Cambridge University Press
0521850223 - Domesticity and Power in the Early Mughal World - by Ruby Lal
Index
Note on alphabetization
All non-Western names are listed in the fullest form in which they appear in the text, without inversion.
ʿAbd al-Qadir Badauni, Muntakhab-ut-Tavarikh 54–55, 56, 141–142, 153, 154, 172–173, 187, 196, 202, 205, 211, 212
ʿAbdul ʿAli Tarkhan 74, 107
ʿAbdul Ghazi Sultan Husain bin Mansur bin Bayqura 53
ʿAbdul Karim Ashrit 75
ʿAbdullah Khan Uzbik 168
ʿAbdur Rahman Beg 209
Abu-l Fazl ʿAllami 172–173
murder 203, 206 see also Aʿin-i Akbari; Akbarnama
Abu-Lughod, Lila 17
adab, concept of 93–94, 96–98
Adham Khan (foster-brother of Akbar) 196–202
adoption see children: fostering
Afghani agacheh see Bibi Mubarika
Afghans, conflict with 63
Afzal-ut-tavarikh (anon.) 89
Ahmad Sultan Shamlu, Governor 88–89
Ahmad Yusufzay (Afghan leader) 117
Ahval-i Humayun Badshah (Gulbadan Banu Begum)
content/organization 59–60, 86
depiction of empire in transition 66, 141–142
depiction of military activities 72, 110, 113
depiction of royal marriages 72–73, 99–101, 112, 116, 118–120, 125–126, 130
depiction of rulers 86–87, 90, 93, 108, 145
depiction of women’s roles 63, 65
depictions of senior women 121, 123–124 126–128, 135–136, 191, 224
on details of haram life 50–52, 60–61
genesis 54, 57–58
influences 58–59
language/vocabulary 58, 64, 65, 100, 101, 111
modern attitudes to 56
narrative focus 68, 110–111, 141–142
surviving MS 58
translation 61–62, 64–65
Aʿin-i Akbari (Abu-l Fazl ʿAllami) 54–55
detailing of regulations 176–177, 178, 194–195, 213
Akbar, 1
birth/childhood 86, 110, 143, 190
births of children 185–187, 223
centrality to Empire/dynasty 147, 149, 152, 155, 165–166, 167, 173–175, 181, 208, 214–215
contemporary commentaries 31–32, 54–55, 67, 141–142, 142–146, 178, 182, 204, 205 (see also Akbarnama)
dealings with subordinates 196–202, 205
domestic/court life 3, 4, 11, 21, 87–88
epithets/titles 144–145
genealogy 82, 142, 146–148, 149–150, 214–215
habits/lifestyle 152–153
legislation 4 (see also under haram; marriage; Mughal court)
mansabdari system 140, 140–141n
marriages/sexuality 31–32, 153–155, 166–169, 171, 172–173, 173–175, 205, 206, 210, 215, 216
military activities 168
miracles 143–144, 149
modern commentaries 2, 3, 7, 12, 13, 27, 140–141, 151, 202
official history see Akbarnama
personal qualities 144
physical attributes 152
political circumstances 140–141, 168–169
relations with Europe/Christians 29, 30–33, 148–149, 204
relations with other rulers 178–179
religious outlook/measures 211–212, 216
residences see Fatehpur-Sikri
support for women’s hajj 208, 210–211, 212
wet-nurses 63–64, 190–194
Akbarnama (Abu-l Fazl ʿAllami) 54–55, 66, 86, 141–142, 192
depiction of Akbar 13, 142–146, 152–155
events recounted 88–90, 91, 136, 137, 199–200, 203–204, 205
genesis 4, 50, 57–68
illustrations 183–185, 188, 197, 200–202
influences 142, 150–151
modern attitudes to 55–56
treatment of Akbar’s childhood 190, 191
treatment of construction works 156, 164–165
treatment of genealogy 142, 146–148, 149–150, 180, 214–215
treatment of royal births 183, 187
treatment of royal marriage(s) 167–168, 169–170, 170–171
treatment of women’s hajj 66–67, 208, 210, 211
vocabulary 91, 182, 190, 199
