Accord for Federal Reaffirmation (Acuerdo de Reafirmación Federal) (Argentina), 223
AD (Democratic Action) (Venezuela), 72–74, 176–188, 189, 210
ADN (Nationalist Democratic Action) (Bolivia), 63–65, 131–132, 135, 137, 138–139, 140, 142, 154, 157–158, 161, 214
Albó, Xavier, 156
Alesina, Alberto, 40, 121
Alfonsín, Raúl, 223
Alianza Nacional Popular (Colombia), see ANAPO
Alliance of Democratic Parties (Chile), see Concertación
Álvarez, Angel, 241
Alvaristas, 113
American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (Peru), see APRA
Ames, Barry, 19
ANAPO (National Popular Alliance, Alianza Nacional Popular) (Colombia), 97–100
Andersson, Vibeke, 156
Angell, Alan, 121
Angulo Perdomo, Oswaldo, 188
AP (Popular Action) (Peru), 71–72, 190, 192, 193–198, 213
APG (Assembly of Guaraní People) (Bolivia), 151
APRA (American Popular Revolutionary Alliance) (Peru), 71–72, 190, 191–192, 193, 195–197, 203, 213
Archer, Ronald, 112
Archondo, Rafael, 147, 153
Ardaya, Rubén, 146
Ardila Duarte, Benjamin, 111
Argentina, 15; constitution of 1853, 221; constitution of 1994, 221–222; constitutional reform in; and decentralization, 44, 220–221, 237; and democratization, 36; elections, 223; Law 20221, 222; Law 23548, 223; Peronist Party, see PJ; and pre-authoritarian power-sharing, 4; Radical Party, see UCR
Arias, Iván, 126, 140
Arias Cárdenas, Francisco, 188
Assembly of Guaraní People (Bolivia), see APG
Aylwin, Patricio, 225–229, 236
Bailey, John, 233
Baloyra, Enrique, 182
Banzer Suárez, Hugo, 132, 154–155, 158, 161, 214
Barbery Anaya, Roberto, 125, 127
Barco, Virgilio, 96, 113
Barkan, Joel, 15
Barr, Robert, 41
Barrientos, General René, 144
BEDE (Development Bank) (Ecuador), 170
Bejarano, Ana María, 121
Belaúnde Terry, Fernando, 190, 197, 198, 213
Bell Lemus, Gustavo, 23
Beltrán Peitro, Luis, 178, 182
Betancur, Belisario, 94, 96, 104–105, 112, 120, 123, 209, 212
Bland, Gary, 188
Böhrt, Carlos, 155
Boisier, Sergio, 226, 228
Bolívar, Simón, 91
Bolivia: 1838 constitution, 143; 1839 constitution, 143; 1952 revolution, 140; 1956 elections, 143; 1960 elections, 143; 1964 elections, 143; 1982 elections, 124, 141, 143; 1985 elections, 141–142; 1987 elections, 142; 1989 elections, 131, 141–142, 145, 212; 1993 elections, 139, 156, 241; 1994 elections, 125; 1995 elections, 140, 156; 1996 elections, 142; 1997 elections, 142, 150, 156; 1999 elections, 140, 155, 156; 2002 elections, 151, 156; Assembly of Guaraní People, see APG; Bolivian Confederacy of Indians of Eastern, see CIDOB; Bolivian Coordinator of Syndicates and Peasant Workers, see CSUTCB; Central Organization of Indigenous People of the Beni, see CPIB; constitution of 1838, 143; constitution of 1839, 143; constitution of 1967, 144; and decentralization, 15, 43, 44, 49, 75, 210–211; Decree Law 21060, 141; Democratic Popular Union, see UDP; and democratization, 36; and the devolution of national power, 4; and electoral factors, 129–148; and fiscal crisis, 42; and indigenous groups, 40, 150–152; Indigenous Pachacuti Movement, see MIP; and international pressure, 39, 80; Law 1551, 39, 80 see LPP; Law 839, 144; Movement of the Revolutionary Left, see MIR; Movement Toward Socialism, see MAS; National Revolutionary Movement, see MNR; Nationalist Democratic Action, see ADN; party systems in, 43; and political crisis, 41; and pressure from below, 150–152; and short-term debt, 81; Supreme Decree 24833, 155, 158; Tupac Katari Indian Movement, see MITKA
