AAN, see Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord
Abid, Sayyid Abdallah, 71
Abdullah, Crown Prince, 216
Abu Nidal, organization, 132, 133, 180
accountability, 2, 144, 152, 173, 198, 199, 201, 205
activism, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 122, 139, 141, 170, 174, 180, 193, 203
Islamic, 130
political, 176
Al-Adem Airbase, xvii, 45, 87
Afghanistan, American invasion of, 180
Soviet invasion of, 133
Africa, xxviii, 20, 21, 171, 181, 188, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197
see also Central Africa; French Equatorial Africa; North Africa; Organization of African Unity; Sub-Saharan Africa; unity
AGIP, 110, 160
AGIP-ENI, 158
agricultural settlers, Italian, xiv, xv, 14, 30–34, 36, 37, 41, 51, 52, 92, 94, 125
agriculture, 14, 21, 52, 59, 66, 88, 92, 93, 94, 108, 109, 111, 116, 164, 168, 192
Italian, 51
reform of, xxiv, 52
take-over by popular committees, xix
see also agricultural settlers; farm; Kufra; land
aid, foreign, 44, 45, 51, 52, 61, 92, 110
aircraft, downing of, xxiii, xxv, 124
boycott of flights, xxv
see also United States
Ajdabiya, 14, 15, 28
Akrama Agreement, see peace treaty
Al-Alamein, battle of, xv, 36, 37
Albergon, Gianni, 207
Alexandria, 36
Algeria, xii, 40, 41, 87, 90, 189
occupation of, 17
see also France
Allan, John Anthony, 212, 213
Allied Powers, xv, 36
Amerada Hess, 186, 189
Amerada Oil Company, 58
American, see United States
Amirate, 30
of Cyrenaica, xiv, 28, 29, 47, 50
of Tripolitania, xiv, 36, 50
see also al-Sanusi, Sayyid Idris; Sanusi Amirate
Amoco, 160
Amoseas partnership, 160
Anadarko, 189
Anderson, Lisa S., 208
Anglo-French convention (1890), xii, 17
annexation, xiii, 21, 24
Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord, 212, 214
Aouzou dispute, xxv, 65, 131, 134, 170, 182, 194, 211
see also Chad
apathy, political, 97, 100, 102, 128, 130, 135, 141, 214
Appolonia, 11
Aqil, Muhammad, 151
Aquitaine, 114
Arab, xxii, 16, 30, 39, 70, 93, 110, 124, 193, 194
governments, 193
kingdom, 40
see also nationalism; oil; pan-Arabism; revolutionary; society; tradition; tribe; unity
Arab Gulf, 54
Arab–Israeli conflict, 78, 99, 109, 132, 139, 180, 207
Arab League, xvi, 27, 38, 172, 193, 195
summit, 181, 193
Arab Maghreb Union, 170
Arab ruler, 81
Arab Socialist Union (ASU), xviii, xx, 83, 95, 100, 102, 104, 138
abolishment of, xx
congress, xviii, 100, 102
see also General People's Congress
Arab summit (2004), xxviii
Arab world, 6, 27, 38, 70, 75, 78, 80, 81, 87, 115, 126, 131, 139, 163, 181, 193, 194
alliances within, 126
Arabian Gulf Corporation, 160
Arafat, Yasser, 77, 181
Armistice agreements (1918), xiii, 28
Army Day, 72
Asabaa, battle of, xiii
al-Asabiyya, Ahmad Ramadan, 150
assassination, 63, 122, 130, 132, 133, 216
assets, 156
distribution of, 109
economic, 107
freezing of, xxv, 133
ASU, see Arab Socialist Union
Atlantic Council of the United States, 184, 185, 216
Atlantic Ocean, 20
Austria, 21, 160
Awjila, 28
Awlad Sulayman tribe, 18
Axis Powers, 36
Ayoub, Mahmoud M., 212
Aziendi Generale Italiana Petroliche, 53
Bab al-Aziziyya, 121, 136, 150, 169
Bablo, Marshal Italo, 32
Badri, Abdallah, 186
al-Baghdadi, Abd al-Qadr, 191
Baladiyyat, see municipality
balance of payments, 114, 154
balance of trade, 110
Baldinetti, Anna, 207, 211
Banco di Roma, 21, 23
Bandung Conference, 80
Bani Walid, 27
Banking, 48, 52, 65, 88, 108, 109, 154, 164, 168, 187, 192
Banu Hilal, 16
Banu Sulaym, 16
al-Baradei, Muhammad, xxvii
Barbary Coast, 16
see also North Africa
Barce-Tukra plain, 93
Barrada, Hamid, 211, 215
Barter, 153, 154
Al-Baruni, Sulayman, xiii, 26, 27, 28, 29
Basic People's Committee, 104
Basic People's Congress (BPC), xx, 105, 120, 121, 122
Basic Production Committee, 107
Al-Bayda, 48, 72
bayt li sakinihi policy, xxi
BBC Online Network, 217
Bedouin, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32
Beirut, 181
Belgassem, Abo Rima, 216
Benghazi, xx, 14, 15, 20, 21, 24, 26, 36, 43, 48, 53, 63, 70, 72, 84, 147
see also United States
Benghazi Military College, 151
Benghazi Treaty, 87
Berber, xiii, 16, 18, 26, 29, 30
Bevin-Sforza plan, xv, 39, 40
Bey, A. M. Hassanein, 208
Bey, Abd al-Rahman Azzam, 27
Bilkhayr, Abd al-Nabi, 27
birth rate, 51
black market, 146, 148, 156, 157, 169, 185
Blair, Tony, xxviii, 183
Bleuchot, Hervé, 212
BMA, see British Military Administration
Boahen, A. A., 208
Bornu, 11, 19
boundary, 40
administrative, xviii
dispute, xxi, xxv, 21, 65, 160
geographic, xii, xiv, 17
provincial, 49, 55, 83
see also Aouzou dispute; Chad; Libya–Tunisia boundary dispute
bourgeoisie, 41, 81, 127
Boycott, see sanctions; United States
BP, see British Petroleum
BPC, see Basic People's Congress
Brak, 14
Braspetro, 110
Brazil, 154, 189
Brega, see Marsa al-Burayqa
bribery, 71
brinkmanship, 1
British Military Administration (BMA), xv, 36, 37, 38, 46, 209
British Petroleum, xviii, 54, 59, 160
Brussels, xxviii, 183
budget, xxiii, 58, 68, 105, 111, 112, 131, 164, 188
deficit, 52
development, 114, 115
planning, 62
bureaucracy, 8, 18, 50, 69, 94, 103, 106, 111, 112, 147, 148, 167, 176, 187, 204, 206
economic, 45, 69, 162
federal, 50
provincial, 65, 74
state, 73
bureaucratization, 74, 179
Burgat, François, 207
Burke, Edmund, 203, 217
Burkina Faso, 195
Bush, George H. W., 132, 170
Bush, George W., xxvii
administration of, 184
“Butcher of Tripoli, the,” 209
see also Grazianni, Rodolfo
Byzantium, 11
cabinet, x, 49, 50, 84, 104, 105, 145, 152, 191
Cairo, xiv, 20, 31, 36, 195
California Asiatic, xix
Camp David accords, 132, 180
capital, 32, 160, 164, 165, 168, 203
foreign, 163, 185
global, 126
inflow of, 99
scarcity of, 136
capitalism, 92, 97, 124, 190
caravan, see trade
Caribbean, 110
Carter, Jimmy, administration of, 132, 133
Central Africa, 20
Central African Republic, 195
Central Bank, 65, 67, 109, 118
Central Coordinating Committee for the Revolutionary Committees, 121
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 134, 183, 215
Central Reform Board, 29
centralization, 174
Centre for Libyan Studies, Oxford, x–xi
Chackerian, Richard, 212
Chad, xxv, 18, 19, 20, 34, 65, 87, 131, 132, 134, 159, 170, 193, 194, 195
Libyan invasion of, xxiii, 137, 147, 148, 181, 182, 193, 196, 211
see also Aouzou dispute
Chernik, Anton, 214
Chevron Texaco, 189
China, 183
CIA, see Central Intelligence Agency
citizen, 33, 41, 44, 69, 73, 127, 144, 149, 152, 163, 166, 167, 173, 178, 179, 191, 192, 198, 199, 201, 202, 203
Cittadinanza Italiana Speciale, 33
Italian, 34
Libyan-Italian, 28, 33
class, 41, 53, 104, 129, 198
elite, 42, 50, 73, 78, 85, 95, 123, 128, 146, 147, 187, 202, 206, 211
lower, 85
middle, 79, 83, 85
see also tribe
client–patron, 41, 45
Clinton, Bill, administration of, 171, 184
Coastal States, 159
Cold War, 39, 40, 45, 184
colonial period, 14, 21, 23, 51, 92, 131
see also colonialism, Italy
colonialism, 11, 17, 18, 33, 41, 42, 43, 126, 202, 203
European, 20–22, 30
Greek, 15
Italian, 1, 3, 23, 26, 32, 33, 46, 51, 86, 125; neo-colonialism, 86; Roman, 15; see also France; Great Britain; Italy
colonization, 24–42, 208–210
demographic, 32
COMESSA, see Community of Sahel and Saharan States
communism, 124
community, economic, 63, 65, 170
international, 3, 6, 9, 10, 132, 136, 140, 160, 172, 173, 176, 177, 180, 197, 198, 206
Islamic, 42
pan-Arab, 131
political, 3, 4, 45, 46, 50, 63, 65, 72, 73, 78, 88, 96, 102, 127, 163, 178, 201, 202
sense of, 202
Community of Sahel and Saharan States, 196
Congo, 182
Conoco, 159
ConocoPhillips, 186, 189
conquest, xii, 17, 18, 19, 30, 32
conscription, 28, 30
