–215

   ambitious, 7

   in ancient Greece, 213

   anorgasmia in, 216

   barren, 3

   childlessness fears in, 415

   children as investment for, 460

   circumcision of, in Africa, 214

   conflict management for, 150

   fallopian tube evaluation for, 21, 28–29

   fertility rites for, African, 3

   Freudian infertility theories for, 43–44

   human sexual response in, 218

   identity formation for, under object relations theory, 417

   infertility and, social treatment of, 3

   marianismo, 412

   medical consultation parameters for, 23

   MRKH in, 158

   penis envy for, 417

   premature ovarian failure in, 26

   in psychogenic infertility theory, 7

   sexual dysfunction in, 222–224

   sexual expression for, 215

   support groups for, 119

   tobacco usage by, 190–195

   traditional, 419

   umazume, 3

   uterus evaluation in, 28–29

   zina for, 214

feminist theory

   childless couples and, 417–418

   motherhood in, 325, 414

   object-relations theory and, 325

   OD and, 324–325

FertiForum, 549–550

   under Swiss Society for Reproductive Health, 550

fertility

   advance paternal age and, 271

   African rites, female, 3, 74

   dietary modification for, 204–205

   Fertility Problem Inventory, 147–148

   FSH testing for, in females, 26, 50

   FSH testing for, in males, 28

   historical overview for, 3–4

   subfertility, 106

   symbols for, 1–2

   WHO definition of, 414

Fertility Adjustment Scale, 566

Fertility Clinic Success Rate and Certification Act, 522

Fertility Problem Inventory (FPI), 147–148, 504, 565

Fertility Problem Stress Inventory, 565

fertility rites, in Africa, 3, 74

Fertility Society of Australia, 340

FertiQol, 567

fetoscopy, 451

fight or flight, 171

fimbrioplasty, 53

Finland, ED in, 359

FISH (flourescent in situ hybridization), 276

FLASEF. See Latin American Federation of Fertility and Sterility Services

flourescent in situ hybridization. See FISH

Fluoxetine, 104, 105

follicle-stimulating hormone. See FSH

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 523

   GGTP-HCT/P under, 523

forgotten mourners, 8

FPI. See Fertility Problem Inventory

Fragile X syndrome, 42

   female infertility from, 275

France

   IVF in, 479

   National Institute for Health and Medical Research in, 479

   OD in, 321, 340

freezing. See cryopreservation

Freudian theories, 43–44, 324–325

   female factor, 43–44

   infertility and, 43

   male factor, 43

   OD and, 324–325

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

   clomiphene citrate and, 100

   in female fertility testing, 26, 50

   male infertility and, 28, 32

GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid), 100

galactorrhea, 105

Gamblers Anonymous, 49

gamete donors. See donors, gamete

gay male couples

   cultural beliefs about, 376

   infertility counseling for, 506, 514

   Internet resources for, 596

   parenthood for, 469–470

   surrogacy for, 375–376, 478

gender. See also females; males

   conflict management by, 150

   couples counseling and, 149

   gamete donations and, 347

   genetic counseling by, 266

   grief and, 9, 292

   in group counseling, 163–164

   infertility theories by, 43

   infertility treatment withdrawal by, 430

   infertility-specific diagnoses by, 12, 46, 55

   information disclosure by, 488

general adaptation syndrome, 170

genes, 259, 260

genetic children. See children, genetic

genetic counseling. See counseling, genetic

Genetic Counseling Special Interest Groups, 261

genetic counselors. See counselors, genetic

genetic disorders

   from advanced maternal age, 270–271

   advanced paternal age and, 271

   CAH, 275

   CBAVD, 27, 28, 47, 48, 273

   Down syndrome, 271, 278, 279

   emotional responses to, 267–268

   by ethnicity, 271, 272

   family issues and, 267

   female chromosomal abnormalities, 274–275

   female infertility from, 273–275

   female syndromes, 275

   Fragile X syndrome, 42, 275

   Kartagener syndrome, 273

   Klinefelter’s syndrome, 272

   male chromosomal abnormalities, 272–273

   male infertility from, 272, 273

   PGD for, 22, 35, 275–276

   PGS for, 276

   Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome, 23, 50, 51, 238, 275

   syndromes, 273

   Turner’s syndrome, 42, 50, 51, 274–275

   XYY, in males, 281–288

   Y-microdeletions, 273

genetic testing, 260, 282

   American College of Medical Genetics and, 271

   American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 271

   American Society for Reproductive Medicine guidelines, 352

   CVS, 279–280, 293

   European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology guidelines, 351–355

   for gamete donors, 352

   HGP and, 260

   international perspectives on, 262–263

   for male infertility, 28

   PGD as part of, 22, 35, 275–276

   prenatal, 277–283

genetics, 259.

   See also counseling, genetic; counselors, genetic; genetic disorders; genetic testing

   chromosomes, 260–261

   DNA in, 260

   genes, 259, 260

   genotypes, 259

   HGP and, 260

   Law of Dominance in, 259

   Law of Independent Assortment in, 259

   Law of Segregation in, 259

   modern, 259–260

   negative eugenics, 259–260

   positive eugenics, 260

genital herpes, 216

genograms

   cultural, 77

   in family systems theory, 327

genotypes, 259

Germany

   ART in, cultural attitudes towards, 72

   BKiD in, 548

   complementary and alternative medicine in, 197

   DI in, 306, 308

   eugenics in, 259

   idiopathic infertility in, 131

   male infertility study in, 40

   solution-focused psychotherapy in, 136

gestational carriers. See S/GCs

GGTP-HCT/P (Current Good Tissue Practice for Human Cells, Tissues, and Cellular and Tissue-Based Products), 523

GLASMI. See Grupo Latinoamericano de Interes en Salud Mental en Infertilidad

Glutathione, 205

Gn-RH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone), 31, 32, 101–102

   acupuncture’s influence on, 202

   clomiphene citrate and, 100–101

   cognitive changes from, 102

   depression symptoms from, 101

   hypoestrogenism from, 101

   IVF and, 101

   Lupron, 101

   Triptorelin, 101, 102

gonadotropins, 30

   Gn-Rh, 31

   hGC, 31

   human menopausal, 101, 102

   neurotropic effects of, 100

gonorrhea, 216

Great Britain

   BFS in, 528, 546

   British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy Professionals in, 528

   British Infertility Counseling Association, 130, 505, 528, 546

   complementary and alternative medicine in, 196, 197, 198

   counselor accreditation in, 528

   Data Protection Act in, 533

   DI in, 305–308, 316, 484

   donation limits in, 343

   ED in, 359–360

   endometriosis study, 247

   Eugenics Society of Great Britain, 259

   healthcare privacy in, 533

   Human Fertilization and Embryo Authority in, 85–95, 339–340, 350, 485, 509, 522, 523, 528

   Human Rights Act in, 533

   IVF in, 258, 478–479

   IVF in, female attitudes towards, 67

   male infertility in, 39

   Medical Research Council in, 478

   OD in, 323–324, 357

   Project Group on Assisted Reproduction in, 546

   reproductive laws in, 523–524

   Voluntary Licensing Authority in, 478

Greece

   ART in, 73

   children from ART in, psychosocial health of, 482

   female infertility in, 42

   homosexuality in, 213

   male infertility in, 40

   motherhood as cultural symbol in, 72–73

   reproduction in, historical female role in, 213

   reproduction’s role in (ancient Greece), 411–413

grief. See also attachment and loss theory; grief therapy; pathological grief; perinatal grief

   anticipatory mourning and, 132

   from childlessness, 420–421

   chronic infertility-specific models of, 9

   definition of, 293

   disenfranchised, 9, 420

   forgotten mourners, 8

   gender differences in, 9, 292

   gestational age of pregnancy and, 292

   in infertile females, 41

   infertility theories and, 8–9

   keening syndrome and, 8

   normal, 98–112

   pathological, 98, 292

   perinatal, 294–296

   from pregnancy loss, 291–292

   in psychopathology, 98

   shadow, 295

   stages of, in psychological consequences theory, 7

grief and loss theory, 45.

   See also attachment and loss theory

   ED and, 362

grief counseling. See counseling, grief

grief therapy, 15

   during adoption, 405

   anger resolution as part of, 405

   goals of, 299–300

   in group counseling, 163

   guilt resolution as part of, 405

   in infertility counseling, 15

   memory boxes in, 299

   patient assessment during, 297–298

   for pregnancy loss, 291, 296, 297–299, 300

group counseling. See counseling, group

Grupo Latinoamericano de Interes en Salud Mental en Infertilidad (GLASMI), 550–551

   goals of, 550–551

   Latin American Federation of Fertility and Sterility Services and, 550

Guatemala, international adoption from, 398

Guizhi-Fuling-Wan, 202

Guyin decoction, 202

gynecologists. See also reproductive endocrinologists

   in infertility counseling, 23

gynecology. See also cervix; fallopian tubes; ovulation; uterus

   HSG, 21

   hysterosalpingography in, 21–35

   laparoscopy, 21

Hachimijiogan, 202

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), 31

health behavioral interventions, 187–191

   self-efficacy beliefs and, 188

   weight management, 189–190

health care, WHO on, 424

Health Council of the Netherlands, ART and, 48

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 532–533

   medical records under, 532

Heart Rate Variability. See HRV

Heidelberg model in, 8

hepatitis, cryopreservation and, 341

heredity. See also genetics

   concept of, 260, 282

HGC (Human Genetics Commission)

   on gamete donations, 283

   on PGD, 277

HGP (Human Genome Project), 260

   genetic testing and, 260

Hinduism

   fertility symbols in, 3

   lingam in, 3

   yoni in, 3

Hippocratic Oath, 508.

   See also ethics

Histrionic Personality Disorder, 108.