Alam, Muzaffar 11, 58, 151
Alanqoa (Mongol ancestor of the Mughals) 146, 147–148
alcohol, consumption of see under Baburnama
Alexander the Great 84, 173
ʿAli Quli Khan Zaman (court official) 154
ʿAltun Bishikʾ (“golden cradle”) (alleged son of Babur) 113
Anarkali, (alleged) murder of 38–39
Andijan, siege of 105–106, 107
Aqa Jamal Khwansari see ʿAqaʿid al-Nisa
ʿAqaʿid al-Nisa (Beliefs of Women) 20
ʿAqiqeh Begum (daughter of Humayun) 122–123, 131, 136, 138
Aquaviva, Rudolf, Fr 30, 33, 148, 203
Arabia 180–181
Aram Banu Begum (daughter of Akbar) 187
architecture, Mughal 142
art, Mughal 8, 55, 68
see also Akbarnama: illustrations; Baburnama: illustrations
ʿAskari see Mirza ʿAskari
Aurangzeb, King 7, 42, 44, 45–46, 88
ʿAyisheh Sultan Begum (wife of Babur) 113, 114, 115, 117
ʿAzim Mirza Kukeh (foster-brother of Akbar) 171
ʿAziz Kukeh (foster-brother of Akbar) 193–194, 196, 207
Baba Jan (musician) 79
Babayan, Kathryn 20, 221–222
Babur 1, 57, 90
ancestry 69, 81–85, 90, 93, 107–108, 146
brokering of marriages 130–131
circle of associates 75–78, 108–110
contemporary accounts 53, 59 (see also Baburnama)
domestic/court life 4, 21, 59, 72–73, 86, 87, 92, 180, 194
emotional experiences 115–116, 119–120
illness/death 121–122
influence on successors 91, 94
journal see Baburnama
marriages/children 108, 112, 113–115, 116–120, 122, 166–167 (see also Maham Begum)
military activities 50–51, 63, 72–73, 76, 79, 80, 93, 105–106, 108, 117, 129–130, 134
poetry 11, 72, 73, 114, 116, 131, 155
political circumstances 69, 105–106, 115, 147
titles/epithets 145
Baburi 114, 116
Baburnama 53, 58–59, 71–85
accounts of drinking parties 78–81
character sketches 73–75, 76–77, 81
construction of royal identity 82–85, 106–108, 146, 147
depiction of court life 75–81, 103
depiction of royal marriage/romance 112, 114–117, 155
illustrations 132, 132–134
military/political narrative 105–106, 130
translations 72, 94 (see also Beveridge, Annette; Thackston)
vocabulary 105, 106–107, 109–110
Badauni see ʿAbd al-Qadir Badauni
Badiʾ-uz-zaman Bayqara (nephew of Babur) 131
Bahram Mirza (brother of Shah Tahmasb) 222
Bakhshi Banu (daughter of Humayun) 95
Bakhshi Banu (sister of Akbar) 169
Bakht-un-Nisa Begum (stepsister of Akbar) 182, 207
Baqi Chaghaniyani 109
Baqi Khan (foster-brother of Akbar) 209
Bayazid Bayat, Tazkireh-i Humayun va Akbar 54, 56, 57, 59, 86, 88, 94–95, 192, 196–197
Bayram Khan Khan-i Khanan (guardian of Akbar) 167, 169, 195
Baz Bahadur of Malwa 197–199
Beach, Milo Cleveland 150
Bega Begum (wife of Humayun) 62
Begum Sahib see Jahanara Begum
Berkemer, G. 12
Bernier, François 39, 42–45, 48
Beveridge, Annette 58, 73, 95
biography 61, 61–62
commentary on Gulbadan 57, 59, 63, 64–65, 136, 224
translation of Baburnama 72, 75, 76, 81, 83, 115, 117–118, 132
translation of Gulbadan 61–62, 64–65, 100, 110, 113, 134, 145
Beveridge, Henry 130, 145, 187, 193, 208
Bhaval Anageh (nurse of Akbar) 191
Bibi Fatimeh (confidential servant of Humayun and later of Akbar) 94–95, 210, 211
Bibi Mubarika Yusufzay (wife of Babur) 72–73, 113, 117, 122
Bibi Rupa (nurse of Akbar) 192
Bibi Safiyeh (servant of Humayun) 209
Bigeh Begum (wife of Humayun) 125–126, 131, 135, 138
Blake, Stephen 12–13, 87–88
Borte (wife of Chingiz Khan) 217