Constantinople, xii, xiii, 16, 17, 22, 23, 26
Constitution, xv, 46, 47, 48, 55, 62, 64, 66, 67, 71, 73, 82, 120, 122, 150, 191
amendment to, 48, 65
committee of, xvi
draft, xvi; see also Provisional Constitutional Declaration
continent, see Europe
Continental Oil Company, 58
control, political, xiii
Corinthia, 196, 197
corruption, 45, 50, 53, 68, 70, 71, 72, 75, 77, 78, 80, 82, 122, 126, 127, 142, 146, 166, 187
council, xiv
municipal, xv
Council of Ministers, 50, 60, 82
Council of the Association for National Reform, 29
coup, xvii, xx, 1, 2, 5, 45, 59, 60, 63, 67, 72, 73, 75–76, 77–96, 99, 100, 101, 102, 110, 131, 138, 149, 172, 176, 193, 203, 209
Crampton, Tom, 217
cronyism, 78, 92
cultural center, closing of, xviii
culture, 125; take-over by popular committees, xix
currency, 47, 108, 185
foreign, 164, 168
United States, 166
Customs Department, 68
CYDEF, see Cyrenaican Defense Force
Cyrenaica, xii, xiii, xiv, xv, 1, 3, 4, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 56, 63, 66, 67, 68, 73, 77, 82, 93, 124, 147, 151, 207
see also Amirate, of Cyrenaica
Cyrenaican Defense Force (CYDEF), 67, 69, 72, 79, 82, 129
Cyrene, 11
Dahar plain, 14
Daily Star, 216
Al-Dam, Ahmed Qadhaf, 151
Al-Dam, Sayyid Muhammad Qadhaf, 151
D'Annunzio, Gabriele, 24, 32
D'Arcy Exploration Co. Ltd., see British Petroleum
Darfur, 19
crisis in, xxviii, 181
Darna, 14, 24, 26, 84, 151, 152
Davis, John, 211, 212
Davos economic summit, xxviii, 189, 199
De Agostini, Enrico, 207
De Bono, Emilio, 32
Declaration on the Authority of the People, xxi, 152
Declaration on the Separation of Rule and Revolution, xxii
decolonization, 24–42
defection, 147
Deminex, 159
democracy, 104, 119, 177
“direct,” 103, 104
false, 103
representative, xvii, 47
see also society
Democracy, xxi
demonstration, 39, 135
anti-British, 70
anti-Qadhafi, 133
anti-United-States, 70, 142
student, xx, 100
Department of Taxation, 68
destabilization, 133, 134
DeSutter, Paula A., 216
development, 10, 51–53, 55, 71, 74, 86, 109–119, 131, 136, 157, 162, 163, 188, 190, 198, 203
1976–1980 Five-Year Social and Economic Development Plan, 111, 114, 115, 116
agricultural, 33
bureaucratic, 146
crisis of, 136
direction of, 137
economic, xvii, 41, 44, 48, 50, 52, 57, 58, 61, 64, 72, 96, 105, 111, 124, 162, 174, 190
funds, 68
goals of, 137
industrial, 116
long-term, 62
material, 33
of natural resources, 158, 160
plan for, 62, 67, 93, 107, 109, 115, 117, 135
political, 41, 50, 96, 124
role of oil, 2
social, xvii, 41, 52, 124
strategy of, 190
Three Year Economic and Social Development Plan 1973–75, 93;
see also budget
Development Council, 52, 58, 65
Dibri, Yusuf, 151
diplomacy, 178, 194, 208
corps of, 50
posts of, 151
relations of, xix, xxii, xxviii, 16, 21, 27, 39, 99, 117, 131, 133, 169, 170, 173, 175, 177, 183, 184–89
Director of Petroleum Affairs, 56
dirigisme, 166, 167
disarmament, 179–183
see also weapons
discotheque, see LaBelle Discotheque
dissent, 83, 136, 138, 140, 141, 145
district, xviii
diversification, 112
diversity, geographic, 14
divestment, 113
Djaziri, Moncef, 207, 214
Djerba Treaty, 87
Dorda, Abu Zayed, 215, 216
dynasty, 16
East German Ministry for State Security, 150
Eastern Europe, 93, 113, 116, 117, 159, 161
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), 215, 216
economy, 8, 14, 52, 61, 63, 79, 92, 99, 102, 106, 110, 115, 118, 146, 156, 161, 165, 167, 173, 185, 186, 194, 202, 203, 206, 209
backwardness of, 197
boom of, 45, 129, 137, 197
cash, 34
centralized, 199
colonial, 41, 163
condition of, 148
constraints on, 161
control of, 67, 106, 111, 137, 167, 188, 203
crisis of, 130, 162, 198, 204
decision-making of, 99
dependence of, 107
differentiation of, 147, 166
diversification of, 7, 93, 116, 153, 192, 199
downturn in, 166
dualistic, 89, 92
efficiency of, 164, 166
elite of, 82
exclusion of citizens, 167
experimentation with, 7
expertise with, 53
formal, 51
global, 2, 3, 206
growth of, 45, 50, 156, 161, 188, 202, 203
informal, 164
integration of, 116
international, 3, 9, 198, 201, 204
intervention in, 44, 163, 192
liberalization of, xxiv, xxviii, 137, 140, 162, 163, 165, 167–68, 169, 174, 185, 187, 188, 192, 199
local, 42, 163, 166, 173, 178, 197, 203
management of, 89–91, 106, 109, 115, 119, 140, 142, 162, 164, 167, 178, 190, 199, 201
market, 166, 167
national, 62, 94, 109; oil, 70, 78, 79, 111, 187
neglect of, 166
performance of, 153
plan for, 98, 100, 115, 162
policy, 50, 64, 92
political, 189–192, 198, 204
productive, 129
rebuilding of, 197–98
reconstruction of, 52, 174
reform of, xxvi, 7, 8, 72, 99, 115, 116, 140, 161–69, 185, 189–192, 198, 199, 200, 201, 205
regulation of, 7, 44, 67, 96, 137, 166, 167, 168, 199
resurgence of, 175
sector of, 85, 113, 137, 204
self-sufficiency, 15, 23, 32
socialist, 187
stagnation of, 161
state-run, 185, 186, 199
strategy of, 96, 167, 192
stratification of, 168
subsistence, 44, 51
system of, 106
transition of, 190, 199
unplanned, 137
western, 190
see also Davos economic summit; embargo; Ministry of the National Economy; structure
Eden, Anthony, 37
education, 66, 68, 69, 79, 84, 85, 88, 111, 151, 169, 173, 176, 213, 214
take-over by popular committees, xix, 112
egalitarianism, 147, 167, 169
Egypt, xv, xvii, xviii, xix, xxi, 7, 17, 19, 21, 27, 29, 33, 34, 37, 41, 45, 47, 80, 81, 83, 87, 101, 131, 134, 154, 163, 181, 182, 189, 199
Egyptian–Libyan peace plan, 182
EIU, see Economist Intelligence Unit
election, xvi, 49, 83, 122
control of, 49
multi-party, 4, 49
parliamentary, 29
electoral system, 103
Elf Aquitaine, 110, 132, 135, 159
Elfl-Erap, 114
embargo, xxvi, 154, 169, 217
arms, xxviii
economic, 91, 152
military hardware, 148
technology, 116
trade, xxviii, 152
see also European Union; oil; United Nations; United States
embassy, xix, xxi, xxii, xxiii, 124
Italian, 20
United States, 212
see also People's Bureau; United States
employment, 42, 52, 66, 82, 92, 112, 143, 148, 164, 186, 188, 192, 197, 204
Energy Ministry, 186
entitlement, 8
EPSA, see Exploration and Production-Sharing Arrangements
Eritrea, 24, 30, 195
Esso, 160
Esso Canterbury, 61
Esso Sirte, Inc., 135
Esso Standard Libya, Inc., xviii, 54, 135
Europe, 11, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 27, 37, 54, 60, 90, 113, 115, 116, 133, 135, 154, 157, 159, 160, 169, 170, 171, 175, 182, 184, 185, 189, 196
ban on shipment of military hardware to Libya, 148
see also market
European powers, 16, 17, 18, 21, 26, 28, 171
European Union, xxiv, xxviii, 169, 183, 196
Evans-Pritchard, E. E., 207, 208
Everlasting Revolution, 174
exchange, foreign, 157, 185
execution, 31, 81, 123
Executive Council, 48, 49, 50
exile, 34, 36, 37; see also al-Sanusi, Sayyid Idris
Exploration and Production-Sharing Arrangements (EPSA), xx, xxii, xxv, 109–10, 113, 116, 155, 158, 159, 160, 161, 177, 188–89, 211, 215
see also oil
exports, 48, 51, 89, 91, 137, 154, 156, 164, 167, 168, 192
take-over by state, 108
see also oil; United States
extremism, 99
Exxon, 110, 135
faction, 38
Fada, 193
Al-Fajr Al-Jadid, xx, 102, 212, 215
Families of Pan Am 103, 171, 176, 179, 182
family, 3, 6, 9, 26, 38, 42, 50, 52, 63, 71, 73, 74, 75, 79, 106, 108, 109, 151, 203
affiliation of, 44
alliance of, 5
Cyrenaican, 18
elite, 94
“grand,” 18
influential, 69
network of, 16, 53
see also Qadhafa family
fanaticism, religious, 26
Farley, Rawle, 209, 210
farm
state-owned, 33
state-subsidized, 33
see also agriculture
Fascism, 4, 28, 30–34, 38, 41, 125
El-Fathaly, Omar, 212
Al-Fatih revolution, 187
favoritism, 45, 53