   See also psychopathology

HIV/AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), 216, 237

   under Americans with Disabilities Act, 243

   ART and, 240

   childlessness from, 415

   cryopreservation and, 341

   female infertility from, 243

   infertility counseling and, 251

   male infertility from, 240

   during pregnancy, 243

   in sperm banks, 342

Hoccheukkito, 202

Hodgkin’s disease, 246, 250, 257

   CABVD treatment for, 239, 241

   female infertility from, 241

   male infertility from, 48, 239

   MOPP treatment for, 239, 241

   oocyte cryopreservation and, 241–256

   sperm cryopreservation and, 245

Holocaust, as negative eugenics, 259

homeopathy, 203

homosexuality. See also gay male couples; lesbian couples

   in ancient Greece, 213

hormones. See also estrogens; progesterone

   adrenal, 241

   estrogens, 100

   female sexual dysfunction from, 222

   FSH, 26, 28, 32, 50

   Gn-RH, 31, 32, 101–102

   Gn-Rh, 31, 32

   hCG, 31

   LH, 32

   male infertility and, 38

   male reproductive, alcohol’s effect on, 191

   progesterone, 26, 100

   therapies, for infertile males, 32

   thyroid, 241

hot flashes, 241

HPA (hypothalmic adrenal system), 106

HPV (human papilloma virus), 216

   cervical cancer and, 242

HRV (Heart Rate Variability), 104

HSG (hysterosalpingogram), 21, 28

human chorionic gonadotropin. See hCG

Human Fertilization and Embryo Authority (HFEA), 11, 85–95, 339–340, 350, 485, 509, 522, 528

   British Infertility Counseling Association under, 546

   Code of Practice, 118

   gamete donation guidelines, 357

   on lesbian couples, 514–519

   OD guidelines, 321, 357–369

   on PGD, 277

   reproductive laws under, 523

Human Fertilization and Embryo Authority Code of Practice, 118

Human Fertilization and Embryology Act, 509

Human Genetics Commission. See HGC

Human Genetics Society of Australia, 261

Human Genome Project. See HGP

human immunodeficiency virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. See HIV/AIDS

human papilloma virus. See HPV

Human Reproductive Technology Act, 480

Human Rights Act, 533

human sexual response. See also sexual dysfunction; sexual expression

   desire as part of, 220

   infertility and,

   orgasm as part of, 218

   sexual expression and, 218

   3 phases of, 218

   in women, 218

hyperemesis gravidarum

   management of, 446

   during post-infertility pregnancy, 446

hyperprolactinemia, 101, 105

   ovulation dysfunctions from, 101

hyperstimulation syndrome, 30

   ovarian cyst formation from, 30

hypertension

   calcium channel blockers and, 239

   infertility counseling after, 251

   treatment of, in males, 238–239

hypnosis, 203

hypoactive sexual desire disorder, 220

   primary, 220

hypoestrogenism, 101

hypothalmic adrenal system. See HPA

hysterosalpingogram. See HSG

hysterosalpingography, 21–35, 53

hysteroscopy, 29, 32

ICD-9, multiculturalism under, 65

Iceland

   complementary and alternative medicine in, 198

   information disclosure in, for gamete/embryo donations, 485

ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection), 22, 47, 48, 272, 420, 477

   DI v., 315

   in IVF, 32

   in Sweden, for males, 39

identified adoption, 398

identity theory

   adoption and, 393–394

   DI and, 309–310

   language acquisition as part of, 418

   maternal identity in, post-infertility, 461

   under object relations theory, for females, 417

idiocentrism, 69

idiopathic infertility, in Germany, 131

IFFS. See International Federation of Fertility Societies

IFIPA. See International Federation of Infertility Patient Associations

IICO. See International Infertility Counseling Organization

immigration

   cultural diversity from, 62, 79

   to European Union (2001), 62

   to United States, (1995–2000), 62

immortality desires, reproduction as form of, 131, 411, 460

implication/decision-making therapy, 15

impotence, in males, 39

   as sexual dysfunction, 219

in vitro fertilization. See IVF

independent adoption, 397–398

   costs for, 397

   disadvantages of, 397–398

   networking for, 397

independent consultants

   advantages/disadvantages for, 500

   infertility counselors as, 500

India, collective culture in, 69

individual identity theory, 9

individualism

   cultures and, 68

   emotional expression and, 78

   in United States, 69

Industrial Revolution, motherhood after, 413

infabulation. See female circumcision

infant mortality

   neonatal death, 290

   personhood and, 291

   SIDS, 290

infertility, 20, 238.

   See also childlessness; counseling, infertility; counselors, infertility; infertility theories; research, infertility; secondary infertility; stage theory; third-party reproduction