Brand, Michael 156
breast-feeding
anthropological/cultural significance 188–190, 194
court practice 188, 190
Burke, Peter 32, 42
Campo, Juan Eduardo 179–180
Chaghatai Khan (associate of Akbar) 167–168
Chand Bibi (wife of Humayun) 123
Chapelain, Jean 43
Chawsa, battle of 110, 122–123, 131, 136, 138
children
births in haram 183–188
deaths 122–123, 183
fostering 123–124, 188–194
Chingiz Khan (Mughal ancestor) 51, 69, 82, 108, 217
clothes, symbolic/ceremonial significance 96–98
Cohn, Bernard 37–38
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste 43
concubinage, in Ottoman Empire 219–221
Coryat, Thomas 37, 204
Crooke, William 24–25
Dale, Stephen 11, 53, 72, 78, 81, 114
Danyal, Prince (son of Akbar) 170, 171, 187, 204, 207
Dara Shukoh (brother of Aurangzeb) 44
Darius, King of Persia 173
Darvish ʿAli (servant of Babur) 197
Daya Bhaval (nurse of Akbar) 191, 193
De Arte Peregrinandi (anon.) 35
De Laet, Johannes 39–40, 40–41, 41–42, 43, 165
Dehkhoda, Aliakbar 90, 105, 181
della Valle, Pietro 30, 35–36, 41, 47
Dildar Begum (wife of Babur) 57, 60–61, 73, 99–101, 113, 121, 122, 123–124, 125, 135, 136
domestic life
defined 4–5
historical development 4, 218–219
integration with public sphere 5, 137–138
(lack of) studies 6
terminology 21–22, 179–180 see also haram
Dowson, John see Elliot, H. M.
Dughlat, Muhammad Haydar, Tarikh-i Rashidi 53
Elias, Norbert 70–71n, 103–104
Elizabeth I of England 33
Elliot, H. M. and John Dowson, History of India as Told by its own Historians 26, 27–28
Elphinstone, Mountstuart 27, 28, 38
Fakhr-jahan Begum (aunt of Babur) 108–109
Fakhr-un-Nisa Anageh (nurse of Akbar) 191, 193
Fakhr-un-nisa (daughter of Babur) 113
family – see domestic life, haram, public/private life
Farhat Khan (servant of Akbar) 197
Fatehpur-Sikri, palace of 155–166, 204, 215
architectural layout 157–164, 165–166, 176
construction 156–157
role in Mughal world 164–165, 166
Fatimeh (daughter of Muhammad) 221
feasting, accounts of 126–128
“figuration,” concept of 70–71n
Finch, William 30, 38–39
Findly, Ellison Banks 2–3, 9–10, 22, 224
Fitch, Ralph 30, 33–35, 41
food, symbolism of 96
Foucault, Michel 17
Frederici, Caesar 34
Gadai (musician) 153–154
Gawharshad Begum (daughter-in-law of Timur) 217
Geertz, Clifford 128
genealogy, dynastic significance of 81–82, 93
divine/supernatural 149 (see also immaculate conception)
Ghiyas al-Din of Malwa 173
gifts, distribution of 92, 127
Godden, Rumer 118
gold, use/symbolism of 128
Goodman, Dena 16
Gordon, Daniel 34–35
Grant, Charles 26
Gulbadan Banu Begum 48
Ahval-i Humayun Badshah see separate heading
biography 57, 113, 119, 121, 123–124, 136
involvement in court affairs 182, 203, 204, 224
pilgrimage to Mecca 31, 66–67, 177, 206, 208–213
Gulchihreh Begum (aunt of Akbar) 182
Gulʾizar Begum (daughter of Mirza Kamran) 209
Gulnar agacheh (wife of Babur) 113–114, 209
Gulrukh Begum (wife of Babur) 113
Habermas, Jürgen 16
Habib, Irfan 140–141n
Habibeh Begum (aunt of Babur) 115
Haji Begum (daughter of Mirza Kamran) 209
Haji Begum (wife of Humayun) 182, 204, 212
hajj see Mecca
Hakimeh (nurse of Akbar) 192
Hambly, Gavin 95
Hamideh Banu Begum (mother of Akbar) 41, 191, 192
absence from hajj 210, 211
contemporary accounts 48, 59, 86–87, 88–89, 147, 182