Bolivian Confederacy of Indians of Eastern Bolivia, see CIDOB
Bolivian Coordinator of Syndicates and Peasant Workers, see CSUTCB
Borja, Rodrigo, 168, 170
Boylan, Delia, 9
Brazil: and decentralization, 15, 44; and democratization, 36; and pre-authoritarian power sharing, 4
Bucarám, Abdalá, 171
Buller, Eduardo, 199, 200
Bunce, Valerie, 7
Bushnell, David, 92
cabildo, 195
Caldera, Rafael, 74, 182, 187–188, 210
Cambio 90 (Change 90) (Peru), 47, 72, 190, 192, 193–195, 199–203, 213, 214
Cameron, John, 175, 200
Campbell, Timothy, 40
Cárdenas, Cuauhtémoc, 232
Cárdenas, Victor Hugo, 151
Carey, John, 31
Caro, Miguel Antonio, 93
Carrasquilla, A., 121
Castro, Jaime, 116, 117–118, 122
CEN (national executive committee) (Ecuador), 185
Centeno, Miguel, 233
Central Organization of Indigenous People of the Beni, see CPIB
centralization, defined, 16
CFP (Concentration of Popular Forces) (Ecuador), 165, 166–167, 168
Chávez, Hugo, 74–75, 161, 176, 188–189, 214, 244
Chile: 1980 constitution, 229; Alliance of Democratic Parties, see Concertación; and decentralization, 15, 44, 220–221, 225–229, 236, 237; and democratization, 36; Law 19097, 227; and pre-authoritarian power sharing, 4; right wing, see Rightists
China, 15
CIDOB (Bolivian Confederacy of Indians of Eastern Bolivia) (Bolivia), 151
Cipriano de Mosquera, Tomás, 92
civic committees (Bolivia), 126, 145, 152<
Civic Movement (Bolivia), 153
Colombia, 96–107; 1974 elections, 96; 1982 elections, 65–67, 96, 97, 100, 101, 104, 105; 1990 elections, 97, 121; 1991 elections, 62; 1992 elections, 121; 1994 elections, 97, 120, 121, 241; 1997 elections, 241; 1998 elections, 97, 120; 2000 elections, 241; 2002 elections, 243; Conservative party in, 65–67, 91–106; constitution (1886–1991), 89; constitution of 1991, 67, 101; constitutional assembly of, 67–68, 90, 107–121; and debt, 39; and decentralization, 15, 31, 43, 49, 75, 85, 90, 209–210; Democratic Alliance, see M-19; and democratization, 36, 37; and the devolution of national power, 4; and electoral factors, 96–106; and fiscal crisis, 42; indigenous population of, 40; and international pressure, 80; Legislative Act Number 2, 110; Liberal party, 65–67, 91–96; Movement for National Salvation, 67, see MSN; National Popular Alliance, see ANAPO; parties in, 65; party systems in, 43; and political crisis, 41; political parties of, 91–96; Revolutionary Liberal Movement (Movimiento Revolucionário Liberal), see MRL; role of legislature in decentralization in, 32; and short-term debt, 81; Social Conservative Party, see PSC; social conservative party in, 108
Comisión Presidencial para la Reforma del Estado (Venezuela), see COPRE
Conaghan, Catherine, 168
CONAIE (Ecuador), 171
Concentration of Popular Forces (Ecuador), see CFP
Concertación (Alliance of Democratic Parties) (Chile), 220–221, 226–229
CONDEPA (Bolivia), 132, 138–139, 154
constitutions: Argentina, 1853, 221; Bolivia, 1838, 143; 1839, 143; 1967, 144; Chile, 1980, 229; Colombia, 1991, 67, 101; 1886–1991, 89; Ecuador, 1978, 163; 1998, 173–174; Peru, 1979, 195; Venezuela, 1961, 175; 2000, 176
constitutional assembly, see decentralization, role of constitutional assemblies in; entries under specific countries
Convergencia Nacional, see National Convergence