   adoption after, 387

   advocacy organizations for, 5

   anticipatory mourning from, 132

   attachment/loss and, 132

   biblical references to, 37

   biopsychosocial model of, 174, 175, 177–178

   bipolar disorders from, 99

   in Canada, 20

   cancers and, 38

   causes of, medical, 20, 21, 34

   as chronic stressor, 178

   cognitions, 185

   counseling for, 2, 4, 5, 55

   as crisis, 9–10

   cultural responses to, 3, 70

   definition of, 34

   in Denmark, 20

   depression from, 98–99

   distress from, psychological, 4, 145

   from erectile dysfunction, 219

   exercise and, excessive, 25

   Fertility Problem Stress Inventory for, 565

   Freudian theories and, 43

   gender-specific diagnoses for, 12, 46, 55

   genetic causes of, 237–238

   grief and, 9

   group counseling for, 405

   historical overview of, 20–22

   holistic views on, 4–6

   idiopathic, 131

   Infertility Cognitions Questionnaire for, 565

   Infertility Distress Scale for, 566

   Infertility Problem Inventory for, 179, 565

   Infertility Reaction Scale, 565

   as intergenerational family developmental crisis, 10

   internalization of, 9

   legislation, in Canada, 85

   maternal identity after, 461

   in media, 37–38

   medical solutions to, 4, 7–19

   medicalization of, 2, 145

   medications for, 99–102

   multidimensional questionnaires about, 565

   in Nigeria, 20, 415

   obesity as risk factor for, 189, 243–244

   parenthood after, 459, 461–462, 465–466, 474

   PCOS and, 38

   personality disorders and, 99, 107–109, 111

   personality tests and, 93

   personality types and, 109, 140

   POF and, 38

   polygamy as solution to, 1, 42

   pre-existing psychiatric disorders and, 84

   primary, 2, 20

   psychogenic, 6–7, 130, 170, 171, 216

   psychological reactions to, 171–172, 471

   psychopathology and, 98–99

   psychosocial interventions for, 5, 6, 173–174

   rates, worldwide, 37, 415

   religion and, 67–68, 73–75

   research on, 5

   rituals, 442

   Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome and, 23, 50, 51

   in Scotland, 20

   secondary, 2, 20

   self models and, integration of, 9

   sexual dysfunction and, in couples, 213–217, 233, 235

   sexual dysfunction as cause of, 219–220

   STDs as cause of, 216

   as stigma, 10, 39

   stress and coping theory and, 179–180

   in Sweden, 20

   theories, by gender, 43

   third-party reproduction and, 15–16

   tobacco usage and, 25

   as transformational process, 10

   treatment goals, 83

   unidimensional questionnaires about, 565–566

   in United States, 20

   from vaginismus, 219

   worldwide rates for, 1

Infertility (Medical Procedures) Act, 524

infertility belt, 2–17

Infertility Cognitions Questionnaire, 565

infertility counseling. See counseling, infertility

Infertility Counseling Award, 505, 528

infertility counselors. See counselors, infertility

Infertility Distress Scale, 566

infertility, in females, 50–55, 240–244

   in Africa, sub-Saharan, 42, 71

   age as factor in, 50–51

   anorexia nervosa as risk factor for, 99

   biologically-based therapies for, 204–205

   from CAH, 275

   from cancers, 50, 241–242

   cervical evaluation for, 29

   in China, 41

   from chromosomal abnormalities, 274–275

   congenital uterine anomalies as factor for, 50

   coping strategies for, 172

   cortisol secretions in, 184

   from diabetes, 243

   in Egypt, 70–71

   emotional effects from, 53–54, 55, 84

   from endometriosis, 31, 50, 242–243

   endometriosis as factor in, 31, 50

   as failure, 41

   fallopian tubal factors for, 21, 28–29, 52–53

   fallopian tubal surgery and, 30

   from Fragile X syndrome, 275

   FSH as factor in, 26, 50

   future research for, 56

   genetic causes of, 273–275

   in Greece, 42

   grief from, 41

   from HIV, 243

   from Hodgkin’s disease, 241

   from inflammatory bowel diseases, 244

   intrusive ideation from, 53–54

   in Israel, 42

   IUI and, 31

   in Japan, 4

   in Kuwait, 42

   L-arginine for, 204

   in matrilineal societies, 71, 82

   nitric oxide for, 204

   obesity as risk factor for, 189, 246

   OD and, 319

   ovulation and, 26–27

   PCOS and, 50

   from PID, 50

   from POF, 26, 38, 45, 50, 52, 240–241

   psychological responses to, 41–43, 172

   religion’s impact on, 67

   from Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome, 238, 275

   self-esteem in, 41

   shame from, 46, 54

   social treatment of, 3

   stigma theory and, 44

   stress in, 53–54, 172

   tubal ligations and, 30

   from Turner’s syndrome, 238, 240

   uterine evaluation and, 28–29

   uterine surgery and, 30–32

   in Vietnam, cultural attitudes towards, 72

   Vitex for, 204

infertility, in males, 22, 46–49, 50, 132

   acupuncture and, 203, 211

   in Africa, 40, 413

   age as factor for, 47

   alexithymia from, 40

   azoospermia and, 28, 39, 47, 48

   behavioral changes for, 47

   biologically-based therapies for, 205

   from cancer, 239

   CBAVD, 27, 28, 47, 48, 273

   CBT for, 49

   CFTR and, 27

   in China, 40

   from chromosomal abnormalities, 48, 272–273

   coping strategies for, 172

   from cystic fibrosis, 239–240

   from DES, 39

   DI as result of, 47

   from diabetes, 240

   emotional response implications for, 49–50

   erectile dysfunction as factor in, 46, 225

   FSH as factor in, 28, 32

   future research for, 55–56

   genetic causes of, 272, 273

   genetic testing for, 28

   in Germany, 40

   Glutathione for, 205

   in Great Britain, 39

   in Greece, 40

   Guizhi-Fuling-Wan for, 202

   from HIV, 240

   Hoccheukkito for, 202

   from Hodgkin’s disease, 48, 239

   hormonal causes for, 28, 38

   hormonal therapies for, 32

   hypertension treatment as factor in, 238–239

   ICSI for, 22, 47, 48, 272

   impulse control issues and, 49

   in Iran, 40

   Isoflavones for, 205

   IUI and, 39

   Ju Jing powder for, 202

   from Kartagener syndrome, 273

   from Klinefelter’s syndrome, 23, 38, 47, 237–238, 272

   L-carnitine for, 205

   LH as factor in, 32

   medical treatments for, 32

   MESA for, 22, 47, 272

   oligospermia and, 39, 48

   from pharmaceutical use, 240

   psychogenic, 7, 216

   psychological responses to, 38–41, 172

   Pychnogenol for, 205

   quality-of-Life assessments for, 568

   Selenium for, 205

   semen analysis as part of, 22, 27

   shame from, 49

   social views on, 38

   St. John’s Wort for, 205

   stress from, 172, 173

   in Sweden, 39–40

   TESE for, 22, 32, 47, 272

   testicular cancer, 48, 239

   traditional Chinese medicine for, 202

   varicoceles and, 28, 38

   vasectomies and, 32, 39, 47–58

   vitamin supplements for, 205

   from Y-microdeletions, 273

   Zinc for, 205

infertility medications, 99–102.

   See also bromocriptine mesylate; clomiphene citrate; estrogens; Gn-RH; progesterone; psychopharmacology

   antiandrogens, 30

   antiestrogens, 30

   bromocriptine mesylate, 101, 110

   for endometriosis, 31

   Gn-RH, 31, 32, 101–102

   gonadotropins, 30, 100

   hyperstimulation syndrome from, 30

   for ovulation induction, 30

   progesterone, 26, 100, 102

   psychiatric effects from, 100

   sperm production and, effect on, 27

   USDA approval for, 30

Infertility Problem Inventory, 179, 565

Infertility Reaction Scale, 565

infertility research. See research, infertility

infertility theories, 6–8.

   See also family systems theory; stigma theory

   chronic grief models, 9

   family systems, 10–11, 43, 552

   grief, 8–9

   individual identity, 9

   psychogenic, 6–7, 130, 170, 171, 216

   psychological consequences, 7, 171

   psychological cyclical model, 7

   psychological outcome approach, 7–8, 171

   psychosocial context approach, 8

   self-discrepancy, 9

   stage, 11

   stigma, 10, 43, 44, 58, 248

   stress/coping, 9–10, 174, 176, 179–180

Infertility Treatment Act, 321

   IVF guidelines, 357

infertility treatment providers. See counselors, infertility

infertility treatments. See also infertility medications

   American Society for Reproductive Medicine on, 434

   Cognitive Adaptation Model for, 434

   costs as factor for, 430–431

   couples counseling after, 435–437

   disengagement from, 433

   emotional factors in, 431–432

   faith-healing as, 74

   fear as factor in, 432

   gender-based responses to, 430

   goals of, 83

   interpersonal factors in, 431

   mandatory counseling after, 435, 441

   maternal age as factor for, 430

   optimism as factor in, 431

   parity as predictor for, 430, 431–438

   physician counseling after, 436, 441

   physician-recommended withdrawal from, 434–435

   psychological distress from, 432

   sociodemographic factors for, 430, 431–438

   staff-patient communications during, 435

   stage theories for, 433–434

information disclosure

   for adoption, 391

   about ART, to children, 483–485, 487

   in Austria, for gamete/embryo donations, 485

   for DI, 307–309

   for ED, 363–364, 367

   gender as factor in, 488

   in Iceland, for gamete/embryo donations, 485

   from infertility counselors, 138

   infertility counselors on, 487–488

   international perspectives on, 485

   for OD, 334

   parenthood and, 488–489

   in Sweden, for gamete/embryo donations, 485

   about third-party reproduction, to children, 469, 472, 489, 490, 553–554

informed consent, 87, 584

   for American Psychological Association, 87–95

   for contractual surrogacy, 374

   infertility counselors and, 530

   under reproductive laws, 539–540

   from S/GCs, 377

Ingarda tribe, 3

INSERM. See National Institute for Health and Medical Research

international adoption, 388, 389, 391–393, 398–399

   from China, 398

   costs of, 398

   cultural issues for, 399

   from Guatemala, 398

   from Kazakhstan, 398

   political instability and, 399

   Protection of Children and Co-Operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption, 389, 398

   from Russia, 398

   from South Korea, 398

International Federation of Fertility Societies (IFFS), 340

   Fertility Society of Australia, 340

International Federation of Fertility Societies’ Surveillance Report, 339

International Federation of Infertility Patient Associations (IFIPA), 499

International Infertility Counseling Organization (IICO), 14, 130, 544, 548–549

International Premature Ovarian Failure Association (IPOFA), 250

international review boards. See IRBs

International Society of Nurses in Genetics, 261

Internet resources, 593–596

   for behavioral medicine, 593–594

   for children, 596

   for complementary and alternative medicine, 594

   for ED, 595

   on fatherhood, 596

   for gay couples, 596

   for genetic counseling, 594

   for group counseling, 166

   for medical information, 593–594

   for medical organizations, 593–595

   on parenthood, 596

   for patient organizations, 593

   for post-infertility pregnancy, 596

   for pregnancy loss, 594–595

   for psychological organizations, 593

   for sexual counseling, 594

   for surrogacy, 593–595

   for third-party reproduction, 595

intracytoplasmic sperm injection. See ICSI

intrauterine insemination. See IUI

intrusive ideation, from female infertility, 53–54

involuntary childlessness, 1, 61

iontophoresis, 202

IPOFA. See International Premature Ovarian Failure Association

Iran

   IVF in, female attitudes towards, 67

   male infertility in, 40

IRBs (international review boards)

   for bioethics, 511

   ethics committees v., 511–512

Irrational Parenthood Adjustment Scale for, 566

Isla de las Mujeres, 1

Islam

   adoption and, 74

   ART and, 74

   birth control under, 215

   embryo transfers and, 74

   infertility as God’s will under, 72

   IUI and, 74

   Koran, 73, 214

   male infertility under, 40

   marriage under, 214

   reproduction under, 412

   sexual expression within, 214

   third-party reproduction and, 74

Isoflavones, 205

Israel

   female infertility in, 42

   involuntary childlessness in, 414

   National Insurance Law in, 525

   OD in, 525

   Public Health (In Vitro Fertilisation) Regulation, 72

   Public Health (Semen Banks) Regulation, 72

   reproductive laws in, 72, 525–526

   Surrogacy Arrangement Act in, 525

Italy, ART in, 340

IUI (intrauterine insemination), 31, 48, 51

   embryo transfers and, 74

   hCG and, 31

   Islam and, 74

   for male infertility, 39

IVF (in vitro fertilization), 4, 22, 23–35, 48, 51, 55, 143, 274, 477.

   See also DI; ED; OD

   acupuncture and, 202

   assisted hatching, 33

   Australian studies, 462–463, 479–481

   blastocyst transfers in, 33

   breast cancer and, 241

   depression from, 38

   embryo transfers in, 33

   European Union studies, 463

   female attitudes towards, 67

   in France, 479

   Gn-RH and, 101

   in Great Britain, 258, 478–479

   history of, 358–359

   ICSI in, 32

   increase in, 20

   infant outcome studies from, 480

   under Infertility Treatment Act, 357

   in Iran, female attitudes towards, 67

   MMPI for, 93

   ovarian stimulation in, 32

   pregnancy rates from, 479

   psychological testing for, 92–93

   psychosocial consultations for, 84

   SSRIs and, 105

   in Sweden, 39, 479

   in United States, 481

   Zung depression scores and, 106

Japan

   complementary and alternative medicine in, 197–198

   female infertility in, 4

   Japan Association of Psychological Counseling for Reproductive Health in, 549

   reproductive tourism and, 530

   umazume in, 3

Japan Association of Psychological Counseling for Reproductive Health (JAPCRM), 549

   Certified Clinical Psychologist guidelines under, 549

Ju Jing powder, 202

Judaism

   ART under, 72, 73

   OD under, 73

   personhood under, 291

   reproduction under, 412

   sexual expression within, 213–214

   surrogacy under, 73

   Torah, 213

Kahoun papyrus, 20–35

Kartagener syndrome, 273

Kazakhstan, international adoption from, 398

keening syndrome, 8

Klinefelter’s syndrome, 23

   azoospermia in, 237

   as genetic disorder, 272

   male infertility from, 23, 38, 47, 237–238, 272

   pregnancy termination rates for, 281

Koran, 73, 214

Kuwait, female infertility in, 42

laparoscopic ovarian drilling. See LOD

laparoscopy

   LOD, 52

   pelvic cavity evaluation, 21, 29

L-arginine, for female infertility, 204

last-chance-children, 467.