court status 202–205, 205–206, 224
epithets/titles 145
marriage 86
as regent 30–31, 32, 67, 207
travels with Humayun 99–101, 110–111
Hamzeh Sultan Uzbik 131
Hamzeh (uncle of the Prophet) 150
haram
collective identity 112
complexity 18, 52, 70–71, 202, 222
contemporary accounts 103
departures from 222
early European accounts 24–25, 29, 31–32 37, 39–41, 42, 44–45, 45–48, 47, 48
evolution (of term/institution) 3, 4, 21, 22, 111, 176–177, 180–181, 214, 215, 225
hierarchical structure 51
in non-Mughal cultures 173, 219–221
internal tensions 202–203
physical location 103–104, 137–139, 166, 215, 219, 225
regulation (under Akbar) 176, 178, 204–205, 213, 214, 215, 225
relationships within 46, 62–64, 65, 101–102, 104–105, 112, 193–194
salaries 178
stereotypical views of 1–3, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 48–49, 101–102, 103
terminology 110, 113, 119, 181–182
Haram Begum (wife of Sulayman Mirza) 95
Harkha (mother of Jahangir) 170, 185
Hasan ʿAli (court official) 99
Hastings, Warren 26
Hawkins, William 30, 36–37, 38
Herbay (water-carrier) 98
Hindal see Mirza Hindal
Hindu women (in Muslim haram) 174, 216
see also Rajputs, alliance with
Hoʾelun (mother of Chingiz Khan) 217
homosexuality, incidences of/attitudes to 114, 115–116, 154, 155
Hulhul Anika 80–81
Humayun 1
accession 127–128
birth/boyhood 113, 117, 121
claim to title 88–90, 92–93, 146
construction works 87
contemporary accounts 53–54, 59–61, 86–90, 91–92, 103, 110–111
domestic/court life 4, 21, 51, 62–63, 86–90, 92–94, 95–99, 110–111
marriages/children 90, 94–95, 99–101, 122–123, 125–126, 167, 206
military activities 69–70, 88, 94, 96, 98–99, 134–137
political situation 57, 60–61, 147
relations with court personnel 87
relations with father/mother 108, 121–122, 124
relations with other rulers 137
titles/epithets 145
Hurrem (wife of Sulayman the Magnificent) 217, 219, 220, 221
Husain Bayqura Mirza (of Herat) 93, 108–109
Ibrahim Lodi (rival of Babur) 50
Ibrahim Mirza (son of Sulayman Mirza) 95, 169–170
Iʾtimad Khan (chief eunuch) 195–196
Ilahdad Fayzi Sarhindi 54
Ilbert Bill (1883) 62
“immaculate conception,” in royal ancestry 147–148, 149
India, British image of 25–29
Iran see Safavid Empire
Isan Dawlat Begum (grandmother of Babur) 84, 110, 224
Islamic societies (history/divergences) 216
see also Mughal Empire; Muhammad, the Prophet; Ottoman Empire; Quran; Safavid Empire; haram; domestic life; public/private life
Jagat Gosain (wife of Jahangir) 224
Jahanara Begum (daughter of Shah Jahan) 28–29, 43–44, 45–46
Jahangir (son of Akbar; formerly Prince Salim) 2–3, 28, 204
birth/boyhood 156, 170, 183–187, 210, 223
early European accounts 37–39, 38, 41
marriages 170–171
relations with father 203, 206
relationship with Nur Jahan 9–10, 35–36, 224, 225
Jahangir (brother of Babur) 91
Jalal al-Din Mahmud (court official) 94–95
Jamal Khan (father-in-law of Akbar) 167
James I of England 29, 36
Jawhar Aftabchi 197
Tazkirat-ul-Vaqiʾat 53–54, 56, 57, 86, 88, 89, 96–99, 99–100, 111
Jesuits (at Akbar’s court) 29–33, 148–149, 203
Jiji Anageh (nurse of Akbar) 143, 191, 193
Jones, William 26
Juneja, Monica 11, 155–156, 166
Kabuli Begum 131
Kamran see Mirza Kamran
Khadijeh Begum (aunt of Babur) 108–109
Khaldar Anageh (nurse of Akbar) 192