COPEI (Social Christian Party) (Venezuela), 72–74, 177–188, 203–204, 210
copeyano, see COPEI (Social Christian Party) (Venezuela)
Coppedge, Michael, 184
COPRE (Presidential Commission to Reform the State, Comisión Presidencial para la Reforma del Estado) (Venezuela), 134.2, 181, 183–186
Corte Nacional Electoral (Bolivia), 241
Cote d’Ivoire, 15
Cox, Gary, 9
CPIB (Central Organization of Indigenous People of the Beni) (Bolivia), 151
Crabtree, John, 194
Crook, Richard, 15, 242
CSUTCB (Bolivian Coordinator of Syndicates and Peasant Workers (Bolivia), 151, 152
Cuba, 51
Dammert Ego Aguirre, Manuel, 201
Dávila, Andrés, 121
de la Calle, Humberto, 119
de la Cruz, Rafael, 179
de la Madrid, Miguel, 230, 231–232
decentralization: abdication hypothesis of, 8; assumptions underlying formal model of, 30–33; and centralized payoffs, 20; circumstances favoring, 5–7; and decentralized payoffs, 21–23; defined, 16–25, 217; efficiency gains hypothesis of, 38, 46; and electoral factors, 15–16, 84–85, 207–208, 216–217; and federalism, 7–8; fiscal, 218–219; fiscal crisis hypothesis of, 41–42, 46, 76–79; formal model of, 18–33; institutional hypothesis of, 42–43, 46; international consensus hypothesis of, 37–38; international pressure hypothesis of, 38–40, 46, 79–83; political, 217–218; political crisis hypothesis of, 40–41, 46; pressure-from-below hypothesis of, 40, 46; role of constitutional assemblies in, 33, 34; role of elections in, 18–23, 37, 46, 50, 51–85; and timing, 24, 36–38; trade-offs in, 18; see also entries under specific countries
decision making, by assembly or by executive branch, 34
deconcentrating, 16
delegation, 8–9, 17; and devolution, 17; and privatization, 16
Delgado Silva, Angel, 190, 202, 241
Democratic Action (Venezuela), see AD
Democratic Alliance (Colombia), see M-19
Democratic Front (Peru), see FREDEMO
Democratic Left (Ecuador), see ID
development corporations (corporaciones de desarrollo) (Bolivia), 126–127
Dix, Robert, 94, 95
Domínguez, Jorge, 51
DP (Popular Democracy) (Ecuador), 172, 173
Dresser, Denise, 233
Dugas, John, 116, 122
Durán Ballén, Sixto, 171
Eastern Europe, 15
Eaton, Kent, 218, 224
Echenique, Jorge, 226
Echevarría, J. J., 121
Ecuador: 1978 elections, 168; 1988 elections, 170; 1996 elections, 171; 1998 elections, 172; 2002 elections, 243; Central Bank of, 169; Concentration of Popular Forces, see CFP; constitution of 1978, 163; constitution of 1998, 173–174; constitutional assembly, 69; and decentralization, 15, 44, 49, 75, 162–163, 175, 210–211; Democratic Left, see ID; Development Bank, see BEDE; and the devolution of national power, 4; and electoral factors, 161; and fiscal crisis, 42; fiscal crisis of, 174–175; indigenous population of, 40; Institute of Social Security, see IESS; and international pressure, 80; Ley especial del 15% del Presupuesto, see Law of 15%; National Decentralization Commission of, 174; national executive committee, see CEN; and nondecentralization, 209; and political crisis, 41; Popular Democracy, see DP; Radical Alfarista Front, see FRA; Republican Union Party, see PUR; and short-term debt, 81; Social Christian Party, see PSC; Socialist Party, see PSE
Eje-Pachacuti, 150
elections, see decentralization, role of elections in; entries under specific countries
Ellner, Steve, 189
Epstein, David, 9