Latin America. See also Mexico

   Grupo Latinoamericano de Interes en Salud Mental en Infertilidad in, 550–551

   Latin American Federation of Fertility and Sterility Services in, 526

   machismo in, 412

   marianismo in, 412

   reproduction in (colonial), 412

   reproductive laws in, 526

Latin American Federation of Fertility and Sterility Services (FLASEF), 526

   Grupo Latinoamericano de Interes en Salud Mental en Infertilidad and, 550

Latin American Network of Assisted Reproduction, 73

Law of Dominance, 259

Law of Independent Assortment, 259

Law of Segregation, 259

L-carnitine, 205

legal rights. See also reproductive laws

   DI and, 305

   for ED, 366–369

   infertility counselors and, 13

   surrogacy and, 33, 371–372, 382

lesbian couples

   Canadian Fertility and Andrology Society guidelines for, 514

   DI for, 307

   ED as option for, 357, 368

   European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology guidelines for, 514

   Human Fertilization and Embryo Authority on, 514–519

   Internet resources for, 596

   parenthood for, 469–470

levonorgestrel subdermal implants, 102

LH (luteinizing hormone), 32

   clomiphene citrate and, 100

   depression from, 106

life stage model, in family systems theory, 10, 416

lingam (penis), 3

lithium, 106

LOD (laparoscopic ovarian drilling), for PCOS, 52

low libido, 220

Lupron, 101

luteinizing hormone. See LH

Macau culture, 71

   fertility rites within, 74

machismo, 412

male sexual dysfunction. See sexual dysfunction, in males

males. See also fatherhood; gay male couples; infertility, in males; sexual dysfunction, in males

   advanced paternal age for, 271

   on antidepressants, 105

   azoospermia in, 28, 39, 47, 48

   CBAVD in, 27, 28, 47, 48

   CFTR in, 27

   chromosomal abnormalities in, 272–273

   conflict management for, 151

   endometriosis, response to diagnosis in partner, 46

   erectile dysfunction in, 219

   as forgotten mourners, 8

   Freudian infertility theories for, 43

   gay, 375–376

   immortality desires for, 460

   machismo for, 412

   medical consultation parameters for, 23

   oligospermia in, 39, 48

   in psychogenic infertility theory, 7

   reproductive hormones for, 191

   retrograde ejaculation for, 38, 227

   sexual dysfunction in, 224–228

   sexual functioning myths, 224

   sexual functioning treatments for, 217

   tobacco usage by, 190

   urological history for, 24

   XYY, 281–288

manipulative/body-based methods, 201, 205–206

   massage, 205–206

   Yoga, 205

marianismo, 412

Marital Adjustment Scale (MAS), 147

Marital Satisfaction Inventory (MSI), 147

marital therapy. See counseling, couples

marriage

   under collectivism, 71

   under Islam, 214

   perinatal grief’s influence on, 298, 303

   in Renaissance Europe, 215

MAS. See Marital Adjustment Scale

massage, 205–206

maternal identification, pregnancy and, 293

maternal mortality, 440–441

maternal serum screen, 278

MDI (mental development index), 104

media, infertility in, 37–38

medical economics, 22

medical ethics, 508.

   See also bioethics

   denial of infertility treatment and, 517

   Nuremberg Code, 508

   in Tuskegee Study, 508

   World Medical Association and, 508

medical organizations. See organizations, medical

Medical Research Council, 478

medicine. See also behavioral medicine; complementary and alternative medicine; Western medicine

   behavioral, 169

   biopsychosocial, 264

   Chinese traditional, 202

   complementary and alternative, 174, 175, 177–178, 196

   ethics in, 508

   Hippocratic Oath in, 508

   historical overview of, 197

   integrated, 196

   psychosomatic, 170

   traditional, 196

   Western, 64

meditation, mindfulness, 66

memory boxes, 299

men. See males

menopause

   gonadotropins and, 101, 102

   hot flashes during, 241

   symptoms, from clomiphene citrate, 100

menstruation. See also ovulation

   BBT influence on, 21

   history of, 26

   influences on, 3

   ovulation detection during, 26–27

   traditional Chinese medicine for, 202

mental development index. See MDI

Mental Health Professional Group (MHPG). See also American Society for Reproductive Medicine 86, 129, 166, 340, 523, 544–546

   activities of, 540, 545–546

   committees of, 545

   ED guidelines, 358

   goals of, 545

   qualification guidelines of, 559

   task forces under, 545

mental health professionals. See counselors, genetic; counselors, infertility

MEPA. See Multiethnic Placement Act

MESA (microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration), 22, 32–36, 47

Mexico

   Grupo Latinoamericano de Interes en Salud Mental en Infertilidad, 550–551

   Latin American Federation of Fertility and Sterility Services, 526

   National Board of Medical Genetics, 261

MHPG. See Mental Health Professional Group

microsurgery

   development of, 47–58

   MESA, 22, 32–36

   TESE, 22, 32

   tubal reanastomosis, 30

   vasectomies, 32

microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration. See MESA

microsurgical tubal reanastomosis, 30

Middle East. See Egypt; Iran; Israel; Pakistan

Mind/Body model, 429–438

mind-body programs, 203, 551

   autogenic therapy, 203

   in complementary and alternative medicine, 201

   hypnosis, 203

   for infertility counseling, 120

   Transcendental Meditation, 157, 203–210

mindfulness meditation, 66

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. See MMPI

miscarriages, 290

   age as factor for, 300

   chemical pregnancies, 290

   multiple, 300

   preimplantation, 290

   recurrent pregnancy loss, 300

MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory), 92, 93, 94, 178

   for IVF, 93

   MMPI-2, 92, 93, 94

   for oocyte donors, 345

   personality disorders and, 99

   for S/GCs, 378

   T-scores for, 94

mood stabilizers, 106

   carbamazepine, 109

   lithium, 106

mortality. See also infant mortality

   infertility counseling and, 252

   maternal, 440–441

motherhood, 38, 460.

   See also reproduction

   age demographics for, 50

   biological clock for, 51

   cultural pressures for, 51

   as defining role, 45, 131–132, 141, 418

   in feminist theory, 325, 414

   Greek cultural attitudes of, 72–73

   after Industrial Revolution, 413

   infertility theories and, by gender, 43

   legal definitions of, 468–469

   medicalization of, 460

   myths of, 320

   OD and, 325

   as reparative, 131

   in retirement, 319

   solo, 469–470

   in Vietnamese culture, 70

mourning, 294.

   See also grief

Moxibustion, 202

Mozambique, Macau culture in, 71, 74

MPR (multifetal pregnancy reduction), 290, 301, 448–449

MSI. See Marital Satisfaction Inventory

multiculturalism, 68

   emic approach to, 68

   etic approach to, 68

   ICD-9 and, 65

   infertility counseling and, 63, 65, 66, 67

Multiethnic Placement Act (MEPA), 399

multifetal pregnancy reduction. See MPR

multiple birth/pregnancy, 448–449

   after infertility treatment, 448–449

   miscarriages during, 300–301

   MPR for, 290, 301, 448–449

   parenting issues from, 467–468

   pregnancy termination, 301–302

   vanishing twin syndrome, 301

mycoplasmosis, 216

narcissism, pregnancy and, 293

Narcissistic Personality Disorder, 108

NASW. See National Association of Social Workers

National Association of Black Social Workers, 399

National Association of Social Workers (NASW), 527

   counselling guidelines of, 527

National Board for Certified Counselors, 527

National Board of Medical Genetics, 261

National Center for Complimentary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), 196

National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), 197, 414

National Health Service, 118, 198

National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE), 118–127

National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), 479

National Insurance Law, 525

natural-killer cells. See NK

NCHS. See National Center for Health Statistics

needle phobia, 99, 107

negative eugenics, 259–260

   ethnic cleansing as, 260

   Holocaust as, 259

   positive v., 260

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 28

neonatal death, 290.

   See also perinatal grief

The Netherlands

   adopted children in, 392

   ART in, 48

   children from ART in, psychosocial health of, 483

neural tube defects, prenatal genetic testing for, 278

New Testament, 73

New Zealand

   Australia & New Zealand Infertility Counsellors Association, 130, 321

   DI in, 306, 310

   ED in, 358, 363

NICE. See National Institute for Clinical Excellence

Nigeria

   ART cycles in, 415

   childlessness in, 415

   divorce factors in, 42

   infertility rates in, 20, 415

   polygamy in, 71

nitric oxide, for female infertility, 204

nitrofurantoin, 240

NK (natural-killer) cells, during pregnancy, 159

North America. See Canada; Mexico; United States

nuclear conflict theory, 170

Nuremberg Code, 508

obesity. See also weight loss

   BMI and, 189

   diabetes and, 243

   in European Union, 189

   female-factor infertility and, 189, 243–244, 246

   health behavioral interventions for, 189–190

   PCOS and, 189

object relations theory, 325

   female identity formation under, 417

   generative tasks under, 417

   in psychoanalytic theory, 417

   stages of, 417

obsessive compulsive disorder. See OCD

OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder), 99, 107, 109

   pharmaceutical treatment for, 109

   during pregnancy, 107

OD (oocyte donation), 15, 16, 33, 51, 73, 84, 274, 319.