Khalifa (Nizam al-Din) Barlas 122
Khan Mirza (brother of Babur) 91
Khanim Sultan (daughter of Akbar) 169–170, 187
Khanzadeh Begum (sister of Babur) 60–61, 67, 108–109, 126–128
court status 131–134, 138, 224
intercession in family conflicts 135, 177, 213
marriages 106, 112, 122, 124–125, 130–132, 224
Khizr Khvajeh Khan (husband of Gulbadan Begum) 57, 210
Khoury, Dina Rizk 19
Khub Nigar Khanum (aunt of Babur) 84, 106, 129–130
Khurrum Shah Sultan (son of Khanzadeh Begum) 124
Khusrau I of Sasania 173
Khusraw, Prince (son of Akbar) 194
Khvajeh Beg Ataligh (Uzbek leader) 93
Khvajeh Dust Muhammad (court official) 95
Khvajeh Ghazi (subordinate of Humayun) 192, 193
Khvajeh Husain of Marv 185–187
Khvajeh Kasak (associate of Humayun) 86
Khvajeh Kilan (associate of Babur) 50, 78–79
Khvajeh Maqsud of Herat 192–193, 194, 196
Khvajeh Mawlana Qazi (associate of Babur) 106, 107
Khvajigi Fathullah (subordinate of Akbar) 205
Khvandamir, Qanun-i Humayuni (Humayun-nama) 53, 59, 91–92
vocabulary 93
Kichik Khan (uncle of Babur) 83
Kipchak, battle of 96
Koch, Ebba 142, 155
Kuki Anageh (nurse of Akbar) 192
Lal, K. S. 1–2
Lamphere, Louise see Rosaldo, Michelle
Lane-Poole, Stanley, Aurangzeb 26, 28–29, 31, 38
Locke, John 14
Louis XIV of France 43, 103–104
Lowe, W. H. 202
Lowry, Glenn D. 156
Macherey, Pierre 32
Mah-chuchak (wife of Humayun) 206
Mahabharata 149
Maham Anageh (foster-mother of Akbar) 143, 182, 193, 196, 197–202
Maham Begum (wife of Babur) 57, 62–64, 73, 113
custody of Dildar’s children 123–124
relationship with Babur 116, 118–120, 122, 124, 125, 224
status in court hierarchy 120–121, 126
widowhood 126
Manucci, Nicolao 39, 42, 45–48
marriage, Mughal laws/customs 63, 101
legitimacy, debates on 171–173
permitted number 172, 215
political significance 31–32, 116–119, 130–132, 167–170, 171, 215, 219–220
regulation (under Akbar) 31–32, 153–155, 170
reproductive function 170–171, 188
Martins, Thomazia 46
Maryam Makani see Hamideh Banu Begum
Maryam-uz-Zamani see Harkha
Maʾsumeh Begum (wife of Babur) 113, 115, 117, 122
Mawlana Qasim Arsalan (astrologer) 187
Maywa-jan see Miveh-jan
Mecca 166
pilgrimage(s) to 31, 66–67, 177, 205, 208, 208–213, 212
Meer Hasan Ali, Mrs, Observations on the Mussulmans of India 24–25
Mehmed II, Ottoman Emperor 219
Mercurain, Everard, Fr 33, 203
Mernissi, Fatima 24
Mihr-ban (half-sister of Babur) 131
Mihr Nigar Khanum (aunt of Babur) 84, 131
Mill, James, The History of British India 26–27, 28, 36
miniatures see art
Mir ʿAbdul Hai 88
Mir Baba Dost (father-in-law of Humayun) 100
Mir Khurd (servant of Babur) 197
Miran Mubarak Shah (father-in-law of Akbar) 168, 195
Mirza ʿAskari (stepbrother of Humayun) 60–61, 69, 91, 94, 113, 134–135, 143
Mirza Hakim (half-brother of Akbar) 30, 67, 206–207
Mirza Hindal (stepbrother of Humayun) 60–61, 69, 88, 94, 99–100, 113, 121, 123–124, 126–128, 134–136
Mirza Kamran (stepbrother of Humayun) 86, 91, 94, 113, 121
conflicts with Humayun 60–61, 69, 88, 93, 94, 99, 134–135, 206
imprisonment/blinding 97–98
Mirza Khan (of Badakhshan) 121, 132
Mirza Khan (cousin of Babur) 108, 129–130
Mirza Muhammed Husain Gurakan 108, 129–130
Mirza Sharaf al-Din Husain (brother-in-law of Akbar) 168, 169
Misra, Rekha 9
Miveh-jan (wife of Humayun) 62–63, 64–65