Escobar-Lemmon, Maria, 32
Ethiopia, 15
FACUR (Federation of Associations of Urban Communities) (Venezuela), 185
Faguet, Jean-Paul, 157
FCM (Municipal Compensation Fund) (Peru), 201–202
FDSM (Municipal Social Development Fund) (Mexico), 234
febrescorderistas, 170
Febres-Córdero, Leon, 170, 209, 210
FEDECAMERAS (Venezuela), 185
Federal Pact (Argentina), 223
federalism: “coming-together,” 8; “holding-together,” 8, 40; “putting-together,” 8; see also decentralization, and federalism
Federation of Associations of Urban Communities, see FACUR
Fernández, Lorenzo, 74
Ferrazzi, Gabriele, 7
FFM (Fondo de Formento Municipal) (Mexico), 231
FGP (Fondo General de Participaciones) (Mexico), 231
Finot, Iván, 231
Fiorina, Morris, 9
Fisman, Raymond, 240
FONCODES (discretionary social fund) (Peru), 202
Fondo General de Participaciones (Mexico), see FGP
Fondo de Fomento Municipal (Mexico), see FFM
FRA (Radical Alfarista Front) (Ecuador), 173
FREDEMO (Democratic Front) (Peru), 192
Freedom House scores, 52
Freidenberg, Flavia, 173
Friedman, Milton, 30
Fujimori, Alberto, 47, 71, 72, 74, 75, 161, 190, 192, 194, 199–203, 213, 219
Gaitán, Pilar, 104, 111
Galán, Luis Carlos, 96
Gamarra, Eduardo, 149
García, Alan, 193, 198, 199
Garman, Christopher, 42–43
Gatti, Roberta, 240
Gaviria, César, 107, 115–116, 119
Ghana, 15
Gómez Calcaño, Luis, 185, 187
Gómez Hurtado, Álvaro, 94, 95, 109, 111
Gómez Martínez. Juan, 116
Gómez Otálora, Hernando, 108
Gonzáles, Susana, 172
Graham, Carol, 196, 197, 202, 203
Grindle, Merilee, 41
Gutiérrez, Lucío, 172, 243
Haggard, Stephan, 42–43
Hao, Jia, 15
Haya de la Torre, Víctor, 213
Herrera Campíns, Luis, 179, 182, 183
Horn, Murray, 9
Hoskin, Gary, 241
Huntington, Samuel, 51
ID (Democratic Left) (Ecuador), 69, 165, 167, 168, 170–171, 173
IESS (Ecuador’s Institute of Social Security) (Ecuador), 171
IMF conditionality agreements, 39
India, 15
Indigenous Pachacuti Movement, see MIP
Intendente (Bolivia), 139
Inter-American Development Bank, 3, 14, 187
Isaza Henao, Emiliano, 112
Jones, Mark, 223, 224
Kane, Cheikh, 202, 203
Kay, Bruce, 202
Kenya, 15
Kiewiet, Roderick, 9
Kirchheimer, Otto, 33
Kraemer, Moritz, 187
Kure, Ileana, 122, 241
Lalander, Rickard, 189
Larrea, Carlos, 169
Law 1551, 169 see LPP 169
Law of 15% (Ley especial del 15% del Presupuesto) (Ecuador), 172, 174, 224
Lema, Luis, 147
León Velasco, Juan Bernardo, 165, 167, 168
Lepage, Octavio, 186
Letelier, Leonardo, 226
Ley de Participación Popular (Bolivia), see LPP
Ley especial del 15% del Presupuesto, see Law of 15%
Ley Orgánica de Municipalidades (Peru), see Peru, Law 23853
Liberia, 15
Lleras Restrepo, Carlos, 94–95
Lloredo Caicedo, Rodrigo, 115
López, José Hilario, 92
López Michelsen, Alfonso, 94–95, 96, 110–111
López Portillo, José, 231
López Pumarejo, Alfonso, 94
Lowden, Pamela, 121
Lowenthal, Abraham, 51
Lowi, Theodore, 8–9
LPP (Law 1551, Popular Participation Law, Ley de Participación Popular) (Bolivia), 63, 125, 127–129, 136, 146–147, 153, 241
Lusinchi, Jaime, 74, 183, 186
M-19 (Democratic Alliance) (Colombia), 67, 90, 108–109
Mahuad, Jamil, 168, 172, 174, 243
Mainwaring, Scott, 33, 100, 133, 168, 212
Malloy, James, 149
Manor, James, 15, 242
Marín Vanegas, Darío, 112
Martínez, Federico, 127
Martz, John, 94, 95, 182
MAS (Movement Toward Socialism) (Bolivia), 132, 150, 154
MAS (Movement Toward Socialism) (Venezuela), 184, 185