Fazzan, xii, xiii, xv, xvi, 1, 4, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 30, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 46, 47, 51, 71, 82, 93
FBIS, see Foreign Broadcast Information Service
federal formula, 49, 53, 55, 56, 57, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 71
federal system, 66, 67, 69, 73
Fes, 19
Fhimah, Al-Amin Khalifa, 170, 172
see also Lockerbie; Pan Am flight 103
Firman, 16
First, Ruth, 211, 212
Five-Year Plan, xvii
Fletcher, Yvonne, xxiii, 133, 169, 172, 182
foreign adventurism, 101, 117, 130–34, 136, 137, 166, 171, 198
Foreign Affairs, 179
Foreign Broadcast Information Service, 213, 214, 215
foreign expertise, 44, 55, 68, 70
see also oil
Foreign Minister, x
foreign policy, 6, 17, 99, 105, 176, 181, 193
see also terrorism
foreign relations, 139
Forum of Companions of Qadhafi, 119, 151
Four Power Commission of Investigation, Former Italian Colonies, xv, 38, 39, 51, 210
Fourth Shore, 3, 23, 24–42, 208–10
see also colonialism; Italy
Frachon, Alain, 214
France, xviii, xxv, xxvii, 11, 17, 20, 38, 39, 40, 47, 90, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136, 140, 159, 160, 170, 189, 194
administration of Fazzan, 38
expansionism of, 17, 19, 21, 26–27
government of, 132
relations with Libya, 170
relations with Salvation Forces, 128
see also Algeria; UTA 772
Free Officers, 79, 80, 89
Free Unionist Officers' Movement, 150, 151
French Equatorial Africa, 36, 40
French–Libyan disagreement, see Chad
French Military Administration, xv, 36, 37, 46
French–Ottoman agreement (1901), xii
G7 countries, xxiv, 169
Gaber, Makzoum Attia, 208
Gafara Plain, 93
Gambia, 195
Gazetteer No. 41–Libya, x
GDP, see Gross Domestic Product
Gefara Wheat Project, 112–13
General Command (Palestine), 132
General People's Committee, x, 104, 119, 152
General People's Congress (GPC), x, xx, xxi, xxiv, xxvi, 104, 105, 107, 108, 119, 121, 122, 123, 132, 134, 136, 137, 142, 143, 144, 145, 150, 152, 164, 165, 166, 185, 186, 187, 190, 191, 199, 213
General Secretariat of, 108, 121, 162
General Secretariat of the People's Bureau for Planning, see Ministry of Planning
Germany, xv, 11, 21, 153, 159, 160
Nazi, 34
Gerwy, Mukhtar Abdallah, 79
Ghadames, xii, 16, 18, 19
Ghanem, Shukri Muhammad, xxvi, 185, 187, 190, 191, 192, 198, 199, 215, 216
Gharyan, 29, 84
Gharyan conference, xiv, 29
Ghat, 16, 18
governance, 75
federal system of, 44
structure of, 19
governing council, 28
government, 49, 55, 59, 60, 61, 76, 99, 159, 160, 161, 178, 183, 184, 189, 192, 195, 196, 198, 200, 203, 213
central, 46, 47, 49, 50, 56, 65, 73
constitutional parliamentary, 47
federal, 48, 58, 63, 64
local, 193
participation in, 47
power of, 47, 48, 49
provincial, xvi, 46, 48, 49, 50, 53, 58, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67
provisional, xv
republican, 27, 63
revolutionary, 59
transitional, 39
unitary, 66, 74
governorate, xviii
system of, 205
GPC, see General People's Congress
Grace Petroleum, 159
Grand Sanusi, see al-Sanusi, Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali
Grazianni, Rodolfo, 31, 32, 43, 209
Great Britain, xii, xiv, xv, xvi, xxiii, xxvi, xxvii, 11, 20, 30, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 45, 47, 52, 70, 99, 131, 136, 153, 170, 172, 175, 178, 179, 180, 182, 184, 195, 216
agreement with Italy, 30
expansionism of, 17, 21
government of, 178
indictment of Libya, xxv
liquidation of military bases, xvii
relations with Libya, xxiii
withdrawal of troops, xvii
see also al-Adem Airbase; aid; Pan Am flight 103
Great Green Charter of Human Rights, The, xxiv, 144, 173, 214
see also human rights
Great Man-made River Project (MMRP), 116, 160, 166
Great Power, see United Nations
Greece, 11, 15
Green Book, The, xx, xxi, xxii, 6, 7, 89, 96, 97–138, 146, 149, 153, 155, 161, 162, 163, 167, 187, 190, 203, 206, 212–14, 215
Green Book Center, 125, 151, 217
Green Charter, The, see The Great Green Charter of Human Rights
“Green Locusts,” 143
“Green Men,” 134
Green Mountains, 14
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 115, 119, 120, 148, 156, 182
Guards of the Revolution, 124
Gulf, 160
Gulf of Sirt, xix, xxiii, xxv, 14, 15, 124, 133, 134
Gurney, Judith, 210, 212, 215
Habre, Hissen, 134
Hague, The, 172
Hague Convention, 37
Bin Halim, Mustafa, 49, 63, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72, 209, 210, 211
al-Hamidi, al-Khuwaylidi, 79, 101, 121, 134
Hamza, Ali Awad, 79
Hanaish, Khalifa, 152
Hassan, Salaheddin Salem, 211
Hassi Messaoud Accords, 87
Hawadi, Bashir, 79, 101
Hay al-Andalus, 197
Hayford, Elizabeth, 210
health care, 88
Heikal, Muhammad, 81, 211
Herodotus, 11, 207
Al-Hesnawi, Habib, 213
Higgins, Benjamin Howard, 51, 52, 53, 62, 63, 210, 211
High Council of Petroleum Affairs, 60
Higher Council on National Orientation, 83
Hizbiya, 83
Holmboe, Knud, 209
Homs, 24
House of Representatives, 49
Hulerias, Asteris, 217
human rights, 143
see also The Great Green Charter of Human Rights
al-Huni, Abd al-Munim Tahir, 79
Hunt, Nelson Bunker, 58, 160
Hurewitz, J. C., 208
hydrocarbon sector, 188
Ibjad, Ibrahim, 151, 216
Ibrahim, Ahmad, 191, 213
Ibrahim, Saleh, 215
IBRD, see International Bank of Reconstruction and Development
identity, 75
class, 74
collective, 5
common, 23
corporate, 74, 147
national, 4, 23, 43, 44, 73, 202
political, 23, 73, 96, 99, 202
provincial, 23
tribal, 41
ideology, 10, 32, 42, 44, 73, 75, 79, 80, 85, 86, 87, 94, 95, 99, 100, 101, 102, 112, 117, 120, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 145, 151, 178, 180, 193, 198, 200, 203, 206, 214
ILSA, see United States
IMF, see International Monetary Fund
imperialism, 24, 37, 131, 193
imports, 48, 111, 114, 117, 137, 148, 153, 154, 164, 167, 168, 174, 183, 185, 192, 197
ban on, 156
duty, 68
Italian, 33
monopoly on, 164
take-over by state, 108
income, 71, 156, 163, 192
distribution of, 166
national, 66, 115, 116
per capita, 42, 51, 63, 92, 97
provincial, 67
independence, xii, xiv, xv, xvi, 2, 5, 14, 22, 26, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40–42, 44, 46, 49, 51, 53, 62, 63, 66, 67, 69, 73, 78, 81, 86, 92, 136, 167, 178, 202
economic, 44
“false,” 86
loss of, 22
India, 128
Indian Oil Corporation, 189
indoctrination, 85, 95, 120, 121, 134
Indonesia, 80, 110
industry, 163, 164
reform of, xxiv
sector of, 52
see also oil
infant mortality, 42, 51
infighting, 38, 39, 49, 84, 213
infitah, xxiv, 153, 157, 163, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 176, 185, 192
inflation, 68, 113, 114, 157, 161, 162, 173
infrastructure, 4, 33, 52, 66, 79, 89, 146, 155, 175
destruction of, 42
Inquilab, 86
institution, administrative, 41, 65
bureaucratic, 41, 65, 97
dismantling of, 85
economic, 64, 85
political, 85
power of, 66
representative, 85
role of, 66
state, 2, 4, 45, 66, 73
institutionalization, 8, 10, 176, 190, 198, 199
instrument, of government, xxii
of revolution, xxii
integration, 87, 139, 150, 197, 198, 202, 206
administrative, 67
bureaucratic, 67
financial, 64, 67
intellectual, xviii, 186
Intelligence Bureau of the Leader, The, 150
intelligence organizations, 119, 120, 143, 170, 183
intermarriage, 16
International Atomic Energy Agency, xxvii
International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), 64, 207, 210
International Court of Justice, xxv, 160, 170, 182, 194
International Monetary Fund (IMF), xxvii, 185, 188
Article IV, xxvii
Articles of Agreement, 186
Public Information Notice 03/125, xxvii
report of, 187
Special Drawing Rights, 185
investment, 32, 33, 92, 93, 94, 111, 112, 116, 154, 175, 177, 181, 186, 188, 204