   See also donors, oocytes; oocytes

   advanced maternal age and, 332–333, 513

   age and, 332

   altruistic, 321, 340

   American Society for Reproductive Medicine guidelines, 321, 322, 340, 536

   anonymous, 319, 323–324, 330–331, 569–570

   Assisted Human Reproduction Agency, 321

   Assisted Human Reproduction Agency guidelines, 321

   attachment and loss theory and, 326

   in Australia, 321, 340, 342

   Australia & New Zealand Infertility Counsellors Association guidelines, 321

   in Belgium, 324

   in Canada, 321, 340

   commercial recruitment of, 319–320

   counseling for, 333

   CPHI for, 334

   disclosure issues with, 334

   donor characteristics, 322–323

   educational materials for, 3–18

   egg-sharing, 319

   ethnicity as factor in, 329

   European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology guidelines, 322

   European Union Tissue ands Cells Directive guidelines, 321, 357

   family systems theory and, 326–327

   female infertility and, 319

   feminism and, 324–325

   financial reimbursements for, 331

   in France, 321, 340

   future applications of, 336

   in Great Britain, 323–324, 357

   Human Fertilization and Embryo Authority guidelines, 321, 357–369

   indications/contraindications for, 335

   Infertility Treatment Act and, 321

   intergenerational, 319

   intrafamilial, 319, 323, 324, 331

   in Israel, 525

   known, 319, 323–324, 331–332, 559, 569, 570

   legislation for, 320–321, 331

   medical compliance during, 347

   medical rejection rates for, 331

   medical risks of, 342

   Mental Health Professional Group of American Society of Reproductive Medicine guidelines, 321, 322

   MMPI tests for, 345

   motherhood from, 325

   ovarian reimplantation and, 336

   personalized anonymity for, 340

   after POF, 320, 332

   psychoanalytic theory and, 324–325

   psychological evaluations for, 84, 85

   psychosocial response to, 327–328

   recipient characteristics, 324

   recipient interviews for, 332, 333–334

   recipient motivation for, 322

   rejection criteria for, 335

   relaxation training for, 182

   reproductive laws for, 536

   Reproductive Technology Accreditation Committee on, 321

   reproductive tourism and, 319, 330

   after secondary infertility, 333

   selection issues for, 323–324, 328–332

   split-egg, 319

   stigma theory and, 325–326

   stratified reproduction from, 319

   transvaginal ultrasound retrieval for, 342

   in United States, 484–485

oligospermia, 39, 48

   from Y-microdeletions, 273

onohysterosalpingography, 53

oocytes

   aging of, 51

   cryopreservation of, 22, 53–54, 59, 241–256, 336, 342, 353

   donors, 350

   OD, 15, 16, 33, 51, 73, 84, 274

oopherectomy, 53–54

   breast cancer and, 241

organ donations

   altruism and, 346

   gamete donations v., 346

   surrogacy v., 373

organizations, advocacy

   American Association of Marriage and Family Therapy, 527

   American Psychiatric Association, 527

   American Psychological Association, 75, 118, 527

   American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 85, 129, 146, 261, 339, 485, 522

   APNA, 527

   Australia & New Zealand Infertility Counsellors Association, 130, 321, 357, 528, 540, 546–547

   BFS, 528, 546

   BKiD, 548

   British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy Professionals, 528

   British Infertility Counseling Association, 130, 505, 528, 546

   Canadian Counselling Association, 528

   Canadian Infertility Counselling Association, 551

   Canadian Infertility Counsellor’s Association, 528

   development of, 7

   Endometriosis Association, 158

   European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology, 85, 130, 146, 261, 339, 547–548

   FertiForum, 549–550

   Grupo Latinoamericano de Interes en Salud Mental en Infertilidad, 550–551

   IFIPA, 499

   for infertility, 5

   for infertility counselors, 499

   International Infertility Counseling Organization, 14, 130, 544, 548–549

   Internet resources for, 593–596

   IPOFA, 250

   Japan Association of Psychological Counseling for Reproductive Health, 549

   Latin American Federation of Fertility and Sterility Services, 526

   Mental Health Professional Group, 86, 129, 166, 340, 523, 544–546

   National Association of Black Social Workers, 399

   National Association of Social Workers, 527

   RESOLVE, 129, 156, 351, 499

   World Medical Association, 508

organizations, medical, infertility counseling and, 5

orgasm phase disorders, 223

   anorgasmia, 223

   treatments for, 228

orgasms, in human sexual response, 218

ovarian cancer, 242

ovarian cysts. See cysts, ovarian

ovulation, 26–27

   acupuncture and, 202

   antiandrogens and, 30

   BBT and, 26

   endometrium during, 26

   gonadotropins and, 30

   hyperprolactinemia and, 101

   induction of, 30

   predictor kits, 26

   progesterone value during, 26

   serial ultrasound exams during, 26

PAI. See Personality Assessment Inventory

Pakistan, complementary and alternative medicine in, 198.

parenthood. See also fatherhood; motherhood

   adaptation to, 471–473

   adolescence as stage of, 472

   alternative forms of, 469–470

   American Society for Reproductive Medicine on, 459

   after ART, 462–463

   ART v. genetic, psychosocial studies of, 464

   in Canada, legal definition of, 524–540

   caregiver collaboration during, 473

   Child Project Questionnaire for, 566

   counseling for, 574, 577

   discipline issues as part of, 471–472

   expectations of, 466

   Fertility Adjustment Scale for, 566

   after infertility, 459, 461–462, 465–466, 474

   information disclosure as part of, 488–489

   Internet resources on, 596

   Irrational Parenthood Adjustment Scale for, 566

   last-chance-children and, 467

   life expectancies after, 466

   mental health assessment for, 473

   motivations for, 461

   after multiple birth/pregnancy, 467–468

   normalization of, 470–471

   older, 270–271, 466–467

   only children and, 467

   Parenting after Infertility Survey for, 462

   after secondary infertility, 467

   six stages of, 465

   tasks of, 464–466

   after third-party reproduction, 463–464, 468–469

   Wikman Reproduction Scale for, 566

Parenting after Infertility Survey, 462

pastoral psychology, 66

pathological grief, 98, 292

   predictors of, 292, 295

payak (reproductive spirits), 213

PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian syndrome), 38, 45

   androgen levels and, 52

   CAH and, 275

   diagnosis-specific studies of, 42

   female infertility from, 50

   LOD for, 52

   medical treatments for, 52

   obesity and, 189

   psychological effects of, 52

   Quality-of-Life assessment for, 567

PCR (polymerase chain reaction), 276

PDD (premenstrual dysphoric disorder), 100

PDI. See Psychomotor Development Index

Pediatric Advisory Committee, 104

pedigree assessment

   CEGRM, 262

   for genetic counseling, 262

pedunculated submucosal fibroids, 28

pelvic cavity, 29

   adhesions in, 29

   laparoscopy for, 21, 29

pelvic inflammatory disease. See PID

penis envy, 417

percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration. See PESA

percutaneous umbilical blood sampling, 451

percutaneous vasal sperm aspiration. See PVSA

perinatal grief, 294–296

   marital relationships after, 298, 303

   patterns of, 294–296

   physical manifestations of, 294–295

   primary, 297

   psychotropic medications for, 297–298

   PTSD from, 297–298

   secondary, 297

   shadow grief as part of, 295

Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA), 533–542

Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)

   for S/GCs, 378

personality disorders, 99, 107–109, 111.

   See also Borderline Personality Disorder

   Avoidant/Dependent Personality Disorder, 109

   Borderline Personality Disorder, 107–108

   Eysenck Personality Inventory, 99

   Histrionic Personality Disorder, 108

   MMPI, 99

   Narcissistic Personality Disorder, 108

   during post-infertility pregnancy, 445–446

personalized anonymity, 340

personhood

   in China, 291

   by culture, 291

   under Judaism, 291

PESA (percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration), 48

PGD (preimplantation diagnosis), 22, 35, 275–276

   American Society for Reproductive Medicine on, 277

   counseling issues for, 277

   for couples, 276–277

   European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology on, 277

   FISH in, 276

   by genetic counselors, 259

   HGC on, 277

   Human Fertilization and Embryo Authority on, 277

   international use of, 277

   limitations of, 277

   patient attitudes towards,

   PCR in, 276

   pregnancy termination after, 302

   UNESCO on, 277

   WHO on, 277

   for Y-microdeletions, 273

PGS (preimplantation genetic screening), 276

   for aneuploidy, 276

pharmaceuticals. See psychomedications

phobias, 99

   blood-injury, 99

   needle, 99, 107

PHSP (posthumous sperm procurement)

   bioethics for, 514–515

   international ban on, 515

   reproductive laws for, 539

physical exercise

   excessive, infertility from, 25

   uterus and, effects on, 31

physicians

   culturally sensitive, 67, 75–76

   culturally unaware, 66

   infertility counseling collaboration with, 498

   infertility counseling for, 436, 441

   infertility treatment withdrawal from, 434–435

phytoestrogens, 204

PID (pelvic inflammatory disease), 50

Pilaga tribe, 213

the pill. See birth control, oral

PIPEDA. See Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act

placebo effects, 200–201

   classical conditioning and, 200

   in complementary and alternative medicine, 199, 200

   conditioned, 201

   expectancy theory and, 200–201

P-LI-SS-IT model, for sexual counseling, 228

PMR (progressive muscle relaxation), 183

POF (premature ovarian failure)

   adrenal hormone deficiency from, 241

   affliction rates, 42

   causes of, 42–43

   diagnostic communication issues for, 435

   female infertility from, 26, 38, 45, 50, 52, 240–241

   Fragile X syndrome and, 42

   hot flashes and, 241

   idiopathic, 42

   IPOFA, 250

   negative body image from, 43

   OD after, 320, 332

   pregnancy and, 42–57

   secondary, 240

   thyroid deficiency from, 241

   treatment of, 250

   Turner’s syndrome and, 42, 50, 51

Polycystic Ovarian syndrome. See PCOS

Polycystic ovarian Syndrome, 34

polygamy

   for childless couples, 419

   infertility and, 1, 42

polymerase chain reaction. See PCR

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. See PTSD

posthumous sperm procurement. See PHSP

postpartum depression. See PPD

PPD (postpartum depression), 106

   Antenatal Questionnaire for, 454

   Antepartum Questionnaire for, 454

   Beck Anxiety Inventory for, 454

   Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale for, 454–458

   incidence rates for, 473

   after pregnancy, 445

   risk factors for, 473

pregnancy. See also counseling, preconception; multiple birth/pregnancy; pregnancy loss; pregnancy, post-infertility; pregnancy termination; prenatal genetic testing

   acupuncture and, 202–203

   advanced maternal age and, 270–271

   amniocentesis during, 453

   anxiety disorders during, 445

   ART risks, 441–442

   bipolar disorders after, 106

   bonding during, 293

   after breast cancer, 241

   chemical, 290

   couvade experience during, 440

   developmental tasks of, 444, 456

   from DI, 314–315

   diabetes and, 243

   ectopic, 290

   false positives for, 278

   folic acid supplementation during, 270

   during group counseling, 159, 164

   HIV during, 243

   as instinctual, 293

   Internet resources for, 596

   from IVF, 479

   loss during, 13

   maternal identification as part of, 293

   as narcissistic condition, 293

   NK cell study during, 159

   as object-seeking, 293

   OCD symptoms during, 107

   payak and, 213

   POF and, 42–57

   PPD after, 445

   preconception counseling before, 269–272

   as psychological concept, 293, 304, 443

   rubella immunity during, 270

   after secondary infertility, 451

   spontaneous loss during, 13

   SSRIs during, 104, 105

   termination of, 13, 280–282

   after transcervical balloon tuboplasty, 30

   trial, 276

   trophoblastic disease and, 290.