Mauceri, Philip, 196
MBL (Bolivia), 132
McClintock, Cynthia, 199
McCubbins, Mathew, 9
Medina García, Oswaldo, 196
Menem, Carlos, 219, 221, 223–225, 237
Menéndez-Carrión, Amparo, 169
MEP (People’s Electoral Movement) (Venezuela), 178, 182, 184, 185
Mesa, Carlos, 244
Mexico, 219, 221; 1988 elections, 232; 1989 elections, 233; 2000 elections, 235; and decentralization, 229–235, 236, 237; Fondo de Fomento Municipal, see FFM; Fondo General de Participaciones, see FGP; and Freedom House scores, 52; Institutionalized Revolutionary Party, see PRI; Ministry of Social Development, see SEDESOL; Municipal Social Development Fund, see FDSM; National Solidarity Fund, see PRONASOL
Ministerio de Planeamiento y Coordinación (Bolivia), 153
MIP (Indigenous Pachacuti Movement) (Bolivia), 132, 150
MIR (Movement of the Revolutionary Left) (Bolivia), 63–65, 131–132, 138–139, 142, 149–150
MITKA (Tupac Katari Indian Movement) (Bolivia), 151
MNR (National Revolutionary Movement) (Bolivia), 63–65, 126, 128, 131, 133–134, 135, 137, 138–140, 141–143, 144, 146, 149, 150, 153, 154, 157–158, 210–211, 212
Moe, Terry, 9
Molina, Sergio, 126, 140
Molina Saucedo, Carlos Hugo, 127, 144, 148
Molina Monasterios, Fernando, 128, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 153
Molinar Horcasitas, Juan, 230
Montinola, Gabriella, 15
Moreno, Erika, 32
Moreno, Luis, 8
Movement of the Revolutionary Left (Bolivia), see MIR
Movimiento Revolucionario Liberal (Colombia), see MRL (Revolutionary Liberal Movement)
MPD (Popular Democratic Movement) (Ecuador), 171, 173
MRL (Revolutionary Liberal Movement, Movimiento Revolucionario Liberal) (Colombia), 110
MRTKL, 150
MSN (Movement for National Salvation) (Colombia), 67, 108, 109
Municipal Compensation Fund (Peru), see FCM
Municipal Finance Reform (Reforma Financiera Municipal) (Peru), 197
Municipal Social Development Fund (Mexico), see FDSM
National Civic Movement (Bolivia), 145
National Convergence (Convergencia Nacional) (Venezuela), 187–188
National Front (Colombia), 65, 94, 96–106, 181
National Party (South Africa), see NP
National Popular Alliance (Colombia), see ANAPO
National Revolutionary Movement (Bolivia), see MNR
National Solidarity Fund (Mexico), see PRONASOL
Nationalist Democratic Action (Bolivia), see ADN
Navarro Wolff, Antonio, 109, 114
New Federalism (Nuevo Federalismo) (Mexico), 221, 235
NFR (Bolivia), 132, 154
Nickson, R. Andrew, 193
Nigeria, 15
Noboa, Gustavo, 172, 243
Noll, Roger, 9
NP (National Party) (South Africa), 238
NP (New Country) (Ecuador), 173
Nuevo Federalismo (Mexico), see New Federalism
Nuñez, Rafael, 92, 93
Obando, José María, 91
Ocampo, Angélica, 122
Ocampo, Jaramillo, 94
O’Halloran, Sharyn, 9
Oporto Castro, Henry, 158
Orjuela, Luis Javier, 116, 122
Ornelas, Oscar, 232
Ospina Rodríguez, Mariano, 92
Ospinistas, 113
Osterling, Jorge, 103
Pact of Olives (Argentina), 223
Pact of Punto Fijo (Venezuela), 181
Pakistan, 15
PAN (National Action Party, Mexico), 231
Paredes Muñoz, Hernan, 150, 153
Paraguay, and decentralization, 15
party system volatility, 100, 133
Pastrana, Andrés, 97, 120–121
Pastrana Borrero, Misael, 109, 115
Pastranismo, 113
Paz Estenssoro, Víctor, 142, 144, 149
Paz Zamora, Jaime, 142, 145, 146
PCE (Ecuadorian Conservative Party) (Ecuador), 166
PDM (Programa de Desarrollo Municipal) (Ecuador), 170