capital, 175
foreign, 70, 113, 118, 135, 157, 158, 160, 161, 165, 166, 171, 172, 175, 178, 182, 185, 187, 188, 198
private, 201
Iran and Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA), see United States
Iranian revolution, 113
Irish Republican Army, 132
irrigation, 92, 112–113
Islam, 2, 6, 18, 23, 42, 80, 88, 124–30, 203, 212
political, 147, 180
practice of, 19
role of, xxi, 212
“Islamic Legion,” 193
Islamist, 124, 130, 147, 149, 167
isolation, of Libya, 132, 133, 136, 138, 141, 142, 158, 178, 180, 184, 185, 187, 193, 195, 197, 198
diplomatic, 8, 99, 134, 139, 140, 146, 170, 173, 175, 182, 186, 187
economic, 99, 140, 175, 182
geographic, 14, 15, 41
international, 100, 172
political, 140
Israel, xix, 70, 80, 132, 181, 193, 195
assassination of athletes, 132
suicide bombings in, 181
support for, 131
see also Munich Olympics; terrorism
Israeli–PLO Oslo Accords, 181
Istanbul, xiii, 22
Italian period, xii–xv, 3, 5
Italy, xii, xiii, xiv, xv, xviii, 11, 20, 21, 23, 24–42, 44, 53, 88, 99, 153, 158, 209
African possessions, 34
defeat of, 4, 34–40
invasion of Libya, 20, 22, 24, 26, 31, 88
occupation of Libya, 24–42, 125, 201, 209
propaganda, 37
protection of, 29
resistance to, xiv, 4, 26, 208
withdrawal of, xv, 27, 46
see also agricultural settlers; colonialism; Fascism; Fourth Shore; Italian period
Jabal al-Akhdar, 14, 19, 36, 41
Jabal al-Gharb, 14
Jabal Nafusa, 16, 18, 26
Jafara plain, 14
Jaghbub, x, xii, 14, 19, 28, 30, 31
Jallud, Abd as-Salam Ahmad, xx, 79, 84, 101, 105, 121, 162
Jalu, 28
Jamahiriyya, xxi, xxiv, xxv, 6, 8, 97, 102–138, 139–174, 175–206
defense of, 144
mechanism of control, 152
Al-Jamahiriyya, 121
“Al-Jamahiriyya al-arabiyya al-Libiyya al-sha'abiyya al-ishtirakiyya,” see Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriyya
Jamahiriyya Security Organization, 150
Jane's Defence Weekly, 216
Al-Jarida Al-Rasmiyya, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215
Jehl, Douglas, 215
Jihad, 26, 193
Joffé, E. G. H., 208
“Joint Powers,” 48
Joyner, Chris C., 215
JR, see Al-Jarida Al-Rasmiyya
judicial system, constraints on, 108
provincial, 65
judiciary, 191
constraints on, 144
justice organization, 152
Kelly, Saul, 209
Khadduri, Majid, 209, 210, 211
Khalil, Muhammad, 151
Khartoum, 135
al-Kharubi, Mustapha, 79, 101, 105, 121
Khums, 14, 21
El-Kikhia, Mansour O., 215
al-Kilani, Ali, 121
King, see al-Sanusi, Sayyid Idris
Kingdom of Libya, The, 65, 69, 73, 77, 118, 126
allies of, 73
see also monarchy; United Kingdom of Libya
kinship, 23, 41, 66, 202, 203
Kravetz, Mark, 211, 215
Ku'bar, Abd al-Majid, 49, 50, 70
Ku'bar government, 71
Kufra, xii, 14, 19, 28, 30, 31, 59, 93
agricultural project, 112–13
Kulughli, 16
LaBelle Discotheque, xxiii, 169
compensation for, xxviii
see also West Berlin
labor, 15, 32, 33, 106, 107, 197
abolition of right to strike, xix
cost of, 164
division of, 100
expatriate, 116, 146
expulsion of workers, 146
force, 92, 112, 164, 188
foreign, xxiii, 165
manual, 52, 112
menial, 34, 146
union, 145
unskilled, 111
workforce, 115
see also wage
land, 94
confiscation of, 88, 109
distribution of, 92
expropriation of, 92
reclamation of, 33, 116
language, 16
Arabic, x
English, x
French, x
Italian, x
Lausanne, xiii, 25
law, 144, 145, 164, 165, 214, 215
customary, 126
electoral, 48
international, 145
Islamic, xviii, 122, 123
practice of, 123
religious, 126
rule of, 173
sacred, 126
Scottish, 195
source of, 122
western, 126
see also Revolutionary Court
Law Number 1, 191
Law Number 5, 182
Law Number 71, 83
Leclerc, General, 36
legal system, 122, 123, 126, 137, 143, 167
Italian, 26
revision of, xviii
Scottish, xxvi
socialist, xx
see also law
Legge Fondamentale, xiv, 28, 30
legislation, 48, 165, 185, 191
national, 50
Legislative Assembly, 49
provincial, 65
Legislative Council, 48
legislature, 191
Lemarchand, René, 217
Leptis Magna, 11
Libya Between the Past and the Present, x
Libya Since Independence, ix, x
Libya–Tunisia boundary dispute, 160
Libyan American Oil Company, xix
Libyan Arab Airlines, 84, 215
Libyan Arab Forces, 36, 209
Libyan Arab Jamahiriyya, 181, 213
Secretariat of Planning, 213
Libyan Finance Corporation, 52
Libyan Petroleum Company (LIPETCO), xvii, 60, 65, 132
Libyan Industrial Bank, 93
Libyan National Oil Company (LNOC), xvii, xxiv, xxviii, 60, 91, 110, 113, 117, 119, 120, 135, 155, 158, 159, 160, 161, 168, 175, 177, 186, 188, 189
Libyan Petroleum Commission, xvi, 56–57, 58, 59, 60, 64, 65
see also Libyan Petroleum Company
Libyan Petroleum Law, xvi, xvii, 54, 55, 57, 58, 61, 68, 90
Libyan Producers' Agreement, xviii, 90
Libyan Public Development and Stabilization Agency, 52, 65
Libyan Republic, 77–96, 211–12
Libyan Review, 72
Libyan–Syrian union, xxii
Lifa, Ahmed Abu, 151
Al-Lijan ath-Thawriya, 213
LIPETCO, see Libyan Petroleum Company
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), 188
literacy, 42, 51, 73, 88
Litoranea Libica, xiv, 33
LNOC, see Libyan National Oil Company
loan, interest-free, 68, 88, 109
to Libya, 154
Lockerbie, xxiv, 140, 170, 171, 182, 215
compensation for, xxvii, 171, 176, 180, 182, 184, 192
suspects, xxv, xxvi, 152, 170, 172, 179
trial, xxvi, 175, 184, 195
see also Families of Pan Am 103; Pan Am flight 103
London, xxiii, 182, 184, 195
loyalty, 2, 44, 45, 83, 101, 123, 166
divided, 45
political, 43, 46
to Qadhafi, 100
traditional, 94
Maaten al-Sarra, 148
MacFarquhar, Neil, 217
Machipisa, Lewis, 217
Mack, David, 212
McLachlan, K. S., 208
Al-Magariaf, Mohamed Yousef, see Mugharyif, Muhammad
Maghreb, 15
see also North Africa
al-Maghribi, Sulayman, 82
Malaysia, 183
Malgeri, Francesco, 208
Mali, 195
Malta, 20, 154
Al-Manar Palace, 43
Mandela, Nelson, 195, 217
Manifest destiny, 24
manufacturing, 20, 92, 93, 111, 112, 115, 164, 192
Maqarha tribe, 152
Marathon Oil Company, 58, 186, 189
march on Rome, 32
marginalization, political, 1, 41, 179, 180
market, 178, 183, 188, 200, 204
European, 99, 153, 155, 158, 198
reform, 199
regulation, 190
world, 79
Marsa al-Burayqa, xvi, 61, 93, 188
Marthelot, Pierre, 207
martial law, 30
Marxism, 97, 106
Mattes, Hanspeter, 207, 213, 214
Mayer, Ann Elizabeth, 213, 214
Mecca, 19
media, 102, 122, 135, 145, 174, 194
Arab, 100
take-over by popular committees, xix
Mediterranean, xix, 11, 14, 15, 16, 20, 24, 26, 40, 51, 71, 157
MEED, see Middle East Economic Digest
MEES, see Middle East Economic Survey
al-Megrahi, Abdel Basset Ali Muhammad, 170, 172
see also Lockerbie; Pan Am flight 103
Middle East, xxviii, 1, 2, 53, 54, 55, 78, 127, 128, 130, 132
peace process, 132
Middle East Economic Digest (MEED), 212, 213, 215, 216
Middle East Economic Survey (MEES), 213, 214
Middle East War, 55
Miège, J. L., 209
migration, 196, 197
al-Mikhtar, Umar, xiv
militarization, 134, 149
military, 18, 24, 78, 94, 96, 100, 101, 105, 120, 130, 134, 147, 148, 150, 168, 173, 182, 205, 208
academy, 82
action, 128
British, 52
compound, 150
elite, 136, 162
equipment, 132
expenditures, 117, 153, 166
German, 52
hardware, 118
Italian, 30, 52
Libyan, xxii, xxiii, 45, 74, 77, 82, 85, 86, 101, 129, 130, 148, 149, 194
planning, 126
popular, xxiii
purchases, 99, 110, 131
rebellion by, xxv
recruitment, 101
Sanusi, 72, 82
service, 100
spending, 131
system of, 106
trial, 147
United States, 139
see also Revolutionary Armed Forces; Salvation Forces; United States
Military Academy, 79
military bases, 4, 40, 80, 87
evacuation of, 70, 125
rental of, 45, 52
see also Al-Adem Airbase; Wheelus Airbase
military regime, 75, 90, 94; see also Qadhafi regime; revolutionary regime