money, distribution of see gifts
Monserrate, Fr 30–32, 41, 67–68, 148–149, 153, 164, 165, 207, 211
Montaigne, Michel de 43
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de 43
Moreland, W. H. 42, 140–141n
mothers/motherhood
relationship with status 120–121, 123
unnamed (in birth records) 183–187, 223
see also women: “senior” status
Mughal court/Empire
categories of personnel 91–92, 194–196
centralization 87 (see also regulation below)
cultural studies 8, 11
ethos/etiquette 76, 92–99, 136, 138–139
flexibility of roles 75, 77–78, 195–196, 197
geographical extent 173
historical development 4, 14, 68, 101, 140–142, 214–215
homosocial character 46, 70, 74–86, 138
languages 11, 53, 58
peripatetic nature 70, 73–75, 86–90, 87–88, 104, 115
political/administrative structure 7
political histories 6–7, 13, 65–66
as precursor of “modernity” 13–14
regulation (under Akbar) 91–92, 155, 177, 212, 214
religion 14, 174
social histories 7–8, 10–13
terminology 5, 90, 104, 105, 111–112, 124
see also haram
Muhammad, the Prophet 181, 190, 216, 221–222
descent claimed from 179–180, 216–217
sayings 194, 220
Muhammad Hadi, Jahangirnama 206
Muhammad Mahdi Khvajeh (husband of Khanzadeh Begum) 122, 124
Mukhia, Harbans 55–56
Mumtaz Mahal (wife of Shah Jahan) 43
Munim Khan 196, 199
Muntakhab-ut-Tavarikh see ʿAbd al-Qadir Badauni
Murad, Prince (son of Akbar) 171, 187, 194, 204, 209, 211
Murad III, Ottoman Emperor 220
mutʾa marriages, legitimacy of 172–173, 215
Muzaffar Husain Mirza (son-in-law of Akbar) 170
Nadim Kukeh (foster-brother of Akbar) 191
Najmabadi, Afsaneh 114, 115
Nalvikine, Khanate of Khokand 113
Naqin Khan Qazvini (associate of Akbar) 206
Nargul agacheh (wife of Babur) 113–114
Nasir al-Din Tusi, Akhlaq-i Nasiri 13, 142, 150–151, 151–152, 155, 166
Nasir Mirza (half-brother of Babur) 117
Nath, Renuka 2, 3, 9
Navvab Islam Khan (son of Shaykh Salim Chishti) 164, 165
Nelson, Cynthia 17
Niyaz Muhammad Khukandi, Tarikh-i Shahrukhi 113
Nizam al-Din Ahmad, Tabaqat-i Akbari 54–55, 56, 122, 141, 144, 145, 168
Nur al-Din Muhammad Chaghaniyani (son-in-law of Babur) 136, 169
Nur Jahan (wife of Jahangir) 22, 28, 49, 217, 224, 225
biographies 2–3, 9–10, 224
early European accounts 35–36, 38, 41
Nurbanu (wife of Salim II) 220
OʾHanlon, Rosalind 12, 12–13, 116, 151
Okin, Susan Moller 16
Ottoman Empire 24, 219–221
compared with Mughal 216–219, 223–224, 225–226
social histories 17–19, 137
vocabulary 17–18, 19
Panipat, battle of 50, 76
Pari-Khan Khanum (daughter of Shah Tahmasb) 217, 221, 222–223
Parks, Fanny, The Wanderings of a Pilgrim in Search of the Picturesque 25
Pateman, Carole, The Sexual Contract 16
Peirce, Leslie, The Imperial Harem 9, 17–18, 96, 218, 219, 220
Pelsaert, Francisco 39–42, 43, 47
Pereira, Gil Eanes, Fr 30
Persia see Safavid Empire
Persian (language) 11, 42, 58
Petruccioli, Attilio 156, 157
Phul Malik see Iʾtimad Khan
Pija-jan Anageh (nurse of Akbar) 192–193, 194
Pir Muhammad Khan (subordinate of Akbar) 197–199
Plotius, Hugo 35
prostitution, regulation of 154
Provincial, Rui Vicente, Fr 33, 203
public/private life, distinction/overlap between 14–21, 21–22, 137–139
Pulad (nephew of Babur) 73
Qambar ʿAli Sallakh (associate of Babur) 109
Qaracheh Khan (of Qandahar) 134–135