Peñalver, Manuel, 185
Penfold Becerra, Michael, 186
People’s Electoral Movement, see MEP
Peredo, Alberto, 235
Perotti, Roberto, 40
Pérez, Carlos Andres, 186
Perez Jimenez, Marcos, 181
Peronist Party (Argentina), see PJ
Peru: 1931 elections, 192; 1962 elections, 192; 1963 elections, 213; 1978 elections, 71, 192, 195; 1980 elections, 192, 193, 195, 197, 213; 1983 elections, 193, 197, 198; 1985 elections, 193, 198; 1986 elections, 193; 1989 elections, 193, 199; 1990 elections, 190, 192, 193, 194; 1992 elections, 62; 1993 elections, 190, 201; 1995 elections, 191, 194, 202; 1997 elections, 193, 214; American Popular Revolutionary Alliance, see APRA; and centralization, 47; constitution of 1979, 195; constitutional assembly, 71, 190, 195–196, 213; and decentralization, 15, 44, 49, 75, 160, 161, 189–204; Decree Law 776 (Nueva Ley de tributación Municipal), 201–202; Democratic Front, see FREDEMO; and democratization, 36, 37, 44; and the devolution of national power, 4; discretionary social fund, see FONCODES; and fiscal crisis, 42; indigenous population of, 40; and international pressure, 40, 80; Law 23853, 197; Law 24792, 199; Municipal Compensation Fund, see FCM; party systems in, 43; Popular Action, see AP; and recentralization, 70–72, 213–214; Sendero Luminoso, see Shining Path
petro-dollar recycling, 39, 80
Pierson, Paul, 42
pigmentocracy, 150
Pinzón de Lewin, Patricia 1989, 103
PJ (Peronist Party) (Argentina), 222
Plan for All (Plan de Todos) (Bolivia), 146
Popular Action (Peru), see AP
Popular Participation Law (Bolivia), see LPP
PPC (Popular Christian Party) (Peru), 195–196
PPP (Peru), 194
PRE (Ecuadorian Roldosist Party) (Ecuador), 165, 171, 173
Presidential Commission to Reform the State (Venezuela), see COPRE
PRI (Institutionalized Revolutionary Party) (Mexico), 219, 221, 230–235, 236
Programa de Desarrollo Municipal, see PDM
Progresistas, 92
PRONASOL (National Solidarity Fund) (Mexico), 232–233, 234, 237
Prud’homme, Remy, 157
PSC (Social Christian Party) (Ecuador), 69, 165, 168, 172–173, 210, 211
PSC (Social Conservative Party) (Colombia), 109
PSE (Ecuadorian Socialist Party) (Ecuador), 173
PUR (Republican Union Party) (Ecuador), 69, 165, 168, 173
Putin, Vladimir, 238
Qian, Yingyi, 15
Querubín, Cristina, 122, 241
Quintero, Rafael, 169
Quintín Lame (Colombia), 109
recentralization,; 11, 23, 33, 219, 238, 244 and Bolivia, 154, 158, 161, 214; and Colombia, 92, 93; and Peru, 40, 42, 43, 44, 49, 70, 72, 160, 161, 190, 195, 200, 212; and Venezuela, 161, 188, 189, 214
Reforma Financiera Municipal (Peru), 197
Republican Democratic Union, see URD
Revolutionary Liberal Movement (Colombia), see MRL
Reyes Villa, Manfred, 132
Ribandeneira, Raul Gangotena, 162
Rightists (Chile), 227–229, 236
Riker, William, 7, 8, 42
Rodríguez, Victoria E., 40, 230, 232, 233, 234
Roeder, Philip, 7
Rojas Ortuste, Gonzalo, 142, 157
Rojas Pinilla, General, 94, 97
Rolando, Nelson, 226
Rondinelli, Dennis, 16–17
Rospigliosi, Fernando, 194
Ruíz, German, 122
Saba, Raúl P., 197, 198
Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 230, 232, 234
Samper, Ernesto, 119–120, 121, 122
Samper Pisano, Daniel, 97
Sánchez, Maria Fernanda, 122, 241
Sánchez Bustamente, Daniel, 143
Sánchez de Lozada, Gonzalo, 126, 144, 146, 147, 149, 151, 154, 158–159, 209, 210, 212, 241, 244
Sanguinetti, Pablo, 224
Santamaria Salamanca, Ricardo, 113