pregnancy loss. See also miscarriages

   ART as factor in, 290

   bereavement theory and, 295

   depression from, 299–300

   genetically-affected, 282–283

   grief from, 291–292

   Internet resources for, 594–595

   medical care after, 296–297

   miscarriage, 290

   psychotherapeutic approach to, 291, 296, 297–299, 300

   recurrent pregnancy loss, 300

   resolution of, 295

   stillbirth, 290

   support groups for, 300

   timeline for, 291

pregnancy, post-infertility

   advanced maternal age during, 450–451

   ambiguity during, 444–456

   anxiety during, 442, 444

   bedrest for, 447–448

   complicated, 446–448

   coping strategies for, 452–454

   decision making during, 452

   denial of, 446

   depression during, 445, 454

   distress from, 454

   eating disorders during, 446

   entitlement issues during, 442

   external stress factors on, 442

   hospitalizations during, psychiatric, 444

   hyperemesis gravidarum during, 446

   infertility counseling for, 16, 17, 451–452, 454–455

   infertility rituals during, 442

   isolation during, 444–457

   loss during, 444

   nausea/vomiting during, 447

   normalization of, 443–456

   personality disorders during, 445–446

   physical vulnerability during, 442

   as premium, 440

   pseudocyesis during, 446

   psychological tasks of, 443–444

   psychopathology during, 444–446

   resources for, 454

   selflessness during, 442

   support groups for, 452, 454

   by third-party reproduction, 449–450

pregnancy termination, 13, 522–540

   elective abortion, 290

   Klinefelter’s syndrome and, 281

   for mosaic cases, 281

   MPR, 290, 301

   during multiple pregnancy, 301–302

   after PGD, 302

   from prenatal genetic testing, 280–282, 302

   psychological responses to, 281

   Turner’s syndrome and, 281

   XYY males and, 281–288

preimplantation diagnosis. See PGD

preimplantation genetic screening. See PGS

preimplantation miscarriages, 290

premature ejaculation, 226–227

   treatments for, 226–227

premature ovarian failure. See POF

premenstrual dysphoric disorder. See PDD

premenstrual syndrome, 100

premium pregnancy, 440

prenatal adoption, 526

prenatal genetic testing, 277–283.

   See also PGD

   abnormalities during, 279

   for advanced maternal age, 451

   amniocentesis, 280, 451, 453

   biochemical/nuchal translucency screen, 278

   CVS, 279–280, 451

   for Down syndrome, 278, 279–288

   for ED, 284

   fetoscopy, 451

   first-trimester screening in, 279

   maternal serum screen, 278

   for neural tube defects, 278

   percutaneous umbilical blood sampling, 451

   pregnancy termination as result of, 280–282, 302

   with serum alpha-fetoproteins, 451

   ultrasound, 278, 279

Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders Brief Patient Health Questionnaire. See PRIME-MD Brief PHQ

primary infertility, 2, 20

PRIME-MD Brief PHQ (Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders Brief Patient Health Questionnaire), 504

private adoption. See independent adoption

privatization of happiness, 460

PROGAR. See Project Group on Assisted Reproduction

progesterone, 26, 100, 102

   GABA modulation from, 100

   levonorgestrel subdermal implants, 102

   in oral birth control, 102

   during ovulation, 26

   serotonin decreases from, 100

progressive muscle relaxation. See PMR

Project Group on Assisted Reproduction (PROGAR), 546

pronatalism, 413

   childless couples and, 422–423

Protection of Children and Co-Operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption (Hague Convention), 389, 398

pseudocyesis, 446

PSIG. See Psychological Special Interest Group

psychoanalytic theory. See also Freudian theories

   childlessness in, 417

   ego psychology as part of, 417

   object relations theory, 417

   OD and, 324–325

   penis envy as part of, 417

   self-psychology as part of, 417

psychodynamic therapy, 15, 133–134, 159

   brief, 133, 134, 138–139

   features of, 138

   long-term, 133, 134

   shared values of, 138

psycho-education, 181–183

   information sources for, 183

psycho-educational group counseling, 165

   for DI recipients, 165

psychogenic infertility theory, 6–7, 130, 170, 171, 216

   females and, 7

   males and, 7, 216

psychological consequences theory, 7, 171

   infertility counseling in, 7

   stages of grief as part of, 7

psychological cyclical model, 7

psychological disorders. See psychopathology

psychological evaluations, 86, 87–91

   assessment factors within, 86–87

   content of, 88

   in couples counseling, 83–85, 88

   CPHI, 88, 125, 178, 563

   for DI, 84, 85

   for ED, 84, 85

   expectation management as part of, 89–90

   fertility treatment contraindications from, 90

   information gathering for, 88–89

   informed consent as part of, 87–95

   interview preparations for, 87–88

   legal history as factor in, 89

   for OD, 84, 85

   psychological testing and, 91

   recommendations after, 90–91, 95

   record storage and, 87

   relationship history as part of, 89

   social support outside of, 89

psychological outcome approach, 7–8, 171

   Heidelberg model in, 8

Psychological Special Interest Group (PSIG). See also European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology; Mental Health Professional Group

   of European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology, 322

   gamete donation guidelines, 340

   infertility counseling guidelines, 322

psychological tests. See also psychometric testing

   Antenatal Questionnaire, 454

   Antepartum Questionnaire, 454

   Beck Anxiety Inventory, 454

   Beck Depression Inventory, 92, 98, 178

   characteristics of, 92

   Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, 179

   Coping Scale for Infertile Couples, 567

   development of, 91

   Dyadic Adjustment Scale, 147

   Eating Attitudes Test, 99

   Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, 454–458

   Eysenck Personality Inventory, 99

   Fertility Adjustment Scale, 566

   Fertility Problem Inventory, 147–148, 565

   future applications for, 93–94

   Infertility Cognitions Questionnaire, 565

   Infertility Distress Scale, 566

   Infertility Reaction Scale, 565

   Irrational Parenthood Adjustment Scale, 566

   for IVF, 92–93

   literature review on, 92–93

   Marital Adjustment Scale, 147

   MMPI, 92, 178

   MMPI-2, 92, 93, 94

   MSI, 147

   Personality Assessment Inventory, for S/GCs, 378

   personality tests, 91, 93

   PRIME-MD Brief PHQ, 504

   psychological evaluations and, 91

   psychometric, 93

   Psychomotor Development Index, 104

   reliability in, 92

   of S/GCs, 376, 378, 381

   State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, 92, 178

   Symptom Checklist, 92, 178

   validity in, 92

   Ways of Coping Checklist, 178, 179

psychology

   of altruism, 373

   culture and, 68–70

   in genetic counseling, 265, 269

   pastoral, 66

   of pregnancy, 293, 304

   religion v., 65–66

   social, 418–419

psychomedications. See also mood stabilizers; SSRIs; tricyclic antidepressants

   cimetidine, 240

   infertility treatments interactions, 109–110

   mood stabilizers, 106

   nitrofurantoin, 240

   for perinatal grief, 297–298

   spironolactone, 240

   SSRIs, 104–105

   sulfasalazine, 240

   tricyclic antidepressants, 104, 112

psychometric testing, 93, 552–553.

   See also MMPI; psychological tests

Psychomotor Development Index (PDI), 104

psychopathology, 94, 97, 103–107.

   See also affective disorders; anxiety disorders; bipolar disorders; eating disorders; sexual dysfunction

   Adjustment Disorder, 99, 103

   affective disorders, 98–99, 103

   anxiety disorders, 99, 107

   bipolar disorders, 99

   eating disorders, 99

   grief reactions, 98

   infertility and, 98–99

   OCD, 99, 107, 109

   personality disorders, 99

psychopharmacology, 97

psychosis, from clomiphene citrate, 101

psychosocial context approach, 8

psychosocial support services. See also counseling, infertility; support groups

   for infertility, 5, 6

   pregnancy rates influenced by, 5

psychotherapy. See also CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy); counseling, couples; counseling, sexual

   crisis intervention, 15, 136–137

   genetic counseling v., 263

   grief counseling and, 137

   infertility counseling v., 132–133

   psychodynamic, 15, 133, 134

   solution-focused, 135, 136

   strategic, 135–136

PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)

   for adopted children, 392, 409

   from perinatal grief, 297–298

   psychological videotapes as part of, 297

   for S/GCs, 380

Public Health (In Vitro Fertilisation) Regulation (Israel), 72

Public Health (Semen Banks) Regulation (Israel), 72

PVSA (percutaneous vasal sperm aspiration), 48

Pychnogenol, 205

quality-of-Life assessments

   Endometriosis Health Profile-30, 567

   FertiQol, 567

   in infertile men, 568

   for PCOS, 567

Qu’an. See Koran

RCT (Relational Cultural Theory), 43–44

   components of, 44

   connectedness as part of, 44

RCT (randomized control trial), in infertility counseling, 120

reasonable welfare principle, 147

recipients

   characteristics, for OD, 324

   counseling, for DI, 165

   counseling, for ED, 365–366, 572, 573

   ED consent forms for, 589

   gamete donor, 348

   interview process, for OD, 332, 333–334

   motivations for OD, 322

   screening of, for S/GCs, 380–382

reciprocal determinism, 134, 199

   triadic reciprocality from, 199

reconstruction, in couples counseling, 152–153

reflexology, 206

Regulated Health Professionals Act, 528

Rehabilitation Act, 531–542

Relational Cultural Theory. See RCT

relaxation

   PMR, 183

   response, to stress, 171

   techniques, 183–184, 192

reliability, psychological testing, 92

   internal consistency and, 92

   test-retest, 92

religion. See also Buddhism; Christianity; Islam; Judaism

   children in, as symbols,

   infertile female distress levels and, 67

   infertility counseling and, 78

   infertility treatment influenced by, 67–68, 73–75

   major world religions, by population, 63

   monotheistic, 62–63

   polytheistic, 62–63

   psychology v., 65–66

   S/GCs and, 378

   spirituality v., 62–63

reproduction, 131–132.