Qataq Begum (wife of Sultan Ahmad Mirza) 57, 74–75, 80
Qazi Mughis al-Din 173
Quran 179–180, 190, 194, 204, 215
Qureshi, Ishtiaq Husain 55
Qutlugh Nigar Khanum (mother of Babur) 69, 84, 106, 107
Qutub al-Din Khan (subordinate of Akbar) 207
Rafiq (servant of Akbar) 196–197, 199
Raja Bhagwan Das (father-in-law of Jahangir) 170–171
Raja Bihari Mal (father-in-law of Akbar) 167–168, 170
Raja Har Rai (father-in-law of Akbar) 168
Raja Kalyan Mal (uncle-in-law of Akbar) 168
Rajput dynasty, alliances with Mughals 167, 169, 171, 174–175
Ram (Hindu legendary hero) 174–175
Ray, Sukumar, Humayun in Persia 88, 137
Raychaudhuri, Tapan 11
Razmnama see Mahabharata
Reiter, Rayna 15
Rezavi, Nadeem 157–164
Richards, John F. 12, 67, 156, 165–166, 211
Rizvi, Kishwar 218, 221, 222
Rizvi, S. A. A. 151
Roe, Sir Thomas 28, 30, 36–37, 37–38
Rogier, Abraham 43
Rosaldo, Michelle 16
(and Louise Lamphere), Woman, Culture and Society 15
Roshanara Begum (daughter of Shah Jahan) 44, 45
Roth, Heinrich 43
Rubies, Joan-Pau 35, 36
Rumi Khan (subordinate of Babur) 209
Ruqqaya Sultan Begum (wife of Akbar) 205
Saʾadat Yar Kukeh (foster-brother of Akbar) 192
Safavid (Persian) Empire/dynasty 20, 137, 221–223
compared with Mughal 216–219, 223–224, 225–226
Safiye (favorite of Murad III) 220
Sakineh Banu Begum (wife of Akbar) 206–207
Salim, Prince (son of Akbar) see Jahangir
Salim II, Ottoman Emperor 220
Salimeh Khanum (stepdaughter of Gulbadan) 209, 210
Salimeh Sultan Begum (wife of Akbar) 169, 182, 203, 206, 209, 210
Sangram Husnak (servant of Akbar) 197
Saray Mulk Khanum (wife of Timur) 217
Sarv-i Sahi (Bibi Saru-qad) (servant of Humayun) 209
Sayyid Hada (husband of Khanzadeh Begum) 124, 132
Sayyida Afaq (wife of Babur) 113
Scott, Joan 17
Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky 15, 18, 21
Serjeant, R. B. 180–181
Shah ʿAbbas of Persia 178, 178–179, 221
Shah ʿAbdul Maʾali (rebel) 168
Shah Alam, Prince 45
Shah Begum (wife of Yunis Khan) 84, 106
Shah Husain (Arghun) Mirza 134–135
Shah Ismaʾil of Persia 117, 132, 221, 223
Shah Jahan (son of Jahangir) 28–29, 42, 43–44, 170
Shah Malik Mansur Yusufzai (father-in-law of Babur) 72–73, 117–118
Shah Sulayman of Persia 20
Shah Sultan Husain of Persia 20
Shah Tahmasb of Persia 89, 135, 137, 221, 222–223
Shaham Agha (servant of Humayun) 209
Shahi Beg Khan (Uzbek leader) 117
Shahr Banu (half-sister of Babur) 122
Shahrukh Mirza (son-in-law of Akbar) 169–170
Shahzadeh Begum (sister of Jahangir) 212
Shahzadeh Khanum (wife of Humayun) 94–95
Shahzadeh Sultanum (sister of Shah Tahmasb) 137
Shaikh Ilahdad Faizi Sirhindi 203
Shakhr-un-Nisa Begum (daughter of Akbar) 169–170
Shams al-Din Muhammad Atkeh Khan (of Ghazni) 191, 193–194, 195, 196
murder 196, 199–200
Sharaf Khan, History of Kurdistan 89
Shaykh Bahlul (associate of Humayun) 136
Shaykh ʿAbd-un-Nabi (associate of Akbar) 172, 205
Shaykh Mazid Beg 74
Shaykh Salim Chishti 156, 164, 165, 165–166, 183
Sher Shah 60, 69, 86, 88, 110, 131, 134, 137, 140
Shirim Taghayi (associate of Babur) 109
Shiybani Khan (Uzbek leader) 83, 106, 112, 124, 130–132, 224
Shore, John 26
Siphir Shukoh (nephew of Aurangzeb) 44
Siyf Khan (foster-brother of Akbar) 192–193, 194, 196
Smith, Bonnie G. 8
sources 52, 66
(alleged) absence/inadequacy 6, 27, 52–53, 103