Military Secret Service, 150
Minerals Law, 54
Ministers of Foreign Affairs, 195
see also Organization of African Unity
Ministry of Communications, 68
Ministry of Defense, 149
Ministry of Education and Scientific Research, 213
Ministry of Housing and State Property, 68
Ministry of Industry, 68
Ministry of Justice, 142, 144
Ministry of Mass Mobilization and Revolutionary Leadership, 143
Ministry of the National Economy, 56
Ministry of Oil, 82
Ministry of Petroleum Affairs, 60
Ministry of Planning, x, 84, 101
Ministry of Planning and Development, creation of, xvii
Ministry of Public Works, 68
Ministry of Mass Mobilization and Revolutionary Orientation, xxiv
Misrata, xiii, 93, 187
Misrata steel works, xxv, 14, 15, 21, 27, 116, 160, 166
MMRP, see Great Man-made River Project
Mobil Oil, xxiii, 110, 135
mobilization, 100, 103, 120, 123, 124, 128, 131, 134, 138, 140, 187
bottom up, 84
political, 7, 78, 82, 83, 95, 139
popular, 85, 97, 102
tools of, 86–89
Mobutu regime, 193
modernity, 75
modernization, 9, 53, 78, 84, 112, 155, 189
economic, 53
see also state
monarchy, see Sanusi monarchy
Monastiri, Taoufik, 207
Montague, Lady, see Tully, Miss
Morocco, 87
Moulay Muhammad Mosque, xxi, 123
MPGC, see Municipal People's General Committee
Mu'askarat, 121
Mudiriyyat, see district
Mugharyif, Muhammad, x, 101, 128
Muhafadhat, see governorate
al-Muhayshi, Omar Abdallah, 79, 101, 128, 186
al-Mukhtar, Sayyid Umar, 3, 30, 31, 127
death of, 32, 125
al-Mukhtar, Umar, Club, 37, 49
Munich Olympics, 132
see also Israel
municipal committee, 105, 182
municipal council, 84
Municipal People's General Committee (MPGC), 121
municipality, xviii
al-Muntasir, Mahmoud, 43, 49
al-Muntasir family, 26
al-Murayyid, Ahmad, 27
Murzuq, 11, 14
Muslim, 6, 18, 19, 193; see also society; tradition
Mussolini, Benito, xiv, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37
Protector of Islam, xiv, 34, 37
Nachtigal, Gustav, 11, 14, 15, 16, 207
Napoleon III, 21
Nasser, Gamal Abdul, 7, 45, 69, 77, 80, 81, 83, 87, 126, 131, 193
death of, xviii
Nasser, Hussein, 77
National Assembly, xv, xvi, 46, 47
National Association of Cyrenaica, 37
National Congress, 37, 38, 47
National Congress Party, 47
National Front for the Salvation of Libya (NFSL), xxiii, 128, 215
National People's Congress, xxviii
National Planning Council, 65, 189
nationalism, 36, 37, 45, 65, 75, 95, 100, 203, 206
Arab, 2, 6, 27, 38, 42, 45, 46, 70, 77, 78, 80, 87, 95, 126, 127, 130, 139, 203
Libyan, 18, 28
nationalization, of banks, xvii, xviii
of hospitals, xvii, 95
of housing, 107
of industry, 95
of insurance companies, xviii, 95
of land, 137
of oil industry, xviii, xix, 59–60, 89, 91, 94, 131, 137, 160
see also Suez Canal
Nazir, 49, 70
Nazism, see Germany
Ndjamena, 194
Nejm, Muhammad, 79
nepotism, 71
Netherlands, The, xxvi, 172, 195
Neuberger, Benjamin, 211
Neumann, Ronald, 180, 216
New York Times, The, 210, 215
NFSL, see National Front for the Salvation of Libya
Niblock, Tim, 215
Niger, xxv, xxvii, 140, 170, 195
Nixon, Richard, 74
nomadism, 15, 19, 20, 36
normalization, 174
North Africa, xii, xv, 11, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 24, 36, 40, 53, 130, 131, 170
see also Africa; Barbary Coast; Maghreb
NOV, 160
Oasis, 15, 18, 28, 51
see also Kufra
Oasis Consortium, 58, 59, 159, 160
Oasis Group, 186
OAU, see Organization of African Unity
Obeidi, Amal, 214
Occidental Petroleum, xix, 59, 90, 110, 135, 159, 160, 189
October War, 91
Official Gazette, 54, 55
oil, xvi, xxvi, xxviii, 2, 3, 9, 10, 40, 53–60, 67, 70, 82, 89–91, 105, 109–119, 126, 157, 158–161, 186, 188, 189, 196, 198, 199, 202
boom, 62, 107, 109, 110, 111, 115, 130, 136, 146, 162, 174, 204
concession agreement, xvii, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 70, 91, 158, 160, 177, 186
control of, 59, 60, 61, 90
crisis, 91, 94–96, 97, 110
demand for, 54
discovery of, 4, 44, 53, 69, 159, 202
economy, 174, 178
“Elements of Preference, ” 59
embargo, xix, 110, 114, 133, 152, 159
entitlements, 174
export of, xix, 1, 2, 7, 8, 45, 57, 62, 64, 71, 95, 96, 99, 110, 117, 133, 153, 155, 158, 162, 171, 174, 188
government-to-government agreement, 60
impact of, 8, 62–63, 69–72, 203
industry, 48, 50, 53–61, 64, 68, 86, 89, 99, 108, 109, 113, 131, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 171, 186
infrastructure, 155, 157, 159, 161, 177, 178, 186
legislation, 55, 58, 61
“Majors,” 54, 61, 90, 160
multi-national companies, xxiv, 45, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 61, 65, 70, 87, 91, 95, 109, 110, 113, 114, 125, 127, 131, 135, 155, 158, 159–60, 163, 175, 177, 178, 183, 186, 188, 189
parastatal, 132, 135, 159
pipeline, 54, 60, 158
policies, 131
price of, xix, 55, 90, 91, 110, 113, 114, 118, 135, 153, 156, 159, 160, 165, 191, 192
production, 60, 61, 63, 89, 90, 114, 115, 118, 135, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 175, 188, 189
profit, 57, 59, 127, 177
refinery, 154, 156
regulation of, 56
reserves, 59, 66, 113, 158, 159, 161, 188
revenue, xxiii, 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 50, 53, 57, 64, 65, 67, 69, 75, 77, 80, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 109, 110, 111, 113, 115, 117, 118, 135, 136, 146, 153, 166, 169, 178, 198, 201, 202, 205
sale of, 74
sector, 109, 156, 160, 175, 177, 182, 185, 186, 190, 201, 205
state, 1–10, 73, 92, 102, 111, 123, 130, 137, 141, 162, 173, 176, 205, 207
survey permit, 54
technology, 108, 160, 175, 177, 178
wealth, 101
workers, 70
zone, 55, 56, 57
see also Director of Petroleum Affairs; economy; employment; Exploration and Production-Sharing Arrangements; High Council of Petroleum Affairs; Libyan Petroleum Law; Libyan Producers' Agreement; market; Ministry of Oil; Ministry of Petroleum Affairs; nationalization; Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; Petroleum Commission; revenue; Western Libyan Gas Project
OMV, 114, 160
OPEC, see Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
opposition, 39, 124–30, 138, 145, 146, 167, 168, 169, 173, 174, 191, 200
persecution of, 150
see also Qadhafi regime; revolution; revolutionary regime
Organization of African States, 172
Organization of African Unity (OAU), xxvi, 193, 195
summit, 196
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), xvii, 59, 91, 110, 135, 155, 161, 185
O'Sullivan, Meghan L., 215, 216
Otayek, René, 217
Ottoman Empire, xii, xiii, 1, 17, 20, 21, 23, 27, 51, 113, 201
control by, 16
defeat of, xiii
legacy of, 22–23
occupation of Libya, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 41
retreat of, 3
see also Armistice agreements
Ottoman period, xii–xv, 11, 15, 16–20
see also Parliament
Ouchy, xiii, 25
Oujda Treaty, 87
Pact of London, 28
Palestine, occupied territories of, 181
radical groups of, 132
Palestinian Authority, 181
Palestinian Islamic Jihad, 132
Palmer, Monte, 212
Pan Am flight 103, xxiv, xxv, 140, 152, 170, 184
see also Families of Pan Am 103; Fhimah, Al-Amin Khalifa; Great Britain; law; Lockerbie; al-Megrahi, Abdel Basset Ali Muhammad; Netherlands, The United States
pan-Arabism, 206
Parliament, x, xiv, xvi, 28, 48, 49, 50, 56, 74, 82, 185
dissolution of, 71
Ottoman, 26
Parliamentary system, 103, 105
Pascoli, Giovanni, 32
passport, 49, 143
Arabic, xix, xxii
pastoralism, 14, 51
patronage, 53, 69, 71, 74, 78, 94, 136, 137, 140, 141, 165, 174, 178, 185, 200, 201
economic, 64, 75, 88
see also client–patron
peace, 195
maintenance of, 19
process, 132
see also Middle East
Peace treaty, Akrama Agreement, xiii, 27