   See also birth control; fatherhood; motherhood; parenthood; pregnancy

   in Africa, social importance of, 413

   in ancient Greece, female role in, 213, 411–413

   in Asia, social importance of, 412–413

   birth control development and, 215

   under Christianity, 412

   in colonial Latin America, 412

   as form of immortality, 131, 411, 460

   generativity and, 131

   happiness from, 413

   under Islam, 412

   under Judaism, 412

   privatization of happiness and, 460

   sexual expression and, 213

   stratified, 319, 415

   theories of, 320

   in Vietnam, social importance of, 413

reproductive endocrinologists, 23, 51

reproductive health psychology, 169

reproductive laws, 521–522, 524, 540.

   See also Human Fertilization and Embryo Authority; legal rights

   Artificial Conception Act, 525

   Assisted Human Reproduction Act, 524, 528

   in Australia, 524–525, 547

   Baby M., 522

   for biotechnology, 522–523

   in Canada, 524

   Canada Health Act, 524–540

   Commonwealth Family Law Act, 525

   for donor sperm, 535–536

   for ED, 536–537

   under Human Fertilization and Embryo Authority, 523

   Infertility Act, 524

   informed consent under, 539–540

   in Israel, 72, 525–526

   in Latin America, 526

   for lost embryos, 537–538

   National Insurance Law, 525

   for OD, 536

   for PHSP, 539

   Public Health (In Vitro Fertilisation) Regulation, 72

   Public Health (Semen Banks) Regulation, 72

   for S/GCs, 538–539

   Surrogacy Arrangement Act, 525

   in United States, 523

Reproductive Technology Accreditation Committee, 321

Reproductive Technology Accreditation Committee (RTAC), 321, 339, 340, 357

Reproductive Technology Register, 480

reproductive tourism, 2–18, 63–64, 341, 512, 529, 555

   childlessness and, 419

   DI and, 314

   ED and, 357

   multicultural counseling for, 63

   OD and, 319, 330

   S/GCs and, 379

   stratification of services for, 63–64, 512

reproductive tract, female, cancers of, 53–54, 242, 249

research, infertility

   demographic issues in, 5

   ethnographic case studies, 5

RESOLVE (National Infertility Association), 129, 156, 351, 499

   ED education by, 360, 366

retainers, for contractual surrogacy, 374

retirement motherhood, 319

retrograde ejaculation, 38, 227

   diabetes and, 240

   treatments for, 227

rituals, development of, 153

Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome, 23, 50, 51, 158

   female infertility from, 238, 275

Roman Catholic Church, ART and, 526

Romania, adoption in, 388

RPL (recurrent pregnancy loss), 300

   habitual aborters and, 300

rubella, during pregnancy, immunity from, 270

Russia, international adoption from, 398

salpingoscopy, 52–53, 59

salpingostomy, 53

SCL-90. See Symptom Checklist

Scotland

   cystic fibrosis study, 246

   infertility rates in, 20

secondary infertility, 2, 20

   OD after, 333

   parenthood after, 467

   pregnancy after, 451

Selenium, 205

self

   discrepancy theory of, 9

   idiocentrism and, 69

   models, infertility and, 9

   psychology of, 417

self-blame. See also shame; stigma theory

   by gender, 46

self-efficacy beliefs, 188

   emotional reactions influenced by, 200

   self-regulation from, 200

   in Social Cognition Theory, 199–200

self-esteem

   body image issues and, 43

   female infertility and, 41

   male infertility and, 49

self-psychology theory, 43, 44–45

semen analysis, 22, 27.

   See also sperm production

   age as factor in, 246

   parameters for, 27

   stress as factor for, 217–218

sensate-focus techniques in, 229

serotonin

   brain effects from, 105

   estrogen effects on, 100

   progesterone effect on, 100

   SSRIs, 104–105

sertraline, 105

serum alpha-fetoproteins, 451

sex therapy. See counseling, sexual

sexual arousal phase disorders, 222–223

   treatments for, 223

sexual counseling. See counseling, sexual

sexual dysfunction, 212, 213–233.

   See also sexual dysfunction, in females; sexual dysfunction, in males

   ART and, 217–218

   assessment of, 219

   clinical histories of, 219

   CPHI and, 219

   diagnostic grid for, 221

   ethical issues regarding, 231

   in females, 222–224

   generalized, 212

   hypoactive sexual desire disorder, 220

   impotence as, 219

   in infertile couples, 213–217, 233, 235

   infertility counselors and, 231–232

   infertility from, 219–220

   low libido, 220

   prevention of, 229–231

   primary, 212

   secondary, 212

   situational, 212

   treatments for, 227, 228–229, 231

sexual dysfunction, in females, 222–224

   dyspareunia, 224

   hormonal changes as cause of, 222

   orgasm phase disorders, 223

   sexual arousal phase disorders, 222–223

   vaginismus, 219, 223–224

sexual dysfunction, in males, 224–228

   erectile dysfunction, 219, 225–226

   premature ejaculation, 226–227

   retrograde ejaculation, 38, 227

   sexual pain disorders, 227–228

sexual expression, 212

   in Africa, for females, 214–215

   in Asia, 214

   for females, 215

   human sexual response and, 218

   in Islam, 214

   in Judaism, 213–214

   for males, myths about, 224

   in medieval Europe, 214

   reproduction and, 213

   zina as, 214

sexual health, 212, 218

sexual pain disorders, for males, 227–228

sexuality, 218.

   See also homosexuality

   cultural influence on, 219

sexually transmitted infections. See STIs

S/GCs (surrogacy/gestational carriers), 15, 16, 33, 34, 51, 370–371, 449–450.

   See also contractual surrogacy

   adoptive parents and, 370

   age as factor in, for parents, 385

   altruistic, 373, 380

   American Society for Reproductive Medicine guidelines, 377

   assessment of, 377–380

   in Australia, 525

   Baby M. and, 522

   commercial, 373

   common problems within, 374–375

   compensation for, 577

   contractual, 370, 374

   CPHI and, 381

   cultural sensitivity during, 382

   demographics for, 372

   ethical arguments of, 371

   European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology guidelines, 377

   evaluation guidelines for, 574–577

   future of, 385–386

   for gay male couples, 375–376, 478

   infertility counseling for, 449

   informed consent from, 377

   Internet resources for, 593–595

   intrafamilial, 380

   IVF surrogates, 370

   joint session interviews as part of, 382–385

   under Judaism, 73

   legal rights for, 33, 371–372, 382

   MMPI-2 testing for, 378

   organ donation v., 373

   Personality Assessment Inventory for, 378

   psychological risks in, 33

   psychological testing of, 376, 378, 381

   PTSD from, 380

   public curiosity about, 371

   recipient screening for, 380–382

   reference checks for, 379

   religion and, 378

   reproductive laws for, 538–539

   reproductive tourism and, 379

   social support for, 378

   traditional, 370

   United States agencies for, 371

   United States guidelines for, 371

shadow grief, 295

shame, 44

   as clinical issue, 46

   EMDR for, 54

   from female infertility, 54

   infertility counseling and, 405

   for infertility females, 46

   from male infertility, 49

   in stigma theory, 44

Short Form Health Survey Questionnaire, 41

SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome), 290

situation-stress-symptom, 171

Six Phase of Infertility Treatment Model, 496–497

smoking. See tobacco usage

Social Cognition Theory, 199

   reciprocal determinism in, 199

   self-efficacy beliefs in, 199–200

social-exchange theory, ED and, 360

solution-focused psychotherapy, 135

   coping strategies in, 135

   in Germany, 136

sonohysterogram, 29

South Korea, international adoption from, 398

S-P (scientist-practitioner) model

   EBM as part of, 122–123

   of infertility counseling, 120, 122–123

sperm banks, 33

   HIV’s effect on, 342

sperm donors, 15, 16, 272, 341, 349–350

   for CBAVD, 273

   reproductive laws for, 535–536

sperm production

   alcohol/drug use and, 188

   cryopreservation and, 239, 341

   ICSI, 22, 47, 48

   identification of, 3

   IUI, 31, 48

   medication’s effects on, 27

   MESA, 22

   PESA, 48

   pharmaceutical’s effect on, 27

   production/delivery evaluation, 27–28, 31

   PVSA, 48

   semen analysis, 22, 27

   TESE, 22

   tobacco use and, 27

Spina bifida, 106

spirituality

   chronic illness and, 254

   non-religious, 63

   religion v., 62–63

spironolactone, 240

spoiled identity, 152

SSRIs (serotonin reuptake inhibitors), 104–105

   brain activity effected by, 105

   Fluoxetine, 104, 105

   galactorrhea and, 105

   IVF and, 105

   during pregnancy, 104, 105

   sertraline, 105

   Venlafaxine, 104, 105, 110

SSRM. See Swiss Society for Reproductive Health

St. John’s Wort, 205

stage theory (of infertility), 11

   couples counseling and, 144

   dawning in, 11

   immersion in, 11

   for infertility treatment, 433–434

   legacy as part of, 11

   mobilization in, 11

   resolution in, 11

State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), 92, 178

stigma theory, 10, 43, 44, 58, 248

   adoption under, 388, 389

   childlessness and, 418–419

   DI and, 47, 310

   for infertile women, 44

   infertility as, 10, 39

   OD and, 325–326

   physical deformity types and, 44

   shame as part of, 44

stillbirth, 290

STIs (sexually transmitted infections)

   Chlamydia, 28

   chlamydiosis, 216–233

   genital herpes, 216

   gonorrhea, 216

   HIV, 216

   HPV, 216

   infertility from, 216

   mycoplasmosis, 216

   Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 28

   syphilis, 216

   trichomoniasis, 216

strategic/solution-focused brief therapy, 15

stratification of services

   human rights and, 424

   for infertility counseling, 2, 8, 18, 215

   for reproductive tourism, 63–64, 512

stratified reproduction, 319, 415

stress

   adaptation as result of, 171, 183

   alarm reaction from, 170

   from ART, 53–54, 59

   baseline, 174

   chronic stressors, 176–193

   cognitive-phenomenological stress theory, 176

   cognitive-phenomenological theory of, 176

   coping strategies for, 174, 176, 179–180

   cultural influences on, 172

   exhaustion from, 171

   females and, 172

   fight or flight and, 171

   general adaptation syndrome from, 170

   as health factor, 170–171

   in infertile females, 172

   in infertile males, 172, 173

   Fertility Problem Inventory, 179

   from infertility treatments, 432

   infertility-specific, 178–179

   interactional approach to, 178

   management programs for, 131

   from post-infertility pregnancy, 454

   pregnancy and, 442

   relaxation response to, 171

   response-oriented, 178

   semen quality and, 217–218

   situation-stress-symptom, 171

   stimulus-oriented, 178

   theories, for infertile individuals, 9–10, 53–54

stress and coping theory, 174, 176.