Stein, Burton 12
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay 52, 206
Subtelny, Maria Eva 82, 83
Sufism 216
Sulayman I “the Magnificent,” Ottoman Emperor 219, 220–221
Sulayman Mirza (of Badakhshan) 94–95, 121, 134, 169–170
Sultan Abu Sayyid Mirza (grandfather of Babur) 69
Sultan Ahmad Mirza Miranshahi (uncle of Babur) 69, 74, 113, 115
Sultan Ala al-Din Khalji 173
Sultan Husain Mirza Bayqara (uncle of Babur) 83, 85, 129, 130
Sultan Khvajeh (father-in-law of Prince Danyal) 171, 205
Sultan Mahmud Khan (uncle of Babur) 130
Sultan Mahmud Mirza (uncle of Babur) 74, 85, 113, 115
Sultan Murad Mirza (uncle of Babur) 69
Sultan Nigar Khanum (aunt of Babur) 121, 129–130, 134
Sultan Ulugh Beg Mirza (uncle of Babur) 69
Sultanam Begum (mother of Shah ʿAbbas) 221, 222
Sultanam Begum (step-aunt/guardian of Akbar) 209
Sunullah Effendi (Ottoman theologian) 220
Szuppe, Maria 32–33n, 222, 223
Tajlu Khanum (wife of Shah Ismaʾil) 222
Tambiah, Stanley 38
Tarikh-i Alfi (anon.) 141
Tavares, Peter 30
Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste 212
Thackston, W. M. 72, 76, 81, 83, 225
Timur, Amir (Mughal ancestor) 90, 91, 216–217
importance to Mughal genealogies 51, 69, 82, 108, 150
Tirmizi, S. A. I. 145
travel writings 24–26, 29–48, 67–68, 165
range of material 39, 48–49
Tuq Begi Saqi (cup-bearer) 192
Turdi Beg (associate of Babur) 80–81
Turkey see Ottoman Empire
Tusi see Nasir al-Din Tusi
Ulus Agha (wife of ʿUmar Shaykh) 85
ʿUmar, Caliph 215
ʿUmar Shaykh Mirza (father of Babur) 69, 74, 85, 107
Umm-Kulsum Khanum (granddaughter of Gulbadan) 209, 210
Uzbiks, conflict with 63, 69, 73, 82–83, 93, 116–117, 121
van den Broecke, Pieter 42
veil, wearing/symbolism of 182–183
warfare, nature of (in Mughal world) 70, 72
compared with European 73
integration with everyday life 73, 80
see also names of conflicts/combatants
Warner, Michael 14
Wartburg, Walther von 34
water-carrier, duties/importance of 98–99
Weber, Max 12
women
biographical/social studies 8–13, 15–21, 32–33n
dynastic/reproductive role 1, 84–85, 104–105
(early) European views 35, 38, 43–45
generalized view (in modern studies) 217
political/public/strategical contribution 84, 128–130, 134–137, 222–223, 224
intercession in family disputes 60–61, 203, 205–207
loss in battle 110
multiplicity of roles 3–4, 5
peace-making role 128–137
place in contemporary accounts 28, 29, 71, 74–75, 81, 83–85, 99–102, 112, 138, 183, 204–205, 218–219, 225
right of succession 222–223
role in Mongol/Timurid empires 217, 218
role in Safavid Empire 221–223
(segregated) living quarters 165, 166, 176–177, 178, 217–218
“senior” status (privileges/responsibilities) 67–68, 120, 123, 124, 125–128, 188, 205–206, 207, 210, 224–225
significance of public role 22, 196, 212–213, 218–219
see also haram; marriage; mothers
Xavier, Jerome, Fr 30, 148
Ximini Begum (daughter of Akbar) 207
Yadgar Nasir Mirza (nephew of Babur) 95–96
Yadgar Sultan Begum (half-sister of Babur) 131, 131–132
Yak-Tail ceremony 83
Yunis Khan (grandfather of Babur) 84
Zainab Begum (daughter of Shah Tahmasb) 222
Zainab Sultan Begum (wife of Babur) 113, 115, 117, 122
Ziegler, Norman 174
Ziyn Khan Kukeh (foster-brother of Akbar) 192–193, 194, 196
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