Italian–Turkish, xiii, 25
Pelt, Adrian, xv, 39, 40, 46, 53, 63, 208, 209, 210
People's Bureau, xxii, 124, 133, 152
see also embassy
People's Congress, 121
People's Court, xxiv, 144
abolition of, xxviii
see also revolutionary court
People's Guard, 150
People's Militia, 149
People's Power, 84, 96, 105, 177, 199
see also Declaration on the Authority of the People; Proclamation of People's Power
People's Social Leadership Committee, 151
Persian Gulf, 91
Petrobras, 189
Petrodollars, see oil
Petroleum Commission, see Libyan Petroleum Commission
Petroleum Institute, 84
Petroleum Law, see Libyan Petroleum Law
Petroleum Research Centre, 216
petroleum sector, 105; see also oil
Philadelphia, xii, 16
Phillips, 160
pilgrimage route, 19
piracy, 16
police, 67, 105, 120, 143
system, 121
political parties, xix, 38, 69, 95, 97, 104
banning of, xvi
dissolution of, 49
government control of, 49, 85
limited to single party, xix
suppression of, 80
see also Arab Socialist Union; National Congress Party
politicization, 74, 81, 128, 129, 137, 138, 147, 173
politics, 38, 72, 144, 190, 204
allegiance of, 37
Arab, 127
awakening of, 32
coalition of, 10
committee, 117
compromise, 28
congress, 117
consensus of, 38
constraints on, 161
control of, 105
conventional, 194
crisis of, 162, 204
elite of, 82
experimentation with, 7, 9
family, 71
formal, 204
goals of, 111, 162, 165, 167
inclusion in, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 33, 41, 71, 75, 78, 96, 97, 102
informal, 204
institutions of, 136
inter-Arab, 78, 194
liberalization of, xxiv, 143
neutrality, 83
opposition, 144
participation in, 83
personal, 71, 126–27, 137
power of, 94
prohibitions on, 83
reform of, 7, 72, 163, 199, 200
regulation of, 44
role of the West in, 78
royal diwan, 71
system of, 5, 6, 7, 45, 47, 64, 67, 71, 73, 75, 83, 85, 94, 102, 103, 104, 106, 123, 124, 127, 129, 134, 145, 146, 149, 151, 166, 168, 176, 178, 203, 204, 205
see also apathy; community; structure
Pondi, Jean-Emmanuel, 217
Popular Committee, xix, 84, 100, 102, 103, 104, 107, 109, 119, 120, 121, 129, 136, 140, 143, 145, 146, 173
see also agriculture; culture; education; Media
Popular Committee Law, 85
Popular Congress, xviii, 82, 83, 103, 104, 119, 121, 129, 136, 140, 145, 173
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, 132
popular revolution, xix, xxiv, 6, 83–89
intensification of, xx, xxi
reinvigoration of, xx
see also coup
popular rule, 82, 84, 102, 105, 120, 136, 172
population, 15, 31, 34, 47, 48, 91, 111, 124, 207, 209
decline in, 51
growth of, 188
minorities, 16
surplus, 24, 32, 37, 41
populism, 85, 88, 89, 92, 95, 96, 97, 99, 104, 106, 108, 114, 117, 126, 137, 142, 162, 164, 169, 174, 193
power vacuum, 26
private sector, xxiv, 92, 93, 106, 109, 111, 163, 164, 165, 166, 187, 188, 190, 192, 197
elimination of, 108, 137
privatization, 109, 185, 187
Proclamation of People's Power, 149
property, confiscation of, xviii, 137, 207
elimination of private ownership, xxi
private, 144, 167
rights, 137, 167, 204
prophet Muhammad, 84, 123
Protector of Islam, see Mussolini, Benito
provinces, see Cyrenaica; Fazzan; government; Tripolitania
Provisional Constitutional Declaration, xvii, xxi
public opinion, 70
public sector, 99, 106, 108, 185, 188
Purification Committee, 150
putsch, 86
Qadhafa family, 101
Qadhafa tribe, 101, 121, 152
al-Qadhafi, Hanna, 139
al-Qadhafi, Mu'ammar, xvii–xxvii, 77, 78, 79–96, 97–138, 139–174, 175–206, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213
control of state, 121
head of armed forces, xx
Leader of the Revolution, xx
loyalty to, 136
opposition to, xxiii, 6, 140
personal power, 101
relatives of, 151
resignation of, xx
successor to, 152
al-Qadhafi, Saif al-Islam, xxvii, 176, 177, 186, 189, 190, 191, 199, 216
Qadhafi government, 61, 102
control by, 167
Qadhafi regime, xvii–xxvii, 1, 2, 5, 8, 79–96, 97–138, 139–174, 175–206, 207, 209, 211, 216
anti-Americanism, 134
anti-westernism, 141
control functions of, 149, 150
criticism of, 101
“liberation stage,” 174
means of control, 145–152
opposition to, 101, 105, 129, 134, 143, 149
overthrow of, 134
power of, 145–152
resistance to, 147
support of terrorism, 170
see also government; revolutionary regime; state
Qaramanli, Ahmed Bey, xii, 16
Qaramanli dynasty, xii, 16
Qaramanli period, 17, 18
Qasr Bu Hadi, battle of, xiii, 27
Qatrun, 11
Quarta Sponda, see Fourth Shore
Qur'an, 71, 126
Rabitat, see Free Unionist Officers' Movement
Rabta, 170, 183
radicalism, Islamic, 196
Radio Cairo, 69, 75
Al-Rajma Accord, xiv, 28, 29
Ramadan / Yom Kippur War, xix
Ras al-Jadir, 143
see also Tunisian–Libyan borderpost
Ras al-Unuf refinery, 153, 166
RCC, see Revolutionary Command Council
Reagan, Ronald, 169, 170, 214
administration of, xxiii, 116, 132, 133, 134, 153, 159
real estate, 109
confiscation of, 107
Real Estate Bank, 109
rebellion, 31
reform, 7, 8, 64, 77, 84, 96, 102, 129, 173, 174, 178, 184–92, 198, 199, 200, 204, 205, 215
see also economy; politics
regime change, 141
Rennell, Lord of Rodd, 209
“rent-seeking behavior,” 62, 75, 137, 200
representation, 103
popular, 205
Representative Assembly, 39
repression, 81, 103, 124, 130
reprisal, 122
reserve, financial, 153, 157, 188
foreign, 154, 156
international, 165
resistance, 19, 26, 149
Libyan, 18, 30, 32, 42
popular, 149
see also Italy
resources, 47, 102, 103, 128, 164, 167, 187, 203, 205
competition for, 163
economic, 163, 201
exploitation of, 163
financial, 157, 193, 205
from oil boom, 62, 116
revenue, 4, 5, 66, 87, 89, 116, 153, 157, 162 163, 178, 188, 203, 204, 205
decline in, 117
distribution of, 44, 45, 96, 110, 162, 163
influx of, 75, 137
state, 71; see also oil
revolt, 17; see also Young Turk, revolt
revolution, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 88, 91, 93, 94–96, 99, 101, 102, 107, 117, 118, 119, 124, 126, 139–174, 175, 176, 177, 194, 197, 200, 201, 206, 209, 211, 214–15
“enemies of,” 122
instrument of control, 124, 140
justice system, 124
opposition to, 102, 128, 205
seeds of, 69–72
see also coup; popular revolution; revolutionary committee; security organizations
revolutionary, xviii, 75, 77, 78, 79–83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 91, 100–6, 118, 119, 121, 122, 124, 128, 131, 155, 174, 186, 187, 197, 198, 204
Arab, 80
Revolutionary Armed Forces, 149
revolutionary authority, 119, 145
Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), xviii, xx, xxii, 78, 79–96, 99, 100, 101, 102, 107, 121, 127, 134, 136, 151
abolition of, 105
Revolutionary Committee, xx, xxi, xxii, xxiv, 98, 105, 108, 109, 112, 117, 119, 120–21, 122, 123, 124, 129, 130, 140, 142, 144, 147, 149, 152, 161, 162, 173, 213, 214
curtailing of power, 143
revolutionary court, xx, 122, 123, 143
curtailment of power, xxiv
see also People's Court
revolutionary decade, 97, 100, 136–38, 143, 153, 164, 166, 167, 182, 184, 187, 190, 205, 216
revolutionary leadership, 152
see also al-Qadhafi, Mu'ammar
revolutionary government, 92, 107
Revolutionary Guards, 150
revolutionary regime, 1, 5, 7, 8, 9, 58, 59, 61, 79–96, 97–138, 191, 201, 202
opposition to, 124, 130
see also government; Qadhafi regime; revolution
revolutionary rule, 106
rivalry, personal, 47
Robertson International, 216
Romano, Sergio, 208
Rome, 11, 15, 20, 28
attack on airport, 133, 136
Rothbaum, Wayne P., 215
Roumani, Jacques, 214
royal diwan, 49, 50, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 77, 123
Royal Dutch Shell, 54, 56
Russia, 21, 148, 189
Sabha, xxi, 14, 105, 122, 142, 167
Sabratha, 11