   See also coping strategies

   distress in, 176

   infertility and, 179–180

subfertility, 106

sudden infant death syndrome. See SIDS

sulfasalazine, 240

support groups

   for chronic illness sufferers, 254

   female, 119

   group counseling v., 161

   for post-infertility pregnancy, 452, 454

   for pregnancy loss, 300

surgery. See also microsurgery; surgery, fallopian tube

   for cervical cancer, 242

   for endometriosis, 243

   fallopian tube, 30

   uterine, 30–32

surgery, fallopian tube, 30

   microsurgical tubal reanastomosis, 30

   transcervical balloon tuboplasty, 30

   tubal ligations and, 30

surgery, uterine, 30–32

   IUI, 31

Surrogacy Arrangement Act, 525

surrogacy/gestational carriers. See S/GCs

Sweden

   ART in, 340

   DI in, 306, 342

   ICSI in, for males, 39

   infertility rates in, 20

   information disclosure in, for gamete/embryo donations, 485

   IVF in, 39, 479

   male infertility study in, 39–40

Swiss Society for Reproductive Health (SSRM)

   FertiForum under, 550

Switzerland

   DI in, 306

   FertiForum in, 549–550

   SSRM, 550

Symptom Checklist (SCL-90), 92, 178

syphilis, 216

Taiwan

   anxiety disorders in, 99

   children from ART in, psychosocial health of, 483

Talmud, 73

tamoxifen citrate, 30

Tao Te Ching, 73

TCM. See traditional Chinese medicine

Ten-step Circular Process Model, 495–496

   European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology and, 496

TESE (testicular sperm extraction), 22, 32, 47

testicular cancer, 48, 239

   counseling for, 48, 249

   sperm cryopreservation and, 239, 245

testicular sperm extraction. See TESE

therapies. See also biologically-based therapies; CBT; counseling, couples; counseling, infertility; counseling, multicultural; counseling, sexual; counselors, infertility; crisis intervention therapy; grief therapy; psychodynamic therapy; psychopharmacology; psychotherapy

   biologically-based, 201, 203–205

   for breast cancer, 242

   CBT, 49, 52, 107, 131, 134–135, 159, 188

   chemotherapy, 241, 249

   Clear Passage, 206

   collective, 157

   crisis intervention, 15

   for endometriosis, 243

   energy/biofield, 201

   family, 15

   grief, 15

   Group-Rational-Emotive, 159

   hormonal, for infertile males, 32

   implication/decision-making, 15

   marital, 143–144

   psychodynamic, 15, 133–134

   psychodynamic therapy, 15, 133, 134, 159

   strategic/solution-focused brief, 15

third-party reproduction, 33–34, 35.

   See also children, via third-party reproduction; S/GCs; surrogacy

   disclosure about, to children, 469, 472, 489, 490, 553–554

   European Union studies, 463–464

   family-building from, 15–16

   from gamete donation, 449, 450

   internet resources for, 595

   Islam and, 74

   OD as part of, 15, 16, 33

   parenthood after, 463–464, 468–469

   post-infertility pregnancy from, 449–450

   sperm donation as part of, 15

thyroid hormones, POF’s effect on, 241

tobacco usage, 190

   American Public Health Service on, 188

   by females, 190–195

   infertility and, 25

   by males, 190

   sperm production and, effect on, 27

Tobrian Islanders, 3

Torah, 73, 213

traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), 202.

   See also acupuncture

   acupuncture, 202–203

   Guizhi-Fuling-Wan, 202

   Guyin decoction, 202

   Hachimijiogan, 202

   Hoccheukkito, 202

   iontophoresis, 202

   Ju Jing powder, 202

   for male infertility, 202

   for menstrual irregularity, 202

   Moxibustion, 202

Transcendental Meditation, 157, 203–210

transcervical balloon tuboplasty, 30

   pregnancy rates after, 30

transcervical tubal cannulation, 53

transference, 137–138

   in infertility counseling, 497

transracial adoption, 392–393, 399–400

   arguments against, 400

   EuroAdopt program for, 400

   under Multiethnic Placement Act, 399

   National Association of Black Social Workers on, 399

transvaginal ultrasound retrieval, 342

trial pregnancies, 276

trichomoniasis, 216

tricyclic antidepressants, 104, 112

   fetal malformations from, 104

   male sexual function and, 105

Triptorelin, 101, 102

trophoblastic disease, 290

tubal diseases

   behavioral interventions for, 53

   female infertility from, 53

   PID, 50

   therapeutic approaches to, distal, 53, 59

   therapeutic approaches to, proximal, 52–53

tubal ligations, 30

tubocornual anastomosis, 53

Turkey, ART in, religious attitudes towards, 67

Turner’s syndrome, 42, 50, 51, 274–275

   female infertility from, 238, 240

   pregnancy termination rates for, 281

Tuskegee Study, 508

Twelve Item General Health Questionnaire, 41

ultrasound, 278, 279

   transvaginal retrieval, 342

ultrasound exams, serial, during ovulation, 26

umazume (infertile women), 3

UNICEF (United Nations Childrens Fund), 389

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)

   on gamete donations, 283

   on PGD, 277

United States (U.S.)

   American Board of Genetic Counseling, 261

   American Society for Reproductive Medicine in, 85, 129, 146, 261, 339, 485, 522, 544–546

   Americans with Disabilities Act in, 243, 531

   ART cycles in, 415

   census demographics (2000), 62

   Center for Disease Control and Prevention in, 197, 523

   Center for Surrogate Parenting in, 371

   Civil Rights Act in, 531–542

   civil rights movement in, 64

   complementary and alternative medicine in, 196, 197, 198–199

   cultural identification in, 62

   DI in, 305

   ED agencies in, 364

   enforced adoption in, 388

   eugenics in, 259

   family life cycles in, 416

   Fertility Clinic Success Rate and Certification Act, 522

   Food and Drug Administration, 30, 523

   gamete/oocyte donation disclosure in, 485

   Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act in, 532–533

   immigration to (1995–2000), 62

   individualism in, 69

   infertility rates in, 20

   IVF studies in, 481

   Mental Health Professional Group in, 86

   multicultural infertility counseling in, 65

   National Center for Complimentary and Alternative Medicine in, 196

   National Center for Health Statistics in, 197, 414

   OD in, 484–485

   Rehabilitation Act in, 531–542

   reproductive laws in, 523

   S/GC agencies in, 371

   surrogacy guidelines in, 371

   USDA in, 30

urologists, in infertility counseling, 23–24, 27

uterine septae, 29

uterus, 28–29

   bicornate, 29–36

   D&C on, 32

   DES effects on, 29, 32

   endometrial polyps in, 28

   exercise’s effect on, 31

   hysteroscopy for, 29, 32

   pedunculated submucosal fibroids in, 28

   sonohysterogram for, 29

   surgical procedures for, 30–32

   uterine septae in, 29

vaginismus, 219, 223–224

   causes of, 224

   treatments for, 224

validity, psychological testing, 92

   construct, 92

   content, 92

   criterion-related, 92

valproic acid, 106

   spina bifida from, 106

vanishing twin syndrome, 301

varicoceles

   in infertile males, 28, 38

   surgical procedures for, 32

vasectomies, 32, 47–58

   psychological effects of, 39

   reversals for, in United States,

   VE, 48

   VVS, 48–58

vasocongestion, 218

vasoepididymostomy. See VE

vasovasostomy. See VVS

VE (vasoepididymostomy), 48

Venlafaxine, 104, 105, 110

Vietnam

   female infertility in, 72

   motherhood as cultural symbol, 70

   reproduction in, social importance of, 413

virtual group counseling, 166

vitamin supplements, 204

   for male infertility, 205

   during pregnancy, 270

Vitex, 204

Voluntary Licensing Authority, 478

VVS (vasovasostomy), 48–58

Ways of Coping Checklist (WCC), 178, 179

weight loss. See also obesity

   under group counseling, 158

Welcome Home agency, 388

welfare of the child, 147

Western Australia Birth Defects Registry, 480

Western medicine, 64

   mindfulness meditation in, 66

WHO. See World Health Organization

Wikman Reproduction Scale, 566

women. See females

World Health Organization (WHO)

   BMI measurements by, 189

   ED guidelines, 363

   fertility definition by, 414

   on gamete donations, 283

   on PGD, 277

   traditional medicine parameters for, 196, 207

   on universal health care, 424

World Medical Association, 508

Y-microdeletions

   azoospermia from, 273–287

   male infertility from, 273

   oligospermia from, 273

   PGD for, 273

Yoga, 205

yoni (female genitalia), 3

zina (female sexual expression), 214

Zinc, 205

Zung depression scores, 106