Santander, Francisca de Paula, 91
Schady, Norbert, 203
Scully, Timothy, 33, 100, 133, 168, 212
Secretariat of Popular Participation, 142, 154, 156
SEDESOL (Ministry of Social Development) (Mexico), 234
Seligson, Mitchell, 157
Sendero Luminoso, see Shining Path (Peru)
Serpa Uribe, Horacio, 109, 113–114, 115, 244
Shah, Anwar, 15
Shepsle, Kenneth, 9
Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) (Peru), 72
Shirk, Susan, 15
Shugart, Matthew, 31
Siavelis, Peter, 223
Siles Zuazo, Hernán, 129, 141, 143
Silva, Erika, 169
Social Christian Party (Ecuador), see PSC
Social Christian Party (Venezuela), 210, see also 210, COPEI
Social Conservative Party (Colombia), see 210, PSC
Solnick, Steven, 7, 15, 238
Sosa, Joaquin, 180
South America: and decentralization, 15; and Freedom House scores, 52
Soviet republics, 15
Spolaore, Enrico, 40
Stein, Ernesto, 240
Stepan, Alfred, 8, 40
Suárez de la Cruz, Alberto C., 111
Suberu, Rotimi, 7
Tanaka, Martín, 190
Tanzania, 15
Tanzi, V., 240
Tarrow, Sidney, 12, 62, 216
Thedieck, Franz, 199, 200
Thorp, Rosemary, 121
Tiebout, Charles, 38
Toledo, Alejandro, 203, 244
Tommasi, Mariano, 224
transactions cost analysis, 9
Treisman, Daniel, 15, 240
Tsebelis, George, 12
Tupac Katari Indian Movement, see MITKA
Turbay Ayala, Julio César, 94–95, 96
UCR (Radical Party) (Argentina), 221, 222, 223, 236
UCS (Bolivia), 132, 138–139, 154
UDP (Democratic Popular Union) (Bolivia), 131, 135, 141
Uganda, 15
URD (Republican Democratic Union) (Venezuela), 181, 184
Urdaneta, Alberto, 184, 186
Urenda, Juan Carlos, 155
Uribe, Álvaro, 243, 244
Urioste, Miguel, 124, 156, 157
Uruguay, and decentralization, 15
Valásquez, Fabio, 113
Valderrama, J. Emilio, 94
Valenzuela, Arturo, 223, 225
Van Cott, Donna Lee, 106, 120, 151, 156
Vargas Llosa, Mario, 192, 200
Velasco Ibarra, Enrique, 232
Véliz, Claudio, 3
Venezuela: 1958 elections, 178; 1963 elections, 178; 1968 elections, 178, 181, 182; 1973 elections, 178, 181–182; 1978 elections, 178, 182, 183; 1979 elections, 179, 180; 1983 elections, 180; 1984 elections, 180; 1989 elections, 179, 241; 1993 elections, 178, 187; 1998 elections, 62, 185–186, 188; 2000 elections, 188; constitution of 1961, 175; constitution of 2000, 176; and decentralization, 15, 44, 49, 75, 160, 175–189, 209; Decentralization Law (Ley Orgánica de Descentralización, Delimitación y Transferencia de Competencias del Poder Público a los Estados), 176; Democratic Action, see AD; and democratization, 36, 37; and the devolution of national power, 4; and electoral factors, 161; as a federal state, 5, 44; Federation of Associations of Urban Communities, see FACUR; indigenous population of, 40; and international pressure, 80; party systems in, 43; People’s Electoral Movement, see MEP; Presidential Commission to Reform the State, Comisión Presidencial para la Reforma del Estado), see COPRE; Republican Democratic Union, see URD; role of legislature in decentralization in, 32; and short-term debt, 81; Social Christian Party, see COPEI
Verano de la Rosa, Eduardo, 118
Violencia, La (1946–1958) (Colombia), 94
War of a Thousand Days, The (1899–1902) (Colombia), 94
Weingast, Barry, 9, 15
Willis, Eliza, 42–43
Wines, Michael, 238
World Bank, 14, 39, 79, 222
Yañez, José, 226
Zafra, Gustavo, 116, 119
Zedillo, Ernesto, 221, 230, 234
Zhimin, Lin, 15
Zimbabwe, 15