Sadat, Anwar, regime of, 131
al-Sa'dawi, Bashir, 47
al-Sadiq, Muhammad, 151
Sahara, 17
see also trade
Sahil, 14
Saif al-Nasr, Abd al-Jalil, 18
Salvation Forces, 128
see also National Front for the Salvation of Libya
sanctions, against Libya, xx, xxiii, xxvi, 8, 141, 156, 166, 169–172, 173, 177, 178, 180, 185, 186, 189
economic, 133, 139, 145, 152–161, 169, 176, 178, 183, 191, 197, 215
lifting of, xxvii, xxviii, 148, 161, 172, 186, 196
multilateral, 140, 155, 161, 166, 175, 180, 194, 196
unilateral, 140, 153, 159
see also Great Britain; United Nations; United States
al-Sanusi, Abdullah, 150, 152
al-Sanusi, Ahmad al-Shariff, xii, xiii, xvi, 19, 20, 26, 27, 30, 208
al-Sanusi, Al-Shariff Bin al-Sayyid Muhi al-Din, xvi
al-Sanusi, Muhammad Abd al-Wahhab, xii
al-Sanusi, Muhammad al-Mahdi, 19, 27
al-Sanusi, Sayyid Idris, xiv, 5, 28, 29, 30, 36, 37, 39, 42, 202, 203
exile of, xiv, 29, 31, 47
kingship of, xvi, 4, 19, 43–76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 118, 127, 129, 137, 147, 167
loyalty to, 69
see also Amirate, of Cyrenaica; Sanusi Order
al-Sanusi, Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali, 18
Grand Sanusi, 19, 27
al-Sanusi, Shaykh Rida, 30
banishment of, 30
Sanusi Amirate, 36, 44
Sanusi family, 63, 69, 92
Sanusi government, 38, 79, 81, 88, 95, 96
loyalty to, 69
Sanusi kingdom, see United Kingdom of Libya
Sanusi monarchy, xvi–xvii, 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 41, 43–76, 77–96, 112, 113, 125, 126, 127, 128, 131, 149, 158, 162, 170, 190, 199, 201, 202, 203, 210–12
creation of, 3
demise of, 73
denunciation of, 147
elites of, 122
overthrow of, xvii, 67, 73, 77
power of, 53; see also coup; al-Sanusi, Sayyid Idris
Sanusi Order, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 34, 36, 37, 38, 42, 44
control by, 28
Sanusi tribe, 20, 67
Sanusiyya, xii, xiii, xiv, xvii, 16–20, 21, 22, 26, 30, 41, 207
doctrine of, 19
opposition to French, 19
patronage by Great Britain, 28
power of, 34
Sanusiyya Order, 44
al-Saqizli, Muhammad, 49
Sarir, 93, 116
Sarkis, Nicolas, 213
Saudi Arabia, 18, 110, 131, 181, 216
scandal, political, 70, 71
Schneider, Howard, 216
Scud missile, 183
Sebha, 48
Secretariat, 105
see also General People's Congress
Secretariat of Finance, 108
Secretariat of International Cooperation, 194
Secretary of Foreign Affairs, x
Secretary of the General People's Committee for Foreign Affairs, see Foreign Minister; Secretary of Foreign Affairs
security organizations, 67, 119, 121, 128, 129, 130, 140, 142, 143, 149, 150, 152, 173, 199, 201, 205, 214
see also intelligence organizations
sedentism, 20
Segre, Claudio G., 209
self-government, 34, 37, 39
self-representation, 83
self-rule, 83
Senate, 49, 65
Sha'biyat, 151
Sirt, 151
al-Sha'iri, Ali, 143
al-Shalhi, Abdallah, 71
al-Shalhi, al-Busiri, 70
al-Shalhi, Ibrahim, 70
assassination of, xvi, 63, 70
Shalhi brothers, 70
Sharia, x, 122
Sharia Rachid, 197
Shaw, W. B. Kennedy, 209
shaykh, 3, 16, 28, 30, 31, 34
Shell Oil Company, xviii, 160
Siala, Muhammad, 217
Sicily, 158
As-Sijil Al-Qawmi bayanat wa ahadith al-aqid Mu'ammar al-Qadhafi, 212, 213
Sirt, xxvi, 29, 30, 191, 196
Sirt Basin, 53, 54, 56, 157, 161, 175
Sirt Oil Company, 160
Six Day War, 70
slavery, 20
Smith, Craig, 217
Socal, 160
Social Basis of the Third Universal Theory, The, xxii, 106
socialism, 1
Arab, 45, 69, 70, 193–96
Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriyya, The, 105
society, 33, 73, 85, 86, 118, 200, 201, 203
affluent, 73
Arab, 125
civil, 5
control of, 151
democratic, 104
egalitarian, 97
entitlements of, 190
militarization of, 149
modern, xxi, 78, 104, 123
Muslim, 123
participatory, 97
pre-bureaucratic, 3, 50
reform of, 119–124
reshaping of, 102
revolutionary, 119–124
stability of, 151
stratification of, 2
traditional, 53, 73, 78
tribal, 46
Solution of the Economic Problem Socialism The: xxi, 106
Somalia, 24
Sonatrach, 189
sovereignty, xiii, xv, xix, 17, 25, 26, 28, 30, 38, 170, 201
economic, 87
personal, 103
Soviet–Libyan arms agreement (1974), xx
Soviet Union, xx, 38, 39, 40, 45, 117, 148, 183
collapse of, 148, 194
orbit of, 86
see also Afghanistan
sphere of influence, xii, 17, 40
SQ, see As-Sijil Al-Qawmi bayanat wa ahadith al-aqid Mu'ammar al-Qadhafi
standard of living, 64, 146, 164, 168
Standard Oil of New Jersey, see Esso Standard Libya
St. James Square, 133
St. John, Ronald Bruce, 212, 217
State, 41, 71, 73, 75, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 174, 178, 190, 191, 192, 198, 199, 203, 204
accidental, 43–76, 210–11
central, 66, 73
control of, 103, 167
European, 23
federal, xv, xvii
independent, 201
institutionalized, 201
mechanism of, 178
modern, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 23, 34, 41, 44, 45, 52, 75, 76, 103, 104
ownership, 106
power of, 2, 4, 7, 9, 44, 53, 68, 73, 75, 76, 95, 96
revolutionary, 102
role of, 101, 161
see also oil
state-building, 1, 2, 4, 5, 41, 125, 203, 204, 205
statelessness, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 97–138, 167, 172, 178, 190, 192, 203, 205, 212–14
pursuit of, 6
statesmanship, 1
Steer, G. L., 209
“stray dogs,” xxiii
liquidation of, xxii
structure, bureaucratic, 85, 103
economic, 5, 8, 76, 94, 102, 103, 112, 137
of authority, 106
of control, 142
political, 5, 8, 62, 76, 78, 84, 94, 102, 105, 124, 137
social, 41, 66, 76, 94, 103, 137
subjugation, 3, 18, 31, 33, 34, 37, 40
Sub-Saharan Africa, 14, 15, 20, 21, 132, 139, 181, 182, 184, 193, 194, 196, 205, 217
see also Africa
Sublime Porte, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 25
see also Ottoman Empire
subsidy, 33, 68, 88, 108, 116, 151, 163, 164, 165, 168, 192
food, 68
price, 186
provincial, 65
Sudan, xiv, xvii, xxviii, 14, 17, 21, 34, 87, 132, 181
civil war, 182
see also Darfur
Suez Canal, 55; nationalization of, 80
Suez Canal Allowance, 91
Sultan, 16, 17, 24, 26
Suluq, 32
Suq al-Jum'ah, 14
Sury, Salaheddin Hasan, 211; see also Hassan, Salaheddin Salem
al-Suwayhli, Ramadan, xii, xiv, 27, 29
Sword of Islam, see Mussolini, Benito
Syria, xviii, xxii, 34, 87
Tajura, 14
Takeyh, Ray, 216
Taliban, 180
Tarhuna, 27, 183
Tariff, 167
Tashrukiyya, 164, 165
taxation, 2, 16, 17, 18, 19, 28, 48, 57, 59, 60, 62, 65, 68, 87, 90, 118, 167, 187
Tazerbu, 116
technocrat, 185, 186
Tehran Agreement, 91
terrorism, 99, 136, 198
“Israeli,” 181
Libya as a sponsor of, xxii, xxiv, 5, 114, 130–34, 139, 169–172, 176, 180, 184, 214
see also foreign policy; United States
Texaco, xix, 160
Thatcher, Margaret, 169
Thawra, 86
Third Universal Theory, xix, 85, 97
Third World, 81
Tibesti, 18
Tokyo, 169
Total, 110, 160, 189
tourism, 157, 165, 183, 187, 192, 201
trade, xxi, xxviii, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 34, 42, 156, 165, 168, 173, 192, 201
barrier to, 186
debt, 153, 154, 164
deficit, 165
foreign, 20
interference with, 21
international, 171
mission, 196
partner, 154
patterns of, 156
private, 146
restrictions on, 113, 156, 164
route, 11, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 22
surplus, 114
trans-Saharan, 14, 19, 20, 208
see also embargo
Trade and Economy Minister, 185
tradition, 9, 15, 16, 47, 50, 66, 72, 78, 85, 86, 92, 94, 97, 125, 126
Arab, 70
Muslim, 70
transhumance, 14
transportation, 15, 20, 24, 54, 156, 157, 173
treason, 144, 145
tribalism, 69
tribalization, 152
tribe, xiv, xviii, 6, 9, 16, 19, 23, 26, 27, 28, 31, 42, 50, 52, 66, 73, 74, 79, 83, 84, 94, 104, 108, 129, 151, 201, 203
affiliation of, 18, 30, 44, 69, 129, 151
allegiance, 53
alliance of, 5
Arab, 19, 29
assembly of, 34
chief of, 63, 84
Cyrenaican, 19, 33, 49, 66, 67, 68, 72
elite of, 49, 66, 67, 74, 82, 94
“ethos of,” 2, 3, 19, 34, 103
identity of, 23
leader of, 68
lineage of, 16
loyalty of, 72
military units of, 28, 30
network of, 16
representation of, 69
secondary, 87
support of government, 68
structure of, 75
system of, 88
see also Awlad Sulayman tribe; identity; Maqarha tribe; Qadhafa tribe; Sanusi tribe; shaykh; Society; Warfalla tribe
tribute, 16
TRIDEF, see Tripolitanian Defense Force
Tripoli, x, xii, xviii, xix, xxi, xxii, xxvii, xxviii, 11, 14, 15, 20, 21, 24, 26, 34, 47, 48, 70, 84, 85, 93, 100, 111, 125, 129, 132, 135, 147, 150, 154, 169, 175, 181, 183, 189, 194, 195, 196, 197, 207, 217
Ottoman governor of, 16
sovereignty of, 25–26
see also United States
Tripoli Agreement, 91
Tripoli Charter, xvii, 87
Tripoli Communiqué, 87
Tripoli Latina, 32
Tripolitania, xii, xiii, xv; xvi, 1, 4, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 46, 49, 51, 52, 53, 56, 66, 68, 70, 82, 93
governor of, 30
independence of, xiii
Tripolitanian Defense Force (TRIDEF), 69, 72, 79, 82, 129
Tripolitanian Republic, xiii, xiv, 22, 23, 27, 29, 30, 38
“Triumvirate, the,” 71
troops
Free French Forces, 36
German, 36
Italian, 36
Tuareg, 16
Tubruq, 14, 24, 63, 147
Tukra, 14
Tully, Miss [Lady Montague], 207
Tunis, xxviii, 101, 135, 193, 199
Tunisia, xii, 27, 33, 41, 87, 131, 134, 143, 146, 160, 181, 217
occupation by France, 11, 17, 21
see also Libya–Tunisia boundary dispute
Tunisian-Libyan borderpost, 143
see also Ras al-Jadir
Turk, 22
Turkey, xiii, 20, 26, 72, 154
al-Ubaydi, Abd al-Ati, 121
Uganda, 181, 182, 195
ulama, x, xxi, 81, 82, 88, 123, 126, 128
economic power of, 108
unification, 18, 29, 30, 37, 46, 50, 61–69, 87, 95, 185, 193
Union of Arab Republics, xviii
unitary state, xvi, 46, 47, 65, 68, 72, 73, 75
unitary system, 66, 67
United Kingdom, 51
United Kingdom of Libya, xvi, 1, 4, 40, 41, 42, 43–76, 201, 202, 203
pro-Western policies of, 70
see also Kingdom of Libya, The
United Nations, 4, 38, 39, 40, 42, 46, 51, 52, 62, 179, 180, 217
ban on international flights into Libya, 170, 195
ban on sale of oil technology and equipment to Libya, 171
ban on travel to Libya, 186
commission of, 46
embargo on arms sales to Libya, 170
General Assembly, xv, 39
Great Powers, 4, 24, 34–40, 42, 44, 73
resolution of, xv, 39
Resolution 242, 195
Resolution 731, 170
Resolution 748, xxv, 170
Resolution 883, xxv, 171
Resolution 1192, xxvi
sanctions against Libya, xxv, xxvi, 140, 152, 157, 171, 172, 179, 192, 194, 195
Security Council, xxv, xxvi, xxvii, 157, 170, 172, 195
see also Pelt, Adrian
United States, xii, xvi, xix, xx, xxvi, xxvii, xxviii, 4, 16, 38, 39, 40, 50, 51–52, 70, 114, 115, 116, 125, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 154, 155, 157, 159, 169, 170, 172, 173, 178, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 185, 189, 194, 195, 197
aerial attack on Benghazi and Tripoli, xxiv, 100, 128, 130, 134, 135, 139, 140, 141–42, 147, 152, 169, 170, 173
ban on economic assistance to Libya, 132
ban on financial transactions with Libya, 133, 162
ban on sale of military equipment to Libya, 132, 148
ban on travel to Libya, xxvi, xxvii, 133, 179, 183
boycott of Libyan oil imports, 99, 110, 114, 133, 135, 152, 153, 159
closing of embassy, xxii, 132, 152
confrontation with Libya, 170
Congress, 171, 172, 179, 183
constraint on international trade with Libya, 171
Defense Department, xxi
Department of State, xxvi, 152, 175, 179, 182, 214, 216
downing of Libyan aircraft, xxiii, xxv, 100, 124, 128, 130, 133
economic boycott against Libya, 99, 154
evacuation of airbase, xviii
expulsion of citizens from Libya, xxii
freeze of Libyan assets, 154
indictment of Libya, xxv
International Emergency Economic Powers Act, xxiii, 133, 169
Iran and Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA), xxvi, 155, 156, 158, 171, 172, 179
lifting of sanctions against Libya, 161
list of potential enemies, xxi
list of sponsors of state terrorism, xxii, 130–34, 152, 175, 182, 216
Operation El Dorado Canyon, 169
relations with Libya, 44–45, 86, 131, 133, 134, 152, 172, 173, 179, 184, 212
relations with Salvation Forces, 128
restrictions against Libya, xx, xxvii
sanctions against Libya, xxiii, xxviii, 8, 153, 156, 171, 175, 182, 183
Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs, 180
Senate, 179
Sense of the Senate resolution, 179
Sixth Fleet, 133
technology embargo, 116, 133
Treasury Department, xxiv
withdrawal of diplomats, xxii
withdrawal of oil companies, 61, 114, 135
see also aid; assets; Atlantic Council of the United States; Benghazi; Central Intelligence Agency; Iran and Libya Sanctions Act; oil; Pan Am flight 103; Tripoli; Wheelus Airbase
United States of Africa, 195, 196
unity, 38, 41, 47, 176, 193–96
African, 6, 203
Arab, 6, 80, 87, 100
Libyan, 18, 38, 39
national, 49, 80
pan-African, 193–96
pan-Arab, 80, 87, 101
plan for, xix
with Egypt, 101
urbanism, 15, 23, 51
urbanization, 88, 107
“US–Libyan Relations: Toward Cautious Reengagement,” 184, 185
UTA 772, xxv, 170, 175
compensation for, xxvii, 172
Bin Uthman, Muhammad, 49
utilities, 112
public, 104
Vandewalle, Dirk, 207, 213, 214
Veba, 160
Ventimila, 32
Vienna, attack on airport, 133, 136
Villard, Henry Serrano, 40, 47, 50, 209, 210
Visa, 49, 169
“Voice of Africa,” 194
“Voice of the Greater Arab Homeland,” 194
Volpi, Giuseppe, 30, 32
Waaf, abolition of, 108
Wadai, 19, 20
Wadi, 93
Wadi Dum, 193
wage, 107, 147, 168, 173, 197
earner, 137
minimum, 88
worker, 106
see also labor
Waha Oil Company, 160, 186
al-Wahhab, Muhammad Abd, 18
Wali, 49, 57, 64
Warfalla, 27
Warfalla tribe, 152
al-Warfalli, Ahmad, 130
warfare, civil, 29
guerrilla, 26, 30, 31
internecine, 30
Washington, D.C., 86, 99, 132, 133, 136, 152, 155, 176, 180, 182, 183, 184, 195
Washington Post, 214
water, 116; see also irrigation
wealth, 69, 71, 82, 100, 106, 107, 136, 154, 162, 164, 178, 198, 202, 203, 205
distribution of, 68, 75, 99, 106, 162
private, 108
subsoil, 48, 55
see also oil; revenue
weapons, 182, 183
chemical, 170, 183
conventional, 100
nuclear, 183
of mass destruction (WMD), xxvii, 8, 10, 100, 132, 170, 174, 176, 177, 178, 180, 182, 183, 184, 185
proliferation of, 184
West, 6, 9, 10, 44, 46, 70, 78, 80, 81, 128, 134, 173, 175, 178, 182, 184–89, 193, 195
affiliation with, 75
aggression of, 141
antagonism to, 5, 7, 70, 75, 79, 206
confrontation with, 86, 87, 97, 99, 117, 126, 130–34, 136, 141, 158, 160, 169–172, 177, 187
opposition to, 139
reconciliation with, 176
relations with, 122, 125, 126, 127, 194
reliance on, 45
West Berlin, xxiii, 169
see also LaBelle Discotheque
Western Libyan Gas Project, 158
Western Mountain, 14
Wheelus Airbase, xviii, 45, 87
withdrawal from, 80
Whitaker, Mark, 211, 215
Wintershall, 110, 114, 159, 160
WMD, see weapons
women, 200
status of, 52
World Bank, 52, 154
World Center for the Fight Against Imperialism, Racism, and Fascism, 150
World Trade Center, attack on, 180
World War I, 27, 28
World War II, xiv, xv–xvi, 4, 34–40, 46, 51, 52, 53, 72, 86, 207
Wright, John, 208, 209, 210
Young Turk, 26
Parliament, 22
revolt, xii, 20–22
Yunis Jabr, Abu Bakr, 79, 101, 105, 121
ZA, see Al-Zahf al-Akhdar
Zahf, 84, 123, 133, 142
Al-Zahf al-Akhdar, 121, 214
Zaire, 193
Zanzur, 31
al-Zawi, Al-Tahar Ahmad, 208
Zawiya, xviii, 82
Zawiya al-bayda, 19
Ziadeh, Nicolah, 207
Zimbabwe, 195
Zlitn, 14, 21
Zlitni, Abd al-Hafid, 189
Zueitina Oil Company, 160, 186
Zuwara, x, xix, 14, 114, 122
Zuwara speech, 84, 85, 100, 102
Zuwaya, xvii, 19, 30